Living in a society, one cannot be free from it. During life, a person comes into contact with a large number of other individuals and groups to which they belong. At the same time, in each of them he occupies a certain place. To analyze the position of a person in each group and society as a whole, they use such concepts as social status and Let's take a closer look at what it is.
The meaning of the term and general characteristics
The very word "status" originates from ancient rome. Then it had more of a legal connotation, rather than a sociological one, and denoted legal status any organization.
Now social status is the position of a person in a particular group and society as a whole, endowing him with certain rights, privileges, and duties in relation to other members.
It helps people communicate better with each other. If a person of a certain social status does not fulfill his duties, then he will be responsible for this. So, an entrepreneur who sews clothes to order, if the deadlines are missed, will pay a penalty. In addition, his reputation will be damaged.
Examples of the social status of one person are a schoolboy, son, grandson, brother, member of a sports club, citizen, and so on.
This is a certain one according to his professional qualities, material and age, education and other criteria.
A person can simultaneously enter several teams at once and, accordingly, play not one, but many various roles. Therefore, they talk about status sets. Each person is unique and individual.
Types of social statuses, examples
Their range is quite wide. There are statuses acquired at birth, and there are statuses acquired during life. Those that society ascribes to a person, or those that he achieves through his own efforts.
Allocate the main and passing social status of a person. Examples: the main and universal, in fact, the person himself, then comes the second - this is a citizen. The list of basic statuses also includes consanguinity, economic, political, religious. The list goes on.
Episodic is a passer-by, a patient, a striker, a buyer, an exhibition visitor. That is, such statuses in the same person can change quite quickly and periodically repeat.
Prescribed social status: examples
This is what a person receives from birth, biologically and geographically given characteristics. Until recently, it was impossible to influence them and change the situation. Examples of social status: gender, nationality, race. These given parameters remain with a person for life. Although in our progressive society they have already threatened to change the sex. So one of the listed statuses to some extent ceases to be prescribed.
Much of what pertains to kinship will also be considered as prescribed father, mother, sister, brother. And husband and wife are already acquired statuses.
Achieved status
This is what a person achieves on his own. Making efforts, making choices, working, studying, each individual eventually comes to certain results. His successes or failures are reflected in the society giving him the status he deserves. Doctor, director, company president, professor, thief, homeless person, vagabond.
Almost every achievement has its own insignia. Examples:
- the military, security forces, employees internal troops- uniform and shoulder straps;
- doctors have white coats;
- people who have broken the law have tattoos on their bodies.
Roles in society
To understand how this or that object will behave, the social status of a person will help. We find examples and confirmations of this all the time. Expectations in the behavior and appearance of an individual, depending on his belonging to a certain class, is called a social role.
So, the status of a parent obliges to be strict, but fair to your child, to be responsible for him, to teach, give advice, prompt, help in difficult situations. The status of a son or daughter is, on the contrary, a certain subordination to parents, legal and material dependence on them.
But, despite some patterns of behavior, each person has a choice of how to act. Examples of social status and its use by a person do not fit one hundred percent into the proposed framework. There is only a scheme, a certain template, which each individual implements according to his abilities and ideas.
It often happens that it is difficult for one person to combine several social roles. For example, the first role of a woman is mother, wife, and her second role is a successful business woman. Both roles involve the investment of effort, time, full return. There is a conflict.
An analysis of the social status of a person, an example of his actions in life, allow us to conclude that it reflects not only the internal position of a person, but also affects the appearance, manner of dressing, speaking.
Consider examples of social status and standards associated with it in appearance. So, the director of a bank or the founder of a reputable company cannot appear at the workplace in sports trousers or rubber boots. And the priest - to come to church in jeans.
The status that a person has achieved makes him pay attention not only to appearance and behavior, but also choose the place of residence, learning.
Prestige
Not the last role in the fate of people is played by such a concept as prestige (and positive, from the point of view of the majority, social status). Examples in the questionnaire that students of all write before entering higher educational establishments, we find with ease. Often they make their choice focusing on the prestige of a particular profession. Now few of the boys dream of becoming an astronaut or a pilot. It used to be a very popular profession. Choose between lawyers and financiers. So the time dictates.
Conclusion: a person develops as a person in the process of mastering different social statuses and roles. The brighter the dynamics, the more adapted to life the individual will become.
As a result of studying the chapter, the student must:
know
- the main features of the social roles performed by the individual in the organization;
- the specifics of the mutual influence of the individual and the organizational role;
be able to
- distinguish between the causes of role overload and role underload of the individual in the organization;
- identify the main causes of professional deformation of the personality;
own
Analysis skills possible causes insufficient efficiency of one or another member of the organization.
Social positions and roles of the individual
Defining personality is not an easy task. If we turn to the origin of this word, then initially a person, a person (from the Latin persona) called the theatrical mask, which was worn during the performance of the actors of the ancient era. Cicero used this term to show how a person appears to other people, without actually being one, and also as a conglomeration of personal qualities.
Usually the term personality"is used in relation to a person as a carrier of any properties, traits, possessing certain characteristics. At the same time, the social nature of the personality, its inclusion in a certain system of social relations is necessarily noted. In general, the personality of each individual is a kind of integration of his physical, mental, moral and social properties.
Any person, being a member of any organization, occupies one or another position (location) in its structure. If we take, for example, an official organization, then this social position is determined primarily by the professional and qualification characteristics of the employee, his functional duties. So, in a production organization, the positions of a director, chief engineer, accountant, legal adviser, controller of the technical control department, site manager, foreman, worker, etc. are clearly distinguished.
Many positions taken by people characterize them in a broader social sense. For example, one can single out socio-political positions (deputy, member of a party or an initiative group of citizens), professional (engineer, doctor, artist) and a number of others (citizen, consumer, pensioner). A person who is in one or another official position has corresponding rights and obligations.
We should separately mention the positions occupied by a person in the family and among relatives in general (grandfather, father, husband, brother, nephew, etc.). Certain rights and obligations act as regulators in family relations as well. The family can be seen as a kind of organization, which is characterized by both informal and official characteristics.
Each person has a number of different social positions that make up his status set. So, one and the same person can appear before other people as a doctor, husband, father, brother, friend, chess player, trade union member. Consideration of any position in a group, organization or society always implies the presence of other positions associated with it. This leads to the well-known interdependence between people in positions that are somehow correlated with each other. For example, the position of a leader implies the existence of a position of a subordinate. The position of the doctor implies the presence of the position of the patient. There is a certain relationship between employees of any organization, between family members, relatives, in general between people who enter into even one single short contact with each other (for example, between a seller and a buyer, a bus conductor and a passenger). Thus, we can talk about the existence of appropriate relationships between people in these positions. When analyzing various relationships between people (including in organizations), one can refer to the provisions of the role theory of personality, developed in social psychology.
There are many definitions of the concept social role", and there are big differences in its interpretation by different researchers. We will understand this term as a normative system of actions expected from a person in accordance with his social position (position). It follows that the role is determined by the specific place of a person in the structure of social ties and far does not always depend on his individual psychological properties.Thus, the role of a university teacher must be subject to one official prescription, and the role of a student - to others.These prescriptions are impersonal, they are not focused on the characteristics of the characters of certain teachers or students.
There are a number of classifications of social roles. So, all their diversity can be divided into roles assigned and roles achieved. Assigned include, for example, roles due to the differentiation of people in society by gender. They are called gender. Usually, parents understand that boys and girls need to be brought up differently, instilling different skills in them. Thus, boys are more often taught to handle various household tools, and girls are taught to cook and sew. At the same time, modern parents understand that both boys and girls need to master the basics of computer literacy, knowledge of at least one foreign language, the ability to drive a car will not interfere with them.
Achieved roles include those that are performed in a particular professional area, for example, the role of the director of the enterprise, Ph.D., football team coach.
If people around know the social role of a person at a given moment, then they will impose on his behavior appropriate role expectations, which include certain prescriptions (what a person needs to do necessarily), prohibitions (what a person should not do) and a number of less precisely defined expectations (what a person should do in a given role). When the behavior of a person performing a role matches the expected image, it is considered successful.
Each person has many social roles. Some of them are dominant, i.e. predominant, others are secondary. Some of them are performed over a long period, others - from time to time. Just as a person has a certain status set, one can also talk about the corresponding role set. So, having the status of a father, a person acts in different roles in relation to his wife, son, parents, father-in-law and mother-in-law, teachers of the school where the child is studying (there he can also be a member of the parent committee). Each of the role interactions arising from the status of a father is characterized by its own specifics (compare, for example, the following pair interactions: father, husband - his wife, father - his son, father - his mother, father - mother-in-law, father - school teacher, etc.). (Fig. 3.1).
Rice. 3.1.
Working at a particular enterprise, in an institution, a person also performs a number of social roles corresponding to his status set. Let's take, for example, such statuses as engineer, shop manager, trade union member, co-owner of company shares. At the same time, the roles performed by the individual are of an official nature. In addition, a person has a certain role "set" in the system of informal relations that have developed in his organization. Often these roles are the result of some individual personality traits. Two workers performing the same job but with different personality traits may play very different informal roles in their team. So, a calm and reasonable person sometimes acts as an "arbitrator", to whom other workers turn in controversial situations. Another worker, with organizational skills and a desire for leadership, sometimes becomes the unofficial leader of any group of people in the brigade.
Sometimes this or that role is imposed on a person by other members of the group. Often this is not so much individual features given person, how much his position in the group. For example, an apprentice in a production team may be seen by "old-timers" as the butt of all sorts of jokes and pranks. However, the roles that a person performs in certain groups and situations are subject to change. Thus, a former student who has grown to the level of a highly skilled worker forever ceases to be a scapegoat, acquiring another unofficial role.
We emphasize that the personality is not exhausted by all the variety of its social roles, no matter how significant they are for it. An important element of the personality structure is its subjective "I", which can be defined primarily as a given person's idea of his inner true essence on the basis of self-perception and self-understanding. In other words, how a given person sees himself and how he interprets his actions to himself is I-concept of personality. This is a kind of psychology and philosophy of one's own "I". In accordance with his I-concept, a person carries out activities. Therefore, a person's behavior is always logical from his point of view, although it may not seem so to other people.
In order to understand why the same person behaves differently when performing various social roles, it is necessary to separate the roles from his subjective "I", and from his other individual psychological characteristics, intelligence, needs, interests, willpower. , beliefs, temperament, etc. For example, a picky manager can also be a loving father, and an undisciplined employee can also be a caring son.
It should be noted that in our definition of social role and the examples given, we spoke only about the expectations of other people regarding the behavior of the individual. However, the term "role" can also be used to define how the person holding a position considers it necessary to behave ( perceived social role). You can also focus on how the person actually behaves. (performing role). It is known that the same person can change many of his social roles and act differently in different situations. We will first of all talk about the social roles performed by people in the official organizational structure. At the same time, certain expectations of other members of this organization related to the behavior of employees are of primary importance.
The patterns of behavior expected from a person in a production organization are determined by both the organizational, technical and social aspects of its activities. Thus, as a member of the labor brigade, a person must perform certain duties, while acting in accordance with the prescribed patterns of behavior. A worker, for example, is obliged to comply with production technology, safety regulations, labor discipline, etc. If his activity is quite consistent with the expected pattern, it is considered successful.
At the same time, it must be emphasized that in the role prescriptions emanating from specific individuals or groups, their socio-psychological characteristics are also clearly manifested. So, the mutual role expectations of two employees using the same equipment are determined not only by their official position in the structure of this organization, but also by the personality traits of each of them. Suppose one of them, who is distinguished by accuracy and monitors the impeccable cleanliness of the workplace, will demand the same attitude from his colleague. Another worker who is not so careful may ignore these requirements, believing that it is enough to just have all the equipment in good condition.
At the group level, role prescriptions are determined by the corresponding group values, norms, traditions and can be different even within the same organization. In accordance with this, role-playing interaction is also carried out in the system of informal relations that have developed here. Note that the position of the individual in this system of relations is also associated with her work activity.
JOURNALISM
Social position, i.e. support for certain social forces, speaking on their side, expressing and defending their interests, is realized by the journalist and manifests itself in his creative activity in various forms. The social position can be unconscious, formed intuitively. It can also be poorly realized when its connection with the interests of certain social forces is seen as an optional and inconsistent coincidence of aspirations and the direction of actions. The connection of the social position of a journalist with the needs and aspirations of certain social groups can also become conscious, although understanding the place of these groups in social structure society and their role in the historical process may be unclear and even false. Thus, an incorrect understanding of the changes that took place at the end of the 20th century in the structure of society, the changes in the role and significance of various strata of society in the history of the emergence of new social groups leads to the fact that the former priorities (for example, speaking on the side of "capital" or "proletariat") turn out to be more or less outdated stereotypes. The implementation of such social positions in the practice of journalism can lead to such a fulfillment by journalism of its functions, which will result in a wrong orientation in modernity.
That is why it is so important that the social position of a journalist be deeply conscious and correctly reflect those interests that contribute to the progressive development of society.
Thus, through a clear awareness of one's social position and a resolute, consistent implementation of it, the principles (Latin principium "foundation, beginning") of journalistic activity are formed. The integrity of a journalist is one of the most important guiding principles of his activity.
Principles refer to that area of rules and norms of activity, which determines its general character. The creation of a work is regulated both by the degree of ownership of the genre, and by the methods of collecting initial information, and by the requirements of the laws of composition, etc. However, it is incorrect to call these rules principles. Principles always underlie some particular area of human practice: the principle of jet propulsion is the basis of rocket science; the principle of conservation of energy - the basis of physics; the principle of non-intervention in internal affairs interstate relations etc. And according to the principles and "in pursuance" of them, more and more specific rules and norms, methods of action, technical solutions, etc. are selected and implemented.
Thus, the principles are built on the basis of knowledge of a very high level, first of all, knowledge of the general laws of a given sphere of social practice, which make up its conceptual base, play the role of an ordering beginning, due to which methods of approach and methods of activity are determined. In principle, “fixing” knowledge of a high level (of the type of law) and “working” knowledge, which, on the basis of the application of the law, sets the angle of view and the way of activity in practice, are connected, as it were. Figuratively, the principle can be represented as the unity of the "core" - knowledge and "shell" - method(Greek methodos "path of inquiry").
Therefore, for example, humanism as a principle for a journalist consists not only in the recognition of man as the measure of all things, in the knowledge of his nature, in understanding the relationship of man with his own kind and with the natural world, etc. etc., but also in the direction of all its activities towards the implementation of humanistic values, towards the comprehensive development of a person, upholding the rights and interests of the individual, humanization of all spheres of life, harmonization of relations with environment etc.
Of course, adherence to principles will be fruitful (and especially in a historical perspective) if it is based on correct knowledge. True, in a number of concepts, the principle is simply postulated or “proved” in a false way (as, for example, the racist principle of the superiority of the Aryan race, which tried to realize fascism in ideological and political practice). But the age of such "principles" cannot be long, although their application can bring great harm. Hence, it can be argued that principles are true only insofar as they rest on correct knowledge. But it is equally important that the translation of "knowledge" into "method" also be carried out conscientiously and accurately, and its implementation was full-blooded and creative. And if the “socialist idea” as an age-old dream of mankind, with its apparent justice, turned out to be deeply perverted in content, and when trying to implement it, led under certain historical conditions to the formation of methods of “building socialism in the Stalinist way” and was embodied with the use of mass repressions, violation of rights as a separate individuals, as well as entire peoples, then the "socialist principle" turned out to be seriously and permanently undermined in the eyes of millions of people.
Since principles are theoretical methodological foundations journalistic activity, a theoretical and practical need naturally arises to clarify the grounds for distinguishing principles, the totality and determination of the structure of the system of principles, as well as their historical dynamics (the genesis and development of the system in accordance with changes in patterns).
The generative factor in the formation of a system of principles is the understanding by a journalist of the laws in force in the outside world. When forming the principles, the basis is a group of fundamental laws of the genesis, functioning and development of the world as a whole and the most important structural elements of the life of society. The criterion for selecting the laws necessary to form a system of principles is their universality - the principle based on each of them must be applicable to any phenomenon considered in journalism and manifest itself in any area and side of journalistic activity. For example, objectivity cannot but be a principle of journalism, since all aspects of life (from assessing political actions to considering technical solutions, from judgments about the economic and social expediency of the tax system to analyzing the situation in education and culture) and all the creative steps of a journalist (from setting a task and formulating questions to interlocutors to conceptually meaningful decisions and foreseeable consequences of publication) are controlled "for objectivity". Of course, the decisions and actions of a journalist can be biased, moreover, arbitrarily subjective, but this only means that he violates the principle and deserves condemnation (or even “excommunication” from the profession). Another question is the content of the principle of objectivity (as well as all the others), since journalists of different orientations can invest in it different, up to significantly divergent, meanings (for example, for representatives different forces- liberals, conservatives or socialists - the objective necessity of the economic decisions of the "centrist" government is almost inevitably assessed differently).
What are the laws on the basis of which principles objectively arise? Their collection might look like this: laws of nature and human life on Earth, then the laws functioning and development of the people as a large collection of diverse social groups (primarily class groups), countries with their forms of government, the masses of the population (the whole country, regions, professions, ages, etc.), nations and international communities, and finally, human as the subject of all social relations. From how a journalist approaches each of these objects, what position he takes in relation to them, how he judges specific events, processes, trends in life, taking into account the specifics of the fundamental “formations” of reality, the foundations of his outlook on life, the methodological foundations of creativity, are formed.
In fact: if a journalist does not recognize the laws of social life, he finds himself in the positions of subjectivism; if he does not believe in the role of democracy, then authoritarianism of one kind or another begins to dominate in his own convictions (aristocratism, plutocratism, meritocracy, i.e. preference for the power of "blood", "wealth", "position", etc.); if he considers some race or nation capable of playing a leading role in society, his position is inevitably imbued with chauvinistic or nationalistic features. And, on the contrary, the desire to penetrate the regularity of life leads him to an objective view of reality, faith in the advantages of democracy - to democracy, conviction in the equality of all people with an understanding of the characteristics and role of each nation in the life of mankind - to patriotism and internationalism.
What determines a journalist's choice of principled position? First of all, from the accepted social position and, further, from its comprehension and "development" on the basis of the use of certain philosophical and social concepts.
Thus, in accordance with the awareness of one's position, with the choice for oneself of priorities in representing the interests of certain groups (or of all mankind as an extremely large group), the idea of party membership is formed.
Around the idea of party spirit immediately after its birth in the middle of the 19th century and the promotion of the Russian Bolsheviks in the press at the beginning of the 20th century at the request of V. I. Lenin (the socialist proletariat had to put forward the principle of party spirit in literature, develop it and put it into more complete and integral form) unfolded and still does not subside political struggle. The main objection to the idea of partisanship is that subordination to external requirements (of any political party, group of people, ideological concept) limits the independence of a journalist, narrows or completely eliminates the possibilities of creative freedom, introduces him into the Procrustean bed of a given concept. However, these objections are most often based either on a misunderstanding or on a deliberate distortion of the idea of partisanship.
The term "partiality" arose on the basis of the Latin word pars, partis, meaning "part" (hence the "batch of goods", and "geological party", and "game of chess"). At the same time, it is clear that it is not at all necessary to associate party membership in journalism with the position of a particular political party. The basis of the party position - representation of the interests of any part of society, without which the activity of a journalist is generally unthinkable, who always protects (consciously or not) someone's interests. These can be the interests of a private group (social - entrepreneurs or workers; professional - miners or teachers; age - children or pensioners, etc.), and the interests of a general group - the people, all of humanity (therefore, the idea of "cathedralism" or "all-humanity ” is also a party idea). At the same time, in an open democratic society, the party position cannot but be humanistically oriented - it is either speaking from the standpoint of a “private group” while understanding the concerns and requirements of other groups, that is, “against the background” of the universal, or speaking from the universal positions, but with “distinguishing » the needs and interests of "private groups" as organic components of humanity. Other approaches are flawed and unproductive.
In a society with a specific social system in which the interests of various groups are expressed, the established social position of a thinking journalist who wants to understand the existent as deeply as possible manifests itself as a clear expression of the interests of certain groups. Party membership in the "initial" sense is to clearly and distinctly define one's place as a position on the side of a certain group (of course, this can be both a set of groups and society as a whole). Thus, the journalist turns out to be a "representative" of this group, moreover, consciously acting on its side.
Awareness of one’s position on the side of one or another (or a number, or all) group and a reasoned and effective upholding of it automatically requires the formation (or joining an already developed) ideological concept and the creation (or participation in an already created) party as a political organization of like-minded people. This is how the other two sides of party spirit are formed - ideological-epistemological and institutional-organizational.
Thus, in its finished form, partisanship includes social-group, ideological-epistemological and organizational-institutional aspects. Therefore, the principle of partisanship can be represented as follows:
Of course, in the consciousness and real behavior of a particular journalist, a social position may not be revealed and therefore unable to develop into a party position. But even being conscious, partisanship can remain incomplete when only one of its three sides has time to form, which, of course, can be explained in each specific case (and at certain moments this is inevitable and even justified). This happens, paradoxically as it may seem, in situations of turning point, when there is a lot of obscurity in social, ideological, and organizational terms, although it is in such situations that clarity of position is extremely necessary, since a comprehensively “formalized” party membership makes it possible to more successfully conduct a certain journalistic line. At the same time, again, in difficult conditions of persecution, the “hidden” existence of the party position is inevitable (for example, under strict legislative frameworks, censorship restrictions, political persecution). "Hidden" partisanship often also arises from the desire to appear independent, to draw the attention of various sections of the audience to their side. In other words, there are many options for both the structural fullness of party spirit and the nature of its manifestation in practice.
Particularly important are questions about the content of party membership, about the correspondence (or non-correspondence) of the party line to the real needs of social development, about the extent to which it expresses the real needs of the people, certain social groups, and all of humanity. In conditions when society consists of many groups with their own interests, which reveal (and sometimes deny) universal values in different ways, when this objective plurality of interests gives rise to a large set of ideological and political positions that compete with each other for influence on the audience, when, finally, in the conditions of political pluralism, several political groupings (parties, unions, blocs, fronts, etc.) operate, each journalist is faced with the task of determining his positions, “translating” his unconsciously, under the influence of specific circumstances of life, the emerging sympathies and dislikes, inclinations and preferences to the level of consciously chosen and consistently defended positions. At the same time, it is fundamentally important to avoid dogmatic ossification of the once adopted line of behavior, as well as deviations in one's positions caused by the conjuncture, following the political fashion.
A journalist needs to develop his activity in two directions: firstly, to expand the horizons of comprehended phenomena of life, penetrating ever deeper into its patterns; secondly, to closely monitor the ongoing significant changes that require correction of the previously adopted line of behavior. These areas of activity characterize the creative content, the content of the journalist's party position.
Social and group aspect partisanship, as already noted, consists in the conscious representation by a journalist of the interests of those social strata and groups (class, national, regional, professional, age, etc.), which, in his opinion, are carriers of progressive trends in social development, or the interests who need protection due to the infringement of their rights and freedoms, or who for any other reason, from his point of view, must be presented through the media. In order to have confidence and weighty arguments in protecting the interests of certain groups represented by a journalist, it is necessary to understand as deeply as possible the social essence, place, role and significance of these groups in the life of modern society, constantly develop and improve this knowledge. In the course of representing the interests of groups, it may turn out that some of them should really be defended, others should be “corrected”, and still others should be resisted altogether. For example, from a huge set of interests of skilled workers, the desire for professional growth, the development of technical and common culture, but at the same time, “amendments” are required by the desire to move away from other layers of workers and it turns out to be completely unacceptable to sharply oppose oneself to managers and entrepreneurs. Therefore, the party position of a journalist does not at all require reckless adherence to the spontaneously manifested forms and directions of activity of those groups whose positions, in principle, seem to him historically progressive. And the general humanistic “component” of the position, it is worth recalling, suggests that defending “private” interests requires taking into account the “general”, the desire to match the private with the universal. And this requires knowledge, will and talent.
In the process of self-determination in the life of a society divided into many groups that interact with each other in a complex way, a journalist is faced with various political organizations that represent the interests of certain groups, and above all with political parties, whose names often contain direct indications of their social class orientation (peasant party, workers' party, small farmers, etc.), although more often the name of the party is determined by ideological foundations (liberal, Christian, etc.) or some other properties (democratic, popular, republican, etc. .d.).
In their search for the right social position and the corresponding ideological concept, journalists, like all politically active people, are looking for allies and like-minded people, and this leads to unification.
This is how the organizational and institutional aspect of party membership manifests itself. to the journalist as public figure it is necessary to decide among those groupings, parties, associations, unions, fronts and other organizations that appear in the arena of public life with their platforms, programs, ideological concepts. Often he has to deal with a diverse world political forces, each of which in its own way reflects the interests of certain groups of society. He comes across many publications, programs, variously associated with party groups. Some openly act as bodies of various organizations (state, party, trade union, associations of entrepreneurs, cooperatives, etc.), as if being their official representatives in the field of mass information activities; others are official publications, close in their positions to certain organizations; the third - independent, which are characterized by the absence of obvious signs of connection with any public associations. Typically, such publications and programs are characterized by a breadth of views that do not fit into the framework of any one adopted party position. However, not belonging to any official or semi-official bodies, such publications and programs are "their own party."
The definition of one's position in the organizational and institutional sphere for a journalist can be different. If we turn to the most characteristic manifestations of party spirit in the organizational and institutional sphere, then the choice can be stopped at such basic options.
First. A journalist who shares the program and organizational guidelines of the party (whether he is a member of the party does not matter), is guided by them in his activities and thus pursues the line of the party in journalism. Thus, he speaks on behalf of a certain party, and he can do it openly, definitely, “calling a spade a spade,” or he can follow the party line (especially in difficult working conditions for the party) without explicitly indicating which party he adheres to.
Second. The political line of the organization (party, front, union, association) is not clearly defined or different factions, groups, associations operate within it; a journalist has more "space" when determining a position on a particular issue, since the line of the organization is either "blurred" or has several options. And if in the first case the journalist assumes quite voluntarily responsibility for the creative and effective implementation of the position of the party, then in the second he is responsible for choosing the best and most accurate way of responding to the phenomena of life, although within a certain "space" of positions of the forces included in the organization .
The third. A journalist, taking a position independent of any political organizations, chooses the line of conduct in a particular situation of public life. At the same time, it may partially or completely coincide with the position of some party, but it may also contain completely original ideas. This is also a party position, since it expresses in a certain way the interests of a social group (or society as a whole). And around this position (which happens often) a group of supporters can form, thus laying the foundation for a new political grouping that can later become a party.
Thus, following the path of understanding social life as an interaction (cooperation or collision) of a large set of different social groups (class, national, regional, age, professional, etc.) to the formation of one’s position expressing the interests of certain groups (with this inevitably leads to agreement with some interests, a neutral attitude towards others and rejection of others), the journalist must also determine his place among the multitude of active political organizations. In the course of this self-determination in the world of social groups and political forces, ideological and epistemological side party line of the journalist.
The ideological and epistemological aspect of party membership is precisely manifested in the system of worldviews of a journalist, in the totality of his ideological guidelines that determine approaches to understanding and evaluating the phenomena of life, to putting forward prospects social development and ways to achieve goals consistent with the interests it expresses.
The nature of the ideas inherent in a particular journalist can be very different in terms of worldview ( different forms idealism, agnosticism, materialism; moreover, they can be expressed in different systems - neo-Thomism, Kantianism, existentialism, pragmatism, Marxism, etc.) and express the interests of the social groups they represent in different ways. It depends on the journalist's understanding of society as a social system, the driving forces and direction of its change and development, the place and role of various groups of society in social processes. Each journalist in his own way can see the place in the life of society of workers and entrepreneurs, peasants and intelligentsia, and, representing the interests of one of these strata, comprehend them differently. It can also be intuitively revealed, implicitly expressed, fragmentary, unsystematized representations. But in this case, the epistemological, social-cognitive features of the journalist's creative method will turn out to be vague, dependent on many often random influences and factors. And hence - inaccuracies and errors in assessing the phenomena of reality, in formulating conclusions and social requirements.
Insufficient certainty, blurring of the ideological foundations of a journalist's position often manifests itself during periods of social crises that require rethinking, and often deep changes in ideological concepts. However, such necessary stages should be distinguished from fundamental ideological uncertainty, eclectic "patchwork", unpromising skepticism. A healthy trend in the ideological sphere is the desire for a definite and integral system of views and positions, for a strictly defined ideological line, consistently expressing the real, correctly understood interests of the social class forces represented by the journalist in the perspective of humanistic development.
It is no coincidence that in public life very often it is the body of journalism that turns out to be a “banner” around which supporters of certain views gather, and the struggle of various forces is most clearly manifested precisely in journalism. And successful, attractive to some and causing a negative reaction to others, is the activity of precisely such publications and programs that seek to take and defend a clear ideological position.
Therefore, a journalist turns out to be an ideological figure, a bearer and propagandist of certain social ideas. Its ideology is manifested in the most rigorous adherence to the accepted system of views regarding the understanding of the nature of the driving forces of social development, social ideals, their corresponding goals and ways to achieve them. At the same time, ideology presupposes the conceptual integrity of beliefs, the desire for clarity and consistency in the expression of views, which excludes eclecticism and the obvious internal inconsistency of their components. Ideological as the basis of creativity also excludes dogmatic doctrinairism, as well as subjectivist arbitrariness.
The real ideology of a creative figure in journalism is manifested in his ability to take a critical look at his own positions and ways of implementing them, to innovatively comprehend his life and develop new solutions in a changed environment, to openly reject outdated ideas that do not meet the realities of life. Hence the indispensable condition is the unity of word and deed, inner convictions and the nature of creative activity. Ideology is incompatible with fanaticism, blind adherence to once accepted postulates and, of course, with demagogy based on the insincere use of lofty ideas and slogans that captivate the masses and cover up selfish goals that are alien to the true interests of the people.
That is why the journalist's natural desire for objectivity prompts him to take progressive positions (corresponding to the interests of the humanistic development of society) and find (adopt, develop, change if necessary) an ideological concept that correctly expresses the interests of all social forces, and the laws of humanistic functioning and development of society. .
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1. Personality and social roles. Concept and essence
1.1 Essence of personality
2.1 Social status and role activity of the individual
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
According to one of the most common definitions- social role, this is a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social institutions, public and personal relations. In other words, a social role is the behavior that is expected of a person who occupies a certain status. The set of roles corresponding to a given status is defined as a role set. In any way of interaction various people, each of the individuals included in such an interaction performs a certain role. In every social situation, each of the individuals performs a certain role: father, mother, son, daughter, professor, student, fan, customer, passenger, and so on. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change the behavior model to perform specific roles. Moreover, role conflicts that arise in situations where a person is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements have become widespread in modern society. As a rule, the performance of any role is associated with the desire of a person to comply with accepted social norms and the expectations of others.
In the role theory of personality, the main analytical units are one's own self (unit of personality), social status (unit of social structure) and social role (unit of culture). The sociological vision of the individual involves an analysis of its role and ways of participating in public life. This determines the relevance of the topic we are considering.
In this work, we set ourselves the main goal to study the concept and essence of the social roles of the individual and consider social roles as an important tool for the interaction of the individual and society.
1. Personality and social roles: concept and essence
personality social role society
1.1 Essence of personality
Personality is an extraordinarily complex concept, which is one of the central concepts of sociology, philosophy and psychology. The sociological concept of personality is markedly influenced by philosophical concepts and psychological theories. Psychology pays attention to the individual differences of people: their temperament, character, behavioral characteristics and assessments, studying how and why they differ from each other. For the sociologist, "personality" is, on the contrary, what makes people similar to each other (that is, they note the socially typical in people).
Philosophy operates more with a capacious concept of “man”, which includes both his biological, mental, and cultural nature. Sociologists take into account, first of all, the social qualities that are formed in people in the process of coexistence (as a direct product of coexistence with others), somewhat abstracting from everything else.
Personality is the only social subject that, in terms of functional complexity, is comparable to society as a whole. The sociological vision of the individual involves an analysis of its role and ways of participating in public life. In the role theory of personality, the main analytical units are one's own self (unit of personality), social status (unit of social structure) and social role (unit of culture). Let's consider them in more detail.
When determining the essence of personality in sociology, there are two "oppositional" interpretations. The first involves seeing the essence of the individual as perceived, adopted from society. This interpretation goes back to the definition of personality, which was given in the 19th century by D. Myers, he defined it as "the totality of all social relations."
Another interpretation focuses on the essence of personality and its particularity, individuality. The essence of this interpretation can be illustrated with the help of V. Rozanov's definition "a person creates, brings something new to the world not in common, which he has with other people, but exceptional."
The opposition between these two approaches goes back to a long-standing dispute. School L.S. Vygotsky, in which an “activity approach” was developed to determine the essence of personality, she was looking for the source of the uniqueness of the “I” of a person in his being, in social relations, relationships, in his activity. Western sociology, represented by one of its leaders, J. Piaget, defends the exact opposite position: the essence of the individual is in its inclinations, in the unique genes encoded features that determine the individuality of a given person.
Within the framework of the activity approach, the source of personality development is its abilities that stimulate human activity. Another approach assigned the main role in personality development to needs as a stimulator of human activity. The essence of personality does not manifest itself from the moment of birth of a person. A person becomes a person. The process of preparation for fulfilling the role of the subject of human social life is the process of education. The main participants in this process are society and the individual himself. From the moment a person is born, society socializes him, introduces him to culture, gives knowledge, teaches ethical and aesthetic standards, that is, transfers sociocultural experience. Having mastered this experience, a person begins to realize his specialness, individuality.
The concept of personality is ambiguous. On the one hand, it designates a specific individual as a subject of activity, in the unity of his individual properties (individual) and his social roles (general). On the other hand, personality is understood as the social unity of the individual, as a set of his features, formed in the process of interaction of this person with other people and making him the subject of labor, cognition and communication.
The concept of personality is used in sociology in two meanings:
1) a personality is understood as a “normative” type of a person that meets the requirements of society, its value-normative standards. The synonym is “modal personality”, or national character, which is understood as a set of socially significant traits of personality behavior, including stereotypes of behavior traditional for a given culture (industriousness, sociable disposition, efficiency, collectivism, etc.);
2) the second definition of a person (sociological) considers him as a member of a social group, society, team, organization, through his activities included in various types of social systems.
Personality is the mechanism that allows you to integrate your "I" and your own life, to carry out a moral assessment of your actions, to find your place not only in a separate social group, but also in life as a whole, to work out the meaning of one's existence, to give up one in favor of the other.
In sociological works, a personality is interpreted as a set of roles and statuses that it occupies in society.
1.2 The concept and types of social roles
For the first time, the definition of a social role was given by the American sociologist R. Linton in 1936. He considered the social role as a dynamic side of social status, as its function associated with a set of norms in accordance with which a person should behave in certain situations. These norms determine the types of behavior that a person with a given social status can carry out in relation to a person with a different status and, conversely, the actions of a second person in relation to the first. The concept of a social role, therefore, refers to such situations of social interaction, when a person regularly and for a long time reproduces, in certain circumstances, established behavioral traits, i.e. his certain stereotypes, corresponding to the expectations of other people. Therefore, a social role can also be defined as a set of expectations and requirements made by a social group, society as a whole to persons occupying certain status positions. These expectations, wishes, requirements are embodied in specific social norms.
Consequently, a social role, arising in connection with a specific social position (status) occupied by a given individual in the social stratification structure of society, acts at the same time as a specific, normatively approved way of behavior that is mandatory for this individual. Therefore, the social roles performed by this or that individual become a decisive characteristic of his personality.
As a result, the concept of a social role can be formulated as the expectation that society places on a person who occupies a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires, and exists, as it were, apart from and before the personality itself. The basic requirements for the individual were developed, polished by society and exist independently of specific people, contrary to their desires and ideas.
The development of roles occurs in the process of socialization, and their number is constantly increasing. In early childhood, a person plays the role of a child who is taught certain rules of the game. Then the role of a kindergarten pupil is added to it, etc. In the future, the child plays the role of a student, a member of a youth group, etc.
Since each person plays several roles, role conflict is possible: parents and peers expect different behavior from a teenager, and he, playing the roles of a son and a friend, cannot simultaneously meet their expectations.
The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.
Social roles associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson. Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behaving.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated by emotional level(leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).
In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.
The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He suggested the following five characteristics of any role.
Emotionality. Some roles (for example, nurse, doctor, or police officer) require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by a violent manifestation of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death). Less restrained expression of feelings is expected from family members and friends.
Receipt method. Some roles are conditioned by prescribed statuses, such as child, youth, or adult citizen; they are determined by the age of the person playing the role. Other roles are being won; when we talk about a professor, we mean a role that is not achieved automatically, but as a result of the efforts of the individual.
Scale. Some roles are limited to certain aspects of human interaction. Thus, the roles of the doctor and the patient are limited to issues that directly relate to the health of the patient. A broader relationship is established between the child and his mother or father.
Formalization. Some roles provide interaction with people in accordance with the established. rules. For example, a librarian is required to lend out books for a specified period and demand a fine for each day late from those who delay the books. In other roles, special treatment is allowed for those with whom you have developed a personal relationship.
Motivation. Different roles are due to different motives. It is expected, say, that an enterprising person is absorbed in his own interests - his actions are determined by the desire to obtain maximum profit. But, for example, a priest works mainly for the public good.
Any role includes some combination of these characteristics.
Social roles and their significance for a person are interpreted in different ways in the scientific literature. The behaviorist concept of social role limits the subject of research to the directly observed behavior of people, the interaction of individuals: the action of one turns out to be a stimulus that causes a response from the other. This makes it possible to describe the process of interaction, but does not reveal the inner side of the personality, the nature of social relations, roles and social expectations. The internal structure of the personality (ideas, desires, attitudes) is conducive to one, but does not contribute to the choice of other roles.
The social role that a person performs is very significant in his life, in his ability to function effectively within society. So, according to E. Fromm, "A person sells not only goods, but sells himself and feels like a product ... If the qualities that a person can offer are not in demand, then he does not have any qualities at all ...".
Let's formulate intermediate conclusions:
A social role is the expectation that society places on a person who occupies a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires, and exists, as it were, apart from and before the personality itself. The basic requirements were developed, polished by society and exist independently of specific people, contrary to their desires and ideas. The main characteristics of the social role - emotionality; method of obtaining; scale; formalization and motivation. In general, the social role that a person performs is very significant in his life, in his ability to function effectively within society.
2. Social roles as a tool for interaction between the individual and society
2.1 Social status and role activity of the individual
A person daily interacts with different people and social groups. It rarely happens when he fully interacts only with members of one group, for example, a family, but at the same time he can be a member of a work collective, public organizations, etc. Entering many social groups at the same time, he occupies a corresponding position in each of them, due to the relationship with other members of the group. To analyze the degree of inclusion of an individual in various groups, as well as the positions that he occupies in each of them, the concepts of social status and social role are used.
Status (from lat. status - position, condition) - the position of a citizen.
One of the most important categories when discussing the social roles of an individual is social status. It is the social status specific place occupied by an individual in a given social system. The totality of demands placed on the individual by societies forms the content of the social role. Each status usually includes a number of roles. The set of roles arising from a given status is called a role set.
Consider the characteristics of social status. Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which implies certain rights and obligations, is called a status. A person can have multiple statuses. But more often than not, only one determines his position in society. This status is called the main, or integral. It often happens that the main, or integral, status is due to his position (for example, director, professor). Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothes, jargon and other signs of social and professional affiliation), and in internal position (in attitudes, value orientations, motivations, etc.).
Sociologists distinguish between prescribed and acquired statuses. Prescribed - this means imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual. It is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, etc. The acquired (achieved) status is determined by the efforts of the person himself (for example, a writer, scientist, director, etc.). There are also natural and professional-official statuses. The natural status of a person presupposes essential and relatively stable characteristics of a person (men and women, childhood, youth, maturity, old age, etc.). Professional and official status is the basic status of a person, most often for an adult, which is the basis of an integral status. It fixes the social, economic, production and technical status (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).
A social role is the behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status. Social roles are a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society, as well as actions that a person who occupies a given status in the social system must perform. A person can have many roles.
The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; the role of a soldier is associated with risk and the fulfillment of an oath, which cannot be said about other groups of the population. The status of women is different from that of men, and therefore they are expected to behave differently from men. Each individual can have a large number of statuses, and others have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and duties, then a role is an action within this set of rights and duties.
The social role consists of role expectation (expectation) and performance of this role (play).
Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional.
Institutionalized roles: the institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).
Conventional roles: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
A specific social role, as a set of actions that must be performed by a person occupying a given status in the social system. It breaks down into role expectations - what, according to the "rules of the game", is expected from a particular role, and into role behavior - what a person actually performs within the framework of his role.
Each time, taking on a particular role, a person more or less clearly represents the rights and obligations associated with it, an approximate scheme and sequence of actions, and builds his behavior in accordance with the expectations of others. The society at the same time makes sure that everything is done "as it should be." To do this, there is a whole system of social control - from public opinion to law enforcement agencies and the corresponding system of social sanctions - from censure, condemnation to violent suppression.
2.2 Role and intrapersonal conflicts
A person performs many different roles throughout his life, and each time he needs to be somehow different in order to receive approval and recognition. However, these roles should not be contradictory, incompatible. If the same person is presented with opposing social demands, a conflict of roles may arise. In this case, a contradictory personality is formed, he chooses some requirements, ignoring all other requirements and roles, other groups of people, while the person moves away from people who underestimate him, and seeks to get closer to those who appreciate him. In different situations, a person plays different roles, but in some ways he always remains himself, i.e. role behavior - a kind of combination of roles and individuality of the personality of the performer.
Each role leaves a certain imprint on the personality, on the self-consciousness of a person, as a person mobilizes the resources of his body and psyche to perform a particular role. Sometimes an intrapersonal conflict arises when a person is forced to play a role, ideas about which do not correspond to his idea of himself, his individual "I".
The following types and consequences of intrapersonal conflicts are possible:
1. if the "role" is higher than the capabilities of the "I", then the person is threatened with overwork, the appearance of self-doubt;
2. if the "role" is below the capabilities of the "I", is unworthy, humiliating for a person, then the resolution of this conflict can take different forms:
- an objective change in the situation (for example, a person is not satisfied with his profession, begins to study and proves with his practical deeds that he can handle more difficult and interesting things);
- not being able to change the situation, a person changes it "only for himself", refusing to perform a role that contradicts his "I";
- the conflict between the role and the "I" is not resolved, but is eliminated from the sphere of consciousness, suppressed, as a result, the existence of a conflict between the "I" and the role is not clearly manifested in the actions, feelings, consciousness of a person, but the internal tension grows and "breaks through" on " scapegoats" (a person "tear off evil" on his subordinates and loved ones);
- "rationalization" is the case when a person, forced to perform a role that does not correspond to his "I", assures himself and others that he does this solely of his own free will;
- "inadequate behavior" is manifested in the replacement of attraction to a role inaccessible to a person by the desire to fulfill the opposite role: for example, a child who needs tenderness and affection, but does not hope to get the role of a loved one, begins to behave emphatically rude and impudent;
- a person who finds himself in a role that is not appropriate for his "I" turns his anger against himself, blames himself or considers himself a failure.
What motivates a person to master this or that social role. Firstly, external requirements, a kind of psychological pressure of people significant to a person, encourage him to master the role, but still internal motives influence him more significantly, especially when
- when the fulfillment of any desires of a person is possible through the mastery of a certain role and for him those rights, those benefits that are available to the performance of a certain role are tempting;
And when mastering a role allows a person to acquire socio-psychological security, makes it possible to have more pleasant social relations with other people, to get their recognition, love, approval, respect, then a person is able to make every effort to master this social role. Thus, the actions of a person, his activity are primarily due to internal motivating forces, his motives, needs, desires.
2.3 Personal development. Social role training
The process of personality development, its training in social roles plays an important role in the interaction of the individual and society. Of course, it would be ideal if every individual could achieve the desired statuses in a group or society with the same ease and ease. However, only a few individuals are capable of this. In the process of achieving an appropriate social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and inconsistency of the internal attitudes of the individual with the requirements of the role. Role tension may increase due to inadequate role training, or role conflict, or failures that occur in the performance of this role. In this regard, the process of education that she received from society is extremely important for each individual. Let us consider in more detail the processes of personality development.
There is a particular style of parenting in each socio-culture, it is determined by what society expects from a child. At each stage of its development, the child is either integrated with society or rejected. Each stage is characterized by the tasks of this age, and the tasks are put forward by society. But the solution to the problems is already determined achieved level psychomotor development of a person and the spiritual atmosphere of the society in which a person lives. Consider the main periods of human personality development.
- at the first stage of infancy, the main role in the life of the child is played by the mother, she feeds, cares, as a result of which the child develops a basic trust in the world. The dynamics of trust development depends on the mother. A pronounced deficit of emotional communication with an infant leads to a sharp slowdown in the mental development of the child;
- the 2nd stage is associated with the formation of autonomy and independence, the child begins to walk, parents teach the child to be neat and tidy;
At the age of 3-5 years, at the 3rd stage, the child is already convinced that he is a person, as he runs, knows how to speak, expands the area of mastering the world, the child develops a sense of enterprise, initiative, which is laid in the game. It is at this stage, with the help of games, that the processes of teaching the individual social roles begin to be most clearly seen;
- junior school age (4th stage) the child has already exhausted the possibilities of development within the family, and now the school introduces the child to knowledge about future activities.
- adolescence (5th stage) physiological growth, puberty, the need to find one's professional vocation, abilities, skills - these are the questions that confront a teenager, and this is already society's requirements for a teenager about self-determination;
- 6th stage (youth) for a person, the search for a life partner, close cooperation with people, strengthening ties with the entire social group becomes relevant;
- 7th - the central stage - the adult stage of personality development: here there is an impact from other people, especially children;
After 50 years (8th stage) a person rethinks his whole life, realizes his "I". A person must understand that his life is a unique destiny, "accepts" himself and his life, realizes the need for a logical conclusion of life, and shows wisdom.
In fact, at each of the stages discussed above (beginning with the third), the process of learning various social roles plays a rather important role. At the same time, learning to fulfill social roles can be successful only with consistent preparation for the transition from one role to another throughout the life of the individual. With continuous socialization, the experience of each stage of life serves as a preparation for the next.
However, early preparation for the transition from one status to the next is far from a universal phenomenon in social life. Society as a whole is characterized by role-based learning based on discontinuity, which makes the socializing experience gained in one age period of little use for subsequent age periods. Very often a young person who has finished school does not know who he will be in the future, what he will study and what roles he will play in the near future. There is a role tension associated with a misunderstanding of the future role, as well as with poor preparation for it and, as a result, with inadequate performance of this role. In the life of every person in modern society, there may be several critical points when the individual may not be prepared to fulfill future roles.
Another source of role tension in the processes of socialization is that the moral preparation of the individual for the performance of roles includes mainly formal rules. social behavior. This often ignores learning informal modifications of these rules that actually exist in the world around us. In other words, individuals who learn certain roles, as a rule, learn an ideal picture of the surrounding reality, and not real culture and real human relationships.
A certain gap between formal impressions and the actual mechanisms of role behavior is characteristic of all modern societies. Although it is very large, every society tries to reduce it. However, the gap remains, and therefore it is necessary to educate not only theoretical skills, but also the ability to adapt, to solve real problems.
If mistakes are made in the process of personality development and mastering social roles, then the personality may experience internal role tension, and in the subsequent period they will move from naive idealism to naive cynicism, which denies the fundamental norms of society. Against, developed personality, in relation to which the minimum number of mistakes in education was made, can use role-playing behavior as a tool for adapting to certain social situations, at the same time not merging, not identifying with the role, at the same time “growing” into a society of their own kind.
Let us designate the main intermediate conclusions for this chapter.
One of the most important categories in the study of the social roles of an individual is social status. It is the social status that denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which implies certain rights and obligations, is called a status. Each status usually includes a number of roles. A specific social role, as a set of actions that a person who occupies given status in a social system, it is divided into role expectations - what is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person actually performs within the framework of his role.
The processes of personality development, teaching its social roles is an important tool for the interaction of society and the individual. If mistakes are made in the process of personality development and mastering social roles, then the personality may experience internal role tension. On the contrary, a developed personality, in relation to which a minimum number of mistakes were made in education, can use role-playing behavior as a tool for adapting to certain social situations, without merging, without identifying with the role, at the same time “growing” into a society of their own kind.
Conclusion
Personality is a complex concept that is one of the central concepts of sociology, philosophy and psychology. The sociological concept of personality is markedly influenced by philosophical concepts and psychological theories. Personality is the mechanism that allows you to integrate your "I" and your own life, to carry out a moral assessment of your actions, to find your place not only in a separate social group, but also in life as a whole, to develop the meaning of your existence, to refuse one in favor of another. . In sociological works, a personality is interpreted as a set of roles and statuses that it occupies in society.
A social role is the essence of the expectation that society places on a person who occupies a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires, and exists, as it were, “besides” and “before” the personality itself. The basic requirements were developed, polished by society and exist independently of specific people, contrary to their desires and ideas. The main characteristics of the social role - emotionality; method of obtaining; scale; formalization and motivation. Any social role includes some combination of these characteristics. In general, the social role that a person performs is very significant in his life, in his ability to function effectively within society.
One of the most important categories in the study of the social roles of an individual is social status. It is the social status that denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which implies certain rights and obligations, is called a status. Each status usually includes a number of roles. A specific social role, as a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform, is divided into role expectations - what is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person actually performs within his role. . The inconsistency of the latter often leads to role conflicts.
Throughout the various periods of personality development, cases of so-called role conflicts are not uncommon. A person performs many different roles throughout his life, and each time he needs to be somehow different in order to receive approval and recognition. However, these roles should not be contradictory, incompatible. If the same person is presented with opposing social demands, a conflict of roles may arise. In this regard, an important preventive measure to prevent such situations is teaching the individual social roles.
The processes of personality development, teaching its social roles is an important tool for the interaction of society and the individual. If mistakes are made in the process of personality development and mastering social roles, then the personality may experience internal role tension. On the contrary, a developed personality, in respect of which a minimum number of mistakes were made in education, can use role-playing behavior as a tool for adapting to certain social situations, without merging, not identifying with the role, at the same time “growing” into a society of their own kind. In general, the development of social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for the "growing" of a person into a society of his own kind.
Concluding the control work, we formulate the main conclusion to which we have come.
The influence of the social role on the development of the individual is quite large. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is, and the process of personality development often acts as a dynamic of mastering social roles.
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The sociology of personality is a theory, the object of study and analysis of which is a person in his social formation, formation and development in a biosocial and ecosocial environment; stages, agents and institutions of socialization. Social statuses and roles of personality.
Social status - the place in the social system that a particular person occupies; This is a set of roles that a person is forced to perform, occupying a certain position in society.
There are two main meanings of the term "status":
- 1. Social status can be considered as a kind of building block, that is, an important element of any social system, since the latter is necessarily a set of statuses that are in certain relationships with each other. Such an understanding of the status was proposed by R. Linton.
- 2. The concept of "status" can be associated with ideas of authority, honor and prestige. In this case, it may underlie the stratification of society (stratification within society) based on the concept of class. This use of this concept was proposed by M. Weber.
- 3. Usually a person has several statuses, but there is only one that really determines the position of a person in society; as a rule, this is the profession of a person, or rather, the position he holds (for example, teacher, professor, banker, courier). This status is called integrated.
There are the following types of statuses:
- 1. Acquired status is a status that a person has due to his own efforts made to achieve it. So, no one can be born the same professor - for this you need to acquire certain knowledge, defend a dissertation, gain authority in a professional environment, have certain social interaction skills, etc.
- 2. Prescribed status is the status that a person acquires by the fact of birth. A striking example of prescribed status is the title of nobleman, which, as a rule, is inherited. In addition, the prescribed status is nationality, origin, place of birth, etc.
- 3. Natural status is a status that is based on a relatively permanent, usually biological attribute of a person (for example, the status of "male"). He is opposed to professional legal statuses, that is, proper social statuses that exist only in the form of an agreement, as a convention, and do not have any "measurable" biological and, more broadly, natural basis.
Status inconsistency
If a person has statuses that are difficult to reconcile with each other, they talk about the inconsistency of the status. J. Linsky proposed to single out four main dimensions of status:
- 1) income;
- 2) education;
- 3) professional prestige;
- 4) ethnicity.
Status inconsistency occurs when status dimensions do not match. This leads to a feeling of dissatisfaction, which a person seeks to overcome in two ways: either by seeking to bring the dimensions of status into line, or by seeking to influence the status system itself.
social role.
A social role is a way of behaving that corresponds to the norms accepted in a given society, expressed in the expectations of the environment, and depends on the social status of a person; it is a model of behavior in accordance with which a person must act in certain situations. The role can also be considered as a set of requirements (norms) that are put forward in relation to a person occupying a particular social position.
A role cannot exist outside a social institution (since a social institution is the totality of roles and statuses), and therefore, it implies a relationship with other roles. So, for example, the role of "father" cannot exist outside of its relation to the role of "child", since it is in relation to the child that it is mainly realized (the father is the educator and breadwinner in relation to the child).
Social roles are acquired in the process of socialization (the process of personality formation). First, by observing others, and then, imitating them, the child learns to act as is customary in a given society or the group to which he belongs. As a person grows older, the number of roles that are known to a person increases.
Social roles and social institutions
Society needs certain needs to be satisfied. However, the satisfaction of these needs does not happen by itself: for it to take place, it is necessary that certain duties be assigned to certain people and that people fulfill these duties. This is carried out with the help of roles, which are a set of responsibilities, as well as expectations aimed at the bearers of these roles.
The distribution of social roles is often associated with objective non-social features. For example, a child within the family acts as an object of care because of his age and disabilities; parents can perform appropriate functions in relation to the child due to the fact that they are more independent people.
At the same time, the distribution of roles is also determined by social factors proper. Thus, a child ceases to be a child upon reaching a certain age, or rather, when he has learned to take care of himself and be responsible for his actions. From the point of view of society, a person becomes a full-fledged member of it only after receiving the appropriate education. Therefore, he is forced to study for a long time and be dependent on his parents during his studies. Consequently, the position of a person in the social structure depends not only on objective factors: it is motivated by internal norms that regulate the life of society.
Other typical roles that make up a social institution can be pointed out: a salesperson, a teacher, a businessman, and so on.
Characteristics of the social role
The social role can be characterized by the following important aspects:
- 1) a way of behavior: a role as a set of expectations of others involves not only goals, but also very specific ways to achieve goals;
- 2) formalization: some roles involve communication according to formal rules, others are more based on informal interactions;
- 3) role acquisition: roles are prescribed and acquired. For example, boys and girls usually play different games in childhood, while in adolescence their choice becomes more free;
- 4) scale of connections: the social role of the individual is connected with other roles; however, some roles involve interaction with many people (for example, the role of a teacher), while others - with a limited number of them (for example, the role of a father);
- 5) emotions: for example, some roles require unemotional, restrained behavior (judge, priest), while others require expressiveness (actor, singer, agitator, advertising agent);
- 6) motivation: in principle, one and the same role can allow for many motivations (the motive for doing work can be both interest and material interest, there may also be both motives). At the same time, the lack of motives leads to the fact that the subject does not take on this or that role.
Role behavior and role expectations
The social role is divided into role behavior, that is, those specific actions that a person performs, and role expectations - what others expect from the role holder. Naturally, there is not always a coincidence between behavior and role expectations, and therefore society creates a system of social control, an important part of which is a set of sanctions - punishments for deviation from role expectations.
At the same time, role expectations allow some fluctuations in role behavior: the main thing is that they do not disturb the balance and, therefore, do not threaten the normal functioning of the system. The difference in the size of this gap between role expectations and role behavior is an important indicator of the characteristics of society. Often, all acceptable options are prescribed by culture, which creates some freedom (or the illusion of freedom) for the individual.
