Literature on the history of Russia in the XIII-XV centuries Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian state. SPb., 1816, vol. III. Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. M., 1960, vol. II, III. Klyuchevsky V. O. Course of Russian history. M., 1959, v. II. Presnyakov A.E. Formation of the Great Russian state. P.,

Topic No. 1 From Russia to Russia (XIII-XV centuries)

Fighting the Invaders Around the middle of the Jomon era, other ethnic groups began to arrive on the Japanese islands. Initially, migrants arrive from Southeast Asia (SEA) and South China. Migrants from Southeast Asia mainly speak Austronesian languages. They settle

The thirteenth century entered the history of the Old Russian state as the time of the heroic struggle of the Russian people for independence. Mongol-Tatar conquerors attacked Russia from the east, German, Danish and Swedish crusader knights from the north-west. Only heroic resistance to external enemies allowed Russia to maintain the conditions for independent development.

The attack on Russia from the east, organized by the Mongol khans, became especially dangerous. The Mongol Empire was formed at the beginning of the 13th century at a kurultai (congress) in 1206. It united the numerous and warlike nomadic tribes of the steppes of Central Asia and the adjacent regions of Siberia. By its nature, it was an early feudal state, which was called "nomadic feudalism." The economic basis of this state was the property of nomadic feudal lords for cattle and pastures. All these tribes were engaged in cattle breeding, and in the north in the taiga regions - also in hunting.

In 1206, at the general congress of the Mongol leaders, Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan - the "Great Khan" of the Mongol Empire. He managed to create a strong and numerous army of nomads and began aggressive campaigns. The historical situation favored this in many respects. The countries neighboring Mongolia were going through a period of political fragmentation and could not unite to repulse the invaders. This was one of the reasons for the success of Genghis Khan.

Campaigns began shortly after the formation of the Mongol Empire. In 1207-1211, the Mongol-Tatars seized the lands of the Buryats, Yakuts and other peoples of Southern Siberia. Then the attack on Northern China began. In 1215 they occupied Beijing. Genghis Khan placed China's enormous scientific and cultural potential at his service. The Mongolian army was strong not only with fast and powerful cavalry, but also with Chinese military equipment- wall and stone-throwing machines, projectiles with a combustible mixture.

In the summer of 1219, having gathered a huge army, Genghis Khan began the conquest of Central Asia. Khorezm Shah Muhammer failed to organize resistance to the Mongol-Tatars, he scattered his army over the fortresses, which allowed Genghis Khan to smash him in parts. The cities of Samarkand and Bukhara surrendered without a fight, Khorezm, Urgenchi and others were destroyed. In 1222, the Mongols-Tatars completely conquered Central Asia. The country was devastated, hundreds of thousands of people died, ancient cities disappeared in the fires, irrigation facilities fell into decay, outstanding cultural monuments were destroyed.

After that, significant forces of the Mongol-Tatars under the command of Jebe and Subedei went to conquer Iran and Transcaucasia. In 1222, this army, having devastated Northern Iran, broke into Transcaucasia and entered the Polovtsian steppes along the coast of the Caspian Sea. The Polovtsian Khan Kotyan turned to the Russian princes for help. Russian squads and Polovtsy met the conquerors on the Kalka River, where a battle took place on May 31, 1223. The lack of a unified command, inconsistency in actions and strife between the Russian princes, even during the battle, predetermined its tragic outcome for the Russian regiments. Only a tenth of the Russian army returned to Russia from the banks of the Kalka. Russia has never known such a heavy defeat.

The Mongol-Tatars pursued the remnants of the Russian regiments to the Dnieper, but did not dare to invade the borders of Russia. After reconnaissance of the forces of the Polovtsians and Russian regiments, the Mongols returned to Central Asia through the Volga region.

The attack on Eastern Europe by the forces of the “Juchi ulus”, where Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu, or Batu, as Russian chroniclers called him, now ruled, began in 1229. The Mongolian cavalry crossed the Yaik River and invaded the Caspian steppes. The conquerors spent five years there, but did not achieve noticeable success. Volga Bulgaria defended its borders. The Polovtsy were pushed back across the Volga, but not defeated. The Bashkirs also continued to resist the Mongols. The offensive by the forces of one "ulus of Jochi" was clearly running out of steam. Then in 1235, at the kurultai in Karakorum, a decision was made on a general Mongol campaign to the West under the leadership of Batu Khan. The total number of Mongolian troops reached 150 thousand people. None of the opponents could put up such an army. In the autumn of 1236, the Mongol-Tatars concentrated in the Caspian steppes. The invasion of the West has begun.

The Volga Bulgaria became the first victim of this invasion. The Mongols destroyed and plundered this country, and the population was either killed or taken into captivity. In autumn, their main forces concentrated in the upper reaches of the Voronezh River to invade North-Eastern Russia.

In Russia, they could not have known about the invasion of Batu. But the princes, busy with strife, did nothing to unite their forces against the common enemy. In the winter of 1237, hordes of Mongol-Tatars crossed the Volga and invaded the Ryazan principality. Ryazan Prince Yuri Igorevich turned to the princes of Vladimir and Chernigov principalities for help, but received no help from them. They refused to fight the Mongols together. The Tale of Batu's Invasion of Ryazan tells that Prince Yuri decided to propitiate Tatar khans, sending them his son Fedor and the boyars with rich gifts. Batu took the gifts and began to mock the Russian ambassadors. He demanded "tithes in everything." The Russian ambassadors replied: "When you defeat us, then everything will be yours."

Prince Yuri gathered an army and set out to meet the enemy. In the open field, the battle continued for several hours. The main part of
Yazan army was killed. In December 1237, the Tatar-Mongols approached the capital of the Ryazan principality and began to storm it. The inhabitants of Ryazan courageously defended their city. This went on for five days and nights. Finally, on December 21, the Tatar-Mongols broke through the wall with wall-beating machines and broke into the city. They set fire to houses, robbed and killed the inhabitants.

The folk legend tells how the Tatars once again had to meet with the people of Ryazan. The Ryazan Governor Yevpaty Kolovrat was in Chernigov at that time. Having learned about the invasion of the Tatars, he rode to Ryazan and saw a terrible picture of ruin. Kolovrat decided to take revenge on Batu. He gathered 1700 soldiers and attacked the Tatars during their retreat to the Vladimir principality. The warriors of Kolovrat fearlessly swooped down on the enemies and began to "mercilessly exterminate" them. Yevpaty himself and his brave men died, but the Tatars also suffered heavy losses.

Having devastated the Ryazan principality, the Mongol-Tatars approached Moscow. Muscovites courageously defended their city, but could not resist. They burned and plundered the city and surrounding villages, and killed the population. Then the Tatars captured Suzdal, destroyed the white-stone palace in Bogolyubovo, and captured many artisans.

On February 4, 1238, Batu laid siege to Vladimir. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was not in the city, he left to gather an army. The residents of Vladimir decided not to give up. As noted in the annals, they declared: "It is better to die in front of the Golden Gate than to be in captivity with the Tatars." On the second day, the invaders broke into the city and set it on fire. The prince's wife and their children perished in the burning city. The inhabitants of Vladimir were partly exterminated or taken into captivity. The conquerors spread throughout the principality. They ruined and destroyed Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver, Yuriev and other cities. On the City River on March 4, the hordes of Batu surrounded the troops of Yuri Vsevolodovich. “There was a great battle and an evil slaughter, and blood flowed like water,” the chronicler wrote. All Russian soldiers, together with Prince Yuri, died for their land. A large detachment of Tatars besieged the city of Torzhok for two weeks. Finally, he was taken. The enemies slaughtered all the inhabitants and moved on. Their goal was to capture wealthy Novgorod. But the spring thaw began, the forces of the Mongol-Tatars noticeably weakened and, not reaching Novgorod a hundred miles, they turned south, again robbing and killing people.

In the summer of 1238, Batu led his heavily battered and depleted army beyond the Volga, to the Polovtsian steppes. And from 1239 he resumed the campaign against Russia. One of the detachments of the Tatars went up the Volga, devastated the Mordovian land, the cities of Murom and Gorokhovets. Batu himself with the main forces headed along the Dnieper. After heavy fighting, he captured Pereyaslavl, Chernigov and other cities.

In the autumn of 1240, the Tatar hordes approached Kyiv. Batu was struck by the beauty of the ancient Russian capital. He wanted to take Kyiv without a fight. But the people of Kiev decided to fight to the death. Wall-beating machines pounded around the clock, the Tatars broke through the walls and broke into the city. The battle continued on the streets of Kyiv, cathedrals and houses were destroyed, the inhabitants were exterminated. Despite desperate resistance, Southern Russia was also ravaged and captured by the Mongol-Tatars.

In the spring of 1241, the conquerors left the Russian lands and invaded Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. But the offensive impulse of the Mongol-Tatars was already weakening. At the beginning of 1242, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, Batu Khan turned back and returned to the Black Sea steppes through Bulgaria, Wallachia and Moldavia. Russia saved the peoples of Central and Western Europe from the Mongol ruin and conquest.

Having completed the conquest of Russian lands, in 1243 the Tatar-Mongols founded a large and strong state near the southern borders of Russia - the Golden Horde, whose capital was the city of Sarai-Batu on the Lower Volga. The Golden Horde included Western Siberia, Caspian steppes, North Caucasus, Crimea. Russia was not part of the Golden Horde; the Russian principalities retained their own administration, army, and religion. The Mongol khans did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Russian principalities. However, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich had to recognize the power of the Horde Khan. In 1243, he was summoned to the Golden Horde and was forced to accept from the hands of Batu a “label” for a great reign. This was a recognition of dependence and the legalization of the Horde yoke. But in fact, the Golden Horde yoke took shape in 1257, when a census of Russian lands was carried out by Horde officials and a regular tribute was established. The collection of tribute from the Russian population was entrusted either to the representatives of the Khan - the Baskaks, or to the tax farmers - the Besermen.

The consequences of the two hundred years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke were very severe. It led to a long decline in the economic, political and cultural development of the Russian lands, became the beginning of their lagging behind the advanced Western European countries. The old agricultural centers of Russia fell into disrepair, the sown areas were reduced.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke divided Russia, weakened the economic and political ties between the eastern and western lands. There was a massive ruin and destruction of Russian cities. According to the country's archaeologists, of the 74 cities of Russia known from excavations in the 12th-13th centuries, 49 were destroyed by the Tatars, 14 of them ceased to exist, and 15 turned into villages.

The death and captivity of skilled artisans led to the loss of many craft skills and technological methods, the disappearance of such crafts as filigree, niello, cloisonne, etc. Stone construction in cities stopped, fine and applied arts, and chronicle writing fell into decay. Due to the leakage of silver into the Horde, money circulation in Russia almost completely stopped.

A heavy blow was dealt to the political and commercial relations of the Russian state with foreign countries. Only Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Vitebsk, Smolensk have not lost these ties with the West. Only the Volga trade route has been preserved.

The restoration of the economy and the revival of cities and villages was aggravated by the departure of a significant part of the national income to the Golden Horde in the form of heavy tribute, as well as the continuous raids of the Mongol-Tatars on Russian lands. According to historian V.V. Kargalov, only in the last 20-25 years of the XIII century, the Tatars carried out 15 major invasions of Russia. And cities such as Pereyaslavl, Murom, Suzdal, Vladimir, Ryazan were invaded by the Horde several times. It took almost a whole century to restore the economy and create the necessary prerequisites for the elimination of political fragmentation and the formation of a Russian centralized state.

It is impossible not to note the influence that the Mongol-Tatar yoke had on the choice of the path of development of North-Eastern Russia. Firstly, the yoke turned the Russian princes into vassals of the Mongol khans. Becoming their "servants", the Russian princes absorbed the spirit of the Mongol Empire - the unquestioning obedience of the subjects and the unlimited power of the rulers, who were unrestricted, harsh and cruel.

Secondly, the yoke played a negative role in the fact that basically the ruling class perished. Only in the Ryazan principality, 9 out of 12 princes died. After the Horde yoke, a new nobility began to form on the basis of citizenship relations, the old nobility was almost eliminated. In Russia, a despotic regime became the norm for a long time.

In the XIII century, danger hung over Russia not only from the east, but also from the west. German and Swedish feudal lords decided to take advantage of its weakening. They believed that a convenient time had come for the conquest of the Baltic and North-Western Russian lands. This invasion was authorized by the Pope. The Teutonic Knights were the first to invade the Baltics. On the lands of the Livonians, Estonians and Latvians captured by them, the spiritual and knightly Livonian Order was established, which forcibly began to convert the local population to the Catholic faith. From here, the German-knightly aggression began to spread to the Lithuanian and Russian lands.

Swedish feudal lords began to threaten Novgorod's possessions from the north. In July 1240, a large Swedish army on ships entered the mouth of the Neva River. The Swedish troops were commanded by the son-in-law of the Swedish king Birger. He sent his ambassador to Novgorod with the news that his army was already on Russian soil. Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich, having received news of the invasion of the Swedes, gathered his squad, foot militia and opposed the conquerors. July 15, 1240 Russian army approached the camp of the Swedes. B The irger and his commanders did not expect a surprise attack. Part of the Swedish troops was in a camp on the banks of the Neva River, and the other part was on ships. With a sudden blow, Alexander cut off the Swedish troops from the ships, some of which were captured. The Swedish aggressors were defeated, and the remnants of Birger's troops sailed home on ships.

The victory over the Swedish feudal lords was won thanks to the courage of the Russian soldiers and the art of military leadership of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, whom the people called Nevsky after this victory. As a result of the defeat of the invaders, the Novgorod Republic retained its lands and the possibility of free trade in the Baltic Sea.

In the same 1240, the German knights began their offensive against Russia. They captured Izborsk and moved to Pskov. Due to the betrayal of the posadnik Tverdila and part of the boyars, Pskov was taken in 1241. In Novgorod itself, a struggle broke out between the boyars and the prince, which ended with the expulsion of Alexander Nevsky from the city. Under these conditions, individual detachments of the crusaders found themselves 30 kilometers from Novgorod. At the request of the veche, Alexander Nevsky returned to the city.

In the winter of 1242, Alexander Nevsky gathered an army of Novgorodians, Ladoga, Karelians and drove the German knights out of Koporye, and then, with the help of the Vladimir-Suzdal regiments, the enemy was expelled from Pskov.

Alexander Nevsky led his regiments to Lake Peipsi and placed them on the eastern steep bank. Taking into account the construction of the knights by the "pig", Alexander Nevsky put up a foot militia in the center, and selected cavalry squads on the flanks.

5
On April 1242, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipus, called the Battle of the Ice. The knight's wedge broke through the center of the Russian position and hit the shore. The flank strikes of the Russian regiments, like pincers, crushed the German "pig" and decided the outcome of the battle. The knights could not withstand the blow, in a panic they fled along the spring ice of the lake, which fell through under the weight of knightly armor. According to chronicles, 400 crusaders died and 50 were captured. The victory won by Alexander Nevsky on Lake Peipus thwarted the plans of the crusader aggression. The Livonian Order was forced to sue for peace. However, relying on the help of the Roman Catholic Church, at the end of the 13th century, a significant part of the Baltic lands was captured by the knights.

Thus, during the XII-XIII centuries, Russia became a participant in important political and socio-economic processes. The final disintegration of the Old Russian state into dozens of principalities and lands took place. On the one hand, this contributed to the development of local productive forces, and on the other hand, it had a favorable effect on the implementation of the aggressive plans of the Mongol-Tatars. Russia was conquered, but not conquered, the Russian people continued the struggle against the enslavers. Brilliant victories on the Neva over the Swedes and on the ice of Lake Peipsi over the German knights testified to its potential capabilities. Ahead was the time of decisive battles with the Mongol-Tatar conquerors.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE KRASNOYARSK REGION

REGIONAL STATE BUDGET PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"KRASNOYARSK COLLEGE OF INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP"

Methodical material

for conducting open lesson

by history

Topic: "The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders in the 13th century"

Material prepared:

History teacher

first qualification category

Tatrishvili Yulia Vladimirovna

EXPLANATORY NOTE

A lesson in learning new material, a lesson - a workshop. "» , in the preparation of students in the specialty "Automechanic"

This lesson occupies one of the main places in the study of the History of Russia, since with the help of it the following general competencies are formed:

Form of the lesson - lesson - practice.

Purpose of the lesson :

1. the formation of students' knowledge about the struggle of the Russian people with foreigninvaders inXIIIcentury;

2. formation of the ability to find the necessary material in the text of the textbook;
3. . continue the formation of skills and abilities to work with historical
documents and historical maps;
4. shaping cognitive interest to the history of the Fatherland;
5. the formation of patriotic personality traits on heroic
examples of the defenders of the Motherland.

Lesson objectives:

1. Educational : to acquaint students with the heroic struggle of the Russian people and the peoples of the Baltic states with the German and Swedish feudal lords;reveal the essence of the military talent of Alexander Nevsky;

2. Educational : develop students' ability to work with the text of the textbook,historical sources, a map, analyze the causes of aggression withsides of Western countries, will determine the role of a politician in historystates

3. Educational : promote patriotic education,cultivating respect for the defenders of the Motherland.

Plan training session

Form of the lesson : lesson - practice.

Location: Krasnoyarsk, st. Kurchatova 15, KGBPOU "Krasnoyarsk College of Industry Technologies and Entrepreneurship", classroom 303 "History"

Lesson type : lesson learning new material.

Teaching methods:

3 min

Repetition of safety regulations

Heuristic. Sounding out the basic safety rules by students when working in the office.

2 minutes

Work with maps, historical documents, diagrams.

Research. Choosing the best methods of working with historical documents and materials.

5 minutes

Practical part, compiling answers

Reproductive. Fulfillment of tasks by students using historical materials (technological map).

25 min

Presentation of the results of the work.

Heuristic.

Presentation by students of the results of cognitive activity. Voicing your messages, conclusions.

7 min

Summarizing

Summing up the lesson.

2 minutes

Expected Result:

Formed knowledge:

Basic concepts, events, processes of the historical period:

Developed Skills:

work with historical maps;

work with historical documents;

work with illustrations;

detection historical events, concepts and definitions

group work;

public speaking;

Formed competencies:

OK 2. Organize your own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them.

OK 4. Search for and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of the assignedtasks personal development.

OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with different social statuses.

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members, the result of completing tasks.

OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan to improve your education.

Equipment:

illustrations

map "Rus inXIIIin."

map "Rus in XIV-XVcenturies"

diagrams using a projector.

handout with questionsoccupation

Demo Material

HandoutApplication 1.2 3.4

Application drawings

Annex 4 score sheet

Teaching methods:

Dialogic.

monologue.

Heuristic.

Research.

Reproductive.

Teaching methods: story, explanation, characterization, writing out concepts, working with historical sources and documents, comparison, reasoning, independent work, slide show.

Control methods: poll.

PROJECT LESSON

Topic of the lesson: « The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders in the 13th century»

The goal of the students: mobilization of students for educational and practical activities.

PROJECT LESSON

Presentation

Appendix 1

2. Highlighting a problem

Historical documents with assignments are distributed. Clarification of the essence of future work

Acquaintance with historical documents, with assignments, assignments are discussed in groups.

Handout - documents, illustrations, assignments

Appendix 2

3. Practical part, work with historical material

Controls the process of selecting historical information, completing tasks

They select the necessary information, perform tasks according to the source.

Historical documents, mapsAppendix

5. Presentation of the results of the work.

Offers to voice the completed tasks and offers to evaluate the quality of the team's finished response and put the results on the evaluation sheets.

Voice their answers, draw conclusions. Evaluate the performances of opposing teams, fill in the evaluation sheets

6.Summing up

Provides a summary of the work

Summing up.

Submit completed scorecards

During the classes

Actions of the teacher

Student actions

1. Organizational moment

Psychological attitude to work

Welcomes students

Marks attendance. Finds out the reasons for the absence of students

Presents uniform pedagogical requirements and checks readiness for the lesson

Creates a friendly atmosphere of communication and business rhythm of work.

Welcome the teacher.

Report absentees.

Adapt to the workplace. They perceive, comprehend, realize the significance of the work in the classroom.

2. Highlighting a problem

Problem statement

“O bright, bright and beautiful, decorated Russian land! You are glorified with many beauties ... You are full of everything, the Russian land! ... "

"Dead great amount people, many were taken captive, mighty cities disappeared from the face of the earth forever, precious manuscripts, magnificent frescoes were destroyed, lost the secrets of many crafts"

These two statements characterize Russia inXIIIin.

Problem question: What events are we talking about? Why did this metamorphosis take place, what happened in Russia?

This will be discussed in the lesson, the topic of which is:"The struggle of Russia with external invasions in XIII in.

Listens, corrects students' answers, finally formulates the purpose of the lesson

The purpose of the lesson: deepen your knowledge on the issue: "the struggle of Russia against external invasions in the 13th century" andsolve the problem of: why Russia could not survive as a result of the conquests, located on more high level social development?

Discuss the problem situation.

1.B XIII in. Feudalism took place in Russia.

2. There was an invasion of the invaders .

3.Updating basic knowledge

Updating of basic knowledge

Organizes the check homework.

Asks targeted questions to stimulate the mental activity of students.

Questions:

What are the reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Russia?

Name and show on the map the main principalities-states that appeared in Russia during this period?

What are the consequences of feudal fragmentation for Russia?

Which consequence was the most dangerous and why?

Correctly. The weakening of the defense capability of the state is the main danger for Russia.XIIIin.In the XIII century, the Mongol-Tatars were the enemy, which weakened the internal and external position of Russia. But they were not the only enemies. There was another treacherous and dangerous enemy in the west. These are the Swedes and the Crusaders.Today in the lesson we have to answer the questions:Why did the Russians manage to defeat the knights?

What was the military talent of Alexander Nevsky?

How did the Russian land try to defend its independence and fight the Tatars - the Mongols?

Once again formulates the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Explains new material and gives the task:

– The invasion of Batu did not affect the northwestern regions of Russia - Novgorod and Pskov lands. But here, too, the situation is extremely dangerous.

German knights settled in the Baltic States - crusaders, members of spiritual and chivalric orders.

The organizer of the crusades was the Catholic Church. Crusaders - knights, participants in the crusades. In the armies of the crusaders, with the blessing of the Pope, special monastic-knightly organizations were created, they were called spiritual-knightly orders. Defeated Russia seemed to the crusaders an easy prey. German knights settled in the Baltic States - crusaders, members of the Livonian and Teutonic orders.

With the blessing of the Pope, they set out to establish the Catholic faith by force, not only in the Baltic states, but also in the Russian lands. The knights did not consider Orthodox Christians.

Confirmation of what has been said:

- Who are the crusaders, and what are their goals?

- What is a knightly order?

- Who threatened Russia from the West in the 13th century?

- Who are the crusaders?

- What was their goal?

It was assumed that the Swedes and the German orders of chivalry, by joint efforts, would make a crusade against Russia.The teacher tells, using a map, the history of the campaigns of the Swedish and German knights against Novgorod:Eastern European lands have long attracted the attention of Swedish and Danish feudal lords with their riches. These lands were also of interest to the Catholic Church, which sought to extend its influence to the east.But when the Mongol-Tatars attacked Russia from the east, the Teutonic and Livonian Orders united to march on Russia from the West.

Write down the topic. Formulate the purpose of the lesson

Listen, think, reason,

Formulate answers.

4. Execution practical work

Development of practical skills

Coordinates the work of students with a historical source, map, illustrations

Perform work as assigned.

Presentation of work results

Working offactions related to the independent construction of an oral speech statement

Practicing the skill of checking the quality of the completed task, evaluation.

Offers to complete tasks using handouts and electronic presentation. Provides assistance in completing tasks, coordinates the actions of students.

– So, let's get down to the task.

Iexercise:

1. Each team is given worksheets with tasks.

Formulate and present their answers.

Summarizing

Evaluation of the success of the work performed. Issuing homework

Our lesson ends, let's summarize.

Analyzes the activities of students (readiness for classes, preparation of homework, discipline and activity in the lesson, the success of mastering new educational material) and evaluates it.

Gives grades: 1. According to the results of checking homework. 2. According to the results of the work in the lesson (answers to questions, messages, work with the text of the textbook, additions, clarifications). 3. Only positive marks for completing the test on new material.

Asks the question: Who does not agree with these assessments?

Analyzes the answers, focuses on errors, justifies the objectivity of the assessments. Marks and morally stimulates students who successfully completed the tasks, actively worked during the lesson, helped the teacher.

Students who have received unsatisfactory grades are invited to analyze the reasons for failures and invite them to a consultation.Asks students to sum up the lesson. Collects scorecards

Well done, thanks for the lesson.

Summing up the lesson.

Listen to the teacher

They ask questions.

express own opinion,

Agree or disagree with the ratings.

Application No. 1

Document #1

There are missing words in the text of the document .......insert the missing words by completing the text

“As a result, in July ... .. the Swedish army led its fleet to the mouth of the river .... The command of the army was taken over by the son-in-law of the Swedish king - Birger. Moving inland, his army stopped on the left bank of the river ... .., not far from the mouth of the Izhora. The Swedes were so sure of their victory that, according to some sources, they sent a message to the young prince Alexander, which said "We are here and we will capture you and your land." As for Alexander's actions, he had accurate information about the movement of the Swedish army , since intelligence activities were well established in Novgorod. The young prince decided to use the element of surprise by gathering the city militia and making a swift march to the place where the Swedish army had stopped. During the movement of troops, all new detachments adjoined him.

What battle are you talking about?

Battle date?

Participants in the battle?

Document #2

From the Simeon Chronicle:

Questionsandassignments todocument no.2

Choose in the text facts that speak about the heroism of Russian soldiers;

Determine the reasons for the victory of the Novgorod squad

Formulate the meaning of the Battle of Neva for the fate of the Russian people

[The ruler of Sweden, Birger], having heard about the courage of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich, decided to defeat him or take him prisoner and capture Veliky Novgorod and its suburbs and turn the Slavic people into captivity. And he said: "I will go and conquer all the land of Alexandrov." The king gathered a great force, his chiefs and bishops, and the Swedes, and the Norwegians, and sum, eat, and filled the ships with many of their regiments and moved with great force, overwhelmed by a warlike spirit, and came to the Neva River and stood at the mouth of Izhora, wishing in in his madness to seize Ladoga and even Novgorod and the entire region of Novgorod. Then the news came that the Swedes were going to Ladoga, and at the same time the king proudly sent ambassadors to Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich in Novgorod with the words: “If you can resist me, then I am already here and will conquer your land” ... And Alexander went to the Swedes with his courageous warriors, not with many squads, because there was no time to gather a large army. His father, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, did not know about the attack on his son Alexander, there was no time to send a message to his father, because the enemies were already approaching. And many Novgorodians did not have time to gather in the army, because the Grand Duke Alexander hastened to go against the enemies. And he came to them on Sunday, July 15, and there was a great slaughter with the Swedes. Many Swedes were beaten, and Alexander himself inflicted a wound on the face of the king with his sharp sword. [In some editions of the chronicle, 20 men of Novgorod died along with the Ladoga residents.

Map of the Battle of the Neva

Appendix 2

Document #3

From the Simeon Chronicle:

Questions and tasks for the document № 3

Determine what prevails in the given fragment: historical facts or artistic description events.

Formulate the reasons for the victory of Russian soldiers.

Why did the tactics of the knights, which brought them success in wars in Europe, not lead to victory on Lake Peipus?

What is the significance of the victory of Alexander Nevsky?

And he went with his brother Andrei and with the Novgorodians and Suzdalians to the German land with great strength, so that the Germans would not boast, saying "we will humiliate the Slovenian language."

Already the city of Pskov was taken and the German tiuns were planted in the city. The Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the roads to Pskov and suddenly took the city, and, capturing the Germans and the Chud and the German governors, imprisoned him in chains in Novgorod, and freed the city of Pskov from captivity, and fought and burned the German land and took many prisoners, and others interrupted. They gathered, saying with pride: "Let's go to Alexander and, having won, we will take him prisoner." When the Germans approached, the guards of Grand Duke Alexander were surprised at the strength of the Germans and were horrified. Prince great Alexander, having prayed in the church of the Holy Trinity, he went to the German land, wanting to avenge Christian blood ... Hearing about this, the master went against them [Alexander's regiments] with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, whatever it was in their area, together with royal assistance; and converged on the lake, called Chudskoe. Grand Duke Alexander returned back.

The Germans also went after him. The great prince set up an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen, near the Voronya stone, and, having prepared for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipus; There were a lot of those and others. And his brother Andrey was also here with Alexander, with many soldiers of his father, Alexander had many brave, strong and strong, all were filled with a warlike spirit, and their hearts were like lions. And they said: "Prince, now the time has come to lay down our heads for you."

It was then the Sabbath day, and at sunrise the two armies came together.

And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chud, and there was a crackling of breaking spears and a sound from the blows of swords, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood. And I myself heard about it from an eyewitness who was there. And the Germans turned to flight, and the Russians drove them with a fight as if through air, and there was nowhere for them to escape, they beat them 7 miles across the ice to the Subolitsa coast, and 500 Germans fell, and countless monsters, and 50 of the best German commanders were taken prisoner and brought them to Novgorod, while other Germans drowned in the lake, because it was spring. Others fled badly wounded. Was this fight...

In the summer of 1240, they captured Izborsk, and then captured Pskov.
Detachments of knights also appeared near Novgorod. And there was no one to defend the city, because. the boyars, fearing that Alexander Nevsky would expand the rights of princely power, forced him to leave Novgorod. However, soon the veche begged him to return with his squad to defend Novgorod.

Students receive a task: using the material of a historical document, arrange in chronological order excerpts from the document.

1 .... Both the Germans and the Chud made their way through the regiments like a wedge. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chud, and there was a crackling from breaking mines and a sound from the blows of swords, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood ...

2.... Hearing about this, the master came against them with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, whatever was in their area, along with royal help; and went down to the lake called Chudskoe...

3. ... Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich came to Novgorod and soon went with Novgorodians, Ladoga, Karelians and Izhoras to the city of Koporye and destroyed the fortress to the ground, and killed the Germans themselves ...

4 .... The great prince set up an army on Lake Peipsi on Uzmen near the Raven stone and, having strengthened himself with the strength of the cross and prepared for battle, went against them. (Troops) converged on Lake Peipus; there were plenty of those...5 ... And the enemies turned to flight and drove them with a fight, as if through the air, and there was nowhere for them to escape; and beat them 7 miles on the ice ... and 500 Germans fell, and the Chudi
countless, and 50 of the best German governors were taken prisoner and brought to Novgorod, while other Germans drowned in the lake, because there was
spring, while others ran away, seriously wounded ...

6 .... Grand Duke Alexander took all the way to Pskov and suddenly took
city, and captured the Germans and the Chud and the German governors, and in chains
sent to Novgorod, and freed the city of Pskov from captivity ...

("The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky")(Answer: 3-6-2-4-1-5)

Application No. 3

Document #4

(According to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle)

What battle is shown in the diagram

What battle are you talking about?

“In the year 6732 (1224). An unheard-of army came, the godless Moabites, called Tatars; they came to the Polovtsian land. The Polovtsy tried to resist, but even the strongest of them, Yuri Konchakovich, could not resist them and fled, and many were killed - to the Dnieper River. The Tatars turned back and went back to their towers. And so, when the Polovtsy ran to the Russian land, they said to the Russian princes: "If you do not help us, then today we were beaten, and you will be beaten tomorrow." There was a council of all the princes in the city of Kyiv, and they decided at the council as follows: "It is better for us to meet them on foreign soil than on our own." At this council were Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv, Mstislav Kozelsky and Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavich Galitsky - they were the oldest princes of the Russian land. Grand Duke Yuri of Suzdal was not at that council. And the younger princes were Daniil Romanovich, Mikhail Vsevolodich, Vsevolod Mstislavich of Kyiv and many other princes. From there they walked eight days to the Kalka River. They were met by Tatar guard detachments. When the watchmen fought, Ivan Dmitrievich was killed and two more with him. The Tatars drove off; near the Kalka River itself, the Tatars met with Russian and Polovtsian regiments. Mstislav Mstislavich first ordered Daniil with the regiment and other regiments with them to cross the Kalka River, and he himself moved after them; he himself rode in a guard detachment. When he saw the Tatar regiments, he came to say: "Arm!" Mstislav Romanovich and the other Mstislav sat and did not know anything: Mstislav did not tell them about what was happening because of envy, because there was great enmity between them. All Russian princes were defeated. The same never happened. The Tatars, having defeated the Russian people because of the sins of the Christians, came and reached Svyatopolkov's Novgorod. The Russians, unaware of their deceit, came out to meet them with crosses and were all killed. Waiting for the repentance of the Christians, God turned the Tatars back to the eastern land, and they conquered the Tangut land and other countries. Then their Genghis Khan was killed by the Tanguts. The Tatars deceived the Tanguts and subsequently destroyed them by deceit. And they destroyed other countries - the army, and most of all by deceit.

Questions for the document:

Where and when did the first battle of the Russians with the Mongol-Tatars end.

Who led the Tatar and Russian troops?

Why were the Russian troops defeated in the battle on the Kalka River?

What is the meaning of the battle on Kalka ?

Application No. 4

Appendix No. 6

What kind of princes are depicted in the illustrations

2

1

Application No. 5

Fill in the table

"The struggle of Russia against external invasions"

Battle date

Battle Objectives

Invaders

Results of the battle

Historical meaning

Appendix No. 6

From the illustration, try to determine where which battle is depicted.

1.

2.

3.

+

In 1206, the Mongol empire was formed, headed by Temuchin (Genghis Khan). The Mongols defeated Primorye, Northern China, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, attacked the Polovtsians. Russian princes came to the aid of the Polovtsy (Kyiv, Chernigov, Volyn, etc.), but in 1223 they were defeated on Kalka due to inconsistency in actions.
In 1236 the Mongols conquered the Volga Bulgaria, and in 1237, led by Batu, invaded Russia. They ruined the Ryazan and Vladimir lands, in 1238 they defeated them on the river. The city of Yuri Vladimirsky, he himself died. In 1239, the second wave of invasion began. Chernigov, Kyiv, Galich fell. Batu went to Europe, from where he returned in 1242.
The reasons for the defeat of Russia were its fragmentation, the numerical superiority of the close-knit and mobile army of the Mongols, its skillful tactics, and the absence of stone fortresses in Russia.
The yoke of the Golden Horde, the state of the invaders in the Volga region, was established.
Russia paid her tribute (tithe), from which only the church was exempted, and supplied soldiers. The collection of tribute was controlled by the Khan's Baskaks, later by the princes themselves. They received from the khan a charter for reigning - a label. The prince of Vladimir was recognized as the eldest among the princes. The Horde intervened in the feuds of the princes and ruined Russia many times. The invasion caused great damage to the military and economic power of Russia, its international prestige and culture. The southern and western lands of Russia (Galich, Smolensk, Polotsk, etc.) later passed to Lithuania and Poland.
In the 1220s. Russians participated in Estonia in the fight against the German crusaders - the Order of the Sword, in 1237 transformed into the Livonian Order, a vassal of the Teutonic Order. In 1240, the Swedes landed at the mouth of the Neva, trying to cut off Novgorod from the Baltic. Prince Alexander defeated them in the Battle of the Neva. In the same year, the Livonian knights launched an offensive, taking Pskov. In 1242, Alexander Nevsky defeated them on Lake Peipus, stopping the raids of the Livonians for 10 years.

At the beginning of the XIII century. Russian lands experienced a period of feudal fragmentation. A feature of their development at that time was a change in social arrangement, the migration of the Slavic population from the south to the northeast, the strengthening of new cities, the emergence of new political centers, the flourishing of culture.

But in the second third of the XIII century. flourishing, but fragmented Russia suffered a terrible disaster - the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Ryazan, Kolomna, Suzdal, Vladimir, Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Russia in the winter of 1237-1238 were severely defeated. In 1240-1242 the same fate befell the southern and southwestern Russian lands. Kyiv was taken and destroyed - the capital of the Old Russian state, "the mother of Russian cities."

Unlike the countries of Central Asia, the Caspian Sea and the Northern Black Sea region conquered by the Mongols, which had favorable natural conditions for extensive nomadic pastoralism, which became the territory of the Mongol Empire, Russia retained its statehood. But the political, in many ways - economic - independence of the Russian lands was lost. The need to pay a heavy tribute, to travel to the Horde for a label to reign created specific conditions for the existence of Russian lands in the 13th - 15th centuries.

Western neighbors, taking advantage of the disaster that befell Russia, intensified their policy and tried to seize part of the Russian lands. In the summer of 1240, the Swedes set off on a “crusade” against Pskov and Novgorod, followed by the German knights. The Pope of Rome warmed up with his messages the aggressive plans of the northern and western neighbors of Russia. And it is not by chance that at the time when Kyiv was selflessly defending itself from the troops of Batu, the knights of the Teutonic Order captured Izborsk, Pskov, robbed and killed Novgorod merchants.

For the Russian princes (the Grand Duke was Yaroslav Vsevolodovich; his son Alexander, nicknamed Nevsky, reigned in Novgorod; in Galich - Daniil Romanovich; in Chernigov - Mikhail Vsevolodovich) in this most acute situation, when Russia was "between two fires", the problem arose of choice : who to fight first? In whom should we look for allies - in the face of the Horde or the Catholic West? These two possible lines in politics were embodied in the activities of two of the most prominent politicians of the 13th century. - Alexander Nevsky and Daniil Galitsky.

Historians believe that Prince Alexander was one of the first to appreciate the complexity and inconsistency of the situation, since he knew better than others what danger was coming from the West. Seeing that the crusaders were no less destructive to Russia than the Mongol-Tatars, Alexander Nevsky made a choice in favor of an alliance with the Horde and successfully implemented his political line until his death (1263).

The position of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, who advocated peace with the Horde, did not arouse sympathy among everyone. The lower classes unanimously opposed the Horde, the princes and boyars disagreed. The church supported Nevsky (the Mongols pursued a policy of religious tolerance and freed the clergy from paying tribute), but even in the church environment there could not have been supporters of an uprising against the Horde.

Numerous unrest, riots against the clerics, Baskaks, exorbitant tribute to the Horde (1257 - in Novgorod, 1262 - in Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ustyug, etc.) became an expression of popular sentiments. In politics, this line found expression in the activities of a number of princes, primarily Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. It is symbolic that Prince Andrei Yaroslavich, the brother of Alexander Nevsky, became the closest ally, comrade-in-arms of Prince Daniel. Sources do not make it possible to establish who was the initiator of the anti-Horde alliance that swept the Russian lands from the northeast to the southwest, Prince Daniel or Prince Andrei? It is known that the agreement was reinforced by the marriage of Andrei Yaroslavich to the daughter of Daniel of Galicia in 1251.

This union, based on the moral support of the Catholic Church, was highly undesirable and dangerous for the Horde. And as soon as Batu Khan strengthened his position, having achieved the election of his protege as the great khan, he sent another army to Russia, which is known in history as Nevryuev (1252). Information about her is scarce. It is known that the Nevryu’s army appeared near Pereyaslavl, Prince Andrei went out to meet her with regiments, and a “great slaughter” took place on the Klyazma. On the side of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince, apparently, the Tverichi fought. The forces were unequal, the Russian squads were defeated, Prince Andrei fled to Novgorod, and then to Sweden.

Daniel of Galicia found himself without an ally, but still hoped for the help of Pope Innocent IV, who called the Catholics on a crusade against Russia. The appeals of the head of the Catholic Church turned out to be fruitless, and Prince Daniel decided to fight the Horde on his own. In 1257, he expelled the Horde Baskaks and the Horde garrisons from the Galician and Volyn cities. But the Horde sent a significant army under the command of Burundai, and Prince Daniel, at his request, was forced to dismantle the fortress walls in his cities, which constituted the main military support in the fight against the Horde. The Galicia-Volyn principality did not have the strength to resist the Burunda army.

So in life the political line chosen by Alexander Nevsky won. In 1252, he became the Grand Duke and finally approved the policy of peaceful disappearance from Russian political life in the 13th-15th centuries. pro-Western figures who considered the lesser evil an alliance with Catholic Europe. Especially tenacious (for objective reasons) these sentiments were in Novgorod and the southwestern principalities.

§ 2. Features of the development of Western Russian lands

in the XIII - the middle of the XV century.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia

Western Russian lands that were once part of the Old Russian state (the principalities of Polotsk, Turov-Pinsk, Volyn, Galicia, Smolensk, Chernigov, Kiev) in the middle of the 13th century. found themselves in a completely new foreign policy situation. This was due not only to the establishment of Mongol-Tatar dominion over Russia, but also to the fact that a new state, Lithuania, began to take shape on the banks of the Dvina and the Baltic.

The core of the Principality of Lithuania was the tribes of the Balts - Letgola, Zhmud, Prussians, Yavyags, Lithuania - who at the beginning of the XIII century. experienced the collapse of the family system. One of the most important factors that accelerated the birth of a new state was an external danger, on the one hand, the Batu hordes that did not reach these places, on the other, the knights of Catholic orders who settled in the Baltic states at the beginning of the 13th century.

The sources depict the initial stage of the formation of the Principality of Lithuania vaguely. But almost all historians today agreed that from the moment of its appearance on the pages of annals and chronicles in the 40s of the XIII century. The Lithuanian state was a Balto-Slavic power. It is difficult to unambiguously determine the ways of uniting the Slavic and Baltic lands; most likely, this process went both through an agreement (as was the case with Polotsk) and through conquests. But for such a merger, there were undoubtedly objective prerequisites, namely those centripetal tendencies that were ripening both on the territory of the Western Russian principalities and on the lands of ethnic Lithuania.

The creator of the new state was the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. Apparently, already during his reign (killed in 1263), the foundations were laid domestic policy Lithuanian state. Here paganism and Orthodoxy coexisted peacefully. The Lithuanian princes showed tolerance for Slavic customs and traditions, preserved their economic structure and management system. The Lithuanian nobility actively mastered the language and writing of the Eastern Slavs. It was the language of the East Slavic population that became the state language and retained this status until the end of the 17th century. This naturally determined the attitude of the Russian lands to the Principality of Lithuania, as to their own state.

Another factor that contributed to the expansion and strengthening of Lithuania was the policy of the Horde khans. The latter considered the Principality of Lithuania as a counterweight to the excessive strengthening of the Great Vladimir reign, on the one hand, the Order of the Sword and Poland, on the other. This was most clearly manifested during the heyday of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia under the princes Gediminas (1316-1341) and Olgerd (1345-1377).

In the first decades of the XIV century. in the sphere of Lithuanian influence were not only Grodno, Polotsk, Novogorodok, Vitebsk, Minsk, but also Pskov, Smolensk, Bryansk, Galicia-Volyn land. 2 / 3 of the territory of the state was inhabited by Slavs. Naturally, at this time, the Principality of Lithuania acquired the significance of a strong center, around which weak Russian regions were grouped. Along with the Grand Vladimir Principality, it claimed the entire ancient Russian heritage and assumed the function of creating a single Slavic state. The Gediminoviches in solving this problem made a worthy competition to the Rurikovichs.

Already in the first half of the XIV century. under Prince Gediminas, it was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia that became the center of the anti-Horde struggle. Relying on his support, the Western Russian lands hoped to throw off the hated yoke. In the 30s, Prince Ivan Alexandrovich of Smolensk recognized his independence from the Lithuanian state, which caused the wrath of Khan Uzbek. In 1339, an army led by Tavlubiy-Murza came near Smolensk, but the Horde failed to break the resistance of the Smolensk and Lithuanians. The Horde was forced to come to terms with Smolensk's refusal to pay tribute. This put a limit to the spread of the power of the Golden Horde to the Western Russian lands.

During the reign of Olgerd Gediminovich, the main territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia was formed, the spheres of its influence were determined: the principality of Kiev, Chernihiv, Severshchina, Volyn principality, Podolia were finally subordinated.