Commas at the junction of conjunctions. A comma at the junction of two conjunctions. Homogeneous parts of complex sentences

With two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and an allied word), as well as when a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or allied word) meet comma between them is put, if the second part does not follow complex union - then, so, But:

1. The large, ramshackle hut in which the bursa was located was decidedly empty, and how many the philosopher rummaged in all the corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, But nowhere did I find a piece of sacha ichi, at least not an old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the students (no comma is placed, since after the subordinate clause there is a conjunction But)

Compare: The large, ramshackle hut in which the bursa was located was decidedly empty, and how many The philosopher rummaged in all the corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, but nowhere did he find a piece of a net or, at least, an old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the students (in this case a comma is used, since there is no conjunction But.)

2. and when she stopped on the cheek, That he clearly discerned that it was a drop of blood.

Compare: It even seemed to him as if a tear was rolling down from under the eyelash of her right eye, and when it stopped on his cheek; he could clearly see that it was a drop of blood.

He hurriedly went to the wing, unfolded the book and to To encourage myself more, I began to read in the loudest voice . The philosopher stood on the highest place in the courtyard, and when turned around and looked in the opposite direction, he was presented with a completely different view. I was surprised what, when No matter when you come to grandpa, everything is in the same form as ten years ago, exactly time has stopped here, as if in an enchanted kingdom. Shining in the sunshine, the sea exactly smiled the good-natured smile of Gulliver, aware what if he wants, one move - and the work of the Lilliputians will disappear.

Topic tip Comma at the junction of two conjunctions

Place a comma at the junction of conjunctions if the sentence can be rearranged without distorting the meaning by rearranging the subordinate clause:

The stars lit up and when the moon appeared in the sky, the steppe was illuminated with a bluish light. - The stars lit up, And the steppe was illuminated with a bluish light, When the moon has risen. (Wed: The stars lit up and when The moon appeared in the sky, and the steppe was illuminated with a bluish light. And And That).

The sowing season is over, and although It was possible to rest a little; the machine operators began repairing equipment. - The sowing season is over, And machine operators began repairing equipment, Although I could take a little break. (Compare: The sowing season is over, and _ although It was possible to rest a little, but the machine operators got busy repairing the equipment. IN this proposal such a rearrangement is impossible, since they will be nearby And And But).

The forest was silent and if If it weren’t for the sharp, painful cries of a night bird, the silence would be dead. - The forest was silent, And the silence would be dead, If would not be for the painful cries of a night bird.

Angelina Semyonovna found out that Venik did not give injections and that it was too late to do them now, because if the dog was mad So and Venik is bound to go berserk in the coming days.

Lesson summary “A comma at the junction of two conjunctions.”

Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 36. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions

1. With sequential subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may appear inside another and a “meeting” of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word will occur: I think,that when the prisoners see the stairs, many will want to escape(M.G.) - a comma separates subordinating conjunctions What And When; The maid was an orphan,who, in order to feed herself, had to enter service(L.T.) - a comma separates the conjunction word which and subordinating conjunction to. The basis for such punctuation is the fact that the second subordinate clause can be removed from the text or rearranged to another place - at the end of a complex sentence.

However, such a simple operation cannot always be performed. Let's compare two sentences with almost identical lexical composition, but with a small addition in the second of them: He said,that, if he is free, he will come to me in the evening.- He said,that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added second part of double union if...then). Punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinating conjunctions), the second subordinate clause can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; in the second sentence this cannot be done, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate clause the words will appear next to each other something... something, eh such a neighborhood violates stylistic norms literary language. Wed. Also: Mechik feltthat if he has to shoot back again, he will no longer be any different from Pika(F.). - I already thought that if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship (P.).

Thus, when two subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word) “meet” comma placed between them if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (practically - if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow then, so or But, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not placed if the indicated second part of the double conjunction follows.

Wed: (comma is placed) It seemed that the road led to heaven,because as far as my eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ...He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he... will now work even more and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); …It turned out,that, although the doctor spoke very fluently and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear loved Nikita so much,that when he went somewhere, the animal anxiously sniffed the air(M.G.); I've been reading so muchthat when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was ringing and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates for himself a situation in whichwhich, if we are decisive and courageous without hesitation, he himself will expose his main forces to us for defeat(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances excited Lisa so much,that when she sat down at the table in great hall, her eyes, without answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place and that if he now sits down, he will no longer rise (Pol.);

(no comma) Sobakevich... reached him in a little over a quarter of an hour[sturgeon] Total, so when the police chief remembered about him... he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich, by the way, had some trousers of such a strange quality,that when he put them on, the dogs always bit him on the calves(T.); The garden was followed by peasant huts, which, although they were lined up scattered and not enclosed in regular streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said,that if only they send to the Lezgin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise all of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry moved so slowly that if it were not for the gradual outline of its contours, one would think that it was standing in one place or going to the other shore (Ch.); The blind man knewthat the sun is looking into the room and that if he stretches his hand out the window, dew will fall from the bushes(Cor.); Who doesn't knowthat when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Priv.); This is why local residents are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the shores would dry out and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable -because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa(Cat.).

2. There is no comma between comparative and subordinating conjunctions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Konstantin's brother,for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed extremely unpleasant(L.T.); Please report your observations.not only when testing the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment;The article deserves attentionboth because the issues raised in it are relevant and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.

3. When a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or allied word) “meet” comma between them is placed or not placed depending on the conditions specified above (clause 1). Wed:

(a comma is placed) Gregory, burned by a sudden and joyful determination, barely restrained his horse and,when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past,jumped up to him(Sh.) - when removing a subordinate clause with a conjunction When prepositional-nominal combination to him becomes unclear, but structurally such an exception is possible, therefore a comma is usually placed between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in such cases; I didn’t go to Mumu’s manor house and,when Gerasim carried firewood into the rooms,always stayed back and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, butso as not to be alone,clinging to his brother(L.T.);

(no comma) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, andwhen she saidthen with her hand she scooped up warm dust to her sore feet, as if trying to soothe the pain(Sim.) - when removing or rearranging a subordinate clause with a conjunction When there will be words nearby and...that; On a cold night... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lived, andif dead silence did not answer him,then there was a scolding shout or a suspicious question(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolaevich tries to walk next to him,but since he gets confused between the trees and stumbles,then he often has to catch up with his companion by skipping(Cupr.); He looked around sadly, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, and the earth, and the forest, andwhen the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man,he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that had replaced nature(Ch.) - after the adversative conjunction A a comma in these cases, as a rule, is not placed, even if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow That, since neither the removal nor the rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without the restructuring of the main part; The sounds gradually died away, andThe farther we went from home, the more desolate and dead everything around us became.(M.G.) - union And attaches a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago, andwhere is he now, no one knows- union And attaches a whole complex sentence.

4. When “meeting” a connecting conjunction And and a subordinating conjunction, the following cases are possible:

1) comma is placed only before the conjunction And(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of a sentence, independent clauses or subordinate subordinate clauses), if the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a double conjunction how or But(in this case the union And attaches a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, earspawnedcotton wool, and when he got into the cab, thenorderedraise the top(Ch.) - union And connects homogeneous members of a sentence; Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass,and if you look closely, thenyou could see her subtlest crystal structure (Paust.) - union And connects simple sentences; Doctor said,that the patient needs rest,and if we don't want to disturb him, thenmust leave the room- union And connects subordinate subordinate clauses; Please find outwhether the reviewer read the manuscript,and if you read it, thenwhat is his opinion of her- union And connects subordinate parts;

2) comma is placed only after the conjunction And, if it connects two homogeneous members of a sentence or two subordinate clauses and the second part of the double conjunction does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she even raised an eyebrowdidn't lead andwhen he turned away from her, she scrunched her clenched lips contemptuously(T.); Apparently, in his own wordsgaveit is of no small importance and, to add to its price,triedpronounce them in a stretched manner(Ch.); It revealed,that the manuscript has not yet been completely edited and,until it is carried out extra work above herit cannot be put into a set;

3) comma is also placed before the union And, and after it, if it connects two simple sentences(and the subordinate clause is not followed by the second part of the double conjunction): Gulyaev was a strong man, andwhen he returned to the Urals,the brilliant fame of a millionaire followed him(M.-S.); For some reason they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and,when his mother died,his grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarovsky School(Ch.); This newborn master especially irritated Samghin, andif Klim Ivanovich were capable of hating,he would hate it(M.G.); ...My head became lighter, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and,while this condensation was happening in my head,the street has also become quieter(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large, tender eyes, and,when she caressed her with a soft and gentle hand,her heart sank sweetly(S.-Sch.); Lisa walked into the deserted square, andwhen her legs began to fall heavily from the round bald spots of the cobblestones,she remembered how she was returning to this square on a sunny day after her first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea inflated the sails, andwhen the sun rose and the city walls remained behind the stern of the last plow,a loud song spread over the expanse of the Volga(Zl.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and,although her words were familiar,Saburov’s heart suddenly ached from them(Sim.); At turns, the sled was thrown towards the banks, and,so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow,Alitet pushed off with his feet(Sem.).

5. The placement of a comma between the connecting conjunction (at the beginning of the sentence, after the period) and the subordinating conjunction that follows depends on the meaning of the conjunction:

1) usually after the union And no comma is used: And whenLevinson, having completed all the everyday tasks, finally gave the order to march,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And althoughthe weather has improved significantly, the danger of drought has not passed; ANDinstead ofturn right, go straight by mistake;

2) after the joining union A The comma is also omitted: And whenthe sun rose, a view of a snowy peak opened before us;And ifbelieve weather forecasters, warming should come tomorrow;

3) after the union Butcomma is not put when there is no pause between conjunctions and is put if there is a pause; compare: But whenHe, leaning on a stick, walked out of the headquarters bus onto the square... and, without waiting for someone to hug him, he began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul.); But ifeven the enemy managed to repel the attackers, the infantry again rushed to the attack(Sim.);

4) after the union howevercomma usually put: However, ifcircumstances will require it, I will not stand on the sidelines.

Note. For various cases of using the connecting conjunction at the very beginning of the sentence, the following rules are established:

1) comma is placed after conjunctions And And But and is not placed after the conjunction A, if what follows is a separate phrase (most often a construction with a gerund): And, lingering at the exit,he turned around;But, not wanting to go back to what was said,the speaker missed this part of his message; Ahearing these words,he exclaimed...(see § 20);

2) a comma, as a rule, is not placed after an connecting conjunction if an introductory word follows or introductory sentence: And probablyyou won't wait for him;But maybe,the issue has not yet been considered;However,and this optionacceptable; And imaginerandom answer turned out to be correct(see § 25, paragraph 6);

3) comma is placed before the subordinate clause depending on the meaning of the connecting conjunction and the presence or absence of a pause during reading (see § 36, paragraph 5).

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§ 110. A comma at the junction of two conjunctions 1. When there are two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word), as well as when a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or conjunctive word) meet, a comma is placed between them if the subordinate clause is removed

From the author's book

§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate words with them. Wed: kindle (cart + burn) - kindle (cart + burn), also kindled. Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation

From the author's book

XVI. SPELLING OF CONJUNCTIONS § 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 1. The conjunction so is written together in contrast to the combination that would (pronoun and particle), for example: The editor met with the author and (in order to) agree on the changes made to the manuscript; It is important that people

From the author's book

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From the author's book

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From the author's book

Freedom of association see Right of association.

Sections: Russian language

Goals:

Educational: Know: conditions for placing punctuation marks in complex sentences at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions; be able to: apply the rule for placing punctuation marks in complex sentences at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions; compose complex sentences according to the proposed schemes or on the proposed topic; use complex sentences in speech; analyze, compare, formulate thoughts, perform problem tasks.
Developmental: based on updating known material and completing educational tasks, promote the development of punctuation sense, the formation of the ability to analyze and compare, formulate thoughts, develop a culture of speech, and the ability to work in a group.
Educational: create conditions for expressing judgments.

Equipment: practical materials, keys, dictionary

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Epigraph: How much time does it take just to completely master the spirit of your language? Voltaire rightly said that at the age of six you can learn all languages, but that all your life you need to learn your natural language. (N. M. Karamzin)

During the classes

Stage I. Organizational (up to 2 min)

Psychological readiness of the class for the lesson, organization of the attention of all students.

Pedagogical task: organize and prepare students for work.

Stage II. Educational activities on accepting a lesson problem (up to 6 min)

Goal of the stage (planned result): activation of the subjective experience of students, cognitive interest, motivation, self-determination on the final result of the lesson.

Pedagogical task: update basic knowledge and skills, form cognitive motives, create conditions for students’ self-determination on activities and their results.

Teacher activities	Student activities
2.1. Teacher's opening speech – What topic did we work with in previous lessons? (Complex sentence) – Do you think we have already studied everything in this topic? (No) - So, today we will continue to get acquainted with complex sentences. Moreover, the Russian language is a huge block that you will have to comprehend for a very long time: your whole life. I think that we should agree with the words of the Russian writer, historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, which became the epigraph to our lesson: “How much time is needed just to completely master the spirit of your language? Voltaire rightly said that at the age of six you can learn all languages, but that all your life you need to learn your natural one.”	2.1. Update knowledge
2.2. Formulation of the topic, goals, problems of the lesson – What is the topic of our lesson? As you can see, there are no notes on the board. This is because the topic of the lesson must be determined by you. Therefore, we will begin work by completing the task. Your workbooks contain complex sentences. Place punctuation marks in them using the knowledge gained in previous lessons. And a stalk of grass is worthy of the great world in which it grows (R. Tagore). He who takes a lot on himself has the right to expect a lot from others (L. Feuchtwanger). What a great truth it is that when a person gives himself entirely to lies, his intelligence and talent leave him! ( V. Belinsky ) Each person is a world that is born with him and dies with him (G. Heine). If you don't get down to business, you still won't know what the end will be. ( O. Pogorelov )	2.2. Complete the task
2.3. Staging educational task - So, the task is completed. Check your results against the key. – Who made 1 mistake? 2 mistakes? 3 mistakes? – Which of the proposals caused the most difficulty? ( 3 sentence.) - Why? How is this proposal different from others? ( There are two subordinating conjunctions nearby.) – What question arises? ( How to put punctuation marks if there are two subordinating conjunctions next to each other.) – What is the topic of our lesson? ( Punctuation marks in complex sentences at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions.)	2.3. Conduct self-analysis. Identify difficulties
2.4. Finding a solution to a learning problem - How are we going to work in class? Let's turn to your workbooks. Using verbs, create a program of action that will help you learn the rule and learn how to place punctuation marks. Find... Use...	2.4. Determine the goals and objectives of the lesson for yourself.

Stage III. Generalization and systematization of knowledge to solve the lesson problem (27 min)

Goal of the stage (planned result): solving a lesson problem based on one’s own experience and knowledge of theoretical material; cognitive activity of students.

Pedagogical task: organize purposeful educational activities for students, create a situation of creative reflection in order to solve the problem of the lesson.

Teacher activities	Student activities
3.1. Creating conditions for formulating a rule - So, the program has been drawn up. In order to formulate a rule, I suggest you compare two examples. 1. The old man warned that if the weather does not improve, there is nothing to think about hunting. 2. The old man warned that if the weather does not improve, then there is nothing to think about hunting. – How are these examples similar and different? – Are you ready to formulate a rule for placing punctuation marks in complex sentences at the junction of two conjunctions? What does it sound like? – Say the rule to each other - So. If in a complex sentence there are conjunctions next to each other (what if; what although; what when etc.), then a comma is placed between the conjunctions. A comma is not placed if there is a second part of the conjunction - That or So.	3.1. Work in a group, discuss, highlight necessary information in the text, analyze, conduct a dialogue, draw conclusions. They say the rule to each other.
3.2. Organization of group work. When working, the group uses the support proposed by the teacher – Now I suggest you, using your own knowledge and textbook material, create a reasoning algorithm when applying this rule. (In the workbook.) Algorithm Make sure that this is a complex sentence. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses. Identify the error-prone location. See if there is a second part of the union. There is no comma. There is a comma.	3.2. They work through the rule again and create an algorithm for applying this rule.
3.3. Presentation of completed tasks with subsequent adjustment of the answers produced by students	3.3. Present the results of the group's work. If necessary, correction is carried out.
3.4. Organization of primary consolidation (frontal work) In practice, you can check exactly who has mastered the theory firmly. We can easily place punctuation marks in any task of any complexity. - The rule has been formulated. Now it is necessary to consolidate its application in practice. Let's turn to task 5 in your workbooks. 1) He only remembered that when he himself finished his course of study, his father sent him away. (Goncharov) 2) It is known that when lords fight, the slaves’ forelocks begin to shake. (Konstantinov) 3) It’s so dark at night that no matter how hard you try, you can’t even see your own fingers. (Sokolov - Mikitov) 4) In response to the questions asked, he [Dersu] explained that if in calm weather the fog rises upward, one must definitely wait for prolonged rain. (Arsenyev.) 5) I thought that if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the stubborn old man, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his tutelage. (Pushkin) 6) She [Kashtanka] knew from experience that the sooner you fall asleep, the sooner the morning will come. (Chekhov) 7) I love this poor nature, perhaps because, whatever it is, it still belongs to me. (Saltykov-Shchedrin) 8) I waited for her story, remained silent, afraid that if I asked her about anything, she would again get distracted. (Bitter) 9) The brother strictly told Alyosha that if he promised to bring the book, he must fulfill his promise. 10) At first it seemed scary to Vakula, so if he hadn’t leaned over, he would have hit him with his hat. (Gogol)	3.4. Working frontally, they develop the skill of putting punctuation marks.
3.5. Connoisseur's page – Which branch of linguistics studies punctuation? (Punctuation.) – K.G. Paustovsky wrote: “Punctuation marks are like musical notes. They hold the text firmly and don’t let it fall apart.” Do you know when punctuation marks appeared and what they were originally called? – S.I. Lvov in his book “Language and Speech” gives interesting information about punctuation marks. In the middle of the 15th century. typographers the Manutius brothers invented punctuation for European writing; it was accepted by most of the peoples of Europe and exists to this day. Scientists have found that in ancient manuscripts the period appeared earlier than all other punctuation marks. Then in the 15th century. The colon began to be used, a little later - the comma and, finally, the semicolon (“semi-colon”). Until XVI centuries, words in Rus' were not divided at all. The names of some punctuation marks served as the basis for the creation of phraseological units. Here is a list of phraseological combinations: dot the i; put a point; a comma came out between them; a starting point; express point of view. Well, you can get acquainted with the history of punctuation marks at home in more detail using the material “This is interesting”, which is located at the end of your workbook.	3.5. They listen, expanding their understanding of the history of the literary language.
3.6. Workshop – Writers, poets, scientists make their observations and formulate bright thoughts that are generalized. These are the author's proverbs. It was these generalized observations that you began working with at the beginning of the lesson. Do you know what these author's proverbs are called? ( Aphorisms) – Define an aphorism. For this Let us look, like Pushkin of old, into our explanatory dictionary. (An aphorism is a short expressive saying containing a generalizing conclusion. (“ Dictionary Russian language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Shvedova). – Our life, like language, is subject to a system of rules and norms of behavior. But Lately Our society has been hit by a crisis called “crisis”. This is not only an economic crisis, it is, what is much worse, a crisis of humanity. And the most important symptom of this crisis is indifference. I want to introduce you to the statement of teacher V. Sukhomlinsky: “Indifference is just berries that ripen on the flowers of selfishness. An indifferent person does not have a close, dear, dear creature to whom he would give his heart. For an egoist, a person is not a boundless world of thoughts, experiences, aspirations, but a source of pleasure or a completely neutral being that cannot bring him any benefit.” What proposal did you come up with? ( Complex) Why do you think indifference in society can be called the most terrible symptom of human destruction? ( With the silent consent of indifferent people, everything terrible happens on earth.) – Choose an antonym for the word egoist (altruist).	3.6. Understanding Sukhomlinsky’s statement. Reflections. Formulation of your own position.
3.7. Solving a problematic problem based on the text and your own experience. (Creative (individual) task) – Express in writing your agreement or disagreement with Sukhomlinsky’s statement. Start your sentence like this: I agree (disagree) that if... I believe that in order to... Working with the proposed schemes. Form of work: in pairs – We placed punctuation marks, built complex sentences based on the proposed beginning, and now let’s try, working in pairs, to build sentences using patterns. 1. [verb. ], (what, (when...), ....). 2. [verb. ], (what (if...), then...). 3. [verb. ], (what, (although...), ....).	3.7. Perform tasks aimed at developing the skill of setting punctuation marks, the ability to build IPS on the proposed topic and diagrams

Stage IV. Generalization and systematization of the lesson topic (7 min)

Goal of the stage (planned result):

Pedagogical task: create a situation of creative search.

Teacher activities

Student activities

4.1. Output control

- And now I suggest you do it control test to check the assimilation of the studied material.

1. Dersu told me that when the rivers begin to freeze, all the large birds of prey descend to the lower reaches of the rivers. (Arsenyev)

2. It all seemed to her that if she hoped and passionately wished, everything would work out. (Kaverin)

3.Do you really agree that when someone slaps you on the right cheek, you should turn your left? (Pogorelov)

4. One feels that when he collected material for his history of Pugachev and wrote it, in this case he remained primarily a poet. (Maimin)

5. Mom always told me that if a promise is made, it must be fulfilled.

- So, the task is completed. Check your results against the key.

– Who made the mistakes? Which?

(If there are errors, correction work is carried out.)

For knowledge to be used for future use, you should repeat the lesson.

– What did we talk about in class today? What rule did you learn?

– How are punctuation marks placed in complex sentences at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions?

– What information received earlier was useful to you in today’s lesson?

4.1. Complete the task. Conduct self-analysis.

4.2. Summarize what has been learned. Determine the personal significance of what has been studied

V stage. Reflection (up to 2 min)

Goal of the stage (planned result): determination by students of the degree of their participation in educational activities, a situation of success.

Pedagogical task: create conditions for students to understand personal meanings in studying the topic.

VI stage. Homework(1 min)

Goal of the stage (planned result): conscious choice and successful completion of homework.

Pedagogical task: Prepare students for choosing homework.

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See 39, 43, 47/2003 and No. 3, 7, 11/2004

Difficult cases punctuation in complex union proposals

Compact theme No. 7

The basic rule of punctuation in a complex sentence

All parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by punctuation marks: with a conjunction, usually commas, with a non-conjunction - a comma, semicolon, colon or dash. If in a complex sentence the subordinate clause breaks the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides.

I intended to go at dawn to the fortress gates, from where Marya Ivanovna was supposed to leave, and there to say goodbye to her for the last time.(A.S. Pushkin). [ , (where), ].

However, there are a number of syntactic situations in which this basic rule is clarified or even canceled.

Particle or coordinating conjunction before a subordinating conjunction

If subordinate clause follows the main and before the subordinating conjunction or allied word there is a particle Not or unions and, either, or, neither – neither etc., the subordinate clause is not separated from the main one.

We never found out who rang our doorbell or what he needed. It is important not when the concert starts, but who will sing.

If the subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by the words especially, in particular, that is, for example, just etc., a comma is not placed after these words.

The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is the result of a mature mind observing itself and when it is written without a vain desire to arouse sympathy or surprise.(M.Yu. Lermontov)

If the subordinating conjunction is preceded by particles only, just, only, exclusively etc., a comma is placed before them (although when pronouncing such sentences there is no pause before the particle).

I I’ll come just to be convinced once again of the futility of this enterprise.

Complex subordinating conjunctions

Usually a comma in a complex sentence is placed before the subordinating conjunction, regardless of whether the conjunction is simple ( what, so, when, while, etc.) or complex ( despite the fact that, in order to, while, since, because, because and so on.).

The proof was striking, and I, although laughed at our ancestors and their helpful astrology, and unwittingly fell into their rut.(M.Yu. Lermontov) It was dirty and before went to the podium, washed his face and hands in the office for a long time. The tram project, again submitted for consideration, floundered in the highest provincial authorities, was approved, disapproved, went to the center for consideration, but regardless of approval or disapproval, it was covered with dust, because In neither case was money given.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov). The fact is that, by agreement with the foreman, we had to collect apples from one old apple tree, so as to give half of the harvest to the collective farm, and half to yourself.(F. Iskander)

But it happens that the first part of a complex subordinating conjunction is pronounced with a special intonation and moves away to the main sentence, as if regaining the meaning of the demonstrative word (in other words, the complex conjunction is dismembered); then a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (and is no longer placed before the first!).

The most reasonable thing would be, of course, to shout until someone will not come, and then surrender to the one who came as a prisoner.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

The dismemberment of a complex union usually occurs

if there is a negative particle in front of it Not , other particles or introductory word;

...AND, maybe that's why, What She knew absolutely nothing about chess; chess was not just a home game for her, a pleasant pastime, but was a mysterious art, equal to all recognized arts.(V.V. Nabokov); I wanted to make you tell me something Firstly, because listening is less tiring...(M.Yu. Lermontov); At the first glance at Nikolai's face, she saw that he had arrived just to fulfill the duty of courtesy...(L.N. Tolstoy);

if the first part is included in a series of homogeneous members or parallel structures;

At the same time he had to make great efforts how to not to lose control of the game, so also in order to do not get out of the state of play...(V.V. Nabokov) But from strong excitement or, as others specify, because of His hands were slippery after the peach, and he couldn’t unfasten his holster.(F. Iskander). Yashka tried to persuade me to stay the night, but I refused. AND because was in a hurry and because I would have offended our people, whom I did not visit. He said he reminds me of it again not to simplify the feat of Kolcheruky, and in order to young people were once again convinced of the advantage of bold decisions. But or because he was not satisfied with just the Frenchman, or because he slept through the night, during the day he climbed into the bushes, into the very middle of the French...(L.N. Tolstoy).

If the subordinate clause precedes the main clause, a comma cannot be placed before the second part of the conjunction.

While I was deep in the resolution of this issue, the key turned in the lock of my dungeon. (L.N. Tolstoy) Since the formidable judge gave me the omniscience of a prophet, in the hearts of people I read the pages of malice and vice.(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Exercises

1. What numbers need commas in place?

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. Hesiod emerged victorious - and not (5) because (6) because Homer was worse (7) but (8) because (9) because his poems were about war (10) and Hesiod sang peace.

Answer. 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10.

2. Which sentence has no punctuation errors?

1) After the story with the anonymous letter died down, Kolcheruky’s relative again, through one person, carefully reminded him about the heifer. (F. Iskander)

2) Finally, he told his relative to listen and look closely at those around him, so that at the first suspicion he could give him, Kolcheruky, a signal... (F. Iskander)

Answer. 3.

The junction of two unions

If two conjunctions follow in a row in a sentence, then a comma is usually placed between them; in this case, the subordinate clause, which begins with the second conjunction in order, can be omitted or moved to another place:

It occurs to me what, bye we are looking for them, they have returned to our place and are waiting for us.

, (what, (yet), ...).

(Wed: It occurs to me What they have returned to our place and are waiting for us.) They are so used to this that what, when one of the students forgot to perform duty duties, the teachers, amid the approving noise of the class, forced me to erase from the board or drag physical equipment into the classroom. Tell him, what if I will die soon, it will be possible to come to him without an offering...(F. Iskander)

But if it is impossible to remove the subordinate clause starting with the second conjunction without restructuring the entire sentence, then a comma is not placed between the conjunctions; this usually happens if the second subordinating conjunction has a second clause ( if... then, when... then, although... but).

what if her father will demand her, That will have to give it back.

, (what _ (if), then...)

(If you remove the second clause, you get However, after some silence I told him, something will have to give it back). But remember what if you won't kill me, That I won't miss...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Vorobyaninov turned out to be a mediocre railway hare, and since his attempts to board the train were unsuccessful, That he had to speak near the Flower Garden as a former trustee of the school district.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov).

If the subordinate clause comes after the connecting conjunction (at the beginning of the sentence, after the period), then a comma is never placed after the conjunction A, usually not placed after And, usually placed after the conjunction however and may or may not be placed after the conjunction But.

And if To add to what has been said that Chapter. The ex. was bringing a large basket of divine peaches to Moscow, tender and yellow, like freshly hatched chickens, everything becomes even more understandable and humane. And although Everyone, of course, knew that the train was approaching Moscow; the announcer’s reminder was pleasant.(F. Iskander) And to no one figured out his second and main life, he led a miserable existence, trying not to go beyond his forty-six-ruble salary... But since he lives on the third floor, and the work day has already ended, he quickly runs downstairs and leaves the institution...(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

Homogeneous parts of complex sentences

There are complex sentences, the parts of which can be considered homogeneous because they are connected coordinating connection and at the same time have some common element: a common sentence member, a common subordinate clause or a common main clause for two or more subordinate clauses. Such sentences are subject to punctuation rules. homogeneous members, in particular, a comma is not placed between homogeneous parts if they are connected by a single conjunction and, or, either.

Examples of complex sentences with homogeneous subordinate clauses.

Think about what will happen when the tournament is over_ and when all the guests leave.

, (what), (when) and (when).

We see that the blond plays well, and the brunette plays poorly.

, (what), a ().

While the Scriabin was preparing for further voyage, while the captain was talking into the phone with the engine room and the furnaces were blazing, heating the water, the brass band went ashore again and, to everyone’s pleasure, began playing dances.

(bye), (bye)_ and (), .

Ippolit Matveyevich wandered to the source only when the musicians were putting down their music stands, the festive audience was leaving, and only loving couples were breathing heavily in the skinny alleys of the “Flower Garden”.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

, (when and ().

Examples of compound sentences with a member common to two parts.

Sleepy figures entered “France” and the cries of a ram were heard as they were dragged by the legs into the kitchen. Tickets were purchased to Batum and seats were reserved in the second class of the Pestel steamer.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

An example of a complex syntactic construction (sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection), where two parts connected by a coordinating connection have a common subordinate clause:

As the chaise approached the porch, his eyes became more cheerful and his smile widened more and more.(N.V. Gogol)

(as), _ and .

One-word clause

If a subordinate clause consists of only one connective word - a relative pronoun or adverb, it is not separated by a comma from the main one.

Don't know for whom, but I resurrected you.(A.S. Griboyedov) " I don't know Why“, she continued, having recovered. The people of this former army fled with their leaders, without knowing Where. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Exercises

1. Indicate which numbers should be replaced by commas.

When five minutes passed after the bell rang (1) and no one had yet entered (2) there was such a premonition of happiness (3) that it seemed that the heart could not stand it (4) if, after all, the glass door opened now (5) and the geographer, out of habit almost running, he will fly into the classroom. (V.V. Nabokov)

Answer. 2, 3, 4.

2. Which sentence has punctuation error?

1. ...Lieutenant Gernet said that if Pushkin had not been a psychologist, then a monument to him would not have been erected in Moscow. (A.P. Chekhov)

2. ...Ivan Ivanovich goes to Peter Petrovich, and everyone in the city knows why. (I.A. Goncharov)

3. And the worst thing was that when he said this joke of a rich reveler, I noticed that she smiled into the already sipped glass... (F. Iskander)

4. I manage to figure out that if she is horrified with shame or disgust when I kiss her, I will try to explain this with my deranged state. (F. Iskander)

5. But fate decreed that before meeting Ernest Pavlovich, Ostap had to stay for two hours to sign a small protocol. (I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

Answer. 3.

3. Indicate which numbers must be replaced by commas and where a comma is possible, but not required.

Just as (1) an impatient young man (2) waits for the hour of a date (3) I waited for one in the morning. But (4) only the conductress pulled the rope (5) and the tram started moving (6) the cat acted like anyone (7) who is expelled from the tram (8) but (9) who still needs to go. (M.A. Bulgakov)

Answer. 3, 6, 7, 8; 4.

Answer the questions:

1) Is it possible to put a comma before the second part of a complex subordinating conjunction if the subordinate clause precedes the main clause?

2) Which complex sentences are subject to the rules of punctuation with homogeneous members?

In complex sentences consisting of three or more predicative parts, combinations of two subordinating conjunctions (WHAT IF, WHAT WHEN, etc.) and combinations of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (AND HOW, AND ALTHOUGH, etc.) may occur.

1. Two subordinating conjunctions in a row can occur in complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Compare two sentences:

And I'm telling you, What I'll go with you If you will go.
And I'm telling you, what if you will go, I will go with you (L. Tolstoy).

In the first example, the main part ( And I'm telling you...), followed by a subordinate clause (... I'll go with you...), relating to the main part. Such parts of the assumption are called clauses of the first degree. And the sentence is completed by the subordinate clause (... if you go), relating not to the main part, but to the first subordinate clause. Such parts of a sentence are called subordinate clauses of the second degree.

In the second case, the subordinate parts are rearranged: after the main part of the sentence there is a subordinate clause of the second degree, and then a subordinate clause of the first degree. It was in this situation that two subordinating conjunctions found themselves side by side: the conjunction WHAT, with the help of which a subordinate clause of the first degree is attached, and the conjunction IF, which attaches a subordinate clause of the second degree. In such a sentence, there is a comma between two subordinating conjunctions.

Please note: from such a sentence the subordinate clause of the second degree ( ...if you go...) can be easily removed without destroying the entire syntactic structure: And I'm telling you that... I'll go with you.

Now let's change this sentence a little again:

And I'm telling you, what if you will go, That I'll go with you.

In this example, the correlative word TO appeared in the last subordinate clause. This is the second part composite union IF...THEN. As a result, there is no comma between the conjunctions WHAT and IF. Please note: here we cannot omit the second degree clause ( ...if you go...), since the word TO, which refers to the last part of the sentence, will be retained in the sentence.

It turns out that the conjunction THAT joins a single structure of two parts, connected by union IF... THEN, and therefore, a comma between the words WHAT and IF is not needed. Consider two more similar sentences, only with the conjunctions WHAT and WHEN.

This is because what, when the carriage stops, the speed slows down throughout your whole body (A. Tolstoy).
Egor made a remark that was unexpected for Levin: what when he lived with good gentlemen, Then he was pleased with his masters (according to L. Tolstoy).

A comma between the conjunctions WHAT and WHEN is only in that sentence where there is no word THEN.

2. In addition to complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, a similar situation can arise in constructions where both coordinating and subordinating connection simultaneously. In this case, there may be nearby coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Compare two sentences:

Curtain rose, And How As soon as the audience saw their favorite, the theater began to tremble with applause and enthusiastic cries (Kuprin).
Curtain rose, And How only the public saw their favorite, So the theater trembled with applause and enthusiastic shouts.

Please note: in both examples, AND and HOW are next to each other, but there is a comma only in the first sentence. The fact is that in the second example there were a simple conjunction AND and a compound conjunction AS... SO. The second (correlative) part of the compound conjunction follows after the subordinate tense.

Try removing the subordinate clause from the sentence, starting with the word HOW before the next comma. This is possible only in the first case, and in the second sentence the meaning will be destroyed, since the second part of the compound conjunction SO will remain in the subordinate clause.

Compare two more sentences:

and although her words were familiar to Saburov, they suddenly made his heart ache (Simonov).
The woman talked and talked about her misfortunes, and although her words were familiar to Saburov, But They suddenly made my heart ache.

In the second sentence, there is no comma between the conjunction AND and the conjunction ALTHOUGH, since the concessive subordinate clause is followed by the conjunction BUT, which actually takes on the function of connecting the first and third parts of a complex sentence. For this reason, in the second example, the words AND ALTHOUGH turn into a single conjunction that does not require separation in writing using a comma.

So, you need to remember the following rules.

1. With sequential subordination, subordinating conjunctions may appear nearby (WHAT and IF, WHAT and WHEN, etc.). A comma is placed between them only if there are no correlative words THEN or THEN later in the sentence.

2. If in a complex sentence there are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions nearby (AND and ALTHOUGH, AND and HOW, etc.), then you need to find out whether after the subordinate part of the correlative words THEN, SO or another coordinating conjunction (A, BUT, HOWEVER and etc.). A comma is placed only when these words are missing after the subordinate clause.

Exercise

The hunting sign that if the first animal and the first bird are not missed, then the field will be happy, turned out to be true (L. Tolstoy).

She knew that if the letter was shown to her husband, he would not refuse her (according to Tolstoy).

He felt that if he faltered, then everything would immediately go to hell (Gogol).

It always happened with Levin that when the first shots were unsuccessful, he got excited, annoyed and shot poorly all day (Tolstoy).

It never occurred to him that if he and other foreign idealists were Russians in Russia, the Leninist regime would exterminate them immediately (Nabokov).

In this case, the Foolovites surprised the world with their ingratitude, and as soon as they found out that the mayor was having a bad time, they immediately deprived him of their popularity (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

In passing, he ran into a change shop and exchanged all his large paper for small ones, and although he lost it at the exchange, his wallet grew significantly fatter (according to Dostoevsky).

In the penultimate room Andrei Filippovich met him, and although there were quite a few other people in the room who were completely strangers to Mr. Golyadkin at the moment, our hero did not want to pay attention to such a circumstance (Dostoevsky).

By morning the temperature had dropped, and although I was as lethargic as a toad, I put on my purple robe over my maize yellow pajamas and went to the office where the telephone was (Nabokov).

It may very well be that if the forms do not coincide with my requirements, I will abandon my legal claim (Tolstoy).

Andrei Filippovich answered Mr. Golyadkin with such a look that if our hero had not already been completely killed, he would certainly have been killed another time (Dostoevsky).

She, for example, became more and more convinced that if the general conversation was at times conducted in French, then this was done by conspiracy for the sake of devilish amusement (according to Nabokov).

The regimental commander announced that if these scandals do not stop, then we must leave (Tolstoy).

He felt that if he admitted this, it would be proven to him that he was saying nonsense that had no meaning (Tolstoy).

Levin made the remark long ago that when it becomes awkward with people because of their excessive compliance and submissiveness, it will very soon become unbearable because of their excessive demands and pickiness (Tolstoy).

Yankel turned to him and said that Ostap was sitting in the city dungeon, and although it was difficult to persuade the guards, he hoped to get him a date (according to Gogol).

He also petitioned for the establishment of an academy, and when he received a refusal, without further thought he built a house for rent instead (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Even from the sound of light footsteps on the stairs, he felt her approach, and although he was pleased with his speech, he became afraid of the upcoming explanation... (Tolstoy).

_ although no one asked themselves why anyone cared that the mayor was sleeping on a glacier and not in an ordinary bedroom, everyone was worried (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

But their hopes did not come true, and when the fields were freed from snow in the spring, the Foolovites, not without amazement, saw that they were standing completely naked (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

In a word, he thoroughly studied mythology, and although he loved to pretend to be pious, in essence he was the worst idolater (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

I loved visiting them, and although I ate terribly, like everyone else who visited them, although it was very harmful for me, I was always glad to go to them (Gogol).

She told him to hide under the bed, and as soon as the anxiety passed, she called her maid, a captive Tatar, and gave her orders to carefully take him out into the garden and from there send him over the fence (Gogol).

The grammarians started first, and as soon as the rhetoricians intervened, they already ran away and stood on the heights to watch the battle (according to Gogol).