On August 8, a little over a month ago, a rocket booster exploded at a military training ground in the Arkhangelsk region, resulting in an increase in radiation levels. This caused alarm both in our country and abroad. Subsequently, Roshydromet reported a 16-fold increase in background radiation, but five days after the explosion, residents of the nearest village of Nenoksa were evacuated. This means that most likely another place has appeared on our planet,. Unfortunately, there are much more of them on Earth today than we would like.
We have yet to learn about the consequences of the explosion in Severodvinsk
Despite the fear that exists in relation to nuclear power plants, today in most countries of the world industry ensures the safe management of radioactive sources. To ensure that the levels of radiation to which plant workers and the population near them are exposed remain safe, it is important to control three variables: distance, radiation protection(shielding) and exposure time.
According to an epidemiological report from the Spanish nuclear center Foro Nuclear, ionizing exposure is significant when people are exposed to high doses of radiation. However, in the case when the level of radiation exposure is very low, you should not worry.
Due to radiation, a person can develop mutations
The report includes the findings of several studies on the health status of residents near radiation-contaminated areas that have been conducted since 1940. Among them, there is no increase in cancer mortality in any of the studied areas, except for Chernobyl. Unfortunately, experts have recorded a significant increase in thyroid cancer among the child population.
Although improvements in the safety of nuclear power plants in the 21st century have minimized the risk of another nuclear disaster with the same impact as Chernobyl, nuclear waste and its management remain a serious concern. environmental problem. However, the recent explosion in Severodvinsk once again demonstrates to the whole world that nuclear disasters of the most varied scale can be repeated. But how many territories on our planet are unsafe for life due to radiation? Let's get to know some of them.
Chernobyl, USSR
The most terrible nuclear disaster in the history of mankind occurred, as is known, on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The consequences of the disaster, which contaminated territories with radiation within a radius of several kilometers, in addition to deaths directly at the site of the accident, killed more than 4,000 people, causing cancer. To date, the exact number of people injured in the accident is not exactly known.
Pripyat, exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Today Pripyat is a ghost town located in the exclusion zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. However, over time, the level of radiation gradually decreases, so today, taking the necessary precautions, Pripyat can be visited.
Have you watched the HBO series dedicated to the Chernobyl accident? Let's discuss it in our Telegram chat.
Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a Pacific state of Micronesia. Between 1946 and 1958, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands. Unfortunately, these tests left an imprint that persists in some regions. Scientists have conducted a study, according to the results of which it is not recommended to populate some of the islands, as this may pose a threat to health. The islands on which, these are Enjebi, Runit, Bikini and Naen.
Aerial view of the Marshall Islands
Fukushima, Japan
One of the worst nuclear disasters in the world was the 2011 earthquake in Japan, which caused a tsunami that swept the coast and affected. Japan is one of the countries with the highest seismic activity in the world. So we should definitely think about where not to build nuclear power plants.
Map of radiation contamination
The natural disaster that caused the accident did not cause human casualties, but the vast territory is no longer suitable for life. The energy released during the earthquake was equivalent to the explosion of 200 million tons of dynamite. In addition, the level of radiation in food products after the accident exceeded the established legal maximum by 27 times. Fortunately, the radioactivity in the area is gradually fading away.
Mayak Station, Russia
Unfortunately, Chernobyl is not the only nuclear disaster in the USSR. The Soviet authorities tried for many years to hide several radioactive releases from the Mayak nuclear power plant. In particular, the release of radioactive waste on the Techa River in 1957, the explosion of the building where this waste was stored. This made the area near the Mayak station one of the most radioactive places on the planet. After Chernobyl and Fukushima, it is considered the third most serious nuclear accident and is ranked 6 on the INES scale (International Nuclear Event Scale).
Map of areas contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident
Knowledge is power. Places not worth living near. And ideally - not even to appear nearby. :)
Nuclear power plants.
Balakovo (Balakovo, Saratov region).
Beloyarskaya (Beloyarsky, Yekaterinburg region).
Bilibino ATES (Bilibino, Magadan region).
Kalininskaya (Udomlya, Tver region).
Kola (Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region).
Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor, St. Petersburg region).
Smolensk (Desnogorsk, Smolensk region).
Kursk (Kurchatov, Kursk region).
Novovoronezhskaya (Novovoronezhsk, Voronezh region).
Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org
unknown source
Special regime cities of the nuclear weapons complex.
Arzamas-16 (now the Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod region). All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics. Development and design of nuclear charges. Experimental plant "Communist". Electromechanical plant "Avangard" (serial production).
Zlatoust-36 ( Chelyabinsk region). Serial production of nuclear warheads (?) and ballistic missiles for submarines (SLBMs).
Krasnoyarsk-26 (now Zheleznogorsk). Underground mining and chemical plant. Processing of irradiated fuel from nuclear power plants, production of weapons-grade plutonium. Three nuclear reactors.
Krasnoyarsk-45. Electromechanical plant. Uranium enrichment (?). Mass production ballistic missiles for submarines (SLBMs). Creation spacecraft, mainly satellites for military, reconnaissance purposes.
Sverdlovsk-44. Serial assembly of nuclear weapons.
Sverdlovsk-45. Serial assembly of nuclear weapons.
Tomsk-7 (now Seversk). Siberian Chemical Plant. Enrichment of uranium, production of weapons-grade plutonium.
Chelyabinsk-65 (now Ozersk). Software "Mayak". Reprocessing of irradiated fuel from nuclear power plants and ship nuclear power plants, production of weapons-grade plutonium.
Chelyabinsk-70 (now Snezhinsk). VNII of technical physics. Development and design of nuclear charges.
Test site for nuclear weapons.
Northern (1954-1992). Since February 27, 1992 - the Central training ground of the Russian Federation.
Research and educational nuclear centers and institutions with research nuclear reactors.
Sosnovy Bor (St. Petersburg region). The educational center Navy.
Dubna (Moscow region). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.
Obninsk (Kaluga region). NPO "Typhoon". Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). Installations "Topaz-1", "Topaz-2". Naval Training Center.
Moscow. Institute of Atomic Energy. I. V. Kurchatova (thermonuclear complex ANGARA-5). Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI). Research production association "Aileron". Research and production association "Energy". Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT). Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics.
Protvino (Moscow region). Institute of High Energy Physics. Accelerator of elementary particles.
Sverdlovsk branch of the Research and Design Institute of Experimental Technologies. (40 km from Yekaterinburg).
Novosibirsk. Academgorodok of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Troitsk (Moscow region). Institute for Thermonuclear Research (installations "Tokomak").
Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk region). Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors. V.I. Lenin.
Nizhny Novgorod. Design Bureau of Nuclear Reactors.
St. Petersburg. Research and production association "Electrophysics". Radium Institute. V. G. Khlopina. Research and Design Institute of Energy Technology. Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene of the Ministry of Health of Russia.
Norilsk. Experimental nuclear reactor.
Podolsk Scientific Research Production Association "Luch".
Deposits of uranium, enterprises for its extraction and primary processing.
Lermontov (Stavropol Territory). Uranium-molybdenum inclusions of volcanic rocks. Software "Diamond". Extraction and enrichment of ore.
Pervomaisky (Chita region). Zabaikalsky Mining and Processing Plant.
Vikhorevka (Irkutsk region). Extraction (?) of uranium and thorium.
Aldan (Yakutia). Mining of uranium, thorium and rare earth elements.
Slyudyanka (Irkutsk region). Deposit of uranium-containing and rare earth elements.
Krasnokamensk (Chita region). Uranium mine.
Borsk (Chita region). A depleted (?) uranium mine - the so-called "gorge of death", where ore was mined by prisoners of Stalin's legers.
Lovozero (Murmansk region). Uranium and thorium minerals.
Lake Onega area. Uranium and vanadium minerals.
Vishnevogorsk, Novogorny (Central Ural). uranium mineralization.
uranium metallurgy.
Elektrostal (Moscow region). Software "Machine-building plant".
Novosibirsk. PO "Plant of chemical concentrates".
Glazov (Udmurtia). PO "Chepetsky Mechanical Plant".
Enterprises for the production of nuclear fuel, highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium.
Chelyabinsk-65 (Chelyabinsk region). Software "Mayak".
Tomsk-7 (Tomsk region). Siberian chemical plant.
Krasnoyarsk-26 (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Mining and chemical plant.
Ekaterinburg. Ural Electrochemical Plant.
Kirovo-Chepetsk (Kirov region). Chemical plant them. B. P. Konstantinova.
Angarsk (Irkutsk region). Chemical electrolysis plant.
Shipbuilding and ship repair plants and nuclear fleet bases.
St. Petersburg. Leningrad Admiralty Association. Software "Baltic Plant".
Severodvinsk. Production Association "Sevmashpredpriyatie", Production Association "Sever".
Nizhny Novgorod. Software "Krasnoe Sormovo".
Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Shipyard "Leninsky Komsomol".
Big Stone (Primorsky Territory). Shipyard "Zvezda".
Murmansk. Technical base of PTO "Atomflot", shipyard "Nerpa"
Bases of nuclear submarines (Nuclear submarines) of the Northern Fleet.
Zapadnaya Litsa (Nerpichya Bay).
Gadzhiyevo.
Polar.
Vidyaevo.
Yokanga.
Gremikha.
Bases of nuclear submarines of the Pacific Fleet.
Fishing.
Vladivostok (Gulf of Vladimir and Pavlovsky Bay),
Soviet harbor.
Nakhodka.
Magadan.
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.
Korsakov.
Storage areas for ballistic missiles for submarines.
Revda (Murmansk region).
Nenoksa (Arkhangelsk region).
Points of equipping missiles with nuclear warheads and loading into submarines.
Severodvinsk.
Guba Okolnaya (Kola Bay).
Places of temporary storage of irradiated nuclear fuel and enterprises for its processing
NPP industrial sites.
Murmansk. Lighter "Lepse", mother ship "Imandra" PTO "Atom-flot".
Polar. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Yokanga. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Pavlovsky bay. Technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Chelyabinsk-65. Software "Mayak".
Krasnoyarsk-26. Mining and chemical plant.
Industrial accumulators and regional storages (burial grounds) of radioactive and atomic waste.
NPP industrial sites.
Krasnoyarsk-26. Mining and chemical plant, RT-2.
Chelyabinsk-65. Software "Mayak".
Tomsk-7. Siberian chemical plant.
Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region). The industrial site of the Zvyozdochka shipyard of the Sever Production Association.
Big Stone (Primorsky Territory). Industrial site of the Zvezda shipyard.
Zapadnaya Litsa (Andreeva Bay). Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Gremikha. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay). Ship repair and technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Fishing. Technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Places of sedimentation and disposal of decommissioned ships of the navy and civilian ships with nuclear power plants.
Polyarny, base of the Northern Fleet.
Gremikha, base of the Northern Fleet.
Yokanga, base of the Northern Fleet.
Zapadnaya Litsa (Andreeva Bay), base of the Northern Fleet.
Severodvinsk, industrial water area of the production association "Sever".
Murmansk, Atomflot technical base.
Bolshoy Kamen, water area of the Zvezda shipyard.
Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay), technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Sovetskaya Gavan, the water area of the military-technical base.
Rybachy, base of the Pacific Fleet.
Vladivostok (Pavlovsky Bay, Vladimir Bay), bases of the Pacific Fleet.
Undeclared areas of liquid RW discharge and solid RW flooding.
Discharge sites for liquid radioactive waste in the Barents Sea.
Areas of solid radioactive waste inundation in shallow bays of the Kara side of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and in the area of the Novaya Zemlya deep-water basin.
Point of unauthorized flooding of the Nickel lighter with solid radioactive waste.
Guba Chernaya of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. The place where the pilot ship "Kit" was laid up, on which experiments were carried out with chemical warfare agents.
contaminated areas.
A 30-kilometer sanitary zone and areas contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the catastrophe on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
The East Ural radioactive trace formed as a result of the explosion on September 29, 1957 of a container with high-level waste at an enterprise in Kyshtym (Chelyabinsk-65).
Radioactive contamination of the Techa-Iset-Tobol-Irtysh-Ob river basin as a result of long-term discharge of radiochemical production waste at the facilities of the nuclear (weapons and energy) complex in Kyshtym and the spread of radioisotopes from open radioactive waste storage facilities due to wind erosion.
Radioactive contamination of the Yenisei and individual sections of the floodplain as a result of the industrial operation of two once-through water reactors of a mining and chemical plant and the operation of a radioactive waste storage facility in Krasnoyarsk-26.
Radioactive contamination of the territory in the sanitary protection zone of the Siberian Chemical Combine (Tomsk-7) and beyond.
Officially recognized sanitary zones at the sites of the first nuclear explosions on land, under water and in the atmosphere at the nuclear weapons test sites on Novaya Zemlya.
Totsky district Orenburg region. Place of conducting military exercises on the stamina of personnel and military equipment to damaging factors nuclear explosion 09/14/1954 in the atmosphere.
Radioactive release as a result of an unauthorized start-up of a nuclear submarine reactor, accompanied by a fire, at the Zvyozdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region) on February 12, 1965.
Radioactive release as a result of an unauthorized launch of a nuclear submarine reactor, accompanied by a fire, at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod in 1970.
Local Nuclear pollution water area and adjacent area as a result of unauthorized start-up and thermal explosion of the nuclear submarine reactor during its reloading at the shipyard Navy in Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay) in 1985.
Pollution of the coastal waters of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and open areas of the Kara and Barents Seas due to the discharge of liquid and flooding of solid radioactive waste by ships of the Navy and Atomflot.
Locations of underground nuclear explosions in the interests of National economy, where the output of products is marked nuclear reactions on the surface of the earth or underground migration of radionuclides is possible.
http://www.site/users/lsd_86/post84466272
List of nuclear facilities in Russia. Part 2.
We continue the topic of places from which you need to stay away ... In addition to the existing nuclear facilities in Russia, we got a large number of nuclear explosions from the USSR carried out for "decent purposes".
In the period from 1965 to 1988, 124 peaceful nuclear explosions were carried out in the USSR in the interests of the national economy. Of these, the objects Kraton-3, Kristall, Taiga and Globus-1 were recognized as emergency.
Figure 1. Nuclear explosions for seismic sounding of the territory of the USSR.
The rectangle indicates the names of projects carried out using VNIITF devices.
Figure 2. Industrial nuclear explosions on the territory of the USSR.
The rectangle indicates the names of projects carried out using VNIITF nuclear explosive devices.
List of nuclear explosions by regions of Russia
Arhangelsk region.
"Globus-2". 80 km northeast of Kotlas (160 km northeast east of the city Veliky Ustyug), 2.3 kilotons, October 4, 1971. On September 9, 1988, the Rubin-1 explosion with a capacity of 8.5 kilotons was carried out there, the last peaceful nuclear explosion in the USSR.
"Agate". 150 km west of the city of Mezen, July 19, 1985, 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Astrakhan region.
15 explosions under the Vega program - the creation of underground tanks for storing gas condensate. The power of the charges is from 3.2 to 13.5 kilotons. 40 km from Astrakhan, 1980-1984.
Bashkiria.
Kama series. Two explosions of 10 kilotons each in 1973 and 1974, 22 km west of the city of Sterlitamak. Creation of underground tanks for the disposal of industrial effluents from the Salavat petrochemical plant and the Sterlitamak soda-cement plant.
In 1980 - five explosions "Butan" with a capacity of 2.3 to 3.2 kilotons 40 km east of the city of Meleuz at the Grachevsky oil field. Intensification of oil and gas production.
Irkutsk region.
"Meteorite-4". 12 km northeast of the village of Ust-Kut, September 10, 1977, power - 7.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-3". 160 km north of Irkutsk, July 31, 1982, power - 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Kemerovo region.
"Quartz-4", 50 km southwest of Mariinsk, September 18, 1984, capacity - 10 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Murmansk region.
"Dnepr-1". 20-21 km northeast of Kirovsk, September 4, 1972, power - 2.1 kilotons. Crushing of apatite ore. In 1984, a similar explosion "Dnepr-2" was carried out there.
Ivanovo region.
"Globe-1". 40 km northeast of Kineshma, September 19, 1971, power - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Kalmykia.
"Region-4". 80 km northeast of Elista, October 3, 1972, power - 6.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Komi.
"Globus-4". 25 km southwest of Vorkuta, July 2, 1971, power - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Globe-3". 130 km southwest of the city of Pechora, 20 km east of the Lemyu railway station, July 10, 1971, capacity - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Quartz-2". 80 km southwest of Pechora, August 11, 1984, power - 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Krasnoyarsk region.
"Horizon-3". Lake Lama, Cape Thin, September 29, 1975, power - 7.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Meteorite-2". Lake Lama, Cape Thin, July 26, 1977, capacity - 13 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Kraton-2". 95 km southwest of the city of Igarka, September 21, 1978, power - 15 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-4". 25-30 km southeast of the village of Noginsk, capacity 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-1". Ust-Yenisei region, 190 km west of Dudinka, October 4, 1982, capacity - 16 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Orenburg region.
"Magistral" (another name is "Sovkhoznoe"). 65 km northeast of Orenburg, June 25, 1970, power - 2.3 kilotons. Creation of a cavity in an array of rock salt at the Orenburg gas-oil condensate field.
Two explosions of 15 kilotons "Sapphire" (another name is "Dedurovka"), produced in 1971 and 1973. Creation of a container in an array of rock salt.
"Region-1" and "Region-2": 70 km southwest of the city of Buzuluk, capacity - 2.3 kilotons, November 24, 1972. Seismic sounding.
Perm region.
"Griffin" - in 1969, two explosions of 7.6 kilotons 10 km south of the city of Osa, at the Osinsky oil field. Intensification of oil production.
"Taiga". March 23, 1971, three charges of 5 kilotons in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm region, 100 km north of the city of Krasnovishersk. Excavation, for the construction of the Pechora-Kama canal.
Five explosions with a capacity of 3.2 kilotons from the Helium series, 20 km southeast of the city of Krasnovishersk, which were carried out in 1981-1987. Intensification of oil and gas production at the Gezha oil field. Intensification of oil and gas production.
Stavropol region.
"Otahta-Kugulta". 90 km north of Stavropol, August 25, 1969, capacity - 10 kilotons. Intensification of gas production.
Tyumen region.
"Tavda". 70 km northeast of Tyumen, capacity 0.3 kilotons. Creation of an underground reservoir.
Yakutia.
"Crystal". 70 km northeast of the village of Aikhal, 2 km from the village of Udachny-2, October 2, 1974, capacity - 1.7 kilotons. Creation of a dam for the Udachny mining and processing plant.
"Horizon-4". 120 km southwest of the city of Tiksi, August 12, 1975, 7.6 kilotons.
From 1976 to 1987 - five explosions with a capacity of 15 kilotons from the series of explosions "Oka", "Sheksna", "Neva". 120 km southwest of the city of Mirny, on the Srednebotuobinsky oil field. Intensification of oil production.
"Kraton-4". 90 km northwest of the village of Sangar, August 9, 1978, 22 kilotons, seismic sounding.
"Kraton-3", 50 km east of the village of Aikhal, August 24, 1978, capacity - 19 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Seismic sounding. "Vyatka". 120 km southwest of the city of Mirny, October 8, 1978, 15 kilotons. Intensification of oil and gas production.
"Kimberlite-4". 130 km southwest of Verkhnevilyuisk, August 12, 1979, 8.5 kilotons, seismic sounding.
On air Ulyanovsk, Sergey Gogin:
Dimitrovgrad, the second largest city in the Ulyanovsk region, is known for being the location of the Scientific Research Institute of Atomic Reactors, abbreviated as RIAR. As follows from the analysis of medical statistics conducted by the municipal "Environmental Protection Service", since 1997, the number of endocrine diseases began to grow among the population of the city, and quite sharply. And by 2000, the incidence had almost quadrupled. It was in the summer of 1997 that an increased emission of radioactive iodine-131. Says the head of the Dimitrovgrad public organization"Center for the Development of Civic Initiatives" Mikhail Piskunov.
Mikhail Piskunov: It was the shutdown of the reactor on 25 July. It was necessary to pull out the TVEL with broken sealing. But due to the fact that the staff made a mistake, both inert gases and iodine were released.
Sergei Gogin: Radioactive iodine is dangerous for the thyroid gland, because it actively accumulates in it, causing cancer and other diseases. They were noted in people who fell into the zone of action of the Chernobyl accident. Mikhail Piskunov calls the incident at RIAR a mini-Chernobyl.
Mikhail Piskunov: The Middle Volga region is an iodine-deficient region. There is a lack of stable iodine in water and food. In this regard, the thyroid gland actively absorbs radioactive iodine, if iodine prophylaxis is not carried out.
Sergei Gogin: In 2003, human rights activist and journalist Piskunov published an article in the Dimitrovgrad newspaper Channel 25, where he stated that his organization predicted an increase in thyroid diseases among Dimitrovgrad residents after the incident at RIAR. He referred to statistics from which it followed that in 2000, endocrine disorders in children in Dimitrovgad were five times more common than on average in Russia.
Mikhail Piskunov: Radioactive iodine was found in the milk of cows. Probably, this radioactive substance began to enter the body of children. And even more dangerous in this situation are children who are in the womb. Because they have a small thyroid gland. The consequences for these children will appear in 10-15 years.
Sergei Gogin: The leadership of the Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors filed a lawsuit against the newspaper and Mikhail Piskunov for the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation. The process took over three years. The Ulyanovsk Arbitration Court twice satisfied the claim, the federal court of the Volga District twice canceled this decision. The trial was moved to the neighboring region. The Arbitration Court of the Penza Region partially satisfied the claim, recognizing that Mikhail Piskunov should not have qualified the incident as an accident in his article. On the other hand, the court upheld the ecologist's right to express an opinion on the possible consequences of the radiation accident at RIAR for public health.
What is important is that Mikhail Piskunov used the court as a tool for obtaining the truth. RIAR had to provide the court with about two dozen documents confirming the release of radioactive iodine in 1997.
Mikhail Piskunov: The most important thing that we received was two certificates. Set emission limit. And how much was thrown out every day, and sometimes it was 15-20 times higher.
Sergey Gogin: Based on the data obtained in court, Piskunov claims that in three weeks RIAR released 500 Curies of radioactive iodine into the atmosphere, which could harm the health of the population of the entire Middle Volga region. I did not manage to talk to any of the specialists from the Institute of Atomic Reactors in Dimitrovgrad. They don't comment on the phone here. The maximum that was achieved was a short commentary by the head of the RIAR press service, Galina Pavlova:
Galina Pavlova: The management of the Institute is satisfied with the decision made by the court.
Sergey Gogin: Nuclear workers insist: there was no accident in 1997, radiation did not go beyond the sanitary protection zone. Therefore, there was no need to frighten people, just as there was no need for iodine prophylaxis. Last Conclusion, by the way, is refuted by the examination of the Endocrinological Research Center Russian Academy medical sciences, carried out at the request of Mikhail Piskunov. Ulyanovsk ecologist Ivan Pogodin believes that it is important not to talk about the terms - an accident or not an accident, but the fact that there was a release of an active isotope of iodine or not.
Ivan Pogodin: The consequences are important. If an excess of 15-20 times is proved, then, I believe that, regardless of the statute of limitations, this case cannot be closed. Again, it is necessary to raise the medical statistics for the past years. Just after 10 years, usually, if something affects the health of the population, then the dynamics can be traced.
Sergei Gogin: Human rights activist Mikhail Piskunov says that he intends to seek improved organization of iodine prophylaxis for the residents of Dimitrovgrad in case of a radioactive release.
http://www.svobodanews.ru/Forum/11994.html
http://www.site/users/igor_korn/post92986428
At first glance, the answer to this question will be as logically justified as to the sacramental "how does a raven look like a desk?". But only at first glance. On the second, an associative chain of answers will begin to line up, the keywords of which will be “accident” and “radioactive”. And those who are especially knowledgeable will remember RIAR.
The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors is potentially the most dangerous place in Russia, if not in all of Eurasia. But, in order.
This enterprise was created in the early 60s to study all possible problems of nuclear energy. This honorable task was decided to be carried out in the Ulyanovsk region. The city of Dimitrovgrad was lucky. The nearest cities are Ulyanovsk (100 km) and Samara (250 km).
“... A city in a forest or a forest in a city? - ask the guests who came here for the first time, surprised by the enchanting beauty of the city landscape ... "is written on the official website of RIAR, describing" a unique experimental base based on seven research reactors (SM, MIR, RBT-6, RBT-10/1, RBT-10 /2, BOR-60, VK-50), which allows conducting research on topical issues of the nuclear energy industry" and all the ecological purity of the surrounding forest-urban landscape: "in the forest, which on warm spring nights freezes from the rolling trills of the nightingale" (ibid. ). It is even surprising that there are some dissatisfied.
Kornilov Igor Nikolaevich from Ulyanovsk, head of the human rights organization "Legal Fund" says:
- RIAR is a very large organization, the main products it produces are weapons-grade plutonium for strategic warheads and California. Production capacity: 8 nuclear reactors, i.е. Nuclear power plants - they didn’t even stand close here ...
Eight? And on their website it says 7…
- There are eight of them ... All eight are research, two more stands ... I believe that they exclude the reactor for producing weapons-grade plutonium from the list, since applications for it are not accepted (for work), since it is already working in full .. .
And are they really dangerous?
- Several times there were emergency situations with the release of radioactive substances, once Kazan environmentalists sounded the alarm, having discovered Strontium (its radioactive isotope) in their water, while Kazan is 200 kilometers upstream of the Volga. They tried to attract environmentalists who made a fuss to responsibility for divulging the "secret", then for slander ... and the media kept silent that the radioactive element got into drinking water several cities.
There was a story about how the residents of Dimitrovgrad panicked when they saw that the city was urgently removing and removing snow and upper layer soil, in an unknown direction ... The media again remained silent, however, the director of RIAR was replaced with a new one ...
Did the situation change with the replacement of the director?
- With a new one, there was a release - Iodine -131, the wind rose is such in the city that a juvenile colony got into the plume of the release, and while watering machines were working in the city, endocrinologists fought off patients with an inflamed thyroid gland (theriotoxicosis) in polyclinics ... media and the authorities were silent, because it was necessary to provide the population with expensive medicines to remove Iodine-131 from the body.
And what is special about this iodine?
- The main problem is that all isotopes (excluding Strontium) are short-lived. Iodine-131 decays in about a week... and then, of course, no investigative commission will find any traces... you can only detect an outbreak of thyroid diseases... but, according to the prosecutor's office, this is not a sufficient basis for initiating a criminal case.. .
The general situation is as follows: the Ministry of Emergency Situations told me that they do not have the necessary equipment to monitor the situation at RIAR. At the SES, they said that they trust the RIAR security service "at their word" because they have their own safety laboratory, but the SES is not allowed to go there ... The hydrometeorological center confirmed that the level of conventional isotopes is within the normal range, but there are much more artificial isotopes, but MPC ( maximum permissible concentration) - they are absent and therefore no one knows whether the level of radiation is dangerous or not ...
RIAR - commenting on the situation, he referred to the Geiger counters installed at the enterprise, and the fact that some of the counters are located in the city in places visible to the population, but to the remark that the installed counters register gamma radiation and do not register either alpha or beta - radiation ... they hung up and interrupted the conversation every time the question of ionizing radiation from emergency emissions was raised ...
Indirect confirmation of the dangerous situation was received from the Regional Health Department, which confirmed that in terms of the number of endocrine diseases and oncology, Dimitrovgrad last years successfully leads, bypassing Ulyanovsk by an order of magnitude in terms of the number of patients ...
In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - there is an article on criminal liability for concealing facts representing a public danger ... but ...
But this is a secret enterprise, isn't it?
- The enterprise is secret, but relatively, it is too well known in the world to be classified, nevertheless, the protection of the enterprise and its secrets is the department of the FSB.
Is Dimitrovgrad a big city?
- The population is about 250,000 people, plus a prison, plus three correctional institutions and more colonies-settlements attached to them; row military units. Yes, this figure is not according to the official size of the city, but according to the population in the 30-kilometer sanitary zone around the reactors, i.e. it includes all nearby settlements, as required by technical supervision.
Then it seems that it is easier for interested parties to control all local media than to spend money on expensive drugs for such a large number of people. Moreover, for the FSB, this is a matter of habit.
However, it is difficult to hide the obvious. So in 1997 there was a powerful release of iodine-131 that lasted three weeks! In 1998, there was a powerful jump in the incidence of diseases of the endocrine system among the inhabitants of Dimitrovgrad, and in 1999 it reached its peak, exceeding the national figure by almost three times.
Emissions occur from time to time, now the question is about legalizing 30 km. of the sanitary zone around RIAR, on the certainty in the issue of using RIAR as an APEC (on the maximum permissible power, for an experimental reactor (there are no analogues in the world and probably will not be) operating on plutonium (on the processing of weapons-grade plutonium from end-of-life arsenals), on the installation of a complete a complex of dosimetric means (control of water, air and soil, for all types of radiation).I explain this point: for example, the Hydrometeorological Center daily reports on the level of radioactive background, but this is a natural background, and why are they silent about the radiation of newly created isotopes of cobalt, strontium, etc.? Why is the Ministry of Emergency Situations unable to obtain permission to install independent means of control?
And in the end, why are calves born with two heads? And after that, listen to the arguments of politicians about the poor knowledge of radiation on the population?
What exactly needs to be done and what can be done?
- Let me explain my position. The issue of diseases and mutations is related to the protection of the rights of the third generation, i.e. descendants, but their rights should be protected today... Therefore, our task is:
1. move beyond 30 km. zones: orphanages and boarding schools, maternity hospitals, places of detention of convicts (especially children and adolescents, youth);
2. ensure a minimum stay of 30 km. the RIAR zone of the presence of the reproductive population, and timely medical supply of the population with the necessary drugs;
3. timely notification of citizens about emergency situations at RIAR;
Good proposals, but for their implementation it is necessary that the concern for the people in our state exceeds the concern for maintaining the secrecy of everything and everyone that somehow poses a serious threat to society, and hence public safety. Although this logic of large offices is beyond my understanding.
http://www.site/community/2685736/post92816729
1.
Check if there is a nuclear power plant, a plant or an atomic research institute, a storage facility for radioactive waste or nuclear missiles near you.
Nuclear power plants
There are currently 10 nuclear power plants operating in Russia and two more under construction (the Baltic NPP in the Kaliningrad region and the floating nuclear power plant Akademik Lomonosov in Chukotka). You can read more about them on the official website of Rosenergoatom.
At the same time, nuclear power plants in space former USSR cannot be considered numerous. As of 2017, there are 191 nuclear power plants in operation worldwide, including 60 in the US, 58 in the European Union and Switzerland, and 21 in China and India. In close proximity to the Russian Far East 16 Japanese and 6 South Korean nuclear power plants operate. The entire list of existing, under construction and closed nuclear power plants, indicating their exact location and technical characteristics, can be found on Wikipedia.
Factories and scientific research institutes of nuclear subjects
Radiation-hazardous objects (RHO), in addition to nuclear power plants, are enterprises and scientific organizations of the nuclear industry and ship repair plants specializing in the nuclear fleet.
Official information on ROO in the regions of Russia is available on the website of Roshydromet, as well as in the yearbook "Radiation Situation in Russia and Neighboring States" on the website of NPO Typhoon.
radioactive waste
Radioactive waste of low and intermediate activity is generated in industry, as well as in scientific and medical organizations countrywide.
In Russia, Rosatom's subsidiaries RosRAO and Radon (in the Central Region) are engaged in their collection, transportation, processing and storage.
In addition, RosRAO is engaged in the disposal of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel from decommissioned nuclear submarines and ships of the Navy, as well as the environmental rehabilitation of contaminated areas and radiation hazardous facilities (such as the former uranium processing plant in Kirovo-Chepetsk).
Information about their work in each region can be found in environmental reports published on the websites of Rosatom, branches of RosRAO, and the Radon enterprise.
Military nuclear facilities
Among military nuclear facilities, nuclear submarines seem to be the most environmentally hazardous.
Nuclear submarines (NPSs) are so called because they run on nuclear energy, which powers the boat's engines. Some of the nuclear submarines are also carriers of missiles with nuclear warheads. However, major accidents on nuclear submarines known from open sources were associated with the operation of reactors or with other causes (collision, fire, etc.), and not with nuclear warheads.
Nuclear power plants are also available on some surface ships of the Navy, such as the nuclear cruiser Peter the Great. They also pose a certain environmental risk.
Information on the locations of nuclear submarines and nuclear ships of the Navy is shown on the map according to open sources.
The second type of military nuclear facilities are the subdivisions of the Strategic Missile Forces armed with ballistic nuclear missiles. No cases of radiation accidents associated with nuclear ammunition have been found in open sources. The current location of the Strategic Missile Forces formations is shown on the map according to the information of the Ministry of Defense.
The map does not contain storage facilities for nuclear weapons (rocket warheads and air bombs), which can also pose an environmental threat.
nuclear explosions
In 1949-1990, an extensive program of 715 nuclear explosions for military and industrial purposes was implemented in the USSR.
Atmospheric nuclear testing
From 1949 to 1962 The USSR carried out 214 tests in the atmosphere, including 32 ground tests (with the greatest environmental pollution), 177 air tests, 1 high-altitude test (at an altitude of more than 7 km), and 4 space tests.
In 1963, the USSR and the USA signed an agreement banning nuclear tests in air, water and space.
Semipalatinsk test site (Kazakhstan)- the test site of the first Soviet nuclear bomb in 1949 and the first Soviet prototype of a 1.6 Mt thermonuclear bomb in 1957 (it was also the largest test in the history of the test site). In total, 116 atmospheric tests were carried out here, including 30 ground and 86 air tests.
Polygon on Novaya Zemlya- the site of an unprecedented series of super-powerful explosions in 1958 and 1961-1962. A total of 85 charges were tested, including the most powerful in world history - the "Tsar bomb" with a capacity of 50 Mt (1961). For comparison, the power of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima did not exceed 20 kt. In addition, in the Chernaya Bay of the Novaya Zemlya test site, the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion on naval facilities were studied. For this, in 1955-1962. 1 ground, 2 surface and 3 underwater tests were carried out.
Missile test polygon "Kapustin Yar" in the Astrakhan region - an operating landfill Russian army. In 1957-1962 5 air, 1 high-altitude and 4 space rocket tests were carried out here. The maximum power of air explosions was 40 kt, high-altitude and space - 300 kt. From here, in 1956, a rocket with a nuclear charge of 0.3 kt was launched, which fell and exploded in the Karakum near the city of Aralsk.
On the Totsk training ground in 1954, military exercises were held, during which the atomic bomb with a capacity of 40 kt. After the explosion military units it was necessary to "take" the objects that had been bombed.
Apart from the USSR, only China carried out nuclear tests in the atmosphere in Eurasia. For this, the Lobnor test site was used in the north-west of the country, approximately at the longitude of Novosibirsk. In total, in 1964-1980. China has carried out 22 ground and air tests, including thermonuclear explosions with a yield of up to 4 Mt.
Underground nuclear explosions
The USSR carried out underground nuclear explosions from 1961 to 1990. Initially, they were aimed at the development of nuclear weapons in connection with the ban on testing in the atmosphere. Since 1967, the creation of nuclear explosive technologies for industrial purposes also began.
In total, out of 496 underground explosions, 340 were carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site and 39 at Novaya Zemlya. Tests on Novaya Zemlya in 1964-1975. were distinguished by high power, including a record (about 4 Mt) underground explosion in 1973. After 1976, the power did not exceed 150 kt. The last nuclear explosion at the Semipalatinsk test site was carried out in 1989, and at Novaya Zemlya in 1990.
Polygon "Azgir" in Kazakhstan (near the Russian city of Orenburg) was used to develop industrial technologies. With the help of nuclear explosions, cavities were created here in the layers of rock salt, and during repeated explosions, radioactive isotopes were produced in them. A total of 17 explosions with a power of up to 100 kt were carried out.
Outside the landfills in 1965-1988 100 underground nuclear explosions were performed for industrial purposes, including 80 in Russia, 15 in Kazakhstan, 2 each in Uzbekistan and Ukraine, and 1 in Turkmenistan. Their purpose was deep seismic sounding to search for minerals, the creation of underground cavities for storing natural gas and industrial waste, the intensification of oil and gas production, the movement of large areas of soil for the construction of canals and dams, and the extinguishing of gas fountains.
Other countries. China carried out 23 underground nuclear explosions at the Lop Nor test site in 1969-1996, India - 6 explosions in 1974 and 1998, Pakistan - 6 explosions in 1998, North Korea - 5 explosions in 2006-2016.
The US, UK, and France have conducted all of their testing outside of Eurasia.
Literature
Many data on nuclear explosions in the USSR are open.
Official information about the power, purpose and geography of each explosion was published in 2000 in the book of the team of authors of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia "Nuclear Tests of the USSR". It also contains the history and description of the Semipalatinsk and Novaya Zemlya test sites, the first tests of nuclear and thermonuclear bombs, the Tsar Bomba test, a nuclear explosion at the Totsk test site, and other data.
A detailed description of the test site on Novaya Zemlya and the test program on it can be found in the article "Review of Soviet nuclear tests on Novaya Zemlya in 1955-1990", and their environmental impact- in the book "
List of atomic objects compiled in 1998 by the Itogi magazine, on the site Kulichki.com.
Estimated location of various objects on interactive maps
(after the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters) an accident in which environment about 100 tons of radioactive waste fell. An explosion followed, polluting a vast area.
Since then, there have been many emergency situations at the plant, accompanied by emissions.
Siberian Chemical Plant, Seversk, Russia
atomic-energy.comTest site, city of Semipalatinsk (Semey), Kazakhstan
lifeisphoto.ru Western Mining and Chemical Plant, Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan
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Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat city, Ukraine
vilingstore.net Gas field Urta-Bulak, Uzbekistan
Aikhal village, Russia
dnevniki.ykt.ru An underground explosion was carried out 50 kilometers east of the village of Aikhal on August 24, 1978 as part of the Kraton-3 project to study seismic activity. The power was 19 kilotons. As a result of these actions, a large radioactive release to the surface occurred. So big that the incident was recognized by the government. But there were a lot of underground nuclear explosions in Yakutia. An elevated background is typical for many places even now.
Udachny Mining and Processing Plant, Udachny, Russia
gelio.livejournal.com As part of the Kristall project, on October 2, 1974, an overground explosion with a capacity of 1.7 kilotons was carried out 2 kilometers from the city of Udachny. The goal was to create a dam for the Udachny mining and processing plant. Unfortunately, there was also a major release.
Canal Pechora - Kama, city of Krasnovishersk, Russia
On March 23, 1971, the Taiga project was implemented 100 kilometers north of the city of Krasnovishersk in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm region. Within its framework, three charges of 5 kilotons each were blown up for the construction of the Pechora-Kama canal. Since the explosion was superficial, an ejection occurred. A large area was infected, where, however, people live today.
569th Coastal Technical Base, Andreeva Bay, Russia
b-port.com Polygon "Globus-1", Galkino village, Russia
Here, in 1971, another peaceful underground explosion was carried out under the Globus-1 project. Again for the purpose of seismic sounding. Due to poor-quality cementing of the wellbore to place the charge, substances were released into the atmosphere and into the Shacha River. This place is the officially recognized zone of man-made contamination closest to Moscow.
Mine "Yunkom", city of Donetsk, Ukraine
frankensstein.livejournal.com Gas condensate field, Krestische village, Ukraine
Another unsuccessful experiment was conducted here on the use of a nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes. More precisely, to eliminate the leakage of gas from the field, which could not be stopped for a whole year. The explosion was accompanied by a release, a characteristic fungus and contamination of nearby areas. Official data on background radiation for that and this moment no.
Totsky polygon, city of Buzuluk, Russia
http://varandej.livejournal.com Once upon a time, an experiment called "Snowball" was conducted at this test site - the first test of the effect of the consequences of a nuclear explosion on people. During the exercises, the Tu-4 bomber dropped a nuclear bomb with a capacity of 38 kilotons of TNT. Approximately three hours after the explosion, 45,000 troops were sent to the contaminated area. Few of them are alive. Whether the landfill is currently deactivated is unknown.
A more detailed list of radioactive sites can be found.
Do you think that a dose of radiation can only be obtained from the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant? Huge mistake!
On the territory of the former USSR great amount infected objects. Traces major accidents active today, 25 years after the fall of the country.
Often we do not even think about what is very close - a huge radioactive burial ground, a nuclear test zone or an outcrop of geological rocks with a background increased thousands of times.
Operating objects of radioactive contamination
1. Mayak Production Association, Ozersk, Russia
Coordinates:
Infected areas: Chelyabinsk region
The Mayak accident in 1957 is the third largest after Chernobyl and Fukushima. But the enterprise for the production of components and the regeneration of nuclear materials is still functioning.
Nearby Lake Karachay is the dirtiest radioactive zone on Earth. The background here exceeds Chernobyl by 1000 times.
Nevertheless, numerous emergency situations infect the atmosphere and soil of the entire Urals. The last major release took place in 2017. The radioactive cloud reached Europe, having managed to lose a significant part along the way.
2. Siberian Chemical Combine, Seversk, Russia
Coordinates: 56°21′16″ s. sh. 93°38′37″ E d.
Infected areas:Tomsk region
At this plant for the processing of solid radioactive materials in 1993, radioactive substances were released into the atmosphere, 2 thousand people were injured - the area is still characterized by an increased background.
Official sources say that the case in 1993 is the only one. However, according to GreenPeace, small releases happen regularly.
3. Mining and chemical plant, Zheleznogorsk, Russia
Coordinates: 55°42′44″ s. sh. 60°50′53″ E d.
Infected areas:Krasnoyarsk region
Until 1995, the enterprise produced weapons-grade plutonium, necessary for the creation of nuclear warheads. In subsequent years, the enterprise was retrained for the storage of nuclear waste.
The dumping of radioactive materials into the Yenisei is a fairly common and not denied event. Fortunately, the general background downstream does not exceed the acceptable norms too much.
However, at the moment the enterprise is a source of infection. All hope is to create a complete recycling cycle, in which waste will become fuel for a new nuclear power plant.
4. Western Mining and Chemical Combine, Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan
Coordinates: 41°16′00″ s. sh. 72°27′00″ E d.
Infected areas: Jalal-Abad region of Kyrgyzstan; Andijan and Namangand regions of Uzbekistan
Until 1968, uranium was mined here. Over time, the deposits were exhausted, the industry was reoriented to the production of radio tubes, which also lost their value.
Today, near the settlement is the world's largest repository of radioactive waste. General radiation background such that Mailuu-Suu is one of the 10 most polluted cities in the world.
Sites of accidents with large-scale radioactive releases
5. Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat, Ukraine
Coordinates: 51°23′22″ s. sh. 30°05′59″ E d.
Infected areas: Bryansk, Orel, Tula, Kaluga regions of Russia; Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev regions of the Republic of Belarus
The tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to the largest radioactive contamination of territories in the history of mankind. Clouds of active gases passed through Russia. Eastern Europe also got it - Romania, the Balkan countries.
And the troubles are not over yet.
Territories contaminated with caesium-137 will poison the inhabitants for at least another 30 years. And the radioactive background of many areas and settlements Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula and Gomel regions exceeds the allowable at times.
6. 569th coastal technical base, Murmansk, Russia
Coordinates: 69°27′ N. sh. 32°21′ in. d.
Infected areas: Murmansk region
In 1982, here, on Andreeva Bay, there was a leak of radioactive water. As a result, 700 thousand tons of water flowed into the Barents Sea - more than from Fukushima.
Andreeva Bay is not the only “dirty” place in the Murmansk region. But she is abandoned, unlike the others.
The spent nuclear fuel disposal sites and coastal bases of nuclear service vessels located in the Murmansk region attract researchers from all over the world. Radiation levels are rising every year.
7. Chazhma Bay, Nakhodka, Russia
Coordinates: 42°54′02″ s. sh. 132°21′08″ E d.
Infected areas: Peter the Great Bay (?), water area of the port of Nakhodka
As a result of the accident in August 1985 on the nuclear submarine K-431, an area of about 100 thousand square meters was contaminated.
Although the background is gradually decreasing, Pavlovsky Bay is still dangerous for visiting. In addition, leaks are likely to spread dangerous isotopes into sea waters.
8. Aikhal village, Russia
Coordinates: 65°56′00″ s. sh. 111°29′00″ E d.
Infected areas: The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
The Kraton-3 project, within the framework of which, on August 24, 1978, an underground explosion was carried out near the village of Aikhal to study seismic activity with an accidental release into the environment, making the territory uninhabitable for 50 km around.
In addition, similar experiments were carried out in Yakutia (but without air pollution) within the framework of the Crystal, Horizon-4, Kraton-3/4, Vyatka, Kimberlit projects and a whole series of explosions in the city area Mirny.
Official sources claim that the sites of explosions have a standard natural background. Whether this is actually the case is unknown.
9. Kama-Pechora Canal, Krasnovishersk, Russia
Coordinates: 61°18’22″s. sh. 56°35’54″E d.
Infected areas: Perm region
A series of surface explosions for the construction of the canal led to the contamination of the nearby Pechora forests as early as 1971.
Since then, the area, even the crater itself, has become habitable.
However, the most important property of radioactive contamination is observed here: radiation still occurs, although official measurements cannot cover the entire territory, the main checkpoints are clean.
10. Udachny Mining and Processing Plant, Udachny, Russia
Coordinates: 66°26′04″ s. sh. 112°18′58″ E d.
Infected areas: Yakutia
The radioactive cloud, which arose as a result of an above-ground explosion as part of a project to create a dam for the Udachny mining and processing plant, covered neighboring settlements.
Most of the territory today has a natural background, but in some places the so-called “dead forest” remains - areas of dead vegetation without any signs of life.
11. Gas condensate field, Krestische, Ukraine
Coordinates: 49°33′33″ s. sh. 35°28′25″ E d.
Infected areas: Donetsk region of Ukraine
An attempt to eliminate a gas leak from a gas condensate field using a directed nuclear explosion was not successful. But there was a release of radiation, the echoes of which are found nearby today.
Both immediately after the experiment and today, there are no official data on the radiation background.
Polygons
12. Globus-1, Galkino, Russia
Coordinates: 57°31′00″ s. sh. 42°36′43″ E d.
Infected areas: Ivanovo region
The release from the peaceful underground explosion of the Globus-1 project in 1971 is still the cause of contamination of the surrounding area.
According to official data, today the background level is approaching the permissible level (although some of the adjacent territories are still closed today).
However, in addition to this place, there are several old radio burial grounds in the Moscow region, and in the west there is an increased background that appeared as a result of the Chernobyl accident.
If the authorities recognize the infection, they will have to pay benefits and provide benefits (including free higher education).
13. Semipalatinsk test site, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan
Coordinates.
