The Gulf Stream (warm current) originating in the Gulf of Mexico drives the streams of water heated at the equator to the north, where they give off heat to the atmosphere. At the end point of the movement, the current completely cools down and, due to the difference in salinity with the waters of the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf Stream sinks to a depth and passes into the Labrador Current, which moves south. Due to the transition of a warm flow into a cold one and vice versa, the Earth has a huge natural heater.

However, if the temperature of the North Pole rises by at least 1.2 degrees, the glaciers will melt, and a huge amount fresh water enters the Arctic Ocean. There it will mix with the Gulf Stream. Because of this, the cooling current will stop falling to the bottom. As a result, the Gulf Stream will not be able to move into the Labrador Current, and the natural stove will no longer heat.

The flow will not stop immediately, so global climate change will be gradual. A decrease in temperature will lead to a huge amount of snow falling and the formation of an ice cover. White color reflects 9 times more sunlight than the black earth, so winter on the planet will practically never stop.

Was there or wasn't the Flood after all?

The victory of the theory of two Charles in its original, "extremist" version, as it were, automatically "provided an answer" to this question, which stood at the very beginning of the formation of geology as a science. Since the “theory without catastrophes” won, then there was no World Flood, since the Flood is also a catastrophe.

Nowadays, however, most often geologists try to circumvent such an unscientific method, preferring either to simply remain silent, or to refer to the famous Occam's razor, - they say, since they "succeed" in explaining the features of the geological structure of the earth's crust and the occurrence of various layers without any Flood, then There was no such thing as a flood.

But that's the problem, that in reality it is possible to explain by no means all the available features. As well as not all paleontological finds related to this. Moreover, paradoxically, many of these finds were already known at the very beginning of the dispute between the two global geological concepts. However, this is natural - after all, not only on the same biblical texts supported the reality of the Flood in disputes with evolutionists ...

“The leading 'diluvialist' (scientist who studies the flood) was unquestionably William Buckland (1784-1856), who in 1813 took a position as lecturer in mineralogy at the University of Oxford, and there, in 1818, became lecturer in geology... In his speech at upon taking up his position as teacher of geology, Buckland tried to show that the geological facts are consistent with the information about the creation of the world and the flood recorded in the books of Moses ... For the publication of his magnum opus (main work), entitled "Traces of the Flood", Buckland was honored high praise from critics... Buckland was well acquainted with the geological literature and, using reports of fossil bones found at high altitudes in the Andes and the Himalayas, came to the conclusion that the flood was not limited to the lowlands; the water column was large enough to cover the high mountain ranges. He collected extensive and varied material in support of the global flood. The following were considered as evidence: gorges and gorges cutting through mountain ranges; remnants and mesas; colossal accumulations of rubble; boulders scattered on the hills and on the slopes of the mountains, where the rivers could not carry them. These phenomena, it seemed, could not be associated with the action of modern, insufficiently powerful factors of erosion and sediment transport. Therefore, Buckland adhered to the ideas of Sir James Hall about some kind of grandiose stream or water shaft like a giant tidal wave ”(E. Hallem,“ Great Geological Disputes ”).

It should be noted that during the period of struggle between the two approaches, during the period of confrontation, Buckland's work with an attempt to prove the reality of the Flood receives praise from not only adherents of his position, but also from critics! .. So, the evidence base he collected was really very serious! ..

Rice. 12. Map of finds of mammoth remains in Siberia

“The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia, apparently, suffered the most from the deadly cataclysms 13,000-11,000 years ago. As if death had waved a scythe along the Arctic Circle - the remains of a myriad of large animals were found there, including big number carcasses with intact soft tissues and an incredible number of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks. Moreover, in both regions, mammoth carcasses were thawed to feed sled dogs, and mammoth steaks even appeared on restaurant menus” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

But most importantly, these finds provide evidence that the climate in these regions was not at all colder (as it should be, based on the theory of the "Ice Age"), but on the contrary - much warmer, than now.

“In the northern countries, these events left the carcasses of huge quadrupeds frozen into the ice, preserved to this day along with skin, wool and meat. If they had not been frozen immediately at the moment of death, decomposition would have destroyed their bodies. But on the other hand, such a constant cold could not have been characteristic of those places where we find animals frozen into the ice: they couldn't live at that temperature. Animals died, then, at the very moment when glaciation descended on their habitats ”(Cuvier G. (1825). Discours (3rd edn.), vol. 1, pp.8-9).

The date of publication of the work from which the last quotation is taken, 1825, is very indicative. There is not yet Darwin's theory of evolution, there is not yet Lyell's theory, there is not yet a special case of them - the theory of the "Ice Age", and facts are already known that indicate not only the sudden death of animals (which corresponds to a catastrophe), but also significantly warmer rather than colder climate at the location of the discovery. Moreover, the facts indicating that at the time of the end of the "Ice Age" in these regions there was not a warming at all, but, on the contrary, a sharp cooling!..

However, in the name of the triumph of the theory of two Charles, these data were simply preferred (and still prefer) not to be remembered. The facts are rejected in favor of the theory and its special cases!..

However, I do not think that everything was decided directly by the struggle between two irreconcilable theories, during which scientists, for some selfish reasons, deliberately decided to become “unscrupulous” and deliberately discard these data. The objective features of that time should also be taken into account.

Where was scientific thought concentrated in the first half of the 19th century?.. It was concentrated almost entirely in Europe and the developed centers of the United States, which were located mainly on the east coast North America- that is, just in those regions where traces of glaciers were found. From here to Siberia and Alaska, the path is not at all close, especially then ...

And it is quite natural that the bulk of the empirical material collected at this point in time - geological and paleontological - fell precisely on Europe and the eastern part of North America. After all, it was much easier for the scientific fraternity to collect data at their side than to make the most difficult expeditions to harsh regions located thousands of kilometers away. The result is also quite natural - the bulk of the research and work of that time is also devoted to the regions of Europe and the eastern part of South America. And it is absolutely no wonder that in this mass of studies, literally single reports of finds in Siberia and Alaska could simply be trite ... lost! ..

We have to admit that statistics actually won, not the scientific approach. And the theory of the "Ice Age" simply "outweighed" the version of a transient catastrophe, the version of the Flood - it outweighed it not even with arguments, but almost literally, that is, with a mass of written paper ...

Meanwhile, the question is by no means reduced to ordinary statistics. The fact is that the finds in Siberia and Alaska not only do not fit into the theory of the "Ice Age", they put an end to it! the temperature here should have been not lower (as the Ice Age theory suggests), but higher than today!.. However, if the temperature on Earth was so low that powerful glaciers covered Europe (as the Ice Age theory says), then in Siberia and Alaska, now much further north, must have been even colder. Consequently, the glaciers must have been here such that there could be no question of any animals at all! ..

For example, evidence was found that at the end of the so-called "Ice Age" it became noticeably colder not only in Siberia and Alaska, but also in the southern part of South America, which should not have happened either. After all, if the general temperature background of the planet increased, then in South America one would expect warming, and not cooling at all.

Recently, data have also been obtained that not everything is so simple with glaciers in Antarctica. It is usually indicated that their age is at least hundreds of thousands, and even millions of years. But the problem is that this conclusion is made on the basis of an analysis of individual samples in limited regions (where the ice shell is thicker), but for some reason it spreads to the entire continent at once. Meanwhile, studies in some coastal areas indicate that not all of Antarctica's glaciers are of such a venerable age. And the climate in some parts of this continent was earlier so much warmer that even rivers flowed here! that the rivers in the part of Antarctica closest to the Ross Sea flowed literally only about six thousand years ago! ..

“In 1949, on one of Sir Baird's Antarctic expeditions, samples of bottom sediments were taken from the bottom of the Ross Sea by drilling. Dr. Jack Huf of the University of Illinois took three cores to study climate evolution in Antarctica. They were sent to the Carnegie Institute of Washington (DC), where a new dating method developed by nuclear physicist Dr. V. D. Ury was applied ...

The nature of bottom sediments varies greatly depending on the climatic conditions that existed at the time of their formation. If they were carried by the rivers and deposited in the sea, then they are well sorted, and the better, the farther they fall from the mouth of the river. If they are torn off the earth's surface by a glacier and carried into the sea by an iceberg, then their character corresponds to coarse clastic material. If a river has a seasonal cycle, flowing only in the summer, most likely from melting glaciers in the inland, and freezing over every winter, then the precipitation will form in layers, like annual rings on trees.

All these types of sediments were found in the bottom cores of the Ross Sea. Most striking was the presence of a series of layers formed from well-sorted sediments brought to the sea by rivers from ice-free lands. As can be seen from the cores, there have been at least three temperate epochs in Antarctica during the past million years when the Ross Sea coasts should have been free of ice...

The time of the end of the last warm period in the Ross Sea, determined by Dr. Ury, had for us great value. All three cores indicated that the warming ended about 6000 years ago, or in the fourth millennium BC. This was when glacial [corresponding to the presence of glaciers] sediments began to accumulate on the bottom of the Ross Sea in the next ice age to us. Kern convinces that this was preceded by a longer warming ”(Ch. Hapgood,“ Maps of Ancient Sea Kings ”).

It turns out that during the "Ice Age" the climate in Antarctica was warmer, and not colder at all. And it got colder there just after the "Ice Age" ended.

Isn't there too many "unfortunate misunderstandings"?.. And isn't the area on which these same "misunderstandings" are observed, covering as a result a huge part of the globe, not too large?..

It is actually possible to get out of this tangle of climatic contradictions in a very simple way, if (leaving aside the question of the Flood and the causes of observed climatic changes for the time being) we draw a rather banal logical chain: the closer to the pole, the colder the climate, the more, respectively, and the likelihood of glaciers forming. Expanding this logical chain from the end to the beginning and starting from the facts, we obtain the following conclusion.

Glaciers in Europe and eastern North America formed because earlier in the 11th millennium BC these regions were closer to the geographic north pole than they are now. The climate in Siberia and Alaska was warmer, because at the same time these regions were located further from the north geographic pole than they are now. Similarly, South America with nearby areas of Antarctica was further from the geographic south pole than is the case today. In other words, earlier the geographical poles of our planet occupied a different position.

There was in fact no "Ice Age"! .. At least in its sense, as we understand it now - as more low temperatures throughout the planet as a whole. The "Ice Age" was in Europe and in the east of North America (after all, there were ice), but it had not a planetary, but only local character! .. And it ended not because of the general increase in temperature on the planet, but because, as a result of a change in the position of the geographical poles, Europe and the eastern part of North America ended up in warmer latitudes.

Facts and simple logic lead to this conclusion. But this is a conclusion that does not yet explain the reasons for the changes that have occurred. And they still need to be dealt with. How to deal with whether these causes are related to what we (like geologists two hundred years ago) started with - that is, whether these causes are connected with the Flood. And for this, you first need to understand what the "Global Flood" is.

Predictions about how our climate will change often contradict each other. What awaits us: global warming or a new ice age? Researchers from the Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology, Paleoclimatology and Mineralogical Climate Indicators named after V. S. Sobolev SB RAS suggest that both of them are only of different scales and at different times.

"The modern climate and natural environment were finally formed in the so-called Quaternary period - a stage in the geological history of the Earth, which began 2.588 million years ago and continues to this day. This period is characterized by the alternation of glacial and interglacial epochs. In certain stages of it, powerful glaciations occurred, when glacial shields up to three kilometers thick moved far to the south, in Western Siberia they reached approximately to Khanty-Mansiysk, and in Europe to 48 degrees north latitude.Moscow and even Kyiv stand on glacial deposits.Now we live in a warm interglacial era called the Holocene ", - says the head of the laboratory of Cenozoic geology, paleoclimatology and mineralogical indicators of climate, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, professor of Novosibirsk State University Vladimir Sergeevich Zykin.

The climate is one of the most complex systems on Earth. It consists of the interaction of a huge number of factors: solar activity, the location of the continents and oceans, land relief, albedo (reflectivity) of the Earth, changes in the orbit of our planet, volcanism, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and also, possibly, anthropogenic influence.

When the first more or less reliable data on the climate of the Quaternary period appeared, it was believed that interglacial epochs lasted only ten thousand years. The most recent of these is the Holocene in which we live. It began about 10 thousand years ago. In the 1972s, the famous American paleoclimatologists George Doll and Robley Matthews, based on the data available at that time on the duration of glacial and interglacial epochs, turned to US President Richard Nixon, where they reported that the Holocene, in which mankind had existed for 10 thousand years, was ending. , and we need to prepare for a global glaciation.

Today, the alternation of major glacial and interglacial epochs is explained by the orbital theory developed by the Serbian researcher Milutin Milanković back in the 1920s, according to which these processes were associated with a change in the Earth's orbit as it moved around the Sun. The scientist calculated the changes in orbital elements and made an approximate "glaciation schedule" in the Quaternary period. The followers of Milankovitch calculated that the duration of the Holocene should be about 40 thousand years. That is, for another 30 thousand years, humanity can sleep peacefully.

The modern concept of the orbital theory links climate changes in the past with changes in solar insolation coming to the Earth's surface. This is due to fluctuations of the elements of the orbit with a frequency of 100 thousand years (elongation of the orbit), 41 thousand years (tilt of the Earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic) and 23 thousand years (precession of the earth's axis). However, there are still very few empirical data to establish the duration of glacial and interglacial epochs on Earth.

Reliable information about temperature appeared only in 1727, when Fahrenheit created a thermometer with reproducible measurements. To date, there is only one continuous temperature series over 300 years, the Manly series in Central England. It is used to model the modern climate. The state of the atmosphere in the more distant past can be judged only by indirect signs - the so-called climate indicators, which are studied by Siberian scientists.

"The study of climate evolution in the past makes it possible to understand the spatial and temporal unevenness of climate response to global events and make it possible to predict what will happen with natural environment in various regions in the near future, - says Vladimir Zykin. - The most accurate and reliable data on climate change can be obtained for the last period of the Earth's existence, approximately 30 million years. We are dealing with just this interval. There are numerous sections in Western Siberia that can be used to reconstruct the climate of the past. The most interesting of them are sections of the loess-soil sequence, they reflect the global record of climate in the Quaternary period".

Loess is a sediment of eolian dust that accumulated during ice ages. When the climate cooled, aridization (dryness) increased, the intensity of the atmosphere increased sharply due to the high temperature gradient between the pole and the equator - where there was an ice sheet, they became very low, and remained high in low latitudes. Because of this, a strong wind was formed, which "ploughed out" almost all the upper deposits. A huge amount of dust saturated the atmosphere.

"When you fly over Western Siberia, you see this very aeolian relief of the last glaciation - the basin of Lake Chany and many other smaller lakes. There was a territory from which dust was blown - in Siberia it is the Baraba lowland, Kulunda. flew to Greenland, Antarctica, and in Siberia in the wind shadow, for example, near Altai, it fell out in the form of precipitation.The coarser material was carried by the wind along the surface of the Earth, settled, forming positive forms of aeolian relief in the form of crests and ridges, similar to dunes and dunes modern deserts. The vast expanses of Western Siberia turned into a huge cold desert. Due to the western transfer of air masses, due to the rotation of the Earth, eolian forms acquired a distinct southwestern orientation. In warm interglacial epochs, when the climate was moistened, soils were formed (as is happening now )", - explains the leading researcher, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Valentina Semenovna Zykina .

Thus, over the past 800 thousand years, more than 150 meters of sediments have accumulated on the Pre-Altai Plain, consisting of alternating horizons of loess and soils. Their sequence most fully reflects the climatic changes that took place in the Quaternary period. In addition to Western Siberia, this sequence is found in many parts of the world - China, Central Asia, Europe, and the USA. It is very difficult to study it. So in the coastal cliffs of the Ob, Irtysh and many other rivers, its sections have almost vertical walls. On the Priobsky plateau, their height reaches 120 meters. In order to obtain detailed records of climate change and determine the duration of each glacial and interglacial epoch, scientists are clearing and examining in detail almost every centimeter of these sections. After that, the laboratory studies the microstructure of loess and soil horizons, the mineral grains that compose them, and the chemical features of sedimentation.

Having studied the loess-soil sequences of Western and Central Siberia in this way, Valentina Zykina and her colleagues established that this record of climatic events is one of the most complete in the world, and the structure of soil complexes clearly coincides with the structure of warm stages in many global climate records (bottom sediments of the World ocean, Baikal climate record, ice cores of Antarctica). That is, the soils in many regions of the Earth were formed synchronously. The cyclicity of their formation coincided with the periodicity of changes in the orbital parameters of the Earth, which, according to calculations, about 400 thousand years ago were similar to modern ones.

"The fossil soil corresponding to this time and formed under the same geomorphological conditions has a thickness three times greater than the modern one, which indicates that the duration of this epoch of soil formation, occurring in the warm conditions of the interglacial, was also three times longer. Therefore, to say that in the near future In time, the modern interglacial era will end and a major glaciation will come, there is no reason. It will continue for more than 30 thousand years," says Valentina Zykina.

However, not all so simple. Glacial and interglacial epochs have a certain structure - within each of them smaller periods of warming and cooling alternate, many cycles of different duration and amplitude have been identified. These events are quasi-periodic, so it is rather difficult to predict them, and besides, they can manifest themselves locally.

Most reliably they are restored over the last millennia. First, according to historical data. These are the warmest Romanesque and Medieval climatic optimums and the coldest Dark Ages and the Little Ice Age. The latter began, according to some sources, from the 12th century, and according to others, from the 15th century. Then there was a cooling of the climate, glaciers were advancing in the mountains, in Europe the temperature dropped by one to three degrees, which caused outbreaks of crop failure and famine, as well as epidemics of plague and cholera. When large volcanic eruptions occurred, and the products of these eruptions entered the stratosphere, creating a screen for the sun's rays, the cooling intensified even more. These events led, in fact, to a climate catastrophe. So, due to the eruption of the Huaynaputina volcano in 1601-1604, it became much colder in Moscow, snow fell in July, the Moscow River froze, crop failure and famine reigned. The eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland in 1783-1784 reduced the activity of the monsoons over Africa, which led to the absence of the Nile flood and caused the famous "great dry land" in Egypt, during which millions of people died of starvation. The population in this country has decreased by six times. The Little Ice Age ended at the end of the 19th century, and from that time a warming began, which continues to this day.

The second source of information is subaerial precipitation. Having studied them on the territory of the West Siberian Plain over the past 1000 years, scientists have established that in the interval from the 1200s to about 1860s, corresponding to the Little Ice Age, forms of aeolian relief were actively formed - sand massifs and dunes.

“During the aridization of the climate, the level of rivers and lakes fell, and a huge amount of sandy material deposited on the eastern shores was carried out of them by the western wind. At the end of the 19th century, soil began to form on this eolian relief, vegetation appeared - the so-called ribbon forests,” says Vladimir Zykin - In terms of scale, these events turned out to be much smaller than during the accumulation of loess.We found that over the past 1200 years there have been short quasi-periodic fluctuations in the average annual air temperature and climate humidification lasting 200-300 years, manifested in the alternation of horizons of aeolian sands and soils. During short phases of cooling and aridization of the climate, eolian formations formed. During short periods of warming and moistening (for example, from about 1350 to 1560), sands were fixed by vegetation and soils were formed. According to scientists, now in Western Siberia there is a phase of climate humidification.

Today, global warming continues. According to the World Meteorological Organization, 2016 is recognized as the warmest year in the history of meteorological observations, 2017 is in third place, and in Russia, according to the Hydrometeorological Center, it became the warmest in its entire history. The polar ice is shrinking. The increase in temperature correlates well with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Last year it was fixed at about 400 ppm, although in 1958, when such measurements were first made, it was only 315 ppm, and its estimated pre-industrial level is taken at 280 ppm.

If it were not for greenhouse gases (the main one being water vapor), the temperature on Earth would be 30 °C lower. That is, on average, it would be -15 ° C.

"It is customary to associate the processes of modern global warming with the growth of carbon dioxide. But, as is known from ice cores from Antarctica, significant changes in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere occurred in the interglacial-glacial cycle - from 180 ppm during glaciations to 290 ppm during warmer periods, when the climate was not affected by any anthropogenic influence, and global records show that the increase in temperature is 800 years ahead of the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations.

The increase in CO2 is apparently associated with an increase in the temperature of the water in the Ocean, which leads to the release of carbon dioxide from the water and methane from the bottom sediments. That is, like the rise in temperature, it most likely depends on natural causes, which we are still poorly aware of, Vladimir Zykin notes. - Recently, UN Secretary General A. Guterres called global warming the main threat to all mankind. Despite the real danger of global climate change occurring at a high speed, their study is carried out rather sluggishly. Neither the causes nor the consequences are clear. The officially accepted point of view on the causes of warming, as a response only to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the combustion of carbon fuel, greatly simplifies the approach to understanding the ongoing global changes and does not explain many natural processes that are currently taking place. Recently, the number of specialists in Russia involved in the evolution of natural processes has drastically decreased. There is no national program coordinating the efforts of scientists. The attitude of mankind to the problems of climate change is well reflected in the painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder "The Blind", in which six blind people walk along a cliff.

Diana Khomyakova

Sources

BezFormat.Ru Novosibirsk (novosibirsk.bezformata.ru), 15/05/2018

Siberian News Agency (sibnovosti.ru), 05/15/2018

Monavista (novosibirsk.monavista.ru), 05/15/2018

The world news (theworldnews.net), 05/17/2018

Science and technology (naucaitechnika.ru), 05/17/2018

Scientific Russia (scientificrussia.ru), 05/21/2018

Consider such a phenomenon as periodic ice ages on Earth. In modern geology, it is generally accepted that our Earth periodically experiences Ice Ages in its history. During these epochs, the Earth's climate becomes sharply colder, and the Arctic and Antarctic polar caps monstrously increase in size. Not so many thousands of years ago, as we were taught, vast expanses of Europe and North America were covered with ice. Eternal ice lay not only on the slopes of high mountains, but also covered the continents with a thick layer even in temperate latitudes. Where the Hudson, the Elbe and the Upper Dnieper flow today, there was a frozen desert. All this was like an endless glacier, and now covers the island of Greenland. There are indications that the retreat of the glaciers has been halted by new ice masses and that their boundaries have varied over time. Geologists can determine the boundaries of glaciers. Traces of five or six successive movements of ice during the ice age, or five or six ice ages, have been found. Some force pushed the ice layer to temperate latitudes. Until now, neither the cause of the appearance of glaciers, nor the cause of the retreat of the ice desert is known; the timing of this retreat is also a matter of dispute. Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some have thought that the Sun radiated more or less heat in different epochs, which explains the periods of heat or cold on the Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis. The reason for the Ice Age is seen by some scientists as a decrease in the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.

Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some have thought that the Sun radiated more or less heat in different epochs, which explains the periods of heat or cold on the Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis.

Others have argued that in outer space there are colder and warmer zones. As our solar system passes through regions of cold, the ice descends in latitude closer to the tropics. But no physical factors have been found to create similar cold and warm zones in space.

Some have wondered whether precession, or the slow reversal of the earth's axis, could cause periodic fluctuations in climate. But it has been proven that this change alone cannot be so significant as to cause an ice age.

Also, scientists were looking for an answer in periodic variations in the eccentricity of the ecliptic (earth's orbit) with the phenomenon of glaciation at maximum eccentricity. Some researchers believed that winter in aphelion, the most distant part of the ecliptic, could lead to glaciation. And others believed that summer at aphelion could cause such an effect.

The reason for the Ice Age is seen by some scientists as a decrease in the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.

There is a point of view that the dust of volcanic origin filled the earth's atmosphere and caused insulation, or, on the other hand, the increasing amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere prevented the reflection of heat rays from the surface of the planet. An increase in the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere can cause a drop in temperature (Arrhenius), but calculations have shown that this could not be the true cause of the ice age (Angstrom).

All other theories are also hypothetical. The phenomenon that underlies all these changes has never been precisely defined, and those that were named could not produce a similar effect.

Not only are the reasons for the appearance and subsequent disappearance of ice sheets unknown, but also geographical relief area covered by ice remains a problem. Why did the ice cover in the southern hemisphere move from the tropical regions of Africa towards the South Pole, and not in the opposite direction? And why in the northern hemisphere did ice move into India from the equator towards the Himalayas and higher latitudes? Why did glaciers cover most of North America and Europe, while North Asia was free of them?

In America, the ice plain extended to a latitude of 40° and even went beyond this line, in Europe it reached a latitude of 50°, and North-Eastern Siberia, above the Arctic Circle, even at a latitude of 75° was not covered by this eternal ice. All hypotheses regarding the increasing and decreasing isolation associated with the change of the sun or temperature fluctuations in outer space, and other similar hypotheses, cannot but encounter this problem.

Glaciers formed in permafrost regions. For this reason, they remained on the slopes of high mountains. The north of Siberia is the coldest place on Earth. Why did the ice age not touch this area, although it covered the Mississippi basin and all of Africa south of the equator? No satisfactory answer to this question has been offered.

During the Last Ice Age, at the peak of the glaciation, which was observed 18,000 years ago (on the eve of the Great Flood), the borders of the glacier in Eurasia passed along approximately 50 ° north latitude (latitude of Voronezh), and the border of the glacier in North America even along 40 ° (latitude New York). At the South Pole, glaciation captured the south of South America, and also, possibly, New Zealand and southern Australia.

The theory of ice ages was first presented in the work of the father of glaciology, Jean Louis Agassiz, "Etudes sur les glaciers" (1840). Over the past century and a half, glaciology has replenished huge amount new scientific data, and the maximum boundaries of the Quaternary glaciation were determined from a high degree accuracy.
However, for the entire time of the existence of glaciology, it failed to establish the most important thing - to determine the causes of the onset and retreat of ice ages. None of the hypotheses put forward during this time has received the approval of the scientific community. And today, for example, in the Russian-language Wikipedia article “Ice Age” you will not find the section “Causes of Ice Ages”. And not because this section was forgotten to be placed here, but because no one knows these reasons. What are the real reasons?
Paradoxically, in fact, there have never been any ice ages in the history of the Earth. The temperature and climate regime of the Earth is set mainly by four factors: the intensity of the Sun's glow; orbital distance of the Earth from the Sun; tilt angle axial rotation Earth to the plane of the ecliptic; as well as the composition and density of the earth's atmosphere.

These factors, as scientific data show, remained stable throughout at least the last Quaternary period. Consequently, there were no reasons for a sharp change in the Earth's climate in the direction of cooling.

What is the reason for the monstrous growth of glaciers during the Last Ice Age? The answer is simple: in the periodic change in the location of the earth's poles. And here it should immediately be added: the monstrous growth of the Glacier during the Last Ice Age is an apparent phenomenon. In fact, the total area and volume of the Arctic and Antarctic glaciers has always remained approximately constant - while the Northern and South Pole but changed their position with an interval of 3,600 years, which predetermined the wandering of polar glaciers (caps) on the surface of the Earth. Exactly as much glacier formed around the new poles as it melted in those places where the poles left. In other words, the Ice Age is a very relative concept. When North Pole was in North America, then there was an ice age for its inhabitants. When the North Pole moved to Scandinavia, the Ice Age began in Europe, and when the North Pole “left” into the East Siberian Sea, the Ice Age “came” to Asia. An ice age is currently in full swing for the supposed inhabitants of Antarctica and the former inhabitants of Greenland, which is constantly melting in the southern part, as the previous pole shift was not strong and moved Greenland a little closer to the equator.

Thus, there have never been ice ages in the history of the Earth, and at the same time they have always been. Such is the paradox.

The total area and volume of glaciation on the planet Earth has always been, is and will be generally constant as long as the four factors that determine the climate regime of the Earth are constant.
During the pole shift, there are several ice sheets on the Earth at the same time, usually two melting and two newly formed, depending on the angle of crustal displacement.

Pole shifts on Earth occur at intervals of 3,600-3,700 years, corresponding to the orbital period of Planet X around the Sun. These pole shifts lead to a redistribution of heat and cold zones on Earth, which is reflected in modern academic science in the form of continuously replacing each other stadials (cooling periods) and interstadials (warming periods). The average duration of both stadials and interstadials is determined in modern science in 3700 years, which correlates well with the period of revolution of Planet X around the Sun - 3600 years.

From academic literature:

It must be said that in the last 80,000 years the following periods were observed in Europe (years BC):
Stadial (cooling) 72500-68000
Interstadial (warming) 68000-66500
Stadial 66500-64000
Interstadial 64000-60500
Stadial 60500-48500
Interstadial 48500-40000
Stadial 40000-38000
Interstadial 38000-34000
Stadial 34000-32500
Interstadial 32500-24000
Stadial 24000-23000
Interstadial 23000-21500
Stadial 21500-17500
Interstadial 17500-16000
Stadial 16000-13000
Interstadial 13000-12500
Stadial 12500-10000

Thus, in the course of 62 thousand years, 9 stadials and 8 interstadials happened in Europe. The average duration of a stadial is 3700 years, and an interstadial is also 3700 years. The largest stadial lasted 12,000 years, and the interstadial lasted 8,500 years.

In the post-Flood history of the Earth, 5 pole shifts occurred and, accordingly, 5 polar ice sheets successively replaced each other in the Northern Hemisphere: the Laurentian ice sheet (the last antediluvian), the Scandinavian Barents-Kara ice sheet, the East Siberian ice sheet, the Greenland ice sheet and the modern Arctic ice sheet.

The modern Greenland Ice Sheet deserves special attention as the third major ice sheet coexisting simultaneously with the Arctic Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The presence of a third large ice sheet does not at all contradict the above theses, since it is a well-preserved remnant of the previous North Polar Ice Sheet, where the North Pole was located during 5200-1600 years. BC. Connected with this fact is the riddle of why the extreme north of Greenland today is not affected by glaciation - the North Pole was in the south of Greenland.

Accordingly, the location of the polar ice sheets in the southern hemisphere changed:

• 16,000 BCuh. (18,000 years ago) Recently, there has been a strong consensus in academic science regarding the fact that this year was both the peak of the maximum glaciation of the Earth and the beginning of the rapid melting of the Glacier. A clear explanation of neither one nor the other fact in modern science does not exist. What was this year famous for? 16,000 BC e. is the year of the 5th passage through solar system counting from now back (3600 x 5 = 18,000 years ago). This year, the North Pole was located on the territory of modern Canada in the Hudson Bay area. The South Pole was located in the ocean to the east of Antarctica, which suggested the glaciation of southern Australia and New Zealand. Bala's Eurasia is completely free of glaciers. “In the 6th year of K'an, the 11th day of Muluk, in the month of Sak, a terrible earthquake began and continued without interruption until 13 Kuen. The Land of the Clay Hills, the Land of Mu, was sacrificed. Having experienced two strong vibrations, she suddenly disappeared during the night;the soil was constantly shaking under the influence of underground forces, which raised and lowered it in many places, so that it settled; countries were separated from one another, then scattered. Unable to resist these terrible shudders, they failed, dragging the inhabitants with them. This happened 8050 years before this book was written.”("Code Troano" translated by Auguste Le Plongeon). The unprecedented magnitude of the catastrophe caused by the passage of Planet X has resulted in a very strong pole shift. The North Pole moves from Canada to Scandinavia, the South Pole to the ocean west of Antarctica. At the same time that the Laurentian Ice Sheet begins to melt rapidly, which coincides with the data of academic science about the end of the peak of glaciation and the beginning of the melting of the Glacier, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is formed. At the same time, the Australian and South Zealand ice sheets melt and the Patagonian Ice Sheet forms in South America. These four ice sheets coexist for only a relatively short time, which is necessary for the two previous ice sheets to completely melt and two new ones to form.

• 12,400 BC The North Pole is moving from Scandinavia to the Barents Sea. As a result, the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet is formed, but the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is melting only slightly as the N Pole moves a relatively small distance. In academic science, this fact has found the following reflection: “The first signs of an interglacial period (which is still ongoing) appeared as early as 12,000 BC.”
• 8 800 BC The North Pole moves from the Barents Sea to the East Siberian Sea, in connection with which the Scandinavian and Barents-Kara ice sheets are melting, and the East Siberian ice sheet is formed. This pole shift killed off most of the mammoths. Quote from an academic study: “About 8000 BC. e. a sharp warming led to the retreat of the glacier from its last line - a wide strip of moraines stretching from central Sweden through the Baltic Sea basin to southeast Finland. Approximately at this time, the disintegration of a single and homogeneous periglacial zone occurs. In the temperate zone of Eurasia, forest vegetation predominates. To the south of it, forest-steppe and steppe zones are formed.
• 5 200 BC The North Pole is moving from the East Siberian Sea to Greenland, causing the East Siberian Ice Sheet to melt and the Greenland Ice Sheet to form. Hyperborea is freed from ice, and a wonderful temperate climate is established in the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Ariavarta, the country of the Aryans, flourishes here.
• 1600 BC Past shift. The North Pole moves from Greenland to the Arctic Ocean to its current position. The Arctic Ice Sheet emerges, but the Greenland Ice Sheet remains at the same time. The last mammoths living in Siberia freeze very quickly with undigested green grass in their stomachs. Hyperborea is completely hidden under the modern Arctic ice sheet. Most of the Trans-Urals and Siberia become unsuitable for human existence, which is why the Aryans undertake their famous Exodus to India and Europe, and the Jews also make their exodus from Egypt.

“In the permafrost of Alaska ... one can find ... evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn apart and twisted as if some cosmic arms of the gods were acting in rage. In one place ... they found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still held the remnants of soft tissues adjacent to the spine along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous sheath of the tusks was not damaged. There were no traces of dismemberment of carcasses with a knife or other tool (as would be the case if hunters were involved in the dismemberment). The animals were simply torn apart and scattered around the area like woven straw, although some of them weighed several tons. Mixed with clusters of bones are trees, also torn, twisted and tangled; all this is covered with fine-grained quicksand, subsequently tightly frozen” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

Frozen mammoths

Northeastern Siberia, which was not covered by glaciers, holds another mystery. Its climate has changed dramatically since the end of the ice age, and the average annual temperature has fallen many degrees below its previous level. The animals that once lived in the area could no longer live here, and the plants that used to grow there were no longer able to grow here. Such a change must have happened quite suddenly. The reason for this event is not explained. During this catastrophic climate change and under mysterious circumstances, all Siberian mammoths perished. And it happened only 13 thousand years ago, when human race already widespread throughout the world. For comparison: Late Paleolithic rock paintings found in the caves of Southern France (Lascaux, Chauvet, Rouffignac, etc.) were made 17-13 thousand years ago.

Such an animal lived on earth - a mammoth. They reached a height of 5.5 meters and a body weight of 4-12 tons. Most mammoths died out about 11-12 thousand years ago during the last cooling of the Vistula Ice Age. This is what science tells us, and draws a picture like the one above. True, not very concerned about the question - what did these woolly elephants weighing 4-5 tons eat on such a landscape. “Of course, since it’s written in books like that”- Allen nod. Reading very selectively, and considering the given picture. About the fact that during the life of mammoths on the territory of the current tundra, birch grew (which is written in the same book, and other deciduous forests - that is, a completely different climate) - they somehow do not notice. The diet of mammoths was mainly vegetable, and adult males daily ate about 180 kg of food.

While the number of woolly mammoths was truly impressive. For example, between 1750 and 1917, the mammoth ivory trade flourished over a wide area, and 96,000 mammoth tusks were discovered. According to various estimates, about 5 million mammoths lived in a small part of northern Siberia.

Before their extinction, woolly mammoths inhabited vast parts of our planet. Their remains have been found throughout Northern Europe, Northern Asia and North America.

Woolly mammoths were not a new species. They have inhabited our planet for six million years.

A biased interpretation of the hairy and fatty constitution of the mammoth, as well as a belief in unchanging climatic conditions, led scientists to the conclusion that the woolly mammoth was an inhabitant of the cold regions of our planet. But fur-bearing animals do not have to live in cold climates. Take for example desert animals like camels, kangaroos and phoenixes. They are furry but live in hot or temperate climates. Actually most fur-bearing animals would not be able to survive in arctic conditions.

For successful cold adaptation, it is not enough just to have a coat. For adequate thermal insulation from the cold, the coat should be in an elevated state. Unlike Antarctic fur seals, mammoths lacked raised fur.

Another factor of sufficient protection against cold and humidity is the presence of sebaceous glands, which secrete oils on the skin and fur, and thus protect against moisture.

Mammoths did not have sebaceous glands, and their dry hair allowed the snow to touch the skin, melt, and significantly increase heat loss (the thermal conductivity of water is about 12 times higher than that of snow).

As seen in the photo above, mammoth fur was not dense. In comparison, the fur of a yak (a cold-adapted Himalayan mammal) is about 10 times thicker.

In addition, mammoths had hair that hung down to their toes. But every arctic animal has hair on its toes or paws, not hair. Hair would collect snow on the ankle joint and interfere with walking.

The above clearly shows that fur and body fat are not proof of cold adaptation. The fat layer only indicates the abundance of food. A fat, overfed dog would not have been able to withstand an arctic blizzard and a temperature of -60°C. But arctic rabbits or caribou can, despite their relatively low fat content relative to total body weight.

As a rule, the remains of mammoths are found with the remains of other animals, such as: tigers, antelopes, camels, horses, reindeer, giant beavers, giant bulls, sheep, musk oxen, donkeys, badgers, alpine goats, woolly rhinos, foxes, giant bison, lynx, leopard, wolverine, hares, lions, elks, giant wolves, gophers, cave hyenas, bears, and many bird species. Most of these animals would not be able to survive in the arctic climate. This is additional evidence that woolly mammoths were not polar animals.

The French prehistoric expert, Henry Neville, made the most detailed study of mammoth skin and hair. At the end of his careful analysis, he wrote the following:

"It is not possible for me to find in the anatomical study of their skin and [hair] any argument in favor of adaptation to cold."

— G. Neville, On the Extinction of the Mammoth, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1919, p. 332.

Finally, the diet of mammoths contradicts the diet of animals living in polar climates. How could a woolly mammoth maintain its vegetarian diet in an arctic region, and eat hundreds of pounds of greens every day when, in such a climate, most of the year there is none at all? How could woolly mammoths find liters of water for daily consumption?

To make matters worse, woolly mammoths lived during the Ice Age, when temperatures were cooler than they are today. Mammoths would not have been able to survive in the harsh climate of northern Siberia today, let alone 13,000 years ago, if the then climate had been much harsher.

The above facts indicate that the woolly mammoth was not a polar animal, but lived in a temperate climate. Consequently, at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, 13 thousand years ago, Siberia was not an arctic region, but a temperate one.

"A long time ago, however, they died"- the reindeer breeder agrees, cutting off a piece of meat from the found carcass in order to feed the dogs.

"Hard"- says a more vital geologist, chewing a piece of barbecue taken from a makeshift skewer.

Frozen mammoth meat initially looked absolutely fresh, dark red in color, with appetizing streaks of fat, and the expedition even wanted to try to eat it. But as it thawed, the meat became flabby, dark gray in color, with an unbearable smell of decomposition. However, the dogs happily ate the millennial ice cream delicacy, from time to time arranging internecine fights over the most tidbits.

One more moment. Mammoths are rightly called fossils. Because in our time they are simply dug. For the purpose of obtaining tusks for crafts.

It is estimated that for two and a half centuries in the north-east of Siberia, tusks belonging to at least forty-six thousand (!) Mammoths were collected (the average weight of a pair of tusks is close to eight pounds - about one hundred and thirty kilograms).

Mammoth tusks are DIGGING. That is, they are mined from underground. Somehow, the question does not even arise - why have we forgotten how to see the obvious? Did mammoths dig holes for themselves, lay down in them for winter hibernation, and then they fell asleep? But how did they end up underground? At a depth of 10 meters or more? Why are mammoth tusks dug from river banks? And, massively. So massively that a bill was submitted to the State Duma equating mammoths with minerals, as well as introducing a tax on their extraction.

But for some reason they are digging massively only here in the north. And now the question arises - what happened that whole mammoth cemeteries were formed here?

What caused such an almost instantaneous mass pestilence?

Over the past two centuries, numerous theories have been proposed that attempt to explain the sudden extinction of woolly mammoths. They got stuck in frozen rivers, were over-hunted, and fell into ice crevices at the height of global glaciation. But none of the theories adequately explains this mass extinction.

Let's try to think for ourselves.

Then the following logical chain should line up:

1. There were a lot of mammoths.
2. Since there were a lot of them, they should have had a good food base - not the tundra, where they are now found.
3. If it was not the tundra, the climate in those places was somewhat different, much warmer.
4. A slightly different climate OUTSIDE the Arctic Circle could only be if it was not TRANSArctic at that time.
5. Mammoth tusks, and whole mammoths themselves, are found underground. They somehow got there, some event occurred that covered them with a layer of soil.
6. Taking it as an axiom that mammoths themselves did not dig holes, only water could bring this soil, first surging, and then descending.
7. The layer of this soil is thick - meters, and even tens of meters. And the amount of water that applied such a layer must have been very large.
8. Mammoth carcasses are found in a very well-preserved condition. Immediately after washing the corpses with sand, their freezing followed, which was very fast.

They almost instantly froze on giant glaciers, the thickness of which was many hundreds of meters, to which they were carried by a tidal wave caused by a change in the angle of the earth's axis. This gave rise to the unjustified assumption among scientists that the animals of the middle belt went deep into the North in search of food. All remains of mammoths were found in sands and clays deposited by mud flows.

Such powerful mudflows are possible only during extraordinary major disasters, because at that time dozens, and possibly hundreds and thousands of animal cemeteries were formed throughout the North, in which not only the inhabitants of the northern regions, but also animals from regions with a temperate climate were washed away. And this allows us to believe that these giant animal cemeteries were formed by a tidal wave of incredible power and size, which literally rolled over the continents and retreating back into the ocean, carried away thousands of herds of large and small animals with it. And the most powerful mudflow “tongue”, containing giant accumulations of animals, reached the New Siberian Islands, which were literally covered with loess and countless bones of various animals.

A giant tidal wave washed away gigantic herds of animals from the face of the Earth. These huge herds of drowned animals, lingering in natural barriers, terrain folds and floodplains, formed countless animal cemeteries, in which animals of various climatic zones appeared to be mixed.

Scattered bones and molars of mammoths are often found in sediments and sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the oceans.

The most famous, but far from the most large cemetery mammoths in Russia, the Berelekh burial is considered. Here is how N.K. describes the mammoth cemetery in Berelekh. Vereshchagin: “Yar is crowned with a melting edge of ice and mounds ... A kilometer later, an extensive scattering of huge gray bones appeared - long, flat, short. They protrude from the dark damp ground in the middle of the slope of the ravine. Sliding down to the water along a slightly turfed slope, the bones formed a spit-toe protecting the shore from erosion. There are thousands of them, the scattering stretches along the coast for about two hundred meters and goes into the water. The opposite, right bank is only eighty meters away, low, alluvial, behind it is an impenetrable willow growth ... everyone is silent, depressed by what they saw ".In the area of ​​the Berelekh cemetery there is a thick layer of clay-ash loess. Signs of an extremely large floodplain sediment are clearly traced. In this place, a huge mass of fragments of branches, roots, bone remains of animals has accumulated. The animal cemetery was washed away by the river, which, twelve millennia later, returned to its former course. Scientists who studied the Berelekh cemetery found among the remains of mammoths a large number of bones of other animals, herbivores and predators, which under normal conditions are never found in huge clusters together: foxes, hares, deer, wolves, wolverines and other animals.

The theory of repeated catastrophes that destroy life on our planet and repeat the creation or restoration of life forms, proposed by Deluc and developed by Cuvier, did not convince the scientific world. Both Lamarck before Cuvier and Darwin after him believed that a progressive, slow, evolutionary process governs genetics and that there are no catastrophes that interrupt this process of infinitesimal changes. According to the theory of evolution, these minor changes are the result of adaptation to the conditions of life in the struggle of species for survival.

Darwin admitted that he was unable to explain the disappearance of the mammoth, an animal much better developed than the elephant, which survived. But in accordance with the theory of evolution, his followers believed that the gradual subsidence of the soil forced the mammoths to climb the hills, and they turned out to be swamps closed on all sides. However, if geological processes are slow, mammoths would not be trapped on isolated hills. Besides, this theory cannot be true, because the animals did not die of starvation. Undigested grass was found in their stomachs and between their teeth. This, by the way, also proves that they died suddenly. Further research showed that the branches and leaves found in their stomachs do not grow in the areas where the animals died, but further south, at a distance of more than a thousand miles. It seems that the climate has changed radically since the death of the mammoths. And since the bodies of the animals were found undecayed, but well preserved in ice blocks, a change in temperature must have followed immediately after their death.

Documentary

Risking their lives and being in great danger, scientists in Siberia are looking for a single frozen mammoth cell. With the help of which it will be possible to clone and thereby bring back to life a long-extinct animal species.

It remains to be added that after storms in the Arctic, mammoth tusks are carried to the shores of the Arctic islands. This proves that the part of the land where the mammoths lived and drowned was heavily flooded.

For some reason, modern scientists do not take into account the facts of the presence of a geotectonic catastrophe in the recent past of the Earth. It is in the recent past.
Although for them it is already an indisputable fact of the catastrophe from which the dinosaurs died. But they attribute this event to the times of 60-65 million years ago.
There are no versions that would combine the temporary facts of the death of dinosaurs and mammoths - at the same time. Mammoths lived in temperate latitudes, dinosaurs - in the southern regions, but died at the same time.
But no, no attention is paid to the geographic attachment of animals of different climatic zones, but there is still a temporary separation.
The facts of the sudden death of a huge number of mammoths in different parts of the world have already accumulated a lot. But here the scientists again stray from the obvious conclusions.
Not only did the representatives of science age all the mammoths by 40 thousand years, but they also invent versions of the natural processes in which these giants died.

American, French and Russian scientists have performed the first CT scans of Luba and Khroma, the youngest and best preserved mammoths.

Computed tomography (CT) slices were presented in the new issue of the Journal of Paleontology, and a summary of the results of the work can be found on the website of the University of Michigan.

Reindeer herders found Lyuba in 2007, on the banks of the Yuribey River on the Yamal Peninsula. Her corpse reached the scientists with almost no damage (only the tail was bitten off by dogs).

Chrome (this is a "boy") was discovered in 2008 on the banks of the river of the same name in Yakutia - crows and arctic foxes ate his trunk and part of his neck. Mammoths have well-preserved soft tissues (muscles, fat, internal organs, skin). Chroma was even found to have clotted blood in intact vessels and undigested milk in her stomach. The chroma was scanned in a French hospital. And at the University of Michigan, scientists took CT scans of animal teeth.

Thanks to this, it turned out that Lyuba died at the age of 30-35 days, and Khroma - 52-57 days (both mammoths were born in the spring).

Both mammoths died, choking on silt. CT scans showed a dense mass of fine-grained deposits obstructing the airways in the trunk.

The same deposits are present in Lyuba's throat and bronchi - but not inside the lungs: this suggests that Lyuba did not drown in water (as was previously believed), but suffocated, inhaling liquid mud. Chroma had a broken spine and also had dirt in his airways.

So, scientists once again confirmed our version of a global mudflow that covered the current north of Siberia and destroyed everything living there, covering a vast territory with “fine-grained sediments that clogged the respiratory tract.”

After all, such finds are observed over a vast territory and it is absurd to assume that all the mammoths found at the same time and massively began to fall into rivers and swamps.

Plus, mammoths have typical injuries for those caught in a stormy mudflow - fractures of bones and spine.

Scientists have found a very interesting detail - the death occurred either in late spring or summer. After birth in the spring, mammoths lived until death for 30-50 days. That is, the time of the change of poles was probably in the summer.

Or here's another example:

A team of Russian and American paleontologists is studying a bison that has lain in permafrost in northeastern Yakutia for about 9,300 years.

The bison, found on the shores of Lake Chukchala, is unique in that it is the first representative of this species of bovids, found at such a venerable age in complete safety - with all parts of the body and internal organs.

He was found in a recumbent position with his legs bent under his belly, his neck outstretched, and his head lying on the ground. Usually in this position, ungulates rest or sleep, but in it they die a natural death.

The age of the body, determined using radiocarbon analysis, is 9310 years, that is, the bison lived in the early Holocene. Scientists also determined that his age before his death was about four years. The bison managed to grow up to 170 cm at the withers, the span of the horns reached an impressive 71 cm, and the weight was about 500 kg.

Researchers have already scanned the animal's brain, but the cause of his death is still a mystery. No injuries were found on the corpse, as well as no pathologies of internal organs and dangerous bacteria.