Not so long ago, at a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in Wales, a report was presented that the Earth is in danger of a small glacial period Or, in other words, global cooling. According to the chronicles, this phenomenon took place between middle of the XVII and the second quarter of the 18th century. Eyewitnesses spoke about frozen water in the Thames, in the Danube, about the long and not single glaciation of the Moskva River during the year.
However, such a situation seemed absurd to the majority of the world scientific community. Many researchers consider the drop in temperatures then, three hundred years ago, just an isolated case, thinking about global warming. However, the theory has not received a complete refutation, so it deserves both attention and consideration.
The theory of global cooling assumes a gradual process of cooling the surface of the planet, as a result of which the covering of vast surfaces with snow. Its snow-white layer will reflect the light of the sun, which will lead to a decrease in temperatures on the earth. The phenomenon of cooling in the 17th century was studied by the British Maunder. He associated it with a certain degree of sunspot activity. Now this phenomenon is called the Maunder minimum.
Today, research confirms that sunspot activity is a cyclical phenomenon. And, since our luminary affects many aspects of life on earth, climate change is no exception.
Cooling in the global sense: what awaits us?
By the middle of the 21st century, the axis along which the Earth rotates around its star will shift somewhat, and temperatures will begin to drop, as some scientists say. In the equatorial zone, this will not be so noticeable, but closer to the poles, climate change will become significant. In general, the temperature will drop by several degrees. But this will lead to significant consequences:
- rivers that did not freeze in winter will freeze, colder ones will be covered with ice for a long time;
- the zone of agriculture will shift to the south;
- flora and fauna will change;
- it will be difficult to extract oil and natural gas;
- the movement of ice in the ocean will become more intense, which will hinder navigation.
Researchers who adhere to this theory believe that it is important to start thinking about the cold period now, before the warming is over. When the climate changes, it will be too late to do many things, and preparation will lose its meaning. However, such actions should be taken at the state level, in agreement with other countries and world organizations.
Ice ages in the history of our planet
Geological studies have led to the conclusion that global cooling and climate change have overtaken the inhabitants of the Earth for about fifteen times. The average temperature of the waters of the World Ocean dropped so much that a significant part of it was covered with ice, and even in tropical waters the cold was felt.
Most scientists are now sounding the alarm about rising temperatures and melting glaciers that are happening everywhere. The reason for this is man-made human activities that affect climate change. However, there is a fairly authoritative opinion, according to which both warming and cooling can occur simultaneously.
And yet, before talking about the likelihood of such a phenomenon as global cooling, it is worth identifying a process that is obvious, occurs constantly and leads to serious consequences - this is global warming.
What is global warming?
Due to the technical activity of man, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. By itself, it does not increase the temperature, and if it does, it is very insignificant. However, it contributes to an increase in the moisture content in the air. And, since more than 70% of our planet is covered with water, there is much more of it than before. Mixing with carbon dioxide, it helps form the so-called greenhouse gas, which, in turn, raises the temperature on the earth.
The result of this phenomenon is an increase in the level of the World Ocean and the melting of glaciers. And although the average temperature rises by about half a degree in fifty years, this is a significant indicator.
What human activity is causing climate change?
- The work of industrial enterprises that absorb oxygen. Put treatment facilities expensive and unprofitable, therefore, in many countries, especially developing ones, these measures are neglected.
- Cars whose exhaust gases not only poison the air and adversely affect health, but also actively emit carbon dioxide.
- Reducing the area of forests. The growth of mankind and the constant need for wood require cutting down massifs. No plantings can block the stream on which this case is set. And the fewer trees on the planet, the less they can process carbon dioxide.
How are warming and cooling related?
Such a global phenomenon as climate depends on a huge number of factors. In particular, one cannot say that an increase in the mass of carbon dioxide and moisture in the atmosphere generally only increases the air temperature. Accumulations of raindrops, clouds, on the contrary, protect the earth from solar radiation, from ultraviolet rays, lowering the temperature. Everyone feels a certain coolness when the sun is obscured by clouds.
We can say that cooling in the global sense is a natural process that is cyclical and takes place with a certain periodicity. For example, the Japanese Mototaka Nakamura, studying the temperature changes in the Greenland Sea, came to the conclusion that the 70-year period of water warming in the North Atlantic is now coming to an end. It will be replaced, respectively, by a cold snap.
Global warming is basically a process caused by human activities that do not protect their planet. Therefore, with a decrease in temperature - a natural cyclic process - it correlates. Another thing is that such global climate changes will provoke unfavorable weather conditions, an increase in the amount of precipitation and, perhaps, natural disasters.
How to fight for a favorable climate?
To reduce the risk of various disasters, diseases and death of plants and animals, to keep the water and air on the planet clean and the climate favorable, it is worth fighting the warming caused by man-made causes. Today, the UN and governments of many countries are discussing the issue of cleansing environment, saving oxygen for all inhabitants of the earth. A number of measures are being developed that are relevant to this problem. However, their practical implementation is extremely slow for political and economic reasons. Many countries, pursuing a certain benefit, deliberately evade the implementation of measures aimed at improving the environmental situation. Today, in particular:
- It is necessary to introduce strict restrictions on the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by various types of power plants. This should concern both old structures (the development and implementation of cleaning technologies is needed) and facilities under construction.
- We need to use more solar and wind energy. Of course, this possibility is not available in all regions, but even a small reduction in harmful emissions will be beneficial to the entire Earth and those who live on it.
- It would seem that global warming, global climate change are problems that cannot be solved locally. But if most people consciously switch to sustainable modes of transport, such as bicycles, the air will become cleaner and the weather better. Therefore, in many developed countries, movement in this way is actively encouraged: both for health and for nature, it is infinitely useful.
- Plants and factories should, along with the main mechanisms, introduce special treatment facilities. After all, it is their share great amount harmful emissions that adversely affect the state of the earth, water, air, climate in general, that it is simply necessary to think about it.
Global warming and lowering of temperatures are slow processes and, at first glance, not so noticeable. But, if you do not think about them in time, you can become witnesses of such global change climate on the entire planet, which will affect the life of every person. The responsibility of each of us, of all states without exception, for a common home is the recipe for a prosperous life on Earth.
Professor of the Department of World Economy V.A.Gorbanev - about the situation around climate change.
The Paris Agreement is based on the well-known alarmist reports of the International Panel on Climate Change, which draws an unambiguous conclusion about global warming, and anthropogenic activities and, above all, energy are to blame for this warming.
Most Russian scientists do not share such a one-sided approach. Indeed, many prominent scientists in Russia, but especially abroad, support this point of view, relying on mathematical models. However, there are also many scientists who do not support this point of view, but their opinion is not heard or does not want to hear.
First, let's talk about the causes of climate change. If you look at the course of changes in atmospheric temperature, starting from the Precambrian era, then periods of cooling and warming are clearly traced. It is difficult to explain the reason for such fluctuations. According to Russian scientists, the most likely cause is the variability of the climate system.
The influence of external factors is unlikely. For example, the influence greenhouse gases could not be significant, because their concentration remained fairly stable, and fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration did not coincide with temperature fluctuations. During the interglacial period (110-140 thousand years ago), the average temperature near the Earth's surface was 2°C higher than the present day, and the concentration of carbon dioxide is much lower, so the discrepancy between the modern relatively low temperature and the very high level of carbon dioxide concentration is quite obvious.
At the same time, the internal variability of the climate system may well have caused significant temperature fluctuations. In particular, a change in the regime of the ice sheet, which can either desalinate or, conversely, increase salinity sea waters, directly affects the change in the density of water masses. As a result, the geography and intensity of the global water circulation in the World Ocean is changing, which in turn has a powerful effect on the circulation and thermal regime of the atmosphere. A similar effect is exerted by energy-active zones in the World Ocean, which were studied by G.I. Marchuk. According to Murmansk experts, in recent years, the ice cover around Kola Peninsula, i.e. cooling is observed. It is known that there is a cooling in Antarctica. Those. climate change is happening, but
in which direction, while it is difficult to understand.
Now regarding the role of man in this change. Professor G.M. Kruchenitsky in his report “On the fundamental scientific failure of the concept of anthropogenic global warming” spoke very simply: “Anthropogenic global warming is not an erroneous hypothesis. This is banter!” The author emphasizes that climate models have three classes of difficulties, each of which would be enough to permanently close all so-called "climate modeling". All models use the Navier-Stokes equation in a rotating coordinate system. This equation, designed to describe the flow of a liquid, includes the phenomenon of turbulence when the Reynolds number is exceeded. And if there is turbulence, then there is no single solution. And if there is no single solution, then numerical methods cannot be applied. But only they are used in climate modeling.
This reason for the wave is sufficient for the question of the reliability of model predictions of climate not to be discussed.
Almost 20 years ago, the Russian scientist-geographer Corr. RAS Andrey Kapitsa said that global warming does not exist, it is a myth. On the contrary, since 1975 there has been a slow cooling. Another myth the scientist called the influence of man and his activities on climate change. The climate on our planet is changing regardless of our desire or unwillingness. Moreover, carbon dioxide emissions, which are considered the main cause of the "greenhouse effect", are precisely the result of natural natural warming, which has now been replaced by an equally natural cycle of "cooling" of the planet. This happens, approximately, according to the following scheme: the climate changes cyclically from ice ages to warming, but at the same time, when the World Ocean, the main repository of carbon dioxide, warms up even by half a degree, a powerful emission into the atmosphere occurs. When the temperature changes towards minus, the concentration of carbon dioxide begins to decrease. In addition, its content is also affected by the activity of volcanoes and forest fires. But not industrial human activity, concludes Kapitsa.
Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences come to the final conclusion: the opinion of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, expressed at the request of the President of Russia, about the complete absence scientific justification anthropogenic origin of the observed climate changes, is convincingly confirmed at the level of elementary estimates!
This is about science. Now a few words about the Paris Agreement.
At the opening of the talks in Paris, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that “regardless of the outcome of the international climate conference, and even if it fails, Russia will still reduce harmful emissions by 2030 to 70% of the 1990 base level.
The Minister of Ecology of Russia noted that Russia is in the top four in terms of emissions, but it is far behind China, the United States, and India, which are the main "pollutants" of the planet. At the same time, as noted, we have not ratified the Agreement. We are going to do this in 2019. However, the business community urged Vladimir Putin not to approve the document. The RSPP said that the implementation of the provisions would have a negative impact on economic growth. The head of the Union, Alexander Shokhin, noted that Russia had already exceeded its obligation to bring emissions into the atmosphere below the level of 1990. The volume of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia decreased by 30% compared to 1990. And if we take into account the natural absorption capacity of Russian forests, then we can talk about a decrease in emissions over a quarter of a century by almost 46%.
The United States, as you know, withdrew from the Agreement. It, according to Trump, is beneficial to other countries, but not to the United States, since it imposes a "draconian financial and economic burden" on the country. The fulfillment of US obligations will lead to the loss of 2.7 million jobs by 2025, including 440 thousand jobs in industry. We, as I just said, have already fulfilled the terms of the Agreement. Therefore, Russia does not face such problems now. But we need to look ahead: now they are not, but in the future, when the economy grows at a faster pace, such problems will certainly arise.
Therefore, in conclusion, I would like to emphasize that from both scientific and practical points of view, the provisions of the Paris Agreement do not look convincing enough, and, in our opinion, we need to wait for its ratification. First of all, it is necessary to direct the efforts of scientists to solve the problem: at the moment, warming or cooling is coming, and what is the role of man in this process. When these problems are resolved by the international scientific community in the form of consensus, then it will be possible to create appropriate adequate international mechanisms and make the necessary decisions.
I often read news about weather and climate in different regions of the world, and what strikes me the most is the inconsistency with which various blogs and websites report on so-called "global warming". On the same site, articles can be published on the same day about snow that "fell too early" or "in places where it has not been observed before", about new records of freezing temperatures, etc., and at the same time articles about "accelerating global warming", about "new sources of anthropogenic global warming", etc. Not a word about how these events are connected. One gets the impression that the editors are simply mindlessly reprinting or translating articles. All this reminds me a little of the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance, but the article is not about that ...
Let's take a look at what's really going on.
Take, for example, the following article published on Gismeteo. The article is titled as The choice of anesthetic gas is significant for climate change and it states the following:That is, here the mafia of global "warmers" has already gone so far that even sources that emit about several thousand tons of CO2 are taken into accountannually. Does it even make sense to talk about such minimal sources? After all, even Wikipedia claims that "modern volcanism on average leads to the release2 10 8 tons of CO 2 in year...", but at the same time adds: "... which is less than 1% of anthropogenic emissions. " Okay, butwhat is the share of anthropogenic emissions in the total volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Human activities account for only 5% of CO emissions 2 to the atmosphere and the proportion of CO 2 in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is only 3%. 5% of 3% means thatto the share of anthropogenic CO 2 accounts for only 0.15% of the "greenhouse effect". For comparison, the proportion of water vapor, which itself has natural origin account for a staggering 95% of the greenhouse effect.
That is, the effect of anthropogenic emissions is strong and intentional ( for political and financial purposes ) is exaggerated. And if, as proponents of anthropogenic global warming claim, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of Earth's recent warming, how could that explain why other planets in our solar system are also warming? Over the past 50 years, global warming has been observed on Mars, Neptune and Pluto . Just a coincidence?
Official science also "forgets" that such increases in average temperature took place both in the distant past (this is evidenced by analyzes of ice cores) and recently :
It is also not mentioned that increasing the concentrationcarbon dioxide does not precede warming, but followsbehind him. Here is what Professor Kapitsa says about this: And here is what Ian Clarke, a professor at the University of Ottawa, has to say aboutreverse connections between temperature and carbon dioxide content:Official science also forgets about recent scandals, when NASA and NOAA were repeatedlyconvicted of manipulating temperature data:- The Global Warming Myth: How Meteorologists Distort the Data
- NASA is manipulating temperature data again: now the temperature of the ocean water is taken into account when calculating the average global air temperature!
- Scientists: NASA and NOAA manipulate statistics, claiming new temperature records
- Just tweak your data and the global warming theory starts working!
- NOAA says: July 2015 was the warmest on record. But is it really so?
- Obama's trip to Alaska as part of his disinformation campaign to promote the myth of global warming. Why does he not notice the growing glaciers?
Our Sun has been dormant for several years now. This is evidenced by extremely low stain count . The growth in the number of "spotless" days has become skyrocket in recent years. As of November 7, 2017:
According to the Electric Universe theory, reduced solar activity slows down the axial rotation of the earth . This creates the effect of a literal “opening up” of the planet, which, in turn, can cause some earth effects , the frequency of which began to increase in recent times. Among them, the formation of new islands, new geysers, sinkholes or sinkholes, faults, hydrothermal vents, landslides, etc. This process is well illustrated in the figure below:Sott.net
Proposed mechanism by which a decrease in solar activity can increase seismic and volcanic activity
That is, it is very likely that the melting of some regions of the Arctic and the Siberian tundra is associated with the release and combustion of underground methane. Also related to this is the phenomenon sinkholes , the number of which has grown rapidly in recent years.Before 2010, sinkholes were a relatively rare phenomenon. Since 2016, new sinkholes appear practically every day.
Thus, if we take a sober look at the available data, we can confidently state that, in general,we are on the verge of a new ice age,and considering that
). He predicts that global warming, which will come in less than 50 years, will lead to terrible cataclysms: earthquakes, tsunamis and a new ice age. It turns out that Zharvin scientific world not alone. Laboratory manager space research Main (Pulkovo) Observatory Russian Academy Sci. Khabibullo ABDUSAMATOV is sure: it will start getting colder in five years! The St. Petersburg astronomer explains the causes of climate change in his own way.
The sun is shining, but it does not warm
Khabibullo Abdusamatov believes that the Sun is to blame for everything - both in global warming and in the coming cooling. He discovered that throughout the 20th century, our star shone brighter and brighter, which is why the average temperature on Earth rose by 0.6 degrees per 100 years (these data are considered evidence of global warming). And in the early 90s, the Sun stopped baking so zealously.
We did not feel this because we continue to bask on the remnants of the heat that the planet has accumulated. But stocks don't last forever. It will take a few years, and the temperature will begin to fall, - explains the scientist. - The ocean accumulates heat in the first place, and it also determines the climate on the planet. And oceanologists say that since 2003 there has been a cooling upper layers ocean.
Abdusamatov spoke about his theory at the symposium of the International Astronomical Union and at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Russian Academy of Sciences. There were no serious objections.
Greenhouse effect - fiction
But what about the greenhouse effect, which seems to be to blame for global warming? An astronomer from St. Petersburg is sure: man has nothing to do with it at all, and there is no greenhouse effect in nature!
The scheme of this effect is familiar to every summer resident, - explains Khabibullo. - Greenhouse glass transmits the sun's rays, but infrared radiation and carbon dioxide from the ground does not let back. Due to this, the temperature in the room rises.
But in the atmosphere this "glass" simply does not exist! This was proved by scientists from the Pulkovo Observatory. Carbon dioxide travels quietly through the air layers and does not think to accumulate under the skies. Abdusamatov refers to the research of polar explorers. They drilled four kilometers of ice near the Vostok station in Antarctica and Greenland and took samples of rocks that are several hundred thousand years old. In both cases, it turned out that the amount of carbon dioxide increased before, and the temperature on Earth changed regularly. But the accumulation of gas did not precede, but, on the contrary, was a consequence of warming.
This means that warming has nothing to do with the greenhouse effect! - says Khabibullo.
The scientific community reacted painfully to this statement by Abdusamatov. After all, 168 countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol, which states: the greenhouse effect must be combated, emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere must be reduced. Hundreds of billions of dollars are spent to fight the scourge, dozens of scientists defend dissertations.
Let's start freezing in 2012
Abdusamatov established that the Sun shines stronger or weaker, obeying strict cycles: 11 years and centuries. And it won't be long before it gets colder. The secular cycle of the small glow of the Sun will begin in 2012. The temperature on the planet will begin to decrease and by 2050 will reach a minimum. On average, it will become 1.2 - 1.3 degrees colder than now. Trifle? But after all, global warming is measured by even smaller figures - 0.6 degrees per hundred years! Khabibullo cites as an example the cold season of 1645-1715. In the new ice age, humanity will have to freeze in the same way.
Then the Seine and the Thames were covered with ice, all the canals of Holland froze, - Abdusamatov scares (for comparison: this January it was about +10 degrees in Paris, and in London, and in Amsterdam - what kind of ice is there! - Ed.). - On the thick crust of the icy Dnieper and Moskva rivers, our ancestors organized fairs. Abnormal cold frightened the Vikings who conquered Greenland. Seeing that glaciers were advancing on the previously green island, they decided to get out.
In Russia, the lack of sunlight will become noticeable in 15 years, winters will become longer and colder. And by 2050, deep snow will cover the north of the country. The white snow will reflect sunlight, and this will cause even more cooling.
Why does the sun shine unevenly? So far, there is no consensus. In the depths of the stars rage thermonuclear reactions, most likely, the inconstancy of the star is connected with them. When the temperature in the solar core rises, the pressure rises - the Sun "inflates" and the Earth gets more light and heat from it. It is more convenient to study the details from space. Employees of the Pulkovo Observatory have developed special equipment, and the cosmonauts promised that in 2008 they would capture it on the ISS in order to measure changes in the shape and diameter of the Sun as part of the Astrometry project. These data will help to more accurately predict the timing and strength of global cooling.
BY THE WAY
One of Khabibullo Abdusamatov's arguments is that it periodically gets warmer and colder on Mars. And exactly at the same time as on Earth! These are the results of recent NASA research. But there are no Martians on the Red Planet, much less factories, cars and other sources of greenhouse gases. This means that the climate of both us and our neighbors is influenced exclusively by the Sun and its “mood” changes.
AND AT THIS TIME
In the Australian town of Dubbo (it is located in the state of New South Wales), the cold snap has been going on for a hundred years! While the whole world is talking about global warming, there throughout the 20th century the daytime air temperature has been steadily dropping. Summers there are now much cooler than they were in the early 1900s, and winter frosts are cracking more and more often! These paradoxical data are presented by Mark Howden, an employee of the Australian research organization CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization). The melting of the ice sheet that covered much of North America, became main reason a sharp cooling that began about 12.8 thousand years ago, British and Canadian scientists write in an article published on Thursday in the journal Nature.
2. During the period of severe cooling of the climate, which lasted about one and a half thousand years, in some regions the temperature was 15 degrees lower than the current one, and the transition from a warmer climate occurred in just a decade.
A study conducted by Julian Murton of the University of Sussex and his colleagues made it possible to prove the hypothesis that the cause of dramatic climate change was the melting of a giant glacier that occupied the eastern part of modern Canada, and then the outburst of the periglacial Lake Agassiz and the ingress of huge volumes of fresh water into north Atlantic.
Colder and lighter fresh water has formed a "screen" on the surface of the ocean, cooling the surface air, resulting in much more drift ice, and the Gulf Stream a warm current that determines the climate of almost everything. northern hemisphere- turned out to be "chopped off" and stopped reaching northern latitudes.
The authors of the work recall that the hypothesis about the fatal role of Lake Agassiz in the onset of cooling was published in Nature back in 1989 by a group of scientists led by Wallace Broecker. However, there was no definitive evidence for this connection.
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| Glacier. |
Merton's group found the last missing link in this chain - traces of powerful water flows leading from the glacial lake to the ocean. They studied sediments in the Mackenzie Delta region and found signs of severe erosion that could only be explained by the overflow and outburst of an ancient glacial lake.
3.The problem of climate shifts taking place on our planet has acquired unprecedented relevance in recent years. Literally everyone, from an academician to a housewife, is not averse to speculating about global warming today. The media are happy to replicate the frightening predictions of experts who cannot reach an agreement among themselves on exactly what the "greenhouse effect" threatens humanity with - flood or a terrible drought. Meanwhile, according to Russian scientists, in the coming decades, a completely different misfortune awaits us, and global warming will be replaced by global cooling during our lifetime, and there, you see, not far from a new ice age.
According to experts of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pulkovo), the period of low temperatures will be replaced by warming only at the beginning of the 22nd century. Scientists base their conclusions on data from observations of eleven-year and centenary fluctuations in solar activity. The researchers claim that in the 20th century, the Sun increased the amount of radiated energy, and now the flux has reached a maximum, but soon a decline in solar activity will begin. After that, a decrease in the average annual temperature of the Earth's surface should be expected.
"Based on our research, we have developed a scenario for global cooling of the Earth's climate by the middle of this century and the onset of the next 200-year cycle of global climate warming at the beginning of the 22nd century," said Khabibullo Abdusamatov, head of the space research sector at the Pulkovo Observatory, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, speaking at a joint conference of scientists and environmental activists in London.
According to the researcher, the cooling will begin in 2012-2015, and its peak will be in 2055-2060. By this time, the temperature may drop to the level of the so-called Maunder minimum, which took place at the end of the 17th century. Then in Holland all canals froze, and in Greenland, due to the advance of glaciers, people were forced to leave many settlements.
As Abdusamatov said, new confirmations of this hypothesis came to him and his colleagues from foreign researchers. "The other day by e-mail I received a very important letter. Western colleagues reported that in 2003-2005. some cooling of the upper layers of the World Ocean was observed, which is fully consistent with the results of our research," the scientist said.
The consequences of future climate change can be very serious, says Khabibullo Abdusamatov. In his opinion, the governments of the world powers should prepare in advance for the cold weather.utro.ru. news
http://www.scilib.netAt the very end of spring, a terrible natural disaster struck Moscow, which the inhabitants of the capital are unlikely to forget in the next few decades.
On May 29, squally winds knocked down several thousand trees and caused the death of eleven people.
Photo: instagram.com / allexicher
The hurricane damaged 140 apartment buildings and 1,500 cars.
Photo: twitter.com
As it turned out later, when everyone came to their senses a little, the May rampage of bad weather became the most cruel and destructive natural disaster in Moscow for more than a hundred recent years- only the tornado of 1904 was worse.
Before the Russians had time to recover from the Moscow storm, the hurricane hit a number of other regions of the country. Just a week later, on June 6 in: due to heavy rain, they overflowed the banks of the river, flooded the streets and destroyed roads and bridges. At the same time, a large hail fell in the Trans-Baikal Territory, and in the Komi Republic, melt water and heavy rain simply washed away the roads from the face of the region.
Photo: twitter.com
The worst thing is that weather forecasters promise that this is only the beginning of disasters. Hurricanes, according to forecasts, are approaching all of Central Russia. At the beginning of summer, on June 2, St. Petersburg residents, already accustomed to bad weather, suffered another stress: in the afternoon the temperature dropped to 4 degrees, and hail fell from the sky. Such cold weather in the northern capital was in last time only in 1930. And then, suddenly, after such an "extreme" the thermometer jumped in St. Petersburg right up to +20.
Photo: flickr.com
While the Russians are trying to hide from the ice hail, the Japanese are dying from the wild heat. According to Japanese media reports, over the past week, more than a thousand Japanese citizens ended up in the hospital with the same diagnosis - heatstroke. It has been hot in the Land of the Rising Sun for several weeks now: thermometers show well over 40 degrees. After such an "inferno", employees of the fire service of Japan tell reporters, seventeen people will remain in the hospital for long-term treatment.
« The earth will fly into the heavenly axis! »
So what is really going on in the world? Global warming or cooling? Or is it just the agony of a mad planet that cannot get rid of the “plague” of humanity? AT recent decades was the most widespread theory of global warming. It seems to be unconditionally confirmed by the fact that glaciers are melting at a tremendous speed in the world. They are even called the “litmus test” of climate change: after all, we do not notice small fluctuations in the average annual temperature, but the volume of melted ice caps can be easily measured and even simply seen with the naked eye.
According to the forecasts of supporters of the theory of global warming, in the next 80 years, 90% of the glaciers in the European Alps may disappear. In addition, due to the melting of the Arctic ice, the level of the world's seas may also rise significantly. And this is fraught with flooding of some countries and serious climate change on the planet.
Photo: flickr.com
Researchers see the cause of global warming in human activities. They point out that carbon dioxide, methane and other by-products of human agricultural and industrial activities create a greenhouse effect, due to which the temperature on the planet rises, and ice flows into the ocean in streams.
"The winter is coming!"
At the same time, now there are more and more supporters of the theory of global cooling. The fact that we are waiting for the cold in the near future, and not excessive anthropogenic heat, is proved by scientists from the British University of Northumbria.
Global cooling, according to their version, will come as a result of the influence of external rather than internal factors on the Earth's climate. The reason will be a decrease in the activity of our luminary - the Sun. British scientists, using mathematical calculations, modeled the processes occurring on the Sun and made a forecast for the coming years.
Photo: flickr.com
According to the predictions of scientists, in 2022 a serious drop in temperature awaits us. At this time, the Earth will move away from its star to the maximum distance, which will lead to a cooling. In five years, Northumbria University scientists say, our planet will enter the Maunder Minimum, and earthlings will have to stock up on down jackets and heaters in full.
The last time the decline in temperature of such a level as predicted by British researchers was observed in Europe in the 17th century. The most interesting thing is that this theory does not at all contradict the latest observations of meteorologists: its supporters attribute the general increase in temperature and the melting of glaciers to the fact that earlier the Earth was at a minimum distance from the Sun.
Photo: flickr.com
The fact that humanity does not have such a big impact on the global climate is also very appealing to the controversial new US leader Donald Trump. In early summer, he announced his country's withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement. This agreement imposes restrictions on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by them into the atmosphere on the signatory countries. Trump said that this agreement is holding back the growth of industry in the States, and this, in turn, is taking away jobs from the people. But if the British scientists are right, then the US leader has nothing to worry about - the "Maunder minimum" can level the damage that the policy of the industrial magnate can cause to the planet.
When the planet is torn apart
Interestingly, the battle between global warming and global cooling can easily end in an equally global draw. There is a theory according to which periods of excessive heat are replaced by phases of cold in waves. This idea is promoted by the Russian scientist, head of the department of the Siberian Regional Research Hydrometeorological Institute Nikolai Zavalishin.
According to the meteorologist, short periods of global increase and decrease in temperature have happened before. In general, they are cyclical. As the scientist noted, each such cycle includes one decade of rapid global warming, followed by 40 to 50 years of cooling.
Photo: flickr.com
Studies conducted by a Siberian meteorologist show that the past two years - 2015 and 2016 - were the warmest in the history of meteorological observations. In the next five to six years, warming should continue, the scientist believes. The average air temperature, as a result, will increase by 1.1 degrees.
But soon, says Nikolai Zavalishin, the warming should end. Here the Siberian is in solidarity with the British: a phase of global cooling is coming. So, according to the Siberian theory, we still have an endless winter ahead of us.
Global warming is a myth
While most scientists blame humanity for climate change, a researcher from Siberian Institute believes that human activity does not bother the planet too much. Cycles of moderate warming and cooling, according to this version, replace each other regardless of human activity, the growth of agriculture and the scope of industry. At the same time, fluctuations in the average temperature on the planet are closely related to the earth's albedo - the reflectivity of our planet.
Photo: flickr.com
The fact is that we get all the energy, in fact, from one main source - from the Sun. However, part of this energy is reflected from the earth's surface and goes into space irrevocably. The other part is absorbed and provides all life on Earth with a happy and productive life.
But different earth's surfaces absorb and reflect light in different ways. Pure snow is able to kick back into space up to 95% of solar radiation, but fat black earth absorbs the same amount.
The more snow and glaciers on the planet, the more sunlight is reflected. Now the glaciers on Earth are in a phase of active melting. However, according to Zavalishin's theory, there is no need to worry about them - when a half-century period of cooling sets in, the balance will be restored.
Who among the scientists is still worth believing? There are quite a few versions of the development of events. Some researchers even promise that in thirty years, in 2047, humanity is waiting for an apocalypse, the cause of which will be unprecedented activity of the Sun. So far, we have only one way to verify this statement - personally live and see.
Margarita Zvyagintseva
