Which scientist discovered hydrogen. What is hydrogen? The participation of hydrogen in a thermonuclear reaction

History of the discovery of hydrogen

Many researchers have experimented with acids. It has been observed that when acids act on some metals, gas bubbles are released. The resulting gas was highly flammable and was called "combustible air".

The properties of this gas were studied in detail by the English scientist G. Cavendish in 1766. He placed metals in solutions of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids and in all cases received the same light gaseous substance, which was later called hydrogen.

An English scientist Henry Cavendish once took up a strange thing at first glance: he began to blow soap bubbles. But it wasn't fun. Before that, he noticed that when iron filings are doused with sulfuric acid, many bubbles of some kind of gas appear. What is this gas?

The scientist brought him out of the vessel through tubes. The gas was invisible. Does it have an odor? No. Then he filled them with soap bubbles. They went up easily! So gas is lighter than air! And if you set fire to the gas, it will light up with a bluish light. But the amazing thing is that when burned, water was obtained! Henry Cavendish named the new gas combustible air. After all, he, like ordinary air, was colorless and odorless. All this happened in the second half of the 18th century.

Later, the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier did the opposite: he obtained a "combustible gas" from water. He also gave the new gas another name - hydrogen, that is, "giving birth to water." Then scientists found that hydrogen is the lightest of all known to people substances, and its atoms are simpler than all others.

Hydrogen is very common. It is a part of all living beings, organisms, plants, rocks. It is everywhere: not only on Earth, but also on other planets and stars, on the Sun; especially a lot of it outer space. The transformations that occur with hydrogen at gigantic pressure and temperatures of tens of millions of degrees enable the Sun to radiate heat and light. Hydrogen forms the most various compounds with carbon: oil and oil shale, gasoline and black asphalt. Such compounds are called hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is widely used in welding and cutting metals. If oxygen is added to the compounds of carbon and hydrogen, new compounds are obtained - carbohydrates, for example, substances that are not similar to each other, such as starch and sugar. And if you combine hydrogen with nitrogen, you will also get a gas - ammonia. It is necessary for the manufacture of fertilizers. Many of the advantages of hydrogen - environmentally friendly, energy-intensive, abundant in nature - have made it possible to use it as a rocket fuel. The same features of hydrogen make it promising as an aviation fuel.

Hydrogen is the lightest, simplest, and most abundant chemical element in the universe. It makes up about 75% of the total mass of elements in it. Hydrogen is found in large quantities in stars and gas giant planets. It plays a key role in the fusion reactions that take place in stars. Hydrogen is a gas with the molecular formula H2. At room temperature and normal pressure, hydrogen is a tasteless, colorless and odorless gas. Under pressure and in extreme cold, hydrogen turns into a liquid state. Hydrogen stored in this state takes up less space than in its "normal" gaseous form. Liquid hydrogen is also used as rocket fuel. At ultrahigh pressure, hydrogen solidifies and becomes metallic hydrogen. In this direction, Scientific research. Hydrogen is used as an alternative fuel for transport. The chemical energy of hydrogen is released when it is burned in a manner similar to that used in traditional internal combustion engines. On its basis, fuel cells are also created, which involve the formation of water and electricity through the chemical reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. It is potentially dangerous to humans because it can ignite on contact with air. In addition, this gas is not suitable for breathing.

Hydrogen has been used in aeronautics since 1852, ever since the first hydrogen-powered airship was created by Henry Giffard. Hydrogen airships were later called "zeppelins". Their use was discontinued after the crash of the Hindenburg airship in 1937. The accident was caused by a fire.

Hydrogen is also widely used in the oil and chemical industries, and is also often used for various physical and engineering tasks: for example, in welding and as a coolant. Molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide H2O2. This substance is often used to bleach hair and as a cleaning agent. In the form of a medical solution, it is also used to treat wounds.

Since hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air, if you fill it with Balloons, they will move away from the Earth at a speed of 85 km per hour, which is twice the speed of balloons filled with helium, and six times the speed of balloons filled with natural gas.

chemical hydrogen peroxide gas

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Later, the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier did the opposite: he obtained a "combustible gas" from water. He also gave the new gas another name - hydrogen, that is, "giving birth to water." Then scientists found that hydrogen is the lightest of all substances known to people, and its atoms are simpler than all others.

Hydrogen is very common. It is a part of all living beings, organisms, plants, rocks. It is everywhere: not only on Earth, but also on other planets and stars, on the Sun; especially a lot of it in outer space. The transformations that occur with hydrogen at gigantic pressure and temperatures of tens of millions of degrees enable the Sun to radiate heat and light. Hydrogen forms the most various compounds with carbon: oil and oil shale, gasoline and black asphalt. Such compounds are called hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is widely used in welding and cutting metals. If oxygen is added to the compounds of carbon and hydrogen, new compounds are obtained - carbohydrates, for example, substances that are not similar to each other, such as starch and sugar. And if you combine hydrogen with nitrogen, you will also get a gas - ammonia. It is necessary for the manufacture of fertilizers. Many of the advantages of hydrogen - environmentally friendly, energy-intensive, abundant in nature - have made it possible to use it as a rocket fuel. The same features of hydrogen make it promising as an aviation fuel.

Hydrogen is the lightest, simplest, and most abundant chemical element in the universe. It makes up about 75% of the total mass of elements in it. Hydrogen is found in large quantities in stars and gas giant planets. It plays a key role in the fusion reactions that take place in stars. Hydrogen is a gas with the molecular formula H2. At room temperature and normal pressure, hydrogen is a tasteless, colorless and odorless gas. Under pressure and in extreme cold, hydrogen turns into a liquid state. Hydrogen stored in this state takes up less space than in its "normal" gaseous form. Liquid hydrogen is also used as rocket fuel. At ultrahigh pressure, hydrogen solidifies and becomes metallic hydrogen. Research is being carried out in this direction. Hydrogen is used as an alternative fuel for transport. The chemical energy of hydrogen is released when it is burned in a manner similar to that used in traditional internal combustion engines. On its basis, fuel cells are also created, which involve the formation of water and electricity through the chemical reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. It is potentially dangerous to humans because it can ignite on contact with air. In addition, this gas is not suitable for breathing.

Since hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air, if you fill balloons with it, they will move away from the Earth at a speed of 85 km per hour, which is twice the speed of balloons filled with helium, and six times the speed of balloons filled with natural gas. .

chemical hydrogen peroxide gas

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Answer from Neurologist[guru]
Hydrogen gas was discovered by T. Paracelsus in the 16th century. when he plunged the iron into sulfuric acid. But even then there was no such thing as gas.
One of the most important merits of the chemist of the XVII century.
Ya. B. van Helmont before science lies in the fact that it was he who enriched the human vocabulary with a new word - "gas", naming invisible substances that "which can neither be stored in vessels nor transformed into a visible body".
But soon the physicist R. Boyle came up with a way to collect and store gases in vessels. This is a very important step forward in the knowledge of gases, and Boyle's experience deserves detailed description. He tipped a bottle filled with dilute sulfuric acid and iron nails upside down into a cup of sulfuric acid.
But here Boyle made a serious mistake. Instead of investigating the nature of the resulting gas, he identified this gas with air.
The amazing properties of gas, first collected by Boyle and so unacceptably confused with air, were discovered by N. Lemery, a contemporary of Boyle. "Combustible air" - from now on, this name will be fixed for a long time for the amazing gas released by iron from sulfuric acid. For a long time, but not forever, because this name is incorrect, or rather, inaccurate: combustible and some other gases. But if for a long time the researchers will confuse the gas "sulfuric acid and iron" with other combustible gases, then no one will confuse it, like Boyle, with ordinary air.
There was a man who undertook to reveal the secret of the origin of this gas. The nobility of the origin provided him with a brilliant career. statesman, and accidentally inherited wealth opened up all the possibilities for a carefree life. But Lord G. Cavendish neglected both for the sake of the satisfaction that comes from penetrating the secrets of nature.
Cavendish's first work, published in 1766, was devoted to "combustible air". First of all, it increases the number of ways to obtain "combustible air". It turns out that this gas is obtained with equal success if iron is replaced by zinc or tin, and sulfuric acid by hydrochloric acid. "Combustible air", however, does not support combustion, just like the breath of animals, which quickly die in its atmosphere.
Ten years after the publication of Cavendish's work, in 1766, a researcher by the name of Macke, burning "combustible air", made an interesting observation.
To his surprise, he found that this flame did not leave any soot.
At the same time, he noticed something else: the saucer was covered with droplets of liquid, colorless as water. He and his assistant carefully examined the resulting liquid and found that it was indeed pure water.
A. Lavoisier doubted that the combustion of "combustible air" produced water. A significant experiment was carried out on June 24, 1783 in the presence of several people. The result was not in doubt.
So, - Lavoisier concluded, - water is nothing but oxidized "combustible air" or, in other words, a direct product of the combustion of "combustible air" - in oxygen, devoid of light and heat released during combustion.
The sluggish Cavendish published his report in the Royal Society of London only in 1784, while Lavoisier presented his results before the Paris Academy of Sciences on June 25, 1783, a whole year ahead of his rival. In opening complex composition In addition to Lavoisier, others participated in the waters, including the famous English inventor James Watt, who is incorrectly credited abroad with the honor of inventing the steam engine.
Thus, the theoretical considerations were brilliantly confirmed, and along the way, a new method for obtaining "combustible air" was discovered.

One of the most eccentric personalities in the history of the formation and development of scientific thought - the outstanding naturalist, experimenter and theorist Henry Cavendish - was a rather wealthy aristocrat and relative of the Dukes of Devonshire. Cavendish was born on November 10, 1731 in the French city of Nice. His mother, Lady Anne Grey, died after the birth of his brother, Henry at that time was about 2 years old. At the age of 18, the young man successfully entered the University of Cambridge, however, he left it three years later without receiving a scientific degree. After some time, the young man returned to London, to the house of his father, Lord Charles, a man who was sufficiently educated and enthusiastically interested in the topic of electricity that was popular at that time.

Sir Henry showed a remarkable interest in science (or natural philosophy, as it was also called at that time). He inherited from his father, in addition to his interests, a rather restrained attitude towards the publication of his works. The scientist built a laboratory and a workshop for work and lived quite secluded, enthusiastically surrendering to scientific research. Cavendish never married and spent a substantial period of his life as a hermit, completely scientific work. Even the only portrait of him that exists was painted in secret. He wished to add external steps to his house and ordered the servants to use them exclusively. Those who did not comply with the order, Sir Henry immediately dismissed.

Contemporaries remembered him as the wisest among the rich and the richest among the sages. Charity was a favorite way for Cavendish to spend money. He spent millions of pounds on helping students, but his wealth mysteriously did not decrease at all.

Sir Henry had an extraordinary ability: he could determine the strength of the current by touching his hand to electrical circuit. Cavendish was of the opinion that heat is a consequence of the internal motion of particles. Ignoring his title and wealth, Sir Henry avoided social life. With pleasure, he attended only scientific meetings, where he also tried not to attract much attention to himself.

Henry Cavendish - the great chemist and discoverer

Its main direction scientific activity- was a chemical study of gases. It is thanks to Henry Cavendish that we now use a combustible gas called hydrogen. In one of his first works, entitled "Artificial Air", he details the discovery of combustible air. He developed a process for collecting, purifying and researching gases, thanks to which hydrogen was obtained from carbon dioxide. In the same way, the weight and physical properties of these elements were established. In 1781, the scientist determined the physical composition of the air, and a little later, in 1784, when hydrogen was burned, chemical composition water than changed the opinion about its elementary structure. Also, thanks to this experiment, it was found that oxygen in the air is 20.83% by volume. Modern scientists have corrected this figure to a more accurate one - 20.95%.

In 1772, nitrogen was discovered by scientists. With the help of a spark generated by electricity, Henry obtained nitric oxide and studied its properties. He proved that when an electric arc passes through the air layer above the water surface, nitrogen reacts with oxygen, resulting in nitric acid. Moreover, Cavendish additionally pointed out that one hundredth of the initial volume of air does not react with oxygen. Unfortunately, due to the imperfection of the analysis and the primitiveness of the instruments of those times, Henry could not discover another gas in the unreacted part of the air - argon. This was done later in 1894 by William Ramsay.

There is one more curious detail: Cavendish conducted research on nitrogen in parallel with another scientist D. Rutherford. And because of his modesty, Henry, after the work, shared the results only with his friend and published his work with a huge delay. As a result, Rutherford became the full discoverer of this gas.

Gas research equipment

Physical Research by Henry Cavendish

In the field of physics, Henry Cavendish owns experiments on measuring gravitational force. As a result of these experiments, the density of our planet was calculated. For the calculations, Henry used equipment built by John Michell. It was a rotating balance that measured the attraction between two balls of lead weighing 350 pounds and two more weighing 1.61 pounds. As a result, it was found that the density of the planet is 5.48 times higher than the density of water. Later, J. G. Poynting added that the results should have been 5.448, which was the average after 29 experiments.

Cavendish wrote many works for the Royal Society, which were published only a hundred years later in 1879 by J. Maxwell. His discoveries in the field of electricity are as follows:

The definition of electric potential, to which he gave the name "Degree of electrification."
Methods for calculating the capacities of spheres and capacitors.
Dielectric constant of materials.
The relationship between current and potential, now called Ohm's law.
Separation of currents in parallel electrical circuits.
Inverse square law of change electrical force with distance (Coulomb's law).
The effect was experimentally established various environments to the capacitance of the capacitors.
With the help of a torsion balance, the law is confirmed gravity discovered by Newton.
He determined the heat during phase transitions and the specific heat capacity of some substances.
He invented a device for studying a gas mixture containing combustible elements - a eudiometer.

Sir Henry died on March 24, 1810 at the age of 79. Cavendish's will contained a requirement to bury him in a carefully bricked up coffin without a single inscription. Being an atheist, Cavendish forbade any religious rites to be held over his body after death. A laboratory was named after him in Cambridge.

Hydrogen in nature

Is there a lot of hydrogen in nature? Watching where. In space, hydrogen is the main element. It accounts for about half the mass of the Sun and most other stars. It is contained in gaseous nebulae, in interstellar gas, and is part of the stars. In the interior of stars, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms are converted into the nuclei of helium atoms. This process proceeds with the release of energy; for many stars, including the Sun, it serves as the main source of energy.

For example, the closest star to us in the Galaxy, which we know under the name "Sun", is 70% of its mass hydrogen. There are several tens of thousands of times more hydrogen atoms in the universe than all the atoms of all metals combined.

Hydrogen is widely distributed in nature, its content in earth's crust(lithosphere and hydrosphere) is 1% by weight. Hydrogen is part of the most common substance on Earth - water (11.19% hydrogen by mass), in the compounds that make up coal, oil, natural gases, clay, as well as animal and plant organisms (that is, in the composition of proteins, nucleic acids , fats, carbohydrates, etc.). Hydrogen is extremely rare in the free state; it is found in small amounts in volcanic and other natural gases. Negligible amounts of free Hydrogen (0.0001% by number of atoms) are present in the atmosphere.

Task number 1. Fill in the table "Finding hydrogen in nature."

In a free state	In bound state
	Hydrosphere -
	Lithosphere -
	Biosphere -

Discovery of hydrogen.

Hydrogen was discovered in the first half of the 16th century by the German physician and naturalist Paracelsus. In the works of chemists of the XVI-XVIII centuries. "combustible gas" or "flammable air" was mentioned, which, in combination with the usual one, gave explosive mixtures. It was obtained by acting on some metals (iron, zinc, tin) with dilute solutions of acids - sulfuric and hydrochloric.

The first scientist to describe the properties of this gas was the English scientist Henry Cavendish. He determined its density and studied combustion in air, however, adherence to the theory of phlogiston prevented the researcher from understanding the essence of the ongoing processes.

In 1779, Antoine Lavoisier obtained hydrogen by decomposing water by passing its vapors through a red-hot iron tube. Lavoisier also proved that when "combustible air" interacts with oxygen, water is formed, and the gases react in a volume ratio of 2: 1. This allowed the scientist to determine the composition of water - H 2 O. The name of the element is Hydrogenium- Lavoisier and his colleagues formed from the Greek words " hydro" - water and " gennio"I am giving birth. The Russian name "hydrogen" was proposed by the chemist M.F. Solovyov in 1824 - by analogy with Lomonosov's "oxygen".

Task number 2. Write the reaction for obtaining hydrogen from zinc and of hydrochloric acid in molecular and ionic form, make an OVR.