It is often very difficult to explain in words the simplest things or the device of this or that mechanism. But usually, understanding comes quite easily if you see them with your eyes, or even better, twist them in your hands. But some things are invisible to our sight and even being simple are very difficult to understand.
For example, what is electricity- there are many definitions, but none of them describes its mechanism exactly, without ambiguity and uncertainty.
On the other hand, electrical engineering is a rather highly developed science in which, with the help of mathematical formulas any electrical processes are described in detail.
So why not show similar processes with the help of these same formulas and computer graphics.
But today we will consider the action of a simpler process than electricity - the force of gravity. It would seem that there is something complicated, because the law gravity study at school, but nevertheless... Mathematics describes the process as it takes place in ideal conditions, in some virtual space where there are no restrictions.
In life, everything is usually not so, and many different circumstances, imperceptible or insignificant at first glance, are continuously superimposed on the process under consideration.
Knowing the formula and understanding its action are two different things.
So, let's take a small step towards understanding the law of gravity. The law itself is simple - the force of gravity is directly proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, but the complexity lies in the unimaginable number of interacting objects.
Yes, we will consider only the force of gravity, so to speak, in complete solitude, which is certainly not true, but in this case it is permissible, since this is just a way to show the invisible.
And yet, there is JavaScript code in the article, i.e. all drawings are actually drawn using Canvas, so you can take the entire article.

Mapping the possibilities of gravity in the solar system

In the framework of classical mechanics, the gravitational interaction is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force of gravitational attraction F between two material points of mass m 1 And m2 separated by distance r, is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance - i.e.:

where G- gravitational constant, equal to approximately 6.67384×10 -11 N×m 2 ×kg -2 .
But I would like to see a picture of the change in the force of gravity throughout the solar system, and not between two bodies. Therefore, the mass of the second body m2 take equal to 1, and denote the mass of the first body simply m. (That is, we represent objects in the form material point- one pixel in size, and we measure the force of attraction relative to another, virtual object, let's call it a "trial body", with a mass of 1 kilogram.) In this case, the formula will look like:

Now, instead of m we substitute the mass of the body of interest, and instead of r we sort through all the distances from 0 to the value of the orbit of the last planet and get the change in the force of gravity depending on the distance.
When applying forces from different objects, we choose a larger value.
Further, we express this power not in numbers, but in the corresponding shades of color. In this case, a clear picture of the distribution of gravity in the solar system will be obtained. That is, in physical sense, the color shade will correspond to the weight of a body weighing 1 kilogram at the corresponding point solar system.
It should be noted that:

• gravitational force is always positive negative values, i.e. mass cannot be negative
• the gravitational force cannot be equal to zero, i.e. an object either exists with some mass or does not exist at all
• the force of gravity can neither be screened nor reflected (like a ray of light by a mirror).

(actually, that's all the restrictions imposed by physics on mathematics in this matter).
Let's now look at how to display gravity values ​​with color.

To show numbers by color, you need to create an array in which the index would be equal to the number, and the value would be the color value in the RGB system.
Here is a color gradient from white to red, then yellow, green, blue, purple and black. In total, 1786 shades of color were obtained.

The number of colors is not so great, they are simply not enough to display the entire spectrum of gravitational forces. Let's limit ourselves to gravitational forces from the maximum - on the surface of the Sun and the minimum - in the orbit of Saturn. That is, if the force of attraction on the surface of the Sun (270.0 N) is indicated by the color that is in the table under index 1, then the force of attraction to the Sun in the orbit of Saturn (0.00006 N) will be indicated by color, with an index far beyond 1700. So that all the same, there will not be enough colors for a uniform expression of the magnitude of the force of gravity.
In order to clearly see the most interesting places in the displayed forces of attraction, it is necessary that the magnitudes of the attractive force less than 1H correspond to large color changes, and from 1H and above, the correspondences are not so interesting - it is clear that the force of attraction, say, of the Earth, differs from the attraction of Mars or Jupiter, and okay. That is, the color will not be proportional to the magnitude of the force of attraction, otherwise we will “lose” the most interesting.
To bring the value of the attraction force to the index of the color table, we use the following formula:

Yes, this is the same hyperbole, known since high school, only previously extracted from the argument Square root. (Taken purely "from the lantern", only to reduce the ratio between the largest and smallest values ​​​​of the force of attraction.)
See how the colors are distributed depending on the attraction of the Sun and planets.


As you can see on the surface of the Sun, our test body will weigh about 274N or 27.4 kgf, since 1 H = 0.10197162 kgf = 0.1 kgf. And on Jupiter it is almost 26N or 2.6 kgf, on Earth our test body weighs about 9.8N or 0.98kgf.
In principle, all these figures are very, very approximate. For our case, this is not very important, we need to turn all these attraction force values ​​\u200b\u200binto their corresponding color values.
So, from the table it can be seen that the maximum value of the attractive force is 274N, and the minimum is 0.00006N. That is, they differ by more than 4.5 million times.

You can also see that all the planets turned out to be almost the same color. But it does not matter, it is important that the boundaries of the attraction of the planets will be clearly visible, since the forces of attraction of small values ​​change quite well in color.
Of course, the accuracy is not great, but we just need to get general idea about the forces of gravity in the solar system.
Now let's "arrange" the planets in places corresponding to their distance from the Sun. To do this, you need to attach some kind of distance scale to the resulting color gradient. The curvature of the orbits, I think, can be ignored.
But as always space scale, in the truest sense of these words, do not allow to see the whole picture. Look, Saturn is located approximately 1430 million kilometers from the Sun, the index corresponding to the color of its orbit is 1738. That is. it turns out in one pixel (if we take on this scale one shade of color is equal to one pixel) approximately 822.8 thousand kilometers. And the radius of the Earth is approximately 6371 kilometers, i.e. the diameter is 12742 kilometers, about 65 times less than one pixel. Here's how to keep the proportions.
We will go the other way. Since we are interested in the gravity of the near-planetary space, we will take the planets separately and color them and the space around them with a color corresponding to the gravitational forces from themselves and the Sun. For example, let's take Mercury - the radius of the planet is 2.4 thousand km. and equate it to a circle with a diameter of 48 pixels, i.e. There are 100 km in one pixel. Then Venus and Earth will be respectively 121 and 127 pixels. Quite comfortable sizes.
So, we make a picture with a size of 600 by 600 pixels, determine the value of the force of attraction to the Sun in the orbit of Mercury plus / minus 30,000 km (so that the planet turns out to be in the center of the picture) and paint over the background with a gradient of color shades corresponding to these forces.
At the same time, to simplify the task, we paint over not with arcs of the corresponding radius, but with straight, vertical lines. (Roughly speaking, our "Sun" will be "square" and will always be on the left side.)
In order for the background color not to show through the image of the planet and the zone of attraction to the planet, we determine the radius of the circle corresponding to the zone where the attraction to the planet is greater than the attraction to the Sun and paint it white.
Then in the center of the picture we place a circle corresponding to the diameter of Mercury on a scale (48 pixels) and fill it with a color corresponding to the force of attraction to the planet on its surface.
Further from the planet, we paint over with a gradient in accordance with the change in the force of attraction to it and at the same time we constantly compare the color of each point in the layer of attraction to Mercury with a point with the same coordinates, but in the layer of attraction to the Sun. When these values ​​become equal, we make this pixel black and stop painting further.
Thus, we get some form of visible change in the gravitational force of the planet and the Sun with a clear black border between them.
(I wanted to do just that, but ... it didn’t work out, I couldn’t make a pixel-by-pixel comparison of the two layers of the image.)

In terms of distance, 600 pixels are equal to 60 thousand kilometers (i.e. one pixel is 100 km).
The force of attraction to the Sun in the orbit of Mercury and near it changes only in a small range, which in our case is indicated by one shade of color.


So, Mercury and the force of gravity in the vicinity of the planet.
It should be noted right away that eight subtle rays are defects from drawing circles in Canvas. They have nothing to do with the issue under discussion and should simply be ignored.
The dimensions of the square are 600 by 600 pixels, i.e. this space is 60 thousand kilometers. The radius of Mercury is 24 pixels - 2.4 thousand km. The radius of the attraction zone is 23.7 thousand km.
The circle in the center, which is almost white color, this is the planet itself and its color corresponds to the weight of our one-kilogram test body on the surface of the planet - about 373 grams. thin circle of blue color shows the boundary between the surface of the planet and the zone in which the gravitational force to the planet exceeds the gravitational force to the Sun.
Further, the color gradually changes, becomes more and more red (i.e., the weight of the test body decreases) and finally becomes equal to the color corresponding to the force of attraction to the Sun in a given place, i.e. in the orbit of Mercury. The boundary between the zone where the force of attraction to the planet exceeds the force of attraction to the Sun is also marked with a blue circle.
As you can see, there is nothing supernatural.
But life is a bit different. For example, in this and all other images, the Sun is on the left, so in fact, the planet's area of ​​attraction should be a little "flattened" on the left and elongated on the right. And the image is a circle.
Of course, the best option would be to compare pixel-by-pixel the area of ​​attraction to the Sun and the area of ​​attraction to the planet and choose (display) the larger one. But neither I, as the author of this article, nor JavaScript are capable of such feats. Working with multidimensional arrays is not a priority for given language, but its work can be shown in almost any browser, which solved the issue of application.
Yes, and in the case of Mercury, and all other planets terrestrial group, the change in the force of attraction to the Sun is not so great that it can be represented by the available set of color shades. But when considering Jupiter and Saturn, the change in the force of attraction to the Sun is very noticeable.

Venus

Actually, everything is the same as that of the previous planet, only the size of Venus and its mass are much larger, and the force of attraction to the Sun in the orbit of the planet is less (the color is darker, or rather, more red), and the planet is of greater mass, so the color of the planet’s disk is more light coloured.
In order to fit a planet with a zone of attraction of a test body weighing 1 kg in a figure of 600 by 600 pixels, we reduce the scale by 10 times. Now there are 1 thousand kilometers in one pixel.

Earth+Moon

To show the Earth and the Moon, changing the scale by 10 times (as in the case of Venus) is not enough, you need to increase the size of the picture (the radius of the Moon's orbit is 384.467 thousand km). The image will be 800 x 800 pixels. The scale is 1 thousand kilometers in one pixel (we understand well that the error of the picture will increase even more).


The picture clearly shows that the zones of attraction of the Moon and the Earth are separated by the zone of attraction to the Sun. That is, the Earth and the Moon are a system of two equivalent planets with different masses.

Mars with Phobos and Deimos

The scale is 1,000 kilometers in one pixel. Those. like Venus, and the Earth with the Moon. Remember that distances are proportional, and the display of gravity is non-linear.


Here, you can immediately see the fundamental difference between Mars with satellites and the Earth with the Moon. If the Earth and the Moon are a system of two planets and, despite their different sizes and masses, act as equal partners, then the satellites of Mars are in the zone of Mars' gravity.
The planet itself and the satellites are practically “lost”. The white circle is the orbit of the distant satellite - Deimos. Zoom in 10 times for a better view. There are 100 kilometers in one pixel.


These "creepy" rays from Canvas spoil the picture quite badly.
The sizes of Phobos and Deimos are disproportionately increased by 50 times, otherwise they are not visible at all. The color of the surfaces of these satellites is also not logical. In fact, the force of attraction on the surfaces of these planets is less than the force of attraction to Mars in their orbits.
That is, everything is blown away from the surfaces of Phobos and Deimos by the gravity of Mars. Therefore, the color of their surfaces should be equal to the color in their orbits, but only in order to be better seen, the disks of the satellites are colored in the color of the force of gravity in the absence of the force of attraction to Mars.
These satellites should be simply monolithic. In addition, since there is no gravity on the surface, it means that they could not have formed in this form, that is, Phobos and Deimos used to be parts of some other, larger object. Well, or, at least, they were in a different place, with a lesser force of gravity than in the zone of attraction of Mars.
For example, here Phobos. The scale is 100 meters in one pixel.
The surface of the satellite is indicated by a blue circle, and the force of gravity of the entire mass of the satellite is indicated by a white circle.
(Actually, the shape of small celestial bodies Phobos, Deimos, etc. far from spherical)
The color of the circle in the center corresponds to the gravity of the satellite's mass. The closer to the surface of the planet, the less the force of gravity.
(Here again, an inaccuracy was made. In fact, the white circle is the border where the force of attraction to the planet becomes equal strength attraction to Mars in the orbit of Phobos.
That is, the color outside of this white circle should be the same as the color outside of the blue circle representing the surface of the satellite. But the color transition shown should be inside the white circle. But then you won't see anything at all.)
It turns out, as it were, a drawing of the planet in a section.
The integrity of the planet is determined only by the strength of the material that Phobos is made of. With less strength, Mars would have rings like Saturn, from the destruction of satellites.


And it seems that the decay of space objects is not such an exceptional event. Even the Hubble Space Telescope spotted a similar case.

The disintegration of the asteroid P/2013 R3, which is located at a distance of more than 480 million kilometers from the Sun (in the asteroid belt, further than Ceres). The diameter of the four largest fragments of the asteroid reaches 200 meters, their total mass is about 200 thousand tons.
And this Deimos. Everything is the same as Phobos. The scale is 100 meters in one pixel. Only the planet is smaller and, accordingly, lighter, and also located farther from Mars and the force of attraction to Mars is smaller here (the background of the picture is darker, i.e. more red).

Ceres

Well, Ceres is nothing special, except for the coloring. The force of attraction to the Sun is less here, so the color is appropriate. The scale is 100 kilometers in one pixel (the same as in the picture with Mercury).
The small blue circle is the surface of Ceres, and the big blue circle is the boundary where the force of attraction to the planet becomes equal to the force of attraction to the Sun.

Jupiter

Jupiter is very big. Here is an 800 x 800 pixel image. The scale is 100 thousand kilometers in one pixel. This is to show the area of ​​gravity of the planet as a whole. The planet itself is a small dot in the center. Satellites are not shown.
Only the orbit (white outer circle) of the most distant satellite, S/2003 J 2, is shown.


Jupiter has 67 moons. The largest are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
The most distant satellite - S / 2003 J 2 makes a complete revolution around Jupiter at an average distance of 29,541,000 km. Its diameter is about 2 km, weight is about 1.5 × 10 13 kg. As you can see, it goes far beyond the sphere of gravity of the planet. This can be explained by errors in the calculations (after all, quite a lot of averaging, rounding and discarding some details).
Although there is a way to calculate the boundary of the gravitational influence of Jupiter, determined by the Hill sphere, the radius of which is given by the formula

where a jupiter and m jupiter are the semi-major axis of the ellipse and the mass of Jupiter, and M sun is the mass of the Sun. This results in a rounded radius of 52 million km. S/2003 J 2 moves away in an eccentric orbit up to 36 million km from Jupiter
Jupiter also has a ring system of 4 main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as a "halo ring"; relatively bright and thin "Main Ring"; and two broad and faint outer rings - known as "spider rings", named after the material of the satellites - that form them: Amalthea and Thebes.
A halo ring with an inner radius of 92,000 and an outer radius of 122,500 kilometers.
Main ring 122500-129000 km.
Gossamer ring of Amalthea 129000-182000 km.
Gossamer ring of Thebes 129000-226000 km.
Let's enlarge the image by 200 times, in one pixel there are 500 kilometers.
These are the rings of Jupiter. The thin circle is the surface of the planet. Next come the boundaries of the rings - the inner boundary of the halo ring, outer border halo rings and it is also the inner boundary of the main ring, etc.
The small circle in the upper left corner is the area where the gravity of Jupiter's moon Io becomes equal to that of Jupiter orbiting Io. The satellite itself is simply not visible at this scale.


In principle, large planets with satellites must be considered separately, since the difference in the values ​​of gravitational forces is very large, as are the sizes of the planet's area of ​​attraction. As a result of this, all interesting details are simply lost. And to consider a picture with a radial gradient does not make much sense.

Saturn

Image size 800 by 800 pixels. The scale is 100 thousand kilometers in one pixel. The planet itself is a small dot in the center. Satellites are not shown.
The change in the force of attraction to the Sun is clearly visible (remember that the Sun is on the left).


Saturn has 62 known moons. The largest of them are Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan and Iapetus.
The most distant satellite is Fornjot (temporary designation S/2004 S 8). Also referred to as Saturn XLII. The average radius of the satellite is about 3 kilometers, the mass is 2.6 × 10 14 kg, the semi-major axis is 25146000 km.
Planetary rings appear only at a considerable distance from the Sun. The first such planet is Jupiter. Having a mass and size greater than that of Saturn, its rings are not as impressive as those of Saturn. That is, the size and mass of the planet for the formation of rings are less important than the distance from the Sun.
But look further, a pair of rings surrounds the asteroid Chariklo (10199 Chariklo) (the diameter of the asteroid is about 250 kilometers), which revolves around the Sun between Saturn and Uranus.

Wikipedia about the asteroid Chariklo
The ring system consists of a dense inner ring 7 km wide and an outer ring 3 km wide. The distance between the rings is about 9 km. The radii of the rings are 396 and 405 km, respectively. Chariklo is the smallest object whose rings have been opened.
However, the force of gravity has only an indirect relation to the rings.
In fact, rings appear from the destruction of satellites, which consist of material of insufficient strength, i.e. not stone monoliths like Phobos or Deimos, but pieces of rock, ice, dust and other space debris frozen into one whole.
So the planet drags him away with its gravity. A similar satellite that does not have its own attraction (or rather, it has the force of its own attraction less than the force of attraction to the planet in its orbit) flies in orbit leaving behind a trail of destroyed material. This is how the ring is formed. Further, under the influence of the force of attraction to the planet, this detrital material approaches the planet. That is, the ring expands.
At some level, the gravitational force becomes strong enough that the speed of the fall of these debris increases, and the ring disappears.

Afterword

The purpose of publishing the article is perhaps someone with knowledge of programming will be interested in this topic and make a better model. gravitational forces in the solar system (yes, three-dimensional, with animation.
And maybe even make it so that the orbits are not fixed, but also calculated - this is also possible, the orbit will be a place where the force of attraction will be compensated by the centrifugal force.
It will turn out almost like in life, like a real solar system. (This is where you can create a space shooter, with all the intricacies of space navigation in the asteroid belt. Taking into account the forces acting according to real physical laws, and not among hand-drawn graphics.)
And it will be an excellent textbook of physics, which will be interesting to study.
P.S. Article author a common person:
not a physicist
not an astronomer
not a programmer
does not have higher education.

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• gravity

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Just like a pebble with a rubber band, our Earth will rapidly fly away from the solar system if, for any reason, it suddenly ceases to be affected by attraction of the sun.

Let's assume for a moment that this happened. Let's see what will happen to our planet and all of us - the inhabitants of the Earth.

The attraction of the sun

When moving away from the sun

Already when moving away from the sun at a distance of approximately the planet Uranus, we will strongly feel a noticeable decrease in the light and influence of the life-giving rays of the sun.

Then, with a great distance, the Sun will appear to us only in the form of a bright, slightly warming star. After some time, we will observe the Sun in the form of a small, barely noticeable, faintly twinkling star and, finally, we will lose it from the field of view.

But much before we lose sight of our daylight, all animal and plant life will cease to exist on Earth. The Earth will plunge into eternal darkness and cold, continuing to rapidly rush through the space of the Universe.. There will be no air currents on Earth, no tornadoes and lightning hurricanes, there will not even be the slightest breeze.

Under the influence of global cold, the deepest oceans will freeze to the bottom. The earth will be covered with snow from liquid air, will turn into an ice block, eternal and deep silence will reign on it. In a word, our planet will in many ways become similar to its satellite, the Moon.

Finally, this lifeless solidified block can meet some new solar system on its way in world space. Under the influence of the attraction of the central body of this system, the Earth will begin to circle around it along with other planets already revolving around this new “Sun”.

The Earth will find shelter in the family of the new world of planets, for example, without a new catastrophe. It may be heated and illuminated by the new Sun even more than the previous one. Perhaps she will again become a "carrier of life", but already updated. The old world will not be reborn.

But all of this is just a fantasy. To our great satisfaction, and cannot “jump off” it in any way. It is constantly attracted by our Sun with powerful force. And there is no force in nature that could break this gravitational force of the sun.

The only possibility is an invasion of our system by some other star. Then it really breaks out terrible disaster, described in Wells' fantastic story "The Star".

The Sun not only keeps the Earth (and other planets) at certain distances from itself, in general, little changing, and somewhere in the boundless space distances. This is because the Sun has a massive mass. Its volume is one million three hundred thousand times greater, and the mass of the Sun is approximately 750 times greater than the mass of all the planets of the solar system taken together. The gravitational force of the Sun is unusually strong. , does not stop falling on it, but cannot fall in any way, since its movement by inertia prevents this.

If the Earth stops moving in its orbit

But let's see what happens if the Earth suddenly, due to some unknown reasons, stop moving in its orbit. Then the Earth with an incredibly large and ever-increasing speed will rapidly fall into the Sun. And eventually fall on him.

The rotation of the earth in its orbit around the sun

We, the inhabitants of the Earth, would soon notice a copious increase in light and heat. We would immediately become unbearably hot, even if this catastrophe caught us in the winter. The temperature of the air would rise so rapidly, it would reach such a figure that it would no longer be possible to measure it with our ordinary thermometers.

Huge ice sheets in the Northern and south poles under these conditions would quickly melt, and the water formed from the melting of these ices would turn into steam before it could spill over the surface of the Earth. The deepest seas and oceans will dry up. All vegetation will burn. Even the most drought-resistant plants will die. Animals and people will burn along with our entire planet.

Even before the Earth has time to come close to the Sun, it will begin to turn into a lump of hot gases. This lump will plunge into the hot abyss of the Sun. It must be remembered that the surface temperature of the Sun is about 6,000 degrees, and the most refractory metals there are in a state of very hot gases.

But nothing like this can happen. The Earth, thanks to the attraction of the Sun, will move around our star for millions of years, and no catastrophes threaten it.

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars represent the inner belt of small planets, consisting of solid rocks - silicates, they have an atmosphere: - On Mercury, the atmosphere is noted only in the form of an atomic state.

Venus is almost the same size as Earth. However, the atmosphere on Venus is 90 times denser than the Earth's, and the temperature on its surface is at the level of +400 C. - Mars is smaller than the Earth and 10 times lighter. The atmosphere is very thin = 0.6%

From Earth. There are volcanoes on the surface of Mars.

In the inner belt solar planets The earth is the largest and densest.

The planets farthest from the Sun - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto - are giant planets and they consist of frozen gases - hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane and nitrogen.

Saturn.

Extinct star.

Saturn is the slowest and heaviest planet in the solar system.

763 times larger than Earth.

95 times heavier than Earth.

Like the Sun and Jupiter, it has asteroid rings, satellites.

Has 62 satellites. 17 correspond to the status - Minor Planets.

A picture of Saturn taken spacecraft Cassini-Huygens.

Theory about Phaeton.

Not so long ago, astronomers found evidence that there was another planet in the solar system between Jupiter and Mars.

The proof is that now there is the so-called asteroid belt (consists of about 400,000 asteroids), and here are traces found on them organic molecules, which means that the asteroids have broken away from the planet. According to one hypothesis, this is the planet Phaethon.

This confirms the well-known Titius-Bode rule. The Titius-Bode rule is an empirical formula that approximately describes the distances between the planets of the solar system and the Sun (the average radii of the orbits). The rule did not appeal great attention until Uranus was discovered in 1781, which almost exactly fell on the predicted sequence. And then Phaethon was presented as the missing planet according to this formula. Once upon a time, during the alignment of the planets, she collided with Mars, and after that, Mars became lifeless. A similar fate awaited the Earth, but Mars extinguished most of the energy.

Opponents of this theory argue that each planet has a core, which was not found among asteroids. Accordingly, there is no core - and, therefore, there was no planet.

And here scientists have an explanation - the Moon is that very core. It turns out that in many chronicles, myths and legends it is said that the Moon was not in the sky. She appeared after Flood. Recall that the moon “controls” the ebb and flow on our planet. Then we can assume what strength the tide could have been when Phaeton's core appeared so close to the Earth's surface. Masses of water, including those that were underground, were raised to the surface by tidal forces. This was the flood.

It is also known that more than 12 thousand years ago, a year was equal to 360 days. Scientists explain the increase in the year by five days as follows: the mass of the Earth increased due to the presence of the Moon, the planet moved further from the Sun, the orbit became larger, and the year increased by five days.

But we note that not everyone agrees with the theory about Phaethon and the Moon. Some believe that the asteroid belt is not a destroyed planet, but a planet that was never able to form due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter and, to some extent, other giant planets.

Compared to the sun. Photo credit: NASA.

Weight: 1.98892 x 10 30 kg
Diameter: 1,391,000 km
Radius: 695,500 km
Gravity on the surface of the Sun: 27.94g
Sun volume: 1.412 x 10 30 kg 3
Sun Density: 1.622 x 10 5 kg/m3

How big is the Sun?

Compared to other stars, the Sun has the average size, and a small star. Stars with much more mass can be much larger than the Sun. For example, the red giant Betelgeuse, in the constellation Orion, is believed to be 1,000 times larger than the Sun. And the largest known star is VY Canis Majoris, which is about 2000 times larger than the Sun. If you could put VY Canis Majoris in our solar system, it would be pulled out of Saturn's orbit.

The size of the Sun is changing. In the future, when it develops usable hydrogen fuel in its core, it will also become a red giant. It will swallow the orbits And , and perhaps even . Within a few million years, the Sun will be 200 times larger than its current size.

After the Sun becomes a red giant, it will shrink to become a white dwarf star. Then the size of the Sun will become approximately the size of the Earth.

mass of the sun

Mass of the Sun 1.98892 x 10 30 kg. This is a really huge number and it's really hard to fit it into the environment, so let's write the mass of the Sun with all zeros.

1,988,920,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg.

Still need to turn your head? Let's make a comparison. The mass of the Sun is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. It is 1048 times the mass of Jupiter and 3498 times the mass of Saturn.

In fact, the Sun accounts for 99.8% of the total mass in the entire Solar System; and most are not solar mass are Jupiter and Saturn. To say that the Earth is an insignificant speck is putting it mildly.

When astronomers try to measure the mass of another stellar object, they use the Sun's mass for comparison. This is known as "solar mass". Therefore, the mass of objects, like black holes, will be measured in solar masses. A massive star can have 5-10 solar masses. A supermassive black hole could have hundreds of millions of solar masses.

Astronomers attribute to this the symbol M, which looks like a circle with a dot in the middle - M⊙ . To show , which has a mass of 5 solar masses, or 5 solar masses, that would be 5 M ⊙ .

Eta Carinae, one of the most massive stars known. Photo credit: NASA.

The Sun is massive, but not the biggest star out there. In fact, the largest massive star we know of is Eta Carinae, which has a mass of 150 solar masses.

The mass of the Sun slowly decreases with time. There are two processes at work. The first is the nuclear fusion reactions at the core of the Sun, converting hydrogen atoms into helium. Some of the Sun's mass is lost in the process of nuclear fusion, when hydrogen atoms are converted into energy. The heat we feel from the Sun is the loss of solar mass. The second one is , which constantly blows protons and electrons into outer space.

Mass of the Sun in kilograms: 1.98892 x 10 30 kg

Mass of the Sun in pounds: 4.38481 x 10 30 pounds

Mass of the Sun in US tons: 2.1924 x 10 27 US tons (1 US ton = 907.18474 kg)

Mass of the Sun in tons: 1.98892 x 10 30 tons (1 metric ton = 1000 kg)

Sun Diameter

The diameter of the Sun is 1.391 million kilometers or 870,000 miles.

Again, let's put this number in perspective. The diameter of the Sun has 109 diameters of the Earth. This is 9.7 Jupiter diameters. Really, really a lot.

The sun is far from the most big stars in . , which we know is called VY Canis Majoris, and astronomers believe that it has 2100 solar diameters.

Sun diameter in kilometers: 1,391,000 km

Sun diameter in miles: 864,000 miles

Sun diameter in meters: 1,391,000,000 m

Diameter of the Sun compared to the Earth: 109 Earths

Sun Radius

The radius of the Sun, the dimensions from the exact center to its surface, is 695,500 km.

The sun takes about 25 days to rotate on its axis. Since it rotates relatively slowly, the Sun is not oblate at all. The distance from the center to the poles is almost the same size as the distance from the center to the equator.

Somewhere out there there are stars that differ significantly. For example, the star Achernar, located in the constellation Eridanus, is oblate by up to 50%. In other words, the distance from the poles is half the distance from the equator. In such a situation, the star actually looks like a top toy.

Therefore, relative to the stars there, the Sun is almost an excellent sphere.

Astronomers use the radius of the Sun to compare the sizes of stars and other astronomical objects. For example, a star with 2 solar radii is twice the size of the Sun. A star with 10 solar radii is 10 times the size of the Sun, and so on.

VY Canis Majoris. The largest known star.

Pole Star (Polaris), North Star- the largest star in the constellation Ursa Minor (Ursa Minor), and due to its proximity to the north astronomical pole, it is considered the current northern polar star. The North Star is primarily used for navigation and has a solar radius of 30, which means it is 30 times the size of the Sun.

Sirius, which is the brightest star in the night sky. In terms of apparent magnitude, the second brightest star, Canopus, is only half the size of Sirius. No wonder it really stands out. Sirius is actually a binary star system with Sirius A having a solar radius of 1.711 and Sirius B being much smaller at 0.0084.

Radius of the Sun in kilometers: 695,500 km

Radius of the Sun in miles: 432,000 miles

Radius of the Sun in meters: 695,500,000 m

Radius of the Sun compared to the Earth: 109 Earths

Sun gravity

The sun has a huge amount of mass, and therefore it has a lot of gravity. In fact, the mass of the Sun is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. Forget that 5800 Kelvin is made up of hydrogen - how would you feel if you could walk on the surface of the sun? Think about it, the gravity of the sun on the surface is 28 times that of the earth.

In other words, if your scale says 100 kg on Earth, it would be 2800 kg if you were trying to walk on the surface of the Sun. Needless to say, a person would die fairly quickly just from the pull of gravity, not to mention the heat, etc.

The Sun's gravity pulls all of its mass (mainly hydrogen and helium) into an almost perfect sphere. Down to the core of the Sun, temperatures and pressures are so high that nuclear fusion becomes possible. Great amount light and energy pouring out of the sun resists being squeezed by the pull of gravity.

Diagram of the Solar System, including the Oort Cloud, on a logarithmic scale. Credit: NASA.

Astronomers define as distance under the influence of gravity from the Sun. We know the sun keeps distant (on average at a distance of 5.9 billion kilometers). But astronomers think that the Oort Cloud extends to a distance of 50,000 astronomical units (1 AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun), or 1 light year. In fact, the Sun's gravity could extend up to 2 light-years, the point at which the attraction of other stars is stronger.

Surface gravity of the Sun: 27.94 g

Sun Density

The density of the Sun is 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter. For comparison, the density of water is 1 g/cm3. In other words, if you found a large enough pool, the Sun would "sink and not float." And it seems counter-intuitive. Isn't the sun made up of hydrogen and helium, the two lightest elements in the universe? So how can the Sun's density be so high?

Well, it's all from gravity. But first, let's calculate the density of the Sun ourselves.

The formula for density is the division of mass by volume. Mass of the Sun 2 x 10 33 grams, and the volume is 1.41 x 10 33 cm3 . And so, if you calculate, the density of the Sun is 1.4 g / cm 3 .

Inner part Sun. Image credit: NASA.

The sun is held back by gravity. While the outermost layers of the Sun may be less dense, strong gravity compresses the inner regions with tremendous pressure. At the core of the Sun, the pressure is over 1 million metric tons per square centimeter - equivalent to more than 10 billion Earth atmospheres. And as soon as you get that pressure, nuclear fusion kicks in.

The title of the article you read "Characteristics of the Sun".

There are strong suspicions that "gravity" spreads in general instantly. But if this is actually the case, then how to establish it - after all, any measurements are theoretically impossible without some kind of error. So we will never know if this speed is finite or infinite. And the world in which it has a limit, and the world in which it is limitless - these are “two big differences”, and we will never know what kind of world we live in! Here is the limit that is set scientific knowledge. Accepting one point of view or another is a matter of faith, completely irrational, defying any logic. How defying any logic is faith in the “scientific picture of the world”, which is based on the “law of universal gravitation”, which exists only in zombie heads, and which is not found in the world around us ...

Now we leave the Newtonian law, and in conclusion we present clearest example the fact that the laws discovered on Earth do not not universal to the rest of the universe.

Let's look at the same moon. Preferably on a full moon. Why does the Moon look like a disk - more like a pancake than a bun, the shape of which it has? After all, it is a ball, and the ball, if illuminated from the side of the photographer, looks something like this: in the center - a glare, then the illumination decreases, the image is darker towards the edges of the disk.

In the moon, the illumination in the sky is uniform - both in the center and along the edges, it is enough to look at the sky. You can use good binoculars or a camera with a strong optical "zoom", an example of such a photograph is given at the beginning of the article. It was taken with a 16x zoom. This image can be processed in any graphics editor, increasing the contrast to make sure that everything is true, moreover, the brightness at the edges of the disk at the top and bottom is even slightly higher than in the center, where it should theoretically be maximum.

Here we have an example of what the laws of optics on the moon and on earth are completely different! For some reason, the moon reflects all the incident light towards the Earth. We have no reason to extend the regularities revealed in the conditions of the Earth to the entire Universe. It is not a fact that physical "constants" are actually constants and do not change over time.

All of the above shows that the "theories" of "black holes", "Higgs bosons" and much more are not even science fiction, but just nonsense, bigger than the theory that the earth rests on turtles, elephants and whales...

Natural History: The Law of Gravity

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