Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich 1661–1682 The son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first wife, Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Born May 30, 1661. On September 1, 1674, Fedor was declared heir to the Moscow throne, and on January 30, 1676, after the death of his father, he became king. Crowning the kingdom

"Tsar Fedor", or Romantic football Fedor Cherenkov, "Spartak", Moscow Fedor Cherenkov was born on July 25, 1959 in Moscow. He recalls his childhood as follows: “I grew up as an ordinary boy. I had soldiers, checkers and chess. I even pretended to write down the moves...

To a large extent, therefore, the biography of F.A. Golovin is less than other associates of Peter the Great, provided with research, published sources, testimonies of memoirists. For all that, F.A. Golovin was one of the most significant figures in the political Olympus of the country in the first half of Peter's reign. In 1714 - 1715. Brunswick-Luneburg resident F.Kh. Weber saw a portrait of F.A. Golovin with a Latin inscription: “Whoever fulfills his position with all his soul, with zeal and skill, is only capable of great and extraordinary deeds.” This statement of Cicero was the vital credo of the Admiral General, the actual head of the Posolsky and seven other Peter's orders.

Compiled in 1687 to record the genealogies of the most noble families, the Velvet Book and the genealogies themselves tell about the origin of the boyar and noble families of the Golovins, Gryazny, Tretyakov, Khovrins from the descendants of the “Prince of Gothia” Stefan Vasilyevich, who “left” with his son Grigory to the court of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy from his Crimean estates in Surozh (Sudak), Cafe (on the site of Feodosia), Balaklava and Mankup. According to family tradition, Stefan was a descendant of the Byzantine imperial family of the Komnenos (distorted: Khovrins), although researchers consider this version legendary: the nickname Khovra (clumsy, rotosey, unkempt) was already given to Stefan’s son Grigory in Russia. In general, S.B. Veselovsky believed that only the Greek origin of Stephen was unconditional, and the historian questioned his princely title and the presence of such large estates.

The son of Gregory - Vladimir in the Yermolinsky chronicle is named as "a guest and boyar of the Grand Duke" Vasily the Dark, and in the Ustyug vault he is called the treasurer. He was one of the richest people in Russia in the second half of the 15th century, had estates in the Moscow and Dmitrovsky districts. In 1449 - 1450. in Moscow, in his courtyard, he built a stone Church of the Exaltation, “on Simonovo he built a brick church of the Transfiguration ... and within the cathedral of Archangel Michael ... and a brick fence near the monastery ...”

Vladimir Grigorievich had five sons. The elder Ivan (d. 1509) became the ancestor of the Golovins. According to family tradition, he received the nickname Head, as if for being the godson and especially confidant of the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. He was distinguished by energy and service zeal. In 1473, Ivan Golova, together with his father, oversaw the progress of work on the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin, and in 1485 he built brick chambers for his family near the Chudov Monastery. Ivan Golova had two sons: Ivan, nicknamed Skryaba, who died early, and Peter (d. 1524/1525), who was the first to be written in documents as Golovin. In 1512/1513 Peter became treasurer. Six of his sons were devious. One of them, Peter, was a confidant of the Grand Duke Basil III Ivanovich and was even present at the compilation of his spiritual. In 1519 he was mentioned as treasurer. The offspring of Peter Ivanovich gave six branches of the Golovins - Khovrins. From the representative of the younger branch, the grandson of the okolnichy Pyotr Petrovich (d. 1645), the count family of Golovins originates. According to A.M. Kurbsky in February 1565, at the very beginning of the oprichnina, a participant in the capture of Kazan in 1562 was executed. and then his brother Mikhail Petrovich. For their eternal remembrance, relatives made a great contribution to the Simonov Monastery.

Golovins-Khovrins became boyars at a time when it was extremely difficult for "new people" to penetrate this class. No less than wealth, this was facilitated by the efficiency, organizational and administrative abilities characteristic of the representatives of the family. Concern for the preservation and increase of the sovereign's treasury becomes their family business. In the XV - XVI centuries. The Golovins almost hereditarily held the position of treasurer. She required knowledge of finance, trading skills, so merchants and moneylenders were often appointed to her. Under Ivan III and Vasily II, the Golovins were involved in diplomatic missions. Educated people, they were aware of the socio-political problems of the then Russian society. This is clearly evidenced, in particular, by their correspondence with Joseph Volotsky. Through the daughters of Golovin - Khovrin, they were related to the most prominent Russian boyar and princely families of the Patrikeevs, Kholmskys, Pronskys, Obolenskys and even the grand ducal house.

The heavenly patron of the Golovin-Khovrin family was St. Alexei, Metropolitan of Moscow. In 1522, in the family estate, the village of Alekseevsky (Bolshaya Golovinshchina), in the Ryazan region, a temple was built in his honor, in which a part of the relics of the saint was kept. For three centuries, the Golovins-Khovrins maintained close ties with the settlement based on their lands at the end of the 14th century. Simonov Monastery: they made significant financial contributions, subsidized construction work, buried their relatives, and were tonsured monks. At the beginning of the XV century. they laid the foundation for stone monastery construction, which at that time was extremely expensive and exceptional in Moscow: “Grigory Khovra and his wife Agripina started the Simonov monastery, and they erected a large stone church and many cells. And they are commemorated in daily lithium lists and in eternal synodikes...”

The grandfather of our hero, the steward of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Pyotr Petrovich, was sent to Siberia in 1638. There he subjugated the tribes of the Tungus and Yakuts and settled the yasak collection from them. In search of lands suitable for arable farming, the stolnik sent reconnaissance expeditions to study the area of ​​​​Lake Baikal, the basins of the Ilim, Indigirka, and Yanga rivers. P.P. Golovin returned to Moscow only in 1644. In 1652 he was granted a okolnichy and two years later he was appointed governor of Kashira. In 1654 P.P. Golovin was among the persons through whom Bogdan Khmelnitsky submitted a petition for the adoption of Little Russia into Russian citizenship.

Father - okolnichiy Alexei Petrovich - since 1677 he served in the Yamsky order and the Order of cash collections. In 1681 he was sent as governor to Astrakhan, then to Simbirsk (since 1684). As Tobolsk voivode (1686 - 1689) he organized the first delimitation of Siberian lands, fortified the city with an earthen rampart. One of the uncles of F.A. Golovina - Vasily Petrovich - during the voivodeship in Toropets and Belgorod, he took part in repelling the raids of the Crimeans. The other is the stolnik, boyar (since 1682) Mikhail Petrovich, according to the decision of the Duma, he commanded over Moscow during the Streltsy revolt of 1688.

About childhood and youth F.A. Golovin, extremely little news has been preserved. He was born in 1650 and received his early education in his father's house. The boy turned out to be extremely inquisitive, receptive to knowledge, which he constantly improved throughout his subsequent hectic life. His Russian written language was flawless. The young man was taught Latin by the translator of the Discharge Order, Andrei Belobotsky, a graduate of the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology of Krakow University. Subsequently, F.A. Golovin read the Latin classics fluently and corresponded in this language. During his diplomatic career, F.A. Golovin independently studied Mongolian and English. D.N. Bantysh-Kamensky wrote that in 1676, on his deathbed, Alexei Mikhailovich bequeathed F.A. Golovin, G.I. Golovkin, K.P. Naryshkin, P.I. Prozorovsky to keep the young Tsarevich Peter as the apple of his eye. In 1681, the attorney F.A. Golovin was with his father in Astrakhan. Having proven himself well, he received the rank of steward.

Nomination F.A. Golovin's rise to the top of the career ladder began with his performance of an important diplomatic mission in the eastern outskirts of the country.

From the middle of the XVII century. Russian “hunting” people began to actively develop the lands of the Amur region (Dauria) in the basins of the Shilka, Argun, and Amur rivers. The native tribes of the Achans, Buryats, Daurs, Duchers, Nanais, Evenks were brought into obedience and paid annual yasak of 40-50 forty sables in the amount of 7-9 thousand rubles. In addition to furs, the Amur and its tributaries turned out to be rich in pearls, and the land is suitable for agriculture. The Russian administration promoted peasant colonization to create a food base for all of Eastern Siberia here. Albazinsky prison, built in 1654 on the site of a fortified town of Daurs, became a stronghold of Russian influence in the East. In connection with the indignation of the Mongol tribes, the town turned into the main gate of Russian trade with China. Realizing the economic and military-political significance of Dauria, the government in 1682 created an independent Albazin voivodeship.

The lack of military forces forced the Russian government to avoid conflicts with China, which claimed this fertile land. To settle relations in Beijing in 1655, an embassy of F.I. Ba (o) ykova, in 1675 - N. Sappharia. However, Russian diplomatic missions then ended in failure. The Qing government relied on the strength and incitement of anti-Russian sentiments of the native and neighboring Mongol tribes. In 1684, the Manchus besieged Albazin for several months to no avail. The next year, the 5000-strong garrison could not withstand the onslaught of the many times superior forces of the Manchus and left the prison. The enemy destroyed the fortifications, but after the departure of the Chinese, the prison was rebuilt in its original place. In July 1686, Albazin was again besieged and for ten months held back the onslaught of the enemy. Of the 826 people, only 70 survived.

In the context of ongoing wars with Crimean Tatars and Turkey, the government was not able to provide effective assistance to the Russian population of Dauria, therefore, taking advantage of the formal appeal of Emperor Kang-si in 1685 to the tsar about the need to demarcate the borders, it decided to conclude a peace treaty with the Celestial Empire. On December 25, 1685, the thirty-five-year-old F.A. Golovin was appointed great and plenipotentiary ambassador to China with the title of governor of Bryansk; at the same time he was transferred from the junior stolniks to the neighbors. The Nerchinsk governor, steward and governor of Elatom I.A. was approved as the second ambassador. Vlasov, the third - the clerk Semyon Koritsky. I.A. Vlasov and S. Koritsky had previously served in Siberia for many years and were well versed in the situation there. A small retinue of five young nobles and three clerks was assigned to the embassy. The translator from Latin, apparently at the insistence of the ambassador, was his longtime home teacher A. Belobotsky. Upon learning of such a "mercy", the foreign serviceman fled from his yard, and the bailiffs of the Ambassadorial order searched for him in Moscow for four days. 506 archers were assigned to guard the embassy.

D.N. Bantysh-Kamensky interpreted the appointment of F.A. Golovin as a kind of disgrace on the part of the head of the Ambassadorial order V.V. Golitsyn, caused by commitment to Tsar Peter. However, most likely, when determining the staff of the embassy, ​​the favorite of Princess Sophia was guided primarily by business qualities, and not by personal goodwill. The customs and norms of Chinese diplomacy in Moscow were not known; this required great organizational skills, resourcefulness and initiative from the ambassador. In view of the complexity of the situation at the border, F.A. Golovin was endowed not only with diplomatic, but also with extremely broad administrative functions. The credentials ordered to establish a border along the Amur to its tributaries Bureya and Zeya, to achieve the inclusion in the agreement of an article on mutual and unhindered trade. As a last resort, in order to achieve peace, the ambassador had to agree to the border along Albazin, i.e. make territorial concessions to China. In the event of a failure to sign a peace treaty, F.A. Golovin was instructed to take care of repulsing the enemy invasion. The ambassador was supposed to pacify the rebellious native tribes and restore peaceful relations with the Mongol khans (taishas).

On January 26, 1686, following the instructions to “hurry without any delay”, the embassy left Moscow on 270 sledges on the rolled snow. On March 24, having passed Pereyaslavl, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug, Solvychegodsk, Kaigorod, Solikamsk, Verkhoturye, Tyumen and, having overcome 3,735 versts, the ambassadors arrived in the capital of Siberia - Tobolsk. Here, with the support of Father F.A. Golovin “made up” a regiment of foot Cossacks of 1,400 people from plowed peasants, political and criminal exiles to possibly repel an attack by the Qing troops.

At the end of May, on 23 boards, the embassy moved down the Irtysh, further along the tributary of the Ob Keti to Makovsky prison, then by land - to Yeniseisk. In Rybny ostrog on the Angara, the embassy was forced to stop for the winter due to damage to gear. On May 15, 1687, “with great gravity” they set out along the Angara. Even archers were planted at the oars. On June 8, the travelers reached the Bratsk prison, and on July 17 they arrived in Irkutsk on carts. Even under favorable circumstances, in off-road conditions, in the wilderness of the vast expanses of Siberia, such trips were fraught with enormous difficulties, hardships and sacrifices. On the Tatar Sea (Baikal), together with four planks, 800 pounds of cargo went under water. On September 11, the embassy arrived in Udinsk, and on October 25, 1687, it reached Selenginsk. The journey to the destination took 21 months.

Meanwhile, the Manchus provoked the performance of the Mongol (Mungal) khans against Russia and, under the pretext of ensuring the safety of their ambassadors, postponed the negotiations to 1689. his allegiance to the Baikal yasak people, besieged Selenginsk and Udinsk. In September, the two thousandth detachment of F.A. Golovin drove the Mongols away from Udinsk and defeated the army of taishas on the Khilok River, securing the Russian rear from Transbaikalia. 200 Mongols were killed and 1,200 yurts were brought under citizenship.

Having strengthened Udinsk, in the spring of 1689 F.A. Golovin moved to Nerchinsk. New instructions were delivered there from the Posolsky Prikaz, indicating that the government was finally beginning to realistically assess the entire complexity of the situation that had arisen on the border with China. The last step of concessions to which F.A. Golovin, this is the destruction of Albazin, but with the preservation of Russian "crafts" in Dauria.

At the insistence of the Chinese side, Nerchinsk was chosen as the place for negotiations. On July 20, 1689, the Qing ambassadors arrived at the city in 76 large ships armed with cannons. Simultaneously with the fleet, the land army also approached. Total population Chinese troops reached 15 thousand people, while subordinate to F.A. Golovin in Dauria was only 2.5 - 3 thousand. The Qing dynasty was interested in a peace treaty to ensure its rear in the expected war with Mongolia. Failure to act against the small Russian garrisons threatened to prolong the conflict, which would worsen the already unenviable financial position of the government. The importance of the upcoming negotiations determined both Kan-si's consent to hold them outside the territory of the empire, and the high composition of the delegation. The first ambassador was the head of the guard, Prince Songgotu, the second was the uncle of the emperor, Prince Tung-gue-gan (Kiu-Kisu), the third was the nobleman Lantan (Lamt), who led the military operations against Albazin in 1685 - 1687. The embassy consisted of two Jesuit translators: the Spaniard Thomas Pereira and the Frenchman Jean Francois Gerbillon.

On August 9, F.A. arrived in Nerchinsk. Golovin, and on the 12th the first meeting of the ambassadors took place. Outwardly, everything looked very picturesque. Two tents for meetings were pitched near the city. The Russian tent was covered with expensive Turkish carpets. A clock and a golden inkpot stood on a table with chairs drawn up to it. In a Chinese tent, a bench covered with expensive fabrics was installed, on which, as usual, with legs tucked under them, ambassadors were supposed to sit. Early in the morning, to the sounds of a military march, accompanied by three hundred foot archers and two hundred mounted nobles and service people, the Russian embassy set out from the city. The ambassadors were dressed in coats of gold brocade and cloaks embroidered with gold. The Chinese who came out to meet them showed off in bright silk dresses; their straw hats were adorned with rich pearls.

Heated disputes immediately flared up around the definition of ownership of the Daurian lands. Both sides saw them as their ancestral possessions. In response to F.A. Golovin, “to be the border to the Amur River to the sea”, the Chinese delegation insisted on the concession of all Dauria by Russia. Did not find support Russian sentence on the inclusion of articles on free trade in the text of the treaty. At the second congress of ambassadors held on August 13, the Manchus, under the threat of the outbreak of hostilities, demanded the territory of the Amur region and a significant part of Transbaikalia. In response to the threats of F.A. Golovin expressed Russia's readiness to defend its lands. According to the memoirs of J. Gerbillon, the first ambassador, despite the extreme tension, ready to escalate into hostilities at any moment, "knew how to keep his rank without emphasizing, very naturally and simply."

Negotiations were interrupted for two weeks. At this time, the Qing troops, who had more than a tenfold superiority, laid siege to Nerchinsk, unprepared for a long siege. On August 18, at the head of the archery regiments and the Cossack cavalry with unfolded banners, F.A. Golovin left the city with the intention of giving battle. However, the Qing governors did not dare to attack and resumed negotiations through messengers. At the same time, their troops moved closer to the walls. From the side of the Nercha River, the city was blocked by the Qing fleet. Under these conditions, F.A. Golovin was forced to make extreme territorial concessions to China.

On August 27, at the third congress, the texts of the treaty were read out in Russian, Latin, and Manchurian. The parties exchanged diplomas and gifts. F. Golovin gave the Chinese a rich meal accompanied by music and drumming. On August 30, the Qing embassy left Nerchinsk. A little later, F.A. Golovin, having given the order to ruin Albazin, left for Irkutsk on carts.

The articles of the treaty established the border between the two states along the Gorbitsa River, Stanovoy Ridge (Stone Mountains) and further to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Russia undertook to destroy the military fortifications in the Albazinsky Voivodeship and withdraw its subjects from there. Relying on military superiority in this region, the Qing government managed to temporarily suspend Russian colonization of the Far East. At the same time, F.A. Golovin defended Russia's rights to the lands of Transbaikalia and the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The exact border with China was established only along the middle reaches of the Amur, which provided Russia with certain loopholes for the subsequent development of Primorsky Krai. Muscovy was the first European country to agree on free trade with China. The corresponding article was included in the text of the treaty under the insistent demand of Russian diplomats. On the whole, the long-term peace with China was an important political event for Russia. Separate articles of the Nerchinsk Treaty remained in force until the ratification of the Aigun Treaty of 1858.

Under the supervision of F.A. Golovin, Nerchinsk was fortified and a wooden fortress was built in Udinsk. Under the leadership of the first ambassador, the incursions of the Mongols robber detachments into the territories controlled by Russia were repelled, and tribute payments were restored from the fraternal, Onkot, Tabunut, Tunguz "foreigners". In Irkutsk, Bratsk, the ambassador collected yasak in sables and foxes for 21,568 rubles, and in Nerchinsk, customs duties in “damask and atlases” for 2,509 rubles. During the sent F.A. Golovin in 1689 expedition in the upper reaches of the Argun River discovered deposits of silver ore.

In the historical literature, there are polar points of view on the meaning of the prisoner F.A. Golovin of the contract. Some authors believe that, despite the territorial losses, peace with China met the Russian national interests, their opponents see the Nerchinsk Treaty as yet another failure of V.V. Golitsyn, due to a large extent to the weakness of the Russian presence in the Far East. Probably N.I. is right. Pavlenko, who argued that the contract is not subject to an unambiguous assessment and that both disputing parties are right in their own way. The seven articles of the Nerchinsk Treaty, of course, could not resolve the entire complex of problems that had accumulated between the countries. Some of its provisions were not clearly formulated, which subsequently caused a lot of misunderstandings in matters of delimitation of territories, refugees, and trade. To settle them, five years after the return of F.A. Golovin, an embassy of I. Ides was sent to Beijing.

F. Golovin, after a five-year absence, arrived in Moscow on January 10, 1691. By this time, Princess Sophia was already imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, and V.V. Golitsyn is in disgrace. Even on the way, the roundabout I. Skripitsyn delivered the royal favor to the ambassador, backed up by several gold and silver medals. On February 2, the ambassador had an audience with Tsars John and Peter. The latter, chiding Albazin's concession, on the whole highly appreciated the results of the work and listened with interest to the stories of F.A. Golovin about Siberia and the peoples inhabiting it. "For service and zeal" F.A. Golovin was elevated to boyar dignity and received the title of governor of the Siberian.

In the scientific literature, the question of the participation of F.A. Golovin in the first Azov campaign is still controversial. To some extent, it is clarified by M.V. Solovyov bit record: "In the past 203 (1695) were in the Azov campaign, and in the current 204 (1696) they will be the same: Avtomon Mikhailovich Golovin, Fedor Alekseevich Golovin, Ivan Mikhailovich son Golovin." In any case, it remains unclear whether F.A. Golovin was directly involved in the battles or was in the second line.

F. Golovin played a significant role in procuring provisions and ammunition for the army, ensuring a favorable opinion of European courts about Russia's goals in the second Azov campaign. On May 3, 1696, Peter I wrote to the Duma deacon A.A. Vinius: “... A letter from Fyodor Alekseevich through this mail, if it reaches you, if you please, send it overseas and to other places. You can guess what it is and what it is for.

On May 3, 1696, a squadron of eight galleys under the command of the “sea caravan of Commissar General” F.A. Golovina left Voronezh and headed for Azov. According to M.M. Bogoslovsky, the Admiral-General "was only a parade figure, behind which Peter himself was hiding." Together with the king, they went on the Principium galley "by sail and rowing." P. Gordon wrote about a meeting with the tsar near Novogeorgievsk: “I went with him to the fort and then to my boat, where there was a meeting with the boyar F.A. Golovin and with the Don ataman about His Majesty's plan to attack two ships below Azov in the roadstead. After reconnaissance, it turned out that 13 Turkish galleys and 24 small ships were in the roadstead of the city. The operation was postponed. On May 20, in the evening, the Cossacks of Ataman F. Minyaev attacked the Turkish fleet in boats. The enemy squadron was partially burned, partially dispersed. The Cossacks captured rich trophies. On July 19, the Azov garrison capitulated. The festivities on this occasion continued for two days. On August 21, Tsar Peter left Cherkassk by land for Moscow. How did he get to the capital of F.A. Golovin is unknown.

Participation in siege works F.A. Golovin did not accept, as a member of the military councils he was also hardly noticeable, however, on September 30, during the solemn entry of troops into the capital, he was given a place of honor. At nine o'clock in the morning, the troops moved from the Simonov Monastery through the Serpukhov Gates, Zamoskvorechye to the Stone Bridge, at the entrance to which the Triumphal Gates were built. F. Golovin, together with the steward K.A. Naryshkin, in a carriage drawn by six horses, followed the equestrian detachment that opened the procession and the teacher of the young tsar N.M. Zotov. Then F. Lefort, who suffered from wounds, followed in a Russian sleigh, followed by Peter I in front of the "sea caravan". December 26, 1696 for participation in the campaign against the Turks F.A. Golovin was awarded a gold medal of five and a half chervonets, a goblet, and a sable brocade robe; fifty-seven households in the village of Molodovskoe gorodishche, Kromsky district, also passed into his possession.

After the tonsure of Princess Sophia and exile in 1689, V.V. Golitsyn, the government and the Ambassadorial Order were formally headed by the tsar's uncle L.K. Naryshkin. A sybarite and a drunkard, he did little business. In fact, everything was run by the Duma clerk E.I. Ukrainians. Therefore, it is no coincidence that on December 6, 1696, it was he who announced in the Ambassadorial Order the tsar’s decree on equipping the mission to the European courts “to maintain ancient friendship and love, for common deeds to all Christianity, to weaken the enemies of the Holy Cross, the Saltan of Tours, the Crimean Khan and all Busurman hordes. It was, firstly, about consolidating the efforts of the European powers in the fight against Turkish aggression and, secondly, about providing financial and military-technical assistance to Russia from the Christian states.

The first ambassador was the Novgorod governor, Admiral General F. Lefort, the second - "general, military commissar, Siberian governor" F.A. Golovin; third - Duma clerk P.B. Voznitsyn. In addition to "different stocks", the ambassadors received "help" in the amount of 3,920, 3,000, 1,650 rubles, respectively. Suite F.A. Golovin was assigned ten people. In it, he included his son Ivan and brother Alexei Grigorievich.

Judging by the documents, all matters related to the preparation and organization of the embassy were concentrated in the hands of F.A. Golovin, who had a much more solid diplomatic practice than F. Lefort. In order to prepare believers, letters of authority, instructions to the embassy, ​​they requested copies from the archives of the Ambassadorial order from the article lists of previous years. “... Lead, my sovereign, the affairs that we were ordered to let go, in order to look around me everything that will be necessary, although the beginning ...” - he wrote to E.I. Ukraintsev. F. Golovin formed a retinue of ambassadors, a staff of translators and servants; he was entrusted with the task of providing the mission with food, carts, and stationery. Under the supervision of F.A. Golovin, at the embassy, ​​a detachment of volunteers of thirty people was staffed, who, at the expense of the treasury, were to improve in navigational science. Among them: the tsar himself under the name of foreman P. Mikhailov, A.D. Menshikov, A.B. Golitsyn, Ivan Mikhailovich and Ivan Aleksandrovich Golovin. In addition to performing diplomatic duties proper, the second ambassador was entrusted with the recruitment of civilian and military specialists for service in Russia, the purchase of ammunition and equipment “as needed” for the army and navy.

On March 10, 1697, the embassy left the village of Nikolsky near Moscow, and on May 18 arrived in Koenigsberg. The lover of magnificent ceremonies, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg did everything to please the Muscovites. Armed citizens were lined up along the streets along which the embassy passed; the court is dressed in new liveries. On May 21, the elector gave an audience and a feast. Each toast was accompanied by a triple cannon shot. In early June, F.A. Golovin twice arranged a "luxurious and beautifully served table" for the elector and his retinue in his rented apartment. However, when it came to concrete steps towards the military rapprochement of the two states, Frederick III, in response to the proposal of F.A. Golovin on the conclusion of a defensive alliance against Sweden with the provision of Brandenburg guarantees for Prussia limited himself to a verbal, non-committal promise to help Russia in the fight against enemies.

On August 16, the embassy arrived in Amsterdam, the political, trade and economic center of the then world. The Dutch government allocated an astronomical sum of 100,000 guilders for the maintenance of the Russian delegation. Accompanied by fireworks, fireworks, sea fun, balls, dinners, banquet parties followed an endless series. Negotiations with the Commission of the States General did not produce tangible results. The Dutch government politely declined to provide military-technical and financial assistance to Russia.

In connection with the failure of the negotiations, "Peter Mikhailov" visited England at the unofficial invitation of King William III of Orange. On March 27, 1698, he requested a second ambassador to draw up contracts with naval officers recruited by the tsar for service. April 2 F.A. Golovin, together with the Russian monarch, examined the parliament, on April 18 they paid a farewell visit to the king. Having assured Peter I of friendship, William of Orange refused any specific obligations. In England, F.A. Golovin, as head of the Armory, concluded an agreement with the Marquis of Carmarthen for his right to the exclusive trade in tobacco in Russia. On April 28, the ambassador returned to Amsterdam.

On June 16, 1698, the Russian embassy arrived in Vienna. At this time, the Austrian government, through the mediation of England, conducted separate negotiations with Turkey on the conclusion of peace, and by arranging magnificent receptions and balls, they tried to lull the vigilance of Russian diplomacy. Austria shielded Russia from participating in peace negotiations. Private meetings with the emperor, empress, chancellor Kinsky did not allow the tsar and F.A. Golovin to find out the true intentions of Austria towards Turkey.

In general, from the point of view of solving the tasks set, the Great Embassy ended in failure. The naive hope for the Christian solidarity of Europe in the fight against the Muslims turned into many disappointments. Despite this, the activities of diplomats contributed to overcoming the foreign political isolation of Russia, its inclusion in global European politics and trade. Under the supervision of F.A. Golovin, about eight hundred officers, doctors, engineers were recruited into the Russian service, several tens of thousands of guns with bayonets unprecedented in Russia, etc. were purchased. Golovin's participation in the embassy was a school of direct acquaintance with European diplomatic practice. He learned to "give visits with all respect", to wear European dress in an informal setting and, according to an eyewitness, at the table he was repeatedly "satiated with oysters."

Among other ambassadors, F.A. Golovin was presented by the States General with a gold chain with the coat of arms of Holland in eight pounds; in Mitau he received a diamond ring from the Duke of Courland; the elector of Brandenburg presented his portrait in a case strewn with diamonds, a silver tub, a washstand and a mug. In Vienna, F.A. Golovin acquired the emperor's blessing and gifts worth two pounds of silver - "a great vessel that they wash glass vessels or glasses during the table, two water-carrying jugs, a tub, six wall candlesticks."

A.F. Golovin became the second (after A.D. Menshikov) Russian citizen, elevated on November 16, 1702 to the rank of count of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. This title, issued through the Vice-Chancellor of Austria von D. Kaunitz, apparently cost a lot to its bearer. “And you also want to be a count,” F.A. Golovin, his colleague P.B. Voznitsyn, “I’ll apply zeal here later, but you can’t do it for nothing, you have to pay.”

Having received on July 15, 1698 from F.Yu. Romodanovsky news of the rebellion of archers, Peter I with F. Lefort, F.A. Golovin and A.D. Menshikov urgently returned to Russia. On August 25, the cortege arrived in Moscow. The king helpfully took his companions home, and the next day he began to shave his beards, which became for him a symbol of rejection of innovations. Boyar A.S. was the first to be executed. Shein and Prince F.Yu. Romodanovsky. F. While still in Vienna, Golovin changed into a European dress, shaved off his beard, leaving only a mustache. The secretary of the British embassy in Moscow, I. Korb, in his diary reproduced F.Yu. Romodanovsky about this event: "I do not believe such stupidity and folly of Golovin, so that he could neglect the clothes of his native people."

In August - September we often see F.A. Golovin in the company of the tsar and his closest favorite F. Lefort. On September 18, the ambassador gave a feast in his house. “... There was a large society, they drank a lot and danced ... To increase the gaiety, large military weapons were put into action,” I. Korb noted. The same author narrated about the solemn entry of the Grand Embassy to Moscow on October 20: “Two plenipotentiaries of His Majesty, who quite recently ruled the embassy at the Caesar's court, General Lefort and the boyar Golovin, entered Moscow in the same order as they brought them to Vienna; many carriages drawn by sixes, as many as they could get, increased the magnificence of the retinue, and the king did not consider it below his dignity to join the number of mourners.

Peter I appreciated the role of the second ambassador. Upon returning from abroad, for the first time in Russia, nominal silver and copper medals were stamped, on the obverse of which the profile of F.A. Golovin, on the reverse - a lion with a raised sword, on top of which the motto of the family coat of arms is minted: "Et consilio et robore" ("And with advice and courage"). September 9, 1698 F.A. Golovin was granted a boyar. On March 10, 1699 (the day before the funeral of F. Lefort), the tsar entrusted F.A. Golovin, the first badge of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, and on April 21 he was appointed chief commander of the fleet with the rank of admiral general. Along with A.M. Golovin, T.N. Streshnev, A.A. Vinius, "the most jesting patriarch" N.M. Zotov, A.D. Menshikov, F.A. Golovin became one of the closest employees and most trusted persons of Peter I. F.A. Golovin was a member of the royal "noises" (revels), however, his relationship with the crowned bearer was exclusively businesslike.

At the turn of the XVII - XVIII centuries. F. Golovin became one of the largest Russian administrators. He commanded the Little Russian, Novgorod, Smolensk, Ustyug, Yamsky orders, the Galician quarter, the Mint (Money) Court (from May 7, 1699), the Armory, the Chamber of Gold and Silver Affairs (the last two from February 16, 1697). This testified both to the unlimited trust on the part of the autocrat, and to the undoubted organizational talents, extraordinary efficiency and responsibility of F.A. Golovin. The functions of the departments under his control often did not even overlap. However, the main focus of the dignitary, as before, was focused on diplomacy and the logistics of the armed forces. February 19, 1699 F.A. Golovin was appointed administrator of the Posolsky Prikaz; February 18, 1700 - "of the embassy's office by the initial president." On December 11, 1698, he headed the newly established Military Naval Order. The admiral-general, who had neither knowledge nor experience in naval affairs, did not interfere in the specific management of the fleet. He was in charge of no less complex issues related to the recruitment of personnel for the army and navy, control over the production and purchase of weapons, transportation, etc.

Upon his return from the Great Embassy, ​​Peter I finally established himself in the idea of ​​the need to reorient the country's foreign policy towards Western Europe. The unwillingness of the European powers to provide effective assistance to Russia in the war against Turkey and the desire to leave it face to face in the confrontation with its southern neighbor that was draining the country's material and human resources, expressed during recent negotiations, were additional incentives for this step. Entering the European political arena was impossible without the return of the Baltic coast to Russia, which predetermined the inevitability of a conflict with Sweden. Under these conditions, the priority tasks of the state were the creation of a regular army and navy. Diplomacy, from an independent tool for solving foreign policy problems, for many years actually turned into a servant of war, designed to provide the most favorable conditions for the preparation and conduct of military operations. In this regard, the main efforts of the Ambassadorial Order were aimed at the speedy conclusion of peace with Turkey, the formation of an anti-Swedish coalition, the recruitment of volunteers and the purchase of weapons in Europe.

In the autumn of 1698, the Danish envoy P. Gaines arrived in the capital with the initiative to create an anti-Swedish alliance. Peter I, bypassing the head of the Ambassadorial order L.K. Naryshkin, secretly met with him. F. Golovin was among an extremely narrow circle of dignitaries, initiated into the innermost foreign policy plans of the tsar. “This is a boyar with great merits,” P. Gaines noted, “everyone in this country considers him so; the tsar trusts him most of all ... "Before leaving for Voronezh on February 18, 1700, the monarch recommended that the Danish ambassador contact F.A. Golovin as to himself, and in March, to participate in secret negotiations, he summoned the Admiral General there. Diplomats “considered article by article” of the draft treaty, and when on April 21 it turned to secret applications, P. Gaines “proposed, with the approval of the king, to the first separate article another separate article regarding peace with the Turks. The tsar told me that he had already thought about it, and the boyar Golovin took out of his pocket the paper that he had drawn up for this end ... ”On the same day, an agreement with Denmark on an“ offensive attack ”on Sweden, which included secret articles , was signed by the tsar, and on November 23, 1699 in the Preobrazhensky Palace A.D. Menshikov was ratified. For the first time, Russia's foreign policy tasks for the return of the Izhora land and Karelia were formulated in it.

Immediately after the conclusion of the Russian-Danish agreement, E.I. was summoned to Voronezh for consultations. Ukrainians, April 2, 1699 appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to Istanbul. F. Golovin took a direct part in the preparation of believers, plenipotentiaries, instructions and question points to the ambassador. Taking into account that Russia does not have enough resources to wage a war on two fronts, E.I. Ukrainians were instructed to make maximum concessions to Turkey for the sake of the speedy conclusion of a peace treaty.

On April 27, a squadron headed by F.A. departed from Voronezh down the Don. Golovin. The admiral raised his standard on the 62-gun Scorpion. On May 24, the fortress artillery of Azov saluted the Russian fleet. On June 18, E.I. arrived in Azov. Ukrainians, and, having waited for a fair wind, on August 14, the ships entered the Kerch Strait. From one of their formidable appearance, the Turkish authorities were horrified. The show of force subsequently contributed greatly to the success of the negotiations.

Having escorted the 46-gun battleship "Fortress" with the embassy of E.I. Ukraintseva on board, the fleet left for the winter in Azov. Tsar and F.A. On September 23, 1699, Golovin returned to Moscow via Voronezh, where the Swedish embassy was waiting for them. On the occasion of the accession to the throne of Charles XII, the Swedes insisted on the confirmation by Russia of the Cardisi eternal peace treaty of 1661, the Plus border agreement of 1666, the Moscow Decree of 1684, which secured the Baltic coast for the Scandinavians. In order to hide their true intentions and evade the rite of the cross-kissing, the embassy was greeted with extreme pomp and courtesy. F. Golovin managed to reduce the negotiations to the "grievances" of Sweden to Russia and procedural issues. He deliberately spread rumors about the failure of the mission of E.I. Ukrainians to Turkey. The negotiations ended with the confirmation of an eternal peace treaty with assurances of unshakable friendship. The issue of swearing an oath to previously concluded agreements was postponed until a return embassy to Sweden, which was a diplomatic success for Russia. December 2, 1699 F.A. Golovin gave a dinner in honor of the departing ambassadors in his new palace.

In secret from the official Polish and Swedish ambassadors A.F. Golovin was in parallel negotiating with the envoy of Augustus II, the Saxon Major-General Karlovich. On November 11, 1699, a secret Russian-Polish treaty was concluded and ratified in Preobrazhensky "to have a war in common against the Sveian crown for many of their untruths." In response to August II's promise to divert Swedish forces in the Baltics, Russia undertook not to extend its zone of influence to this region.

Before the start of the war with Sweden, it was important to make sure of the firmness of the pro-Russian position of the Hetman of Ukraine I.S. Mazepa. In February 1700, F.A. Golovin held a number of meetings with him. The hetman's unconditional agreement with the Russian proposals was the reason for rewarding him, at the request of F.A. Golovin, signs of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Subsequently, a number of historians, with sufficient reason, reproached the tsar and F.A. Golovin in excessive gullibility to I.S. Mazepa.

However, the anti-Swedish coalition created by such efforts turned out to be fragile and short-lived. In the winter of 1700, the Saxon troops advanced to Riga, but for a ransom of 1.5 million thalers, Augustus II ordered the siege to be lifted. In August 1700, Denmark left the coalition, defeated by the troops of Charles XII. Referring to her sad experience, the Elector of Brandenburg in the summer of 1700 refused to join the union. On the whole, one can say that Russia's diplomatic preparations for war in Europe have failed.

On August 8, a messenger arrived in Moscow from E.I. Ukraintsev with the long-awaited news of the conclusion of a 30-year truce with Turkey. Azov and the mouth of the Don passed to Russia. The payment of a degrading tribute to the Crimean Khan was stopped. The next day, Peter I declared war on Sweden, the active preparation of which began in the spring of 1700. F.A. also played an important role in it. Golovin, who, like no one else, by virtue of his professional duties, was aware of the diplomatic and military plans of the tsar.

On March 10, 1699, Peter I left for Voronezh and hastily requested F.A. Golovina: "If you please, come truly to the Great Four." He was entrusted with the work of equipping and arming the ships under construction, supplying shipyards with labor and provisions. The fact is that as early as October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma adopted, at the suggestion of the tsar, a resolution on the establishment of merchants for the construction of 52 ships by the autumn of 1698, at the rate of one ship from 8 to 10 thousand households. F. Golovin, who at that time had 473 households, three of his relatives, Generalissimo A.S. Shein entered the kumppanstvo of the uncle of the tsar boyar T.N. Streshnev. The cost of work and materials for the construction and equipment of the 44-gun barcalon reached 7,164 rubles. In 1708, the kumpanstvo paid only 5,243 rubles. The construction of the fleet proceeded slowly, with delays and was accompanied by numerous abuses. The chief manager of the work of the kumpanstvo, okolnichiy A.P. Protasyev informed F.A. Golovin about conflicts with foreign masters, delays in financing, etc. The admiral wrote to Peter I about the difficulties that existed even before leaving for Voronezh: until the very evening, and having managed, I will immediately go. F. Golovin accompanied Peter I during the inspection of the readiness of the Kumpan courts and was among the few dignitaries for whom the tsar ordered to build a special room in Voronezh for "state studies".

Spring - summer 1700 F.A. Golovin was torn between Voronezh and Moscow. In the capital, his main headache was the worries of manning the land army, providing it with weapons, food, transport and monetary allowances. At the same time, he was in active correspondence with the Pskov and Novgorod governors about the proposed deployment of troops, their provision during the march, the organization of intelligence in the Baltic states and directly in the combat area.

On August 19, 1700, F.A. Golovin became the first Russian Field Marshal. He was instructed to lead the newly recruited 45 thousand army to Narva. On August 22, the regiments began to move from Moscow and moved to Novgorod through Klin, Tver, Torzhok. Peter I demanded "haste". The infantry sometimes traveled 30 miles or more a day. F. Golovin was forced to stay in Moscow. He informed Peter I about the reasons for his delay: “We will certainly set out on a campaign on August 29; lingered behind Buzheninov's vacation [with artillery. - Auth.]. There are more than 10,000 carts under the shelves and the treasury. However, there was a catastrophic lack of transport: “... I was forced to give as much as I had from my carts. I order you to collect as much as possible from boyar houses. The army was forced to leave some of the cannons so necessary for conducting siege work on the way. September 19 F.A. Golovin, in desperation, informed the monarch from Novgorod: “The regiments have all gathered, but there is nothing to rise. I testify to God that I have lost my mind. Probably, Peter I understood the complexity of the position of the Field Marshal and imposed a brief resolution on one of his letters of repentance: “God will forgive ...” On September 23, parts of Generals A. Veide and A.M. Golovin arrived at Narva and began the siege. The commander-in-chief himself arrived at the walls of the Swedish fortress only on October 14th. On the night of November 18, having transferred command of the troops to Field Marshal von K. Krui, F.A. Golovin, together with the tsar and sergeant A.D. Menshikov left the camp of the Russian army and hastily left for Novgorod. "Journal 1700" dispassionately recorded: “Against 6 pm, i.e. from Sunday to Monday, four hours before the light, the general-felt-marshal and the Captain went from here. The tsar arrived in Novgorod after the defeat of the Russian army. After living there for about two weeks, Peter I "in a small retinue" went to Moscow.

The defeat at Narva led to sharp drop the already low prestige of Russia in Western Europe. England and France, who were at war with each other, prevented the creation of an anti-Swedish coalition, because. wanted to see Charles XII as their ally in the struggle for the Spanish inheritance. These powers pushed Turkey to continue the war with Russia. Ambassador A.A. Matveev reported from The Hague about Holland's support for Sweden out of fear of a drop in income from trade with Russia if it went to the sea shores. Austria took an openly pro-Swedish position and categorically rejected the requests of Peter I for assistance in the war. In February 1701, Ambassador P.A. Golitsyn informed bitterly from Vienna: "They ... are laughing at us." He was echoed by P.A. Tolstoy from Tsargrad in September 1702: “My arrival aroused suspicion; I'm not welcome; my life here is more harmful than useful. I have been living for four weeks, but I have not seen the Saltan and the Vizier. Under these conditions, only the successes of Russian weapons could raise the country's foreign policy prestige. Domestic diplomacy was also focused on maximum assistance to the needs of the war.

In the winter of 1701, Peter I and F.A. Golovin had a number of meetings with the Polish king August II in the Courland town of Birzhi. As a result, on February 26, a Russian-Polish treaty was concluded. Russia, for Poland's promise to continue the war with Sweden, renounced territorial claims in the Baltic states, sent 15-25 thousand corps to help, provided a loan of 100 thousand rubles for two years with Efimka and chervonets. An agreement similar in content was signed with Lithuania on June 28, 1703 in Schlotburg. In the summer of 1704, together with Tsar F.A. Golovin participated in negotiations with the Polish Ambassador Extraordinary Dzyalynsky near Narva. According to the agreement concluded on August 19 to depose the Swedish protege to the Polish throne Stanislav Leshchinsky and intensify military operations in the Baltic states, Russia, in addition to guaranteeing the return of all territories occupied by the Swedes, undertook to send 12,000 corps to Poland to support it and provide 200,000 troops until the end of the war. rub. loan annually. Despite Russian help, Poland, torn by internal contradictions, acted ineffectively against Sweden. However, in the end, thanks to huge human and financial costs, Peter I managed to achieve the main thing - to detain Charles XII in Poland, to gain time to restore the Russian army defeated near Narva.

The complication of foreign policy tasks dictated the need to restructure the work of the diplomatic service as a whole. AT early XVIII in. Russia had permanent missions in Austria, Holland, Poland, Turkey, the formation of a corps of diplomats was initiated, who did not differ from their Western colleagues either in the level of professional knowledge or intrigue skills. The first successes were not slow to follow. P.A. Tolstoy, with the help of bribes, prevented the invasion of the Crimeans. On December 24, 1702, he informed his boss: "The port decided: not to break the world, but to exile the Crimean Khan, who demanded war, in conclusion." In 1703 - 1704. A.A. Matveev effectively contributed to changing the Dutch view of the Russo-Swedish war.

Of course, all major diplomatic actions were led by Peter I himself. F. Golovin was originally assigned the role of a guide to the life of his ideas. N.N. Molchanov noted that F.A. Golovin cannot be put on a par with such prominent European diplomats as D. Mazarin, A. Richelieu, but the fact of his significant influence on Russian foreign policy cannot be denied. At the same time, it must be taken into account that the Ambassadorial Order acted in the extremely unfavorable conditions of the Narva defeat, resistance to the rise of Russia from the whole of Europe. Foreigners spoke about F.A. Golovin as a secular, sociable person, with "mature deliberation in decisions" (I. Korb). The British Ambassador C. Whitworth noted that he "enjoys a reputation as the most reasonable and most experienced of statesmen." Unlike L.K. Naryshkina, F.A. Golovin always negotiated in amiable tones, without irritating the ambassadors, but at the same time never belittling either the honor of the country or his own dignity.

May 30, 1702 F.A. Golovin, together with the tsar, arrived in Arkhangelsk. From there, on August 6, the Russian squadron, led by the admiral, headed for the Solovetsky Monastery. In November 1702 we see F.A. Golovin during the siege of Noteburg (later renamed Shlisselburg). After the capture of the fortress by Russian troops, F.A. Golovin supervised the construction of one of the bastions, named after him. In the same year, F.A. Golovin supervised the construction of six frigates on the Syas River in the Novgorod district, and in 1704-1705. observed the work of the Olonets shipyard. Among others, a ship was being built here, on which the tsar intended to meet the Polish embassy. Upon inspection of the works in September 1704, usually extremely hot-tempered and demanding, Peter I made a rather mild reprimand to F.A. Golovin: “I also blame your grace that you don’t deign to warn of everything that is due, for the ship that was prepared for the Polish ambassador and has until now stood at the mouth of the Volokhov is forgotten.” F.A. brought a lot of trouble. Golovin recruitment of officers, sailor crews, technical equipment of the ships of the Baltic Fleet.

Circumstances required the indispensable presence of F.A. Golovin near the theater of operations. Therefore, when in the summer of 1705 the sad news about the fatal illness of his mother reached the diplomat in Vilna, he only asked the tsar through A.D. Menshikov let at least his son go to Moscow. Peter I, in a letter dated September 10, 1705, consoled him as best he could: “I hear that you are very sad about the death of your mother. For God's sake, please judge, since she was an old man and very long sick.

The war exhausted the financial resources of the country, so when A.A. Kurbatov in 1699 sent to the name of F.A. Golovin proposed the introduction of stamped paper, the tsar immediately set about implementing it. The production and distribution of stamped paper to the places were again entrusted to F.A. Golovin. As the head of the Mint, he supervised the re-minting of efimki into Russian coins. By reducing the silver content in it, a short-term stabilization of the financial system was achieved. Half of the profits from the defacement of the coin went to the salaries of foreign officers. The beginning of the development of the Nerchinsk mines made it possible to increase the minting of silver coins from 200 - 500 thousand rubles. in the late 1690s up to 4.5 million in 1702. In 1704, the Mint began minting a silver coin with a bust of the king.

In 1705 - 1706 F.A. Golovin coordinated the actions of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev against the rebel archers in Astrakhan. The quick liquidation of the "mutiny" made it possible to release significant forces for the army in the field. This explains the jubilation of the king upon receiving the news of the suppression of the uprising. On April 23, 1706, he wrote to F.A. Golovin: “Mr. Admiral! I accepted your letter together with the field marshal and Shchepotiev, and for such God's mercy they thanked God very joyfully and fired cannons from the city and the fleet three times, which is great and I congratulate your mercy with this joy, we are also waiting for you to come here immediately and with Mr. Admiralty.

F. Golovin left a mark on the history of Russian education. On January 14, 1701, by decree of the king, he was placed at the head of the school of “mathematical and navigational sciences”, in which about two hundred “hunters of all ranks of people” were trained in “nautical cunning arts of learning”. Initially, the school was located in the former courtyard of the Kadashevsky linen workshops beyond the Moscow River. By decree of June 25, 1701, at the request of her teachers, she was transferred to the “Sretenskaya tower in the earthen city, on which there is a fighting clock”. Mathematics in this educational institution was taught by the famous Leonty Magnitsky, the author of the first Russian textbook on the subject.

By order of the autocrat, the admiral was in charge of publishing educational and scientific literature, calendars, and participated in editing the first Russian newspaper, Vedomosti. Apparently, in gratitude for the support of I.F. Kopievsky placed the coat of arms of F.A. Golovin and dedication to him. F.A. himself Golovin was the author of the work "Heavenly Globe" published in 1715 in Amsterdam. The court theater was also under the jurisdiction of the Ambassadorial Order.

Such an intense rhythm of life could only be endured by a young and physically strong man, what can we say about F.A. Golovin. In the spring of 1706, Peter I was in Ukraine, where the Swedes were expected to invade. "For some meetings" he requested F.A. Golovin. In May, the diplomat informed B.P. Sheremeteva: “Today I am leaving Moscow by decree to Kyiv, and from there to the army or where the great sovereign will be found ...” However, urgent matters delayed him. Only at the end of June did the admiral leave Moscow. June 24 in Nizhyn F.A. Golovin suddenly fell ill and died on July 30 in Glukhovo. “Sorrowful Peter,” informed F.M. Apraksina: "... This week, Mr. Admiral and our friend from this world is cut by death ..." A funeral ceremony was performed in the Navy on the occasion of the admiral's death.

The summer heat and hostilities prevented the body from being sent to Moscow. In January 1707, Peter I reminded F.M. Apraksin and F.Yu. Romodanovsky: “For the burial of the admiral, if you please, make preparations, and when everything is done, then immediately a decree on the burial will be sent to you.” The last instructions were received by F.M. Apraksin in a letter dated February 5, 1707: “Minger! It is written about the burial of the admiral, and that his body should be given to a worthy according to his rank to be buried ... however, without waiting for us.

Funeral F.A. Golovin took place on February 22, 1707. From the engraving, made on the personal order of the tsar, it is clear that they were distinguished by splendor and were organized as a theatrical performance.

At the head of the procession on a richly decorated horse rode a knight in armor with a drawn sword. This marked a military prowess, testified to the high social status and closeness of the deceased to the monarch. The patriarchal choristers and monks with lit candles followed the knight. Numerous assistants carried orders, a sword, and personal belongings of the admiral. The hearse was driven by six horses in mourning blankets. Behind the coffin were the highest ranks of the clergy, "near relatives ... and princes, and boyars, stewards and clerks and other other gentlemen." Regiments of cavalry and infantry lined up at the Simonov Monastery. Cannon volleys were heard at intervals of one minute. The following entry was engraved on a stone tombstone in the Assumption Cathedral: On July 30, 1706, in memory of the saints, the Apostle of Strength and Siluan, His Highly Graphic Excellency Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, Count of the Roman State, Supreme President of the Tsar's Majesty, State Chancellor and Ambassadorial Affairs, Supreme President, close boyar, Admiral of the Navy, Siberian Viceroy and Knight of the ranks of St. . Apostle Andrew, the White Eagle and Generosites, etc.

The eldest daughter of F.A. Golovina - Praskovya (1687 - 1730) was married off to Prince S.B. Golitsyna, and the "smaller", whose name has not been established, died after her father. The Petrine diplomat had three sons: Ivan, Alexander, Nikolai. Ivan was married to the daughter of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev - Anna (1673 - 1732).

Nicholas (1695 - 1745), like his father, was a holder of the highest award of the empire - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. In 1706, he studied at the Navigation School, and then was sent to Western Europe to improve in naval affairs. Nicholas traveled a lot, visited India, Egypt. Left without funds, the young man in 1714 ended up in an English debtor's prison. In 1715 N.F. Golovin returned to Russia. As an officer of the fleet, he participated in the battles of the Northern War, for which in 1721, on the occasion of the conclusion of the Nishtad Peace, he was promoted to captain of the 3rd rank out of turn. In 1725 N.F. Golovin was sent as an envoy to Sweden. Upon his return in 1732, with the rank of vice-admiral, he was appointed inspector of the fleet. In 1733 Admiral N.F. Golovin became president of the Admiralty College. In 1742, during the war with Sweden, he commanded the Baltic Fleet. Despite the numerical superiority, the admiral could not achieve any significant results, which caused the displeasure of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Upon retirement, N.F. Golovin went to Hamburg, where he died.

From a clearly embellished engraving by P. Schenk, a heavy (if not fat) man with an ugly face, a big nose, a second chin and ... an intelligent, piercing look looks at the viewer. Richly gifted by nature, energetic and active - F.A. Golovin made a great contribution to the realization of Peter's plans, which quite rightly earned the respect of his contemporaries and descendants.

Golovin Fedor Alekseevich (1650-1706) lived at the turn of two eras: the medieval and the new periods in the history of Russia. This man did not stand out in battles, and his talents were largely in the shadows. In this regard, there is less open information about Count Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin than about others. Nevertheless, this figure played by no means the last role in the Russian state.

Azov campaign

In scientific publications, there are still disputes about the participation of a diplomat in battles. Meanwhile, he played a prominent role in the process of preparing ammunition and provisions for the Russian army, as well as in ensuring a positive opinion of the courts of Europe about Russia's intentions in the 2nd Azov campaign. On May 3, 1696, the squadron, commanded by Admiral Fyodor Golovin, moved out of Voronezh. A meeting was held at the Principum galley. On it, it was decided to attack 2 ships that were in the roadstead below Azov. However, after reconnaissance, it turned out that there were 24 small ships and 13 Turkish galleys. It was decided to postpone the operation. On May 20, the Cossacks of the Minyaev detachment attacked the Turkish fleet that was on the roadstead. Some of the ships were burned, some scattered. On July 19, the Azov garrison capitulated.

"Great Embassy"

Administrative activities

After the return of the Great Mission, Golovin began to command the Novgorod, Little Russia, Ustyug, Smolensk, Yamsky orders, the Mint, the Galician quarter, the Chamber of Silver and Gold Affairs, and the Armory. Such an exaltation testifies not only to Peter's boundless trust, but also to his personal talents, exceptional responsibility and efficiency of a diplomat. Nevertheless, Golovin continued to pay great attention to the logistics of the army. February 19, 1699 he becomes chief A year earlier - December 11, 1698 - he headed the Military Naval Department. It should be noted that Golovin had neither the proper knowledge nor experience in naval affairs. In this regard, he did not interfere in direct maritime activities. His tasks included the recruitment of personnel for the fleet and the army, control of the production and purchase of weapons, transportation, etc.

War with Sweden

Preparations for the battles were very active in Russia, but were hampered by a number of economic problems. Before the direct action of the Russian troops, colossal diplomatic work was carried out. It should be noted that foreign countries did not show any desire to support Russia. Nevertheless, the empire's embassies appeared in Austria, Turkey, Holland, and Poland. This is how the corps of diplomats began to form, in their skills and knowledge no different from Western ones. The efforts of the leaders made it possible to reduce the activity of Charles XII, which made it possible for Peter to restore the army after the defeat near Narva. The war significantly depleted the state. In 1699, a draft stamped paper was sent to Golovin. As the head of the Mint, he supervised the re-minting of efimki into Russian coins. Due to the decrease in the share of silver by a short time achieved financial stability.

Last years

The rhythm of Golovin's life was very intense. In the spring of 1706, Peter was in Ukraine, waiting for the invasion of the Swedes. From there he demanded Golovin to come to him. In May, he wrote to Sheremetyev that he was going to Kyiv. However, some urgent matters delayed him. Only by the end of June was he able to leave Moscow. In Nizhyn, he suddenly fell ill and died on July 30 in Glukhov. On the occasion of his death, a funeral ceremony was held in the Navy. The funeral took place only on February 22, 1707, a few months after his death. By personal order of Peter, an engraving was made. It shows that the funeral was very magnificent.

C devotee of Peter I, an outstanding Russian state. figure, diplomat and naval commander, founder and head of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Over the years, it has been undeservedly forgotten. Only in August of this year, at the initiative of the St. Andrew the First-Called Foundation and the Center for National Glory of Russia (CNSR), commemorative events were held in Moscow dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the death of F.A. Golovin.

In October in St. Petersburg within the framework of the CISR project "Serving the Fatherland: Events and Names" passed the first stage of the ceremonial events of the charitable program to perpetuate the memory of Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin. In the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - St. Petersburg Naval Institute, a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the TsNSR was held under the chairmanship of the President of the JSC "Russian Railways" Vladimir Yakunin. The Board of Trustees includes the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Vladimir Masorin, the Governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko, the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Alexander Sokolov, the artistic director - director of the State Academic Mariinsky Theater Valery Gergiev, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of OJSC "NK "LUKOIL" Vagit Alekperov and other officials Solemn events in memory of Fyodor Golovin were timed to coincide with the 320th anniversary of the beginning of his diplomatic activity, the 310th anniversary of the establishment of the regular Russian Navy and the 305th anniversary of the establishment of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences.

Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin (1650-1706) came from an ancient boyar family, whose members served the Russian state with dignity for several centuries. The son of the boyar Alexei Petrovich Golovin, the governor of Tobolsk, Fedor received an excellent education at home. In those days when literacy was rare, Fedor Alekseevich not only had an impeccable command of written Russian, studied English, but also knew Latin, which allowed him to enrich his mind by reading the works of Latin classics. He later learned the Mongolian language.

Fedor Golovin began his service at the Highest Court, where he enjoyed great confidence. In 1676, the Russian sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich, being on his deathbed, bequeathed to Fyodor Golovin "to keep the young Tsarevich Peter as the apple of his eye." And Fedor Alekseevich fulfilled the royal order, advising the ten-year-old Peter to take refuge in the Trinity Monastery during the Streltsy rebellion of 1682.

The sister of Peter, Princess Sophia, who ascended the throne, during the years of her reign relied on the help of the powerful nobleman V.V. Golitsyn, from whose attention the mind, education and high business qualities of Fyodor Golovin did not hide. In December 1685, the thirty-five-year-old F.A. Golovin was appointed great and plenipotentiary ambassador to China with the title of governor of Bryansk, and a month later the embassy set off. The situation on the eastern border was extremely tense, so Golovin was given not only diplomatic, but also broad administrative functions.

The embassy was to pacify the rebellious native tribes and establish peaceful relations with the taishis - the Mongol khans, as well as determine the borders with China and achieve the conclusion of a long-term peace treaty with the Celestial Empire.

It took almost two years for the embassy to reach its destination, and this journey through the boundless uninhabited expanses of Siberia in off-road conditions was fraught with enormous difficulties and even sacrifices. In September 1688, a detachment of two thousand Golovin drove the Mongols away from Udinsk, the taisha army was defeated on the Khilok River, which secured the Russian rear from Transbaikalia.

Having strengthened Udinsk and built a wooden fortress there, F.A. Golovin went to Nerchinsk, where, after difficult multi-stage negotiations, in August 1689, the Nerchinsk treaty (treaty) was concluded, which for the first time determined the border between Russia and China. At the request of Russian diplomats, an article on free trade with China was included in the text of the treaty. The Muscovite kingdom was the first of the European states to achieve this.

During his stay in Nerchinsk, Golovin not only solved diplomatic problems, but also managed to strengthen the city, and also sent an expedition to explore the natural resources of the region, which brought an excellent result: rich deposits of silver ore were discovered in the upper reaches of the Argun River. Returning to Moscow after a five-year absence, in January 1691, F.A. Golovin was warmly welcomed by Peter I, who had already ascended the throne, and rewarded by him for carrying out a diplomatic mission: he was awarded the title of general-kriegs commissar and the title of governor of Siberia.

Russia needed access to the sea, and she could get it by taking the Turkish fortress of Azov. In 1696 F.A. Golovin participated in the capture of Azov, covering Russian troops from the sea. For this campaign, he was awarded a gold medal and received rich gifts. During the solemn entry of the victorious troops into Moscow, Golovin occupied a place of honor.

Having headed the Armory in 1697, Fyodor Golovin continued to engage in diplomatic activities, having completed the main organizational work on the formation of the Great Embassy to Western Europe. A detachment of volunteers was also completed, who were supposed to improve in navigational science. Among them was the Sovereign himself under the name of Peter Mikhailov.

During the Great Embassy, ​​Golovin was second only to F.Ya. Lefort as a plenipotentiary ambassador, acting as "general and military commissar, governor of Siberia". In addition to diplomacy, he was engaged in inviting foreign sailors, civilian and military specialists to serve in the Russian fleet, and also organized the purchase of ammunition and equipment for the needs of the army and navy - canvas, anchors, cannons, compasses, etc.

Peter I highly appreciated the actions of the second ambassador. Soon after returning from abroad, in honor of the merits of F.A. Golovin, for the first time in Russia, a nominal silver commemorative medal was issued. On one side of it, the profile of Fyodor Alekseevich was minted, and on the other, the Golovins' family coat of arms was depicted - a lion with a raised sword and an inscription in Latin: "Et consilio et robore" ("And with advice and courage").

In December 1698, Golovin entered the management of the Order of the military navy. He assisted in the construction of the Olonets, Kronverk and Luga shipyards, the Admiralty and the shipyard in St. Petersburg, controlled the production and purchase of weapons, and recruitment.

In March 1699, Fedor Alekseevich Golovin became the first holder of the first state order of Russia - St. Andrew the First-Called, on the day of its establishment. According to Whitworth, the British ambassador to Russia, Golovin was considered "the most honest and most intelligent person in all of Russia."

In all the most important state affairs, Peter I relied on Fyodor Golovin. He was entrusted with the work of equipping and arming the ships under construction in Voronezh, providing the shipyards with labor and food.

Being the closest associate of Peter I, using his special confidence, Golovin was privy to all the foreign policy plans of the tsar. For the speedy conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey in the spring of 1699, a squadron led by F.A. Golovin, elevated to the rank of admiral, departed for Constantinople and in August entered the Kerch Strait. The demonstration of the formidable Russian fleet in front of the Turkish Sultan contributed a lot to the conclusion of a 30-year truce with Turkey, which was extremely necessary, since Peter I reoriented his interests to the northwestern borders of Russia, where he had to "cut a window to Europe." Disbanding archery army, the king formed a new regular army. The commission for its recruitment, staffing and training was headed by Fedor Golovin. By the spring of 1700, 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments were assembled and trained. In August, Golovin was awarded the title of the first Russian field marshal general. He was put at the head of the 45,000th army that marched to Narva.

In the same year, Fyodor Golovin headed the Gold and Silver Chambers, was appointed "President of Embassy Affairs", that is, State Chancellor. He was the first to create a system of permanent missions of Russia abroad.

In January 1701 F.A. Golovin headed the first naval educational institution in Russia, founded in Moscow, the Navigational School ("School of Mathematical and Navigational, that is, Nautical Cunning Arts of Teaching"). It trained people of different classes who wanted to master the maritime business. Admiral Golovin controlled training and was in charge of publishing educational and scientific literature. Later, in 1715, on the basis of the navigational classes of the school, transferred to St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy was created (now - the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - the St. Petersburg Naval Institute).

The duties of Fyodor Golovin during the years of his stay in the state service were very broad, he often combined different positions. As the manager of the Mint, he contributed to the stabilization of the Russian financial system. The development of the Nerchinsk silver mines, discovered during Golovin's embassy to Siberia, allowed him in 1700-1702. multiply the minting of silver coins, which was extremely necessary for the construction of the fleet. Golovin became the commander of the first Azov Fleet in Russia.

Overloaded with numerous responsibilities, Fedor Alekseevich successfully dealt with the development of naval forces, supervised shipbuilding. When the Baltic Fleet was founded, he received the duty to "look at him as a supreme ruler."

In 1702, Golovin took part in the siege of the Swedish fortress Noteburg (Oreshek), which was taken by storm in October. Then he assisted Peter I in leading military operations in Ingria (Izhora land). In November of the same year, Fyodor Golovin was elevated to the dignity of a count.

In 1703, as a senior cavalier, Fyodor Golovin assigned the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called to Tsar Peter Alekseevich and Alexander Menshikov for the first naval victory over the Swedes.

From the end of 1705, Golovin was engaged in concluding a friendly alliance with Prussia, but did not have time to complete his plans. He died suddenly in the summer of 1706 in the town of Glukhov. Fedor Alekseevich was reburied with magnificent honors in the winter of 1707 in Moscow at the cemetery of the Simonov Monastery, which has not survived to this day.

The great patriot of Russia, the first Knight of St. Andrew, the first Russian general field marshal, admiral, head of the Ambassadorial, Military Marine and Yamsky Petrovsky orders, head of the Armory, Gold and Silver Chambers, the Mint and the Navigation School, Fyodor Golovin devoted his whole life to the duty of serving the Fatherland.

He left a daughter and three sons, one of whom - Nikolai Fedorovich - became an admiral, president of the Admiralty College, holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Charitable program of the Center of National Glory of Russia to perpetuate the memory of the outstanding Russian statesman, diplomat and naval commander Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin is designed for a long-term period. In March 2007 in the Moscow state institute International Relations - MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation will host a conference “The Origins and Traditions of Russian Diplomacy” in memory of F.A. Golovin. In May, a scientific-practical conference and a festival of museums will be held in Rostov-on-Don. In July, a monument-bust to the first cavalier of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called will be erected in the square of the Order of St. Andrew's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. A memorial plaque to the founder and first head of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences will be installed in the building of the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - St. Petersburg Naval Institute. in Ivangorod Leningrad region in memory of the Russian Field Marshal F.A. Golovin, who led the Russian army that marched to Narva in 1700, will receive a Cross. A joint concert of the orchestra of the State Academic Mariinsky Theater and the orchestra of the Tallinn Opera will be held on the bridge over the Narova River as part of the system of international festivals "Peace Across Borders".