The history of Tomsk keeps many mysteries. And one of them to this day remains the legend of the Tomsk elder.

This story began in the autumn of 1825. Emperor Alexander I on the advice of doctors, he took his seriously ill wife to Taganrog for treatment. But he suddenly contracted rotten fever (typhoid fever - V.B.) there and died himself. The sudden death of the autocrat somewhere on the outskirts of the state seemed very suspicious. It was then that the people whispered: the king was replaced!

In the autumn of 1836 in the vicinity Ural city Krasnoufimsk, Perm province, an old man without a passport was detained - tall. Grey-bearded, blue-eyed. During interrogation in the zemstvo court, an unknown person testified that he “does not remember his ancestry from infancy, named Fyodor Kozmich, 70 years old, illiterate, Greek-Russian confession, single. Finally, I decided to go to Siberia. The Perm governor ordered Fyodor Kozmich, as a "tramp" who does not remember kinship, to be punished with twenty lashes and exiled to Siberia for a settlement. Fyodor Kozmich “was satisfied” with the announced verdict, entrusting the tradesman Grigory Shpynev to sign for himself. The elder arrived in Tyumen on December 7 in the 44th batch of exiles, where he was listed under No. 117. Then, due to his age, he was assigned to the category of "incapable" and sent to a settlement in the Tomsk province.

Decades later, popular rumor will call Fyodor Kozmich Emperor Alexander I . Why did the Siberians decide that the exiled peasant was a tsar? There are several versions...

The king was identified

Once the shoemaker Oleniev, a former soldier who served in St. Petersburg, saw Fyodor Kozmich passing by through the window. As eyewitnesses recalled, Oleniev jumped out into the street towards the old man, shouting: “This is our tsar, father Alexander Pavlovich!” Then he saluted him in a military manner. The elder replied: “I should not give military honors: I am a vagabond. You will be taken to prison for this, but I will not be here. Never say that I am a king."

On another occasion, the emperor was recognized by a former royal stoker, also an exile. A friend of the stoker fell ill, and he came to ask the elder to pray for him. Fyodor Kozmich, among other things, was known as a skilled healer. Raising the petitioner from his knees, the elder said: "Calm down." Hearing a familiar voice, the stoker raised his head and, recognizing Alexander, lost consciousness from shock.

Exile's Tales

Calling himself illiterate during his arrest, Fyodor Kozmich subsequently helped the sick, taught peasant children to read and write, introduced them to history, geography, and the Holy Scriptures. Savostin, an adviser to the Tomsk provincial court, visited the elder more than once. In conversations between them, which were often conducted on foreign languages, state and public issues were discussed: universal military service, the liberation of the peasants.

He explained to the peasants the importance of the agricultural class in the state system, introduced them to their rights and obligations, and taught them to respect authority. But at the same time, he inspired the idea of ​​equality: “And the kings, and the generals, and the bishops are the same people as you, only God was pleased to endow some with great power, and destined others to live under their constant patronage.

The elder especially liked to talk about military campaigns. He spoke about the war with Napoleon in such detail that only a participant in the events could know, and not an ordinary eyewitness. For example, talking about the capture of Moscow by the French, he remembered that Emperor Alexander came to the relics of Sergius of Radonezh. During the prayer, the voice of the saint suddenly rang out: “Go, Alexander, give full rein to Kutuzov, may God help expel the French from Moscow.” Or another story: “When Alexander I entered Paris in 1814, silk scarves and fabrics were laid under his horse’s feet, and ladies threw flowers and bouquets on the road.”

Connections with St. Petersburg

The elder knew all the major statesmen late XVIII- early XIX century. He said about Suvorov and Kutuzov: “These people were not simple warriors but blessed ones. He talked about Prime Minister Arakcheev, an associate of Alexander, and his reforms. He spoke of Metropolitan Philaret and Archimandrite Photius with deep respect. The elder rarely spoke about Emperor Alexander I, never about Paul I.

Contemporaries claimed that Fyodor Kozmich, through wandering pilgrims, carried on extensive correspondence with various people in St. Petersburg. On occasion, he never refused Tomsk residents to help. It was necessary for them to arrange this or that business in Petersburg - the “little people” came to the elder, asking for intercession, and he did not refuse: he gave the letter, always in a sealed envelope, under the indispensable condition not to show the letter to anyone except the addressee: “Otherwise Look, you'll be lost." Then he instructed in detail where and to whom in St. Petersburg to appear. And the intervention of Fyodor Kozmich always allegedly had the desired effect. It is difficult to say how true these legends are, but we have one reliable evidence.

Memories left by a peasant girl, the elder's favorite, have been preserved. Her name was Alexandra Nikiforovna. Going on the advice of Fyodor Kozmich on a pilgrimage to Russian monasteries, she asked the elder: “How would I see the king?” Fyodor Kozmich thoughtfully replied: “Wait, maybe you will have to see more than one king in your lifetime. God willing, and you will talk to him and then you will see what kind of kings there are.” On the recommendation of the elder, the pilgrim was received by the family of Count Osten-Saken. By an incredible coincidence, at that very time, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich stopped in their house. The pious Siberian woman was presented to the tsar. Talking about everything, Alexandra Nikiforovna also spoke about the old man. After the conversation, Nicholas ordered that the peasant woman be given a note-pass, allowing at any time to appear in the palace to the emperor.

A few years later, Sashenka - that was the name of the elder Alexandra Nikiforovna - again went on a pilgrimage. In St. Petersburg, a general helped her get on a steamer going to Valaam. And wow - the wife of the new emperor, Alexander II, rode on this steamer. Moreover, for some reason, the Empress invited the Siberian woman to her place and asked about Siberia for a long time.

Sometimes secular persons themselves visited the elder. The daughter of the Tomsk merchant Khromov, with whom the old man lived out his life, recalled many strange cases. “Having approached the zaimka, we saw an old man walking around the field in a military way, hands back, and marching. When we greeted him, he said: “It was such a beautiful sunny day when I fell behind society. Where was and who was - but he found himself in your clearing.

The day before the death of the elder (he died in 1864, that is, he survived Alexander I by 39 years - V. B.), the merchant Khromov asked him: “There is a rumor that you, father, are none other than Tsar Alexander the Blessed … Is it true?" The elder only crossed himself and whispered: “Wonderful are your deeds, Lord ... There is no secret that would not be revealed!”

Alexey KORZYUK

Note: there are many inconsistencies in the history of the death of the king ...

1. 1. All eyewitnesses recalled that during an illness - a fever, from which Alexander allegedly died, the king categorically refused to take medicine.
2. 2. For some reason, the emperor's adjutant, Prince Volkonsky, insisted on being buried in Taganrog, and not in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
3. 3. Dr. Tarasov, who was in Taganrog, directly stated that he did not sign the autopsy protocol. But his signature is on the document.
4. 4. Why was the coffin carried for four whole months? Having set off for Taganrog, Alexander got there in two weeks. Was the royal entourage afraid that Alexander would change his mind and return to the throne? After all, until the body is buried, no one will proclaim: "The king is dead - long live the king!"
5. 5. Why was the coffin not opened to the public? When the coffin was opened in Tsarskoe Selo to say goodbye to the imperial family, the doctor Tarasov stated that "the body appeared to be completely intact, there was not the slightest sign of damage." After all, according to the traditions of the deceased emperors, they were always put up to say goodbye to the people. Even emperors killed by conspirators Peter III and Paul I, rudely making up his wounds, was shown in open coffins.

What is the reason?

If Alexander I really left the throne, then why did he need it? Why was it necessary to change the life of a European monarch for the ascetic life of a Siberian hermit?

Version 1. The king is tired. In one of his private conversations with his brother Nicholas, the future emperor, Alexander stated: “As for me, I decided to resign from my duties and retire from the world. Europe needs young monarchs... I am no longer the same as I was, and I consider it my duty to retire in time.”

Version 2. Sins brought. As you know, the conspirators decided to eliminate Paul I, only with the consent of Alexander. Willingly or unwittingly, he took upon himself the sin, becoming an accomplice in parricide. Later, Alexander said more than once: "I must suffer, because nothing can heal my mental anguish."

Version 3. The king was saved from death. Alexander from Taganrog had to flee. And not because he did not want to lose his life. In a secret report, he was informed that from day to day a revolution was to break out in the country. Memories of the horrors of the French Revolution were still fresh. Alexander remembered how rebels dealt with monarchs.

Wine motif in literature [Collection scientific papers] Philology Team of authors --

A. Yu. Veselova. St. Petersburg In the dungeon of the body. About one mystery of the XVIII century

A. Yu. Veselova. St. Petersburg

In the dungeon of the body. About one mystery of the XVIII century

Riddle LXXIII

They took me, and completely torturing

Imprisoned

The tower is strong.

And ordered to protect

sentry guard,

wooden sentry,

Chained him to the door

firmly

With thin iron chains

And this prison was

prison light

And it was not in her

No dark corner.

Finally came to me

Good fellow

Strong, mighty

The rich son.

He shook then

with iron chains,

tore them all apart

It's in small pieces

And then grabbed

my guard,

And piercing it

With your sharp spear

Dragged out the door

And tearing it away by force

set me free

From my bondage

Prisons are light.

And then there was me

Cheerful, pretty

And roared, frolicked

From happiness.

But this is not for long

It went on.

But they made me

Go to jail again

The prison is narrow and deep,

And fenced

And so dark

Whatever

Not visible in it.

I should have been here

suffer again

And push around

On curved loops,

And then go up

That go down.

But thank you, not for long

I suffered here

But I found myself in prison

secret door,

And gone into it

Got caught again

To a secret place

And for many others

unpleasant,

But forever from bondage

I freed.

(Champagne)

The article is devoted to the analysis of a poetic riddle written by a famous writer and agronomist of the second half of XVIII in. A. T. Bolotova. For the first time, Bolotov mentions the appeal to the genre of riddles in his notes of 1773, where the composition of riddles is characterized as Christmas fun. There are also several small texts of riddles. It should be noted that Bolotov chose more than ordinary items for guessing.

The secondary mention of composed riddles dates back to 1778. These riddles, being quite long, were recognized by the author himself as "rather intricate". Probably among them the analyzed riddle was composed, which, together with others, was placed in Bolotov's handwritten collection of the late 1770s.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that Bolotov, who considered himself a European cultured and enlightened person, turned to the genre of riddles. The culture of the Enlightenment, in a sense, revived this genre, making the necessary adjustments to it. The riddle, as an educational genre, was recognized as "useful" (a very important category for this era) and "inconspicuously sharpening the mind."

Behind the folklore riddle, researchers traditionally recognize the ritual function of cognition and description of the world order: "... a riddle is comprehension through comparison"; "Riddles in their subject matter form a circle of primitive world science." V. N. Toporov notes that the guessing-guessing procedure is “...genuine creativity, again and again organizing the world and, therefore, involved in the“ first ”creation of the Cosmos and continuing it every time the world and the collective experience a crisis state.” The enlightening riddle moves further and further away from the ritual (therefore, prosaic and unrhythmic riddles are becoming more and more common) and becomes auxiliary auxiliary material for mental training and better memorization of some truths, which include ethical truths (it should be noted that the riddles were written by precisely those writers who can be called educators-practitioners: A. T. Bolotov, V. A. Levshin, N. A. Lvov, and even the author of the famous "Rules of Piitic" priest Apollos [Baibakov]). 18th century authors saw their task in making the riddle educate morally, and at the same time develop literary taste. Therefore, the scope of riddles is expanding, which now includes many abstract concepts, such as "life", "death", "soul", "love", "friendship", etc., extremely rare for a "folk" riddle, and also phenomena and objects related to "non-productive" areas human activity, for example, with science.

One of the most important changes in the content of the riddle should be recognized as the active inclusion of the evaluative characteristics of the object being guessed in order to give each phenomenon known through the riddle a place in the hierarchy of ethical values. Due to this, as well as due to attention to the form (most often still poetic), with the intrusion of “noble bookish wisdom”, the riddle, according to the researcher’s fair remark, “loses its objectivity, it becomes multi-subject, reasonable, talkative”. Often a poetic riddle was accompanied by a poetic riddle, no less in volume, which also indicates a departure from the ritual - the very procedure of guessing-guessing loses its meaning, and the riddle acquires value as an independent literary work.

In the context of the new, "enlightenment" requirements for the puzzle genre, wine remains a suitable object for guessing for two reasons:

1) The process of wine production demonstrates the miraculous transformation of the product of decay (fermentation) into a means of delivering pleasure, i.e., in fact, illustrates the idea of ​​"world harmony".

2) The effect of wine on a person can serve as an example of the illusory nature of worldly pleasures and the hidden danger lurking in them, which a developed sense of proportion will help to avoid.

A figurative description of these processes (wine production and its impact on the consumer) usually made up the content of riddles about wine, both traditional and literary:

Boiled for a long time

Yes, soon ripened on the table.

Looks nice and good

Taste wild.

The sea stands on five pillars

The king says: "My fun"

And the queen says: "My death."

On the field, there is a tower,

In that teremishche wort and oil,

Sorrow and cheerfulness, joy and fun

And death is near.

In literary riddles, these processes are characterized in even more detail and more precisely. The riddle with Baibakov's answer illustrates this well:

People produce me by fire into this world;

From rot with the purest acid I will be born.

They find harm with benefit in me at will,

Which I seem fit to taste.

I can sharpen them, and I put my thoughts to sleep.

I give wealth, I can ruin.

I can continue life, or I invite death

Yes, and my death is where I begin to live.

It is known how wine comes from yeast,

It does good harm to people.

It is rich in its sale,

The thought sharpens or the mind takes away with life

The same thing, but in prose, we read from Levshin: “I lull the mind, I excite thoughts: I enrich others, ruin others: sometimes I turn into poison and bring death. Life can be extended and shortened. I am dying in the body that I must strengthen.”

It should be noted the constant emphasis on the inconsistency inherent in the very nature of wine, as a phenomenon, aphoristically formulated by Pushkin:

An evil child, a young old man, a good-natured ruler,

Noisy instigator of insults. Sweet protector of love.

Some riddles emphasize the responsibility of man both for the very creation of wine and for its abuse: “At first my dwelling was a green hill, and now a gloomy dungeon. At first he was sweet, but now he is strong. Formerly I was dressed in a red caftan, but now I have nothing else but wooden clothes. In the first state, nature created me, and in the other, art was the cause. If my new look existence has new charms, then do not be captivated by them, mortals. At first I was innocent, and now I have become a deceiver. The emphasis here is on the fact that the transformation of an innocent grape into a deceiver-wine occurs artificially, that is, with the help of a person.

It is obvious that among all these meaningfully homogeneous texts, Bolotov's riddle looks somewhat unusual.

Firstly, the process of not producing, but storing wine (champagne) is described. The key image of the dungeon for the analyzed riddle is obviously associated with a complex of ideas about suffering and trials, a kind of initiation rite that an object or substance must go through in order to become useful to people. This technique is quite typical for a certain type of traditional riddles about flax, rye / bread, a pot, etc. (subsequently, such topics were actively developed in Soviet poems for children). This is also typical for literary riddles about wine: “What the sun brews, the hand removes, the foot tramples, and the mouth enjoys”).

But in Bolotov, the “suffering” of wine associated with the process of its production is said only in passing (“torturing it completely”), and not only a bottle (and not a more typical barrel) becomes a dungeon for champagne, but also the human body. The second aspect is also not included in the Bolotov riddle: the description of the wanderings of champagne inside the organism is not accompanied by a description of its effect on this organism. Bolotov undoubtedly deliberately ignores the traditional components of the "wine plot", replacing them with other elements.

The reason for this substitution is probably that the description of wine making and drinking is traditionally associated with the Anacreontic pathos of momentary pleasure associated with a certain risk. For Bolotov, such pathos is not only not relevant, but also categorically unacceptable.

Bolotov was known for his dislike not only for drunkenness, but also for the culture of wine drinking in general, between which he fundamentally did not see the difference, which can be repeatedly confirmed in his notes. Therefore, the motives associated with wine or wine drinking are generally uncharacteristic for this author. The “anti-anacreontic” and, at the same time, anti-alcohol orientation of this text is truly enlightening, from the point of view of Bolotov. Therefore, travesty occurs artistic means, traditionally used in the metaphorical depiction of wine, in particular, the metaphor of "prison and freedom" - the human body is a prison, and release is obtained in a latrine. The purpose of such travesty is to reduce, i.e., “expose” the hidden object.

Bolotov's riddle is quite clearly divided into two parts, in one of which the description can only belong to champagne (because only champagne bottles require additional cork reinforcement with “iron chains”), while the second part describes the process that occurs with any eaten or drunk product (which, as already mentioned, is uncharacteristic of a literary riddle). Thus, the poetic halo of champagne as a noble drink was reduced to the level of any product, inevitably striving to find freedom in a "dark place" and "unpleasant for many others."

Specifying the type of wine, Bolotov thereby (most likely unconsciously) brings his riddle closer to folkloric ones, which, as you know, prefer species to generic. But the author rather pursued a different goal: to create a comic effect by comparing the text, which was supposed to be perceived as folklore (spoken verse and traditional folklore images of a hero and a girl) and a guess - the most "non-folk" of all wines. For Bolotov, folklore stylization (the only one among all his mysteries) was already a means of comically reducing the envisioned object.

In a study on the history of folklore, M.K. Azadovsky wrote about Bolotov: “Levshin’s friend, he treats his “works” ironically, he despises folk songs, calls folk rites stupid, absurd, etc.” Despite the obvious categorical nature of such a statement, the grounds for which are not very clear (perhaps, this refers to an episode from Bolotov's notes, where he talks about how, having been forced to find himself in a peasant hut, he witnessed the rite of "treat", from his point of view " stupid and absurd"), Bolotov obviously associated folklore traditions with grassroots culture, and therefore folklore stylization in noble culture could be perceived by him as a way of exposing the true essence of some undeservedly poetic phenomenon, for example, wine.

From the book Our language: as an objective reality and as a culture of speech author USSR Internal Predictor

St. Petersburg 2004

From the book The Bronze Horseman - This is NOT the Bronze Serpent for YOU ... author USSR Internal Predictor

St. Petersburg, 1998 © The published materials are the property of Russian culture, for which reason no one has personal copyright in relation to them. In case of assignment to statutory copyright procedure legal or physical

From the book Life and Work of Dmitry Merezhkovsky author Merezhkovsky Dmitry Sergeevich

From book IV [Collection of scientific papers] author

L. E. Lyapina. The Problem of the Metatextual Element in the Structure of the Literary Cycle (“The Unknown Novel” by E. Rostopchina) St. Petersburg The departure from the rhetorical principle in its fundamental quality was marked in literature by a number of global

From the book Analysis of one work: "Moscow-Petushki" Ven. Erofeev [Collection of scientific papers] author Philology Team of authors --

I. A. Kalinin. Womanizer versus Utopian (erotica and utopia in Ven. Erofeev's poem "Moscow-Petushki") St. Petersburg Falling in love reopens the door to perfection. Z. Freud Love is a form of suicide. J. Lacan Sex is quite worth it

From the book The motive of wine in literature [Collection of scientific papers] author Philology Team of authors --

A. F. Belousov. St. Petersburg "How not to drink in your rank!" There is a curious episode in I. S. Turgenev's story "Two Landowners". This is a conversation of one of the landowners with a priest. Amazed that the priest does not drink, the landowner exclaims: “What nonsense! As in your rank

From the book Reviews author Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich

S. V. Frolov. St. Petersburg Drunkenness in the context of the creative process of the late Tchaikovsky Domestic drunkenness of the largest Russian composer of the second half of XIX century P. I. Tchaikovsky, it would seem, does not stand out in the circle of similar phenomena in Russian culture

From the book Pushkin Circle. Legends and myths author Sindalovsky Naum Alexandrovich

A. N. Shekhvatova. St. Petersburg The ambivalence of the motive of wine in the prose of A.P. Chekhov In one of the letters to A.N. Pleshcheev, A.P. Chekhov notes about the story “Name Day”: “True, in my story, the desire to balance pluses and minuses is suspicious. But I am

From the book Articles on Russian Literature [collection] author Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich

From the author's book

A GIFT FOR CHILDREN FOR THE HOLIDAY. With eight pictures. Saint Petersburg. 1848. Type. Glazunov and Komi. We have just expressed our opinion about the uselessness of the so-called "children's" stories, and in the present case we consider it completely superfluous to expand on the "Gift

From the author's book

NOBILITY IN RUSSIA FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY TO THE ABOLITION OF serfdom. A. Romanovich-Slavatinsky, professor of public law at the University of St. Vladimir. St. Petersburg. 1870 For a long time it has become so customary among us that the public discussion of certain issues is close

From the author's book

Nobility in Russia early XVIII century before the abolition of serfdom A. Romanovich-Slavatinsky, professor of public law at the University of St. Vladimir, St. Petersburg, 1870 OZ, 1870, No. 11, sec. New Books, pp. 16–20 (published November 19). Without a signature. Authorship indicated

Publications in the Traditions section

Mysterious world

A riddle is a special genre of folk art. For a long time, it has been a reflection of folk wisdom, which was shared with people of all ages. The riddle taught to think logically, developed the imagination and helped to better understand the world. "Kultura.RF" remembered the most famous collectors of Russian riddles, who painstakingly created this fascinating folklore world.

The first printed selection of folk riddles by Mikhail Chulkov

Initially, riddles were passed from mouth to mouth. Interest in Russian folklore appeared along with the spread of enlightenment ideas in the middle of the 18th century. Enlighteners turned to Russian history, the study of national characteristics and folk customs. There was even a genre of literary riddle, widespread in Europe already in the previous century. It was developed by Alexey Dubrovsky, Alexander Sumarokov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Ippolit Bogdanovich. The result of this enthusiasm for folklore was the printed publication of the first folk riddles. Its inspirer and creator was Mikhail Chulkov.

A raznochinets by birth, he managed to rise from a "soldier's son" to a nobleman in the Senate, serving as a lackey, and even as a court actor. Mikhail Chulkov was a talented writer, who is often credited with bringing Russian literature closer to folk art: Chulkov published several editions of Slavic Tales, published a four-volume collection of Russian folk songs, and was engaged in recreating the pantheon of Slavic mythology. Finally, it was he who was the author of the first novel in Russian literature - "A Pretty Cook, or the Adventures of a Depraved Woman."

"Ancient Russian common folk riddles" appeared in the first issue of one of the magazines he published, "Parnassus Scribbler", in 1770. The magazine contained 15 riddles without answers, and this was the first selection of this entertaining part of Russian folklore. Later, these riddles were practically not reprinted, so they are unique in their own way.

Born from water, grows from fire, and dies from water. (Salt)
The mother is fat, the daughter is red, the son is horober, but he is not visible. (furnace, fire, smoke)
In the morning on four, at noon on two, and in the evening on three. (Man)
The boyar, the princess, gave the whole world, and she herself walks naked. (Needle)

And the Swiss, and the reaper, and the dudu player. Vasily Levshin

“One summer spent in the countryside made me think of collecting folk riddles that were so neglected and almost unknown to the public”, Sadovnikov wrote in the preface to the publication. The book "Mysteries of the Russian people. A collection of riddles, questions, parables and tasks” came out fourteen years after Dahl’s work. Unlike his predecessor, Sadovnikov distinguished between riddles and proverbs, giving a specific definition: “The first [riddles] reflected the views of the people on nature and the environment; in the latter - all worldly wisdom and moral personality of a commoner. In a riddle, more ancient in form and origin, full scope was opened for the creative imagination of the people; in the proverb - for him common sense and critics". In addition, he broke the riddles into semantic groups. Sadovnikov's collection, in addition to his own materials, also included riddles of Sakharov, and Ivan Snegirev, and Khudyakov, and Dahl. So he generalized and multiplied the work of preserving the folk riddle.

Lots of neighbors
They live next to each other,
And never see each other? (Window)
Above the horse, below the dog. (Saddle)
Winter and summer in one color. (Pine)
Food, food - no trace;
I cut, I cut - there is no blood;
Rub, rub - no chips. (Water)
Who sits forty weeks in prison, will they be released forever? (Baby)
In the evening - water,
At night, water
And in the afternoon - to heaven. (Dew)
Not a bush, but leaves,
Not a shirt, but sewn
Not a person, but tells. (Book)

Do you like to solve riddles? Here are some beautiful mysteries of the 18th century.

Fun riddles. Composed by an unknown author and included in a manuscript collection in 1783.

Riddle #1

Although not a person, but I keep the house,
In the dead of night people, I eat in the fields of cattle.
I chase predators, thieves and wolves away
I rush about, scream, gnaw, even ready to die.
My kind of life and cynics have chosen,
The Egyptians good and evil meant me
(Dog)

Riddle #2

It would be funny to hide under my shadow,
Everyone swears at me, pushes me, beats me with a stick,
I can't be born with big ears,
And all fools are called by my name,
Though small, but I drive everything, though little and honorable,
But before Phoebus was dedicated to Priyap
(Donkey)

Riddle #3

In the dwelling of the mind I have my home,
I do not sleep, and in the idleness of people I take away sleep,
Someone will catch me, kill me, but I live with another,
And I bite all the nobles with my teeth.
Why are parents sorry to beat my children,
Is it not a pity for you to beat your mouth and your head?
(Louse)

Riddle #4

Between two luminaries I live in the middle,
And the pit under me in the bone fence,
And if I'm a hunchback, then for this reason
They attribute the mind, and my carried juice
The rich collect
And the beggars throw
(Nose)

Riddle #5

I catch charms and tempt
Girls and well done, I have honor, beauty,
Open when I live, closed when I die
To give me beauty, I need blackness
(Eye)

Riddle #6

In one year, white and gray, and ears like horns,
Scarier than all the animals, I'm all trembling, afraid,
Although it seems that my life is not expensive for everyone,
But in the skin I am for everyone, and in food I will come in handy.
(Hare)

Riddle #7

I was born cunning in the world,
And the Philistine tail burned the fields,
I am not needed in life, after death I was good for everyone,
Destroying birds, from the same I myself perish evil.
(A fox)

Riddle #8

I do not save my breed too much,
A little wings grow, I push from the nest,
Although: not an astronomer, but in the future I do not lie,
It will be snow or rain, I foretell
My voice is rough and the color is pitch black
During the flight of things, I was with the Romans.
(Crow)

Riddle #9

I eat and run easily through the mountains,
Like me, the gods of the forest are inscribed,
Jupiter was educated before by me myself,
Hound dogs are ruining my life.
(Goat)

Riddle #10

I, in a loud voice calling on the aurora,
Having received the victory, having endured the battle, I sing,
There are spurs, and I decorate the head with a comb,
And in polygamy I always lead my life.
(Rooster)

Riddle #11

I publish a terrible tone with a smallness of the whole tone,
I cut cats, I am relentless with people,
Rest the first enemy and drive away sleep,
I suck the blood of both lovers,
I crawl on the neck, on the body, in the eyes
Where there is less light, there I hide more,
I do not suddenly give myself to the hands that grab me,
But the light is destroying me, I am caught and killed.
(Flea)

RUSSIA IN THE XVII CENTURY.
1. What year was the Zemsky Sobor
Did he choose Romanov Tsar?
Even though there was controversy.
But Russia got stronger - there was a rumor
(1613)
2. Oh, and the time has come:
Impostors in Russia!
As the tsar in Moscow was gone,
Those with the Poles came
Call it time
Announce the impostors.
(Time of Troubles, False Dmitry, Grigory Otrepiev)
3. They liberated Russia
All her enemies were killed.
And Moscow became free.
There are no more impostors.
Militia created
And they did not give the country to the enemies.
Who do you call it
Or start guessing
(Dmitry Pozharsky, Kuzma Minin)4. Both the landowner and the boyar
On their land of peasants
Forced to work all my life
Not paying them a dime
What was it called
They kept it for a long time.
(Corvee)
5. And canvas, and wax, firewood and leather,
And meat, fish, vegetables, mushrooms -
The man was carrying everything to the boyar.
At a certain time.
And it was called...
(Obrok)
6. Common people live there,
That's part of the city.
Know you all in advance
In the city it...
(Sloboda)
7. For government in the state
The king immediately issued a decree:
To manage all business
We should create...
(Order)
8. Time is in Russia
As they called, announce!
When there was a lot of confusion
When there were even riots.
when there was no king.
Pretenders honor came:
When Russia's enemies wanted
to share among themselves,
But the people went out to fight.
They defended Holy Russia.
Don't give it to the enemy.
(Time of Troubles)
9. How to govern the country,
And run things.
Be it cannons or archers.
Or Siberia, Kazan, merchants.
The king gives them all orders
The authority is……..
(Order)
10. Bogdan held advice with the elderly:
“How long will the Polish gentlemen destroy their homeland?
All the land between the Cossacks
It should have been divided a long time ago
And reunite Ukraine with Russia!”
(1654, reunification of Ukraine with Russia.)
11. There is great commotion in Moscow_
Some Cossack is self-willed!
Tsar's order seems to be bad,
When the man began to rule!
(Rise of Stepan Razin)
12. To put things in order
And save everyone from embarrassment.
To please the nobles
And enslave the peasants.
The king gathered all the estates
And he passed the laws again.
name what it was
It served everyone for a long time.
(1649, Cathedral Code)
13. Gathered all the nobility in the palace,
Solved all issues with her.
How to run a country
He pointed out to the boyars.
What kind of authority was
He was important in Russia.
(Boyar Duma)
14. Appointed them by the king of the district
Or manage the city.
And military affairs
Managing everyone here
And held power for three years
The king then changed them all the same.
(Voevoda)
15. He is the head of the Cossacks
There are rumors about him.
Although he was not rich,
In Ukraine, he was reputed to be brave.
He led the uprising.
And the people were freed.
He argued with the Commonwealth.
And yet she won.
(Bohdan Khmelnytsky.)
16. Bogdan spoke at the Rada
And he was here to advise.
To be together with Russia.
Serve the Russian Tsar.
You tell me when it was.
And it served as a plot.
(Pereyaslav Rada, 1654)
17. The people went to the king,
But here he found death
Because of the copper money it is,
What the king ordered to release
And the people became so bold
That they came to the king with a question.
On the boyars with a denunciation.
Can you tell me what it was?
What kind of riot was it?
(1662 Copper Riot.)
18. He led the uprising.
And he was known as a glorious Cossack.
He freed the peasants.
And with your courage, glory,
He even eclipsed the king.
So tell me who was it?
(Stepan Razin)
19. Peasant, becoming a Cossack.
Went to the ends of the earth.
The strait that America has
He went with his friends
And the cape forever name
Got it for everyone.
(Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev)
20. On the Amur people are "eager"
He sailed with him to the sea.
He talks about his discoveries
Reported in Yakutsk.
(Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov)
21. In Russia, all wives wore sundresses,
Their husbands dressed in all sorts of ………
(Caftans.)
22. In that glorious campaign
He was in charge everywhere
Amur region secured
Tribes freed.
Even the city is his name.
He wore it throughout the 20th century.
That is a merchant.
Russia remembers him forever.
(Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov)
23. Who created that palace?
They were a serf, an archer,
He is in Kolomenskoye.
The 17th century administers
Their creation - so decided.
They hurried to take it apart.
(Serf Semyon Petrov, Sagittarius Ivan Mikhailov)
24. He was the first to draw personas.
People of all nobles in Russia.
He called this work parsuna.
You announce his name.
(Simon Ushakov)
25. When that academy
Was founded.
And the highest institution
For all she had a reputation.
For the first time education
She brought it to the people.
Was for the clergy
Officials are good.
(1687 Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy)
26. In Russia, everyone has it
Was absolutely.
And every Saturday
She was comfortable.
And now all Russian people
They even revere her.
("Soap", bath)
27. He did not have the will - wills,
Could be sold or killed.
Such is his share -
He was beaten in the soldiers.
(Fortress man)
28. There is a beautiful house.
It's well built.
Living there in luxury
The rich man and his children.
The poor man does not dare to go there
Because it is.. (Mansion.)
Author: Kryuchkina Natalya Borisovna, teacher of history and social studies, MBOU "Secondary School No. 9", Tashtagol, Kemerovo Region