The main contradiction that modern man is faced with is the sharp discrepancy between the biological and social capabilities of man and the civilizational capabilities that the world, built on the latest achievements of science and technology, gives him. Which is why the problem arises: what state is the world heading towards? The first option: it could be a more developed world, progressing economically, politically, morally and otherwise. But there may be another option: a world deteriorating in some of these relationships or in all of them at once. But so far only one thing is clear: humanity... has received beginning of XXI V. very powerful means of influencing both nature and society...
Man as a socio-biological being functions at the intersection of two opposing types of needs. Necessities of the first type are a combination of biological, social and other needs. Among them, the leading ones are the needs coming from the human body. A person needs to eat, drink, rest, needs some minimum level of comfort, some kind of personal circle of communication, etc. All this, in a certain context, can serve as the basis for egoistic strategies of human existence. Thus, the well-being of one specific individual, one family, (a certain circle of people connected by blood or business ties, etc.) can be placed at the center of such strategies.
The needs of the second type are associated with the socio-spiritual content of human consciousness and, first of all, with moral and ethical norms, among which human conscience, understood in different ways by different philosophical schools, comes first. But all these schools agree on one thing: it is conscience that is an integral component of such experiences as compassion, altruism, heroism, etc. Conscience is also one of the components of spirituality... Situation modern life is such that... lack of spirituality begins to permeate the entire society, and one of its most dangerous consequences is a decrease in the sense of responsibility of the individual. Such a decrease in the responsibility of the individual can be carried out in a certain “corridor” - from inattention to the object of communication or control, etc. until his needs and interests are completely ignored. If a soulless person finds himself at vital points in the state, economic, political, etc. mechanism, then its inadequate actions can lead to various kinds of disasters.
(T.D. Sterledeva, R.K. Sterledeva)
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The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) answer to question: one of the most dangerous consequences of lack of spirituality is a decrease in the individual’s sense of responsibility;
(The answer to the question can be given in a different formulation that is similar in meaning.)
2) judgment, revealing the contradictory influence of mass culture on the spirituality of the individual, for example: works of mass culture often promote violence, which negatively affects the spirituality of the individual; At the same time, mass culture (within the framework of educational programs) gives the average viewer the opportunity to become familiar with the masterpieces of world culture. A different judgment may be expressed.
A judgment that does not reveal the contradictory influence of mass culture, but only any of the aspects of influence, is not counted in the assessment
The modern meaning of the term “culture” is very diverse and often vague. Suffice it to recall that today culture is understood not only as a state or characteristic of society and man in general, but also as a very specific set of technologies, customs, traditions, way of life, statehood, etc.: “culture of Ancient Rus'”, “culture of the ancient world” , “West” or “Western culture”, “East” or “Eastern culture”, etc. It is in this sense that they speak, for example, about many cultures, about comparison of cultures, about dialogue and interaction of cultures. In these situations, the term “culture” refers to a really existing culture created in a certain area...
This word (term) in everyday life refers to art, museums, libraries, cinema, theaters, religion and many other very different things. We define as “cultural” or “uncultured” behavior of people; We use expressions such as “work culture”, “trade culture”, “production culture”, etc.
Cultural phenomena, by definition, arise only as results (traces) human activity; they cannot appear in nature, in a “natural” way. This, in particular, is the same knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and all other abilities, characteristics and habits acquired by man as a member of society; this is language, symbols and codes, ideas, taboos, rituals, ceremonies, social institutions, tools, technologies and all components associated with these phenomena...
Therefore, any manifestations of human activity that take place in a particular society, one way or another represent the culture of this society. If, even for the best and noblest reasons, some of them are arbitrarily removed (not included in the culture), then the picture of a historically specific (local) actual culture will be incomplete, and the system of interactions between the elements or components, aspects of this culture will be distorted. In other words, the culture of a concrete historical society appears even in crime, drug addiction and other completely odious events and processes. Fully deserving the label “anticulture,” such phenomena of social life nevertheless remain phenomena of the corresponding culture as a whole.
(D.A. Laletin)
19. Based on the text, give any three meanings of the term “culture”.
23What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “political party”? Using knowledge from a social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the diversity of political parties in a democratic society, and one sentence revealing the features of a political party as a social institution.
24 Give three possible criteria for classifying political parties and indicate the types of parties distinguished in each of these classifications.
25 Read a fragment of a scientific text: “Gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its action on all matter and energy. No objects have been discovered that have no gravitational interaction at all.” Specify two criteria that allow us to classify this text as scientific. Based on social science knowledge, name another feature inherent in scientific knowledge.
26You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The relationship between education and science in modern society" Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
27. By completing task 27, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, select only ONE of the statements below (27.1-27.5).
Choose one of the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating if necessary different aspects the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).
When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)
27.1 Philosophy “Close the door to all errors, and truth cannot enter” (R. Tagore)
27.2 Economics “Nothing requires so much wisdom and intelligence as determining the part that is taken from the subjects and the part that is left to them” (S.L. Montesquieu)
27.3 Sociology, social Psychology“There is only one true value - this is the connection between man and man” (A. de Saint-Exupéry).
27.4 Political Science “I would not like to be a slave and I would not want to be a slave owner. This expresses my understanding of democracy" (A. Lincoln)
Beginning of the form
Option 2.
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
2. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series presented below. Write down this word (phrase). game communication activity labor knowledge 3. Below are a number of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “legal norm”. Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer. 1) established by the state 2) has a written form 3) an idea of good 4) contains normative legal acts 5) internal motivation 6) is protected and defended by the state 7) regulator of social relations 4. Find in the list given the properties of a person that are of a social nature. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) the ability for joint transformative activities 2) the desire for self-realization 3) the ability to adapt to natural conditions 4) stable views of the world and one’s place in it 5) the need for water, food, rest
5. Establish a correspondence between the stages of cognition and the specific operations illustrating them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
6. Ivan completed an assignment on the topic: “Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution.” He copied from the textbook the traits characteristic of man. Which of them reflect the specifics of the social nature of humans, as opposed to animals? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) use of objects given by nature
2) ability to set goals
3) caring for offspring
4) adaptation to environmental conditions
5) the desire to understand the world around us
6) communication using articulate speech
7. A family consisting of spouses and two children lives in the capital of one of the European countries. A husband and wife work in the advertising business and jointly decide all issues of family life. Every year, together with their children, they discuss issues of organizing summer vacations and make decisions on all major purchases.
Indicate in the list the characteristic features of the family described in the task.
1) democratic2) patriarchal3) partnership4) nuclear5) monogamous
8. Class teachers asked 11th grade students and their parents the question: “Which of the following statements do you think most accurately describes the relationship between parents and children?” The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the diagram.
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Among parents, the opinion that parents and children will never be able to understand each other is more popular than the opinion that parents and children understand each other; there is no reason for contradiction.
2) Half of the parents surveyed believe that parents and children understand each other, there are no grounds for contradictions.
3) Among students, the opinion that mutual understanding requires joint efforts of both parents and children is more popular than the opinion that parents and children will never be able to understand each other.
4) Equal shares of respondents had difficulty answering.
5) Equal shares of students and parents believe that mutual understanding requires joint efforts of both parents and children.
9. Select from the proposed manifestations of the activities of civil society institutions.1. The Interregional Trade Union of Truck Drivers has taken the initiative to change the location of warehouses and parking lots near the metropolitan metropolis.2. The Ministry of Press and Information has announced a competition for the production of a series of feature films about the formation of civic identity.3. The human rights organization “Freedom of Speech” came out in support of journalists and proposed the adoption of laws aimed at guaranteeing the safety of their activities.4. The Association of Creative Teachers began a project on its information portal to advise young teachers on methodological issues.5. The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation accepted for consideration the case of an attack on a famous journalist.6. The president of the country initiated the creation of a new innovative scientific center in Skolkovo near Moscow.10. Establish a correspondence between the forms of territorial government and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
11. Russian citizen D. decided to nominate herself as a candidate for the post of President of the Russian Federation. However, after reviewing her documents, the election commission refused to register her. Find in the given list possible reasons for the refusal.1) citizen D. recently turned 30 years old2) citizen D. is not a citizen of the Russian Federation by birth3) citizen D. is an atheist4) citizen D. has been permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation for 3 years5) citizen D. has no higher education12. Which of the following refers to the socio-economic rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.1) the right to protection of honor and dignity2) the right to rest3) the right to choose any religion or atheism4) the right to freedom of economic activity5) the right to private property6) the right to elect and be elected to government bodies
13. In state Z there is a partial ban on opposition activities. What additional information indicates that an authoritarian political regime has been established in the state? Write down the numbers under which it is indicated.
1. power is public in nature2. a system of law enforcement agencies has emerged3. all aspects of life are subordinated to a single ideology4. big influence has a church as a public institution5. security forces are used to maintain power6. control over the economy is completely centralized.
14. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of social norms.
CHARACTERISTICS TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS
A) formal certainty 1) only legal norms B) universally binding for the entire population living 2) only moral norms on the territory of the state C) a measure of socially significant behavior 3) both legal and moral norms D) protection solely by the power of public opinion and (or) internal convictions human D) regulation of social relations
15. In state Z, elections are regularly held on an alternative basis legislature. What signs allow us to conclude that state Z is a parliamentary republic? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Parliament passes laws.2. The powers of the president are limited by law.3. The government is responsible to parliament.4. The head of state is the president.5. The president is elected by the legislative assembly.6. The government is formed by the party that wins the parliamentary elections.
16. Find in the list below provisions related to the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) recognition of human rights and freedoms as the highest value
2) conditions and procedure for concluding an employment contract
3) the supremacy of the Constitution and federal laws of the Russian Federation throughout its territory
4) circumstances excluding criminal liability
5) ideological diversity
17. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The earliest of the world's religions is Buddhism. (B) It originated in ancient India in the 5th century BC. e. (B) Buddhism is a religion that is not based on the idea of theocentrism and recognition of the existence of a creator God. (D) This is a religion of the universality of connections between objects, phenomena of the world, a religion of cause and effect. (D) Most likely, Buddhism can be considered not so much as a religion, but as a religious and philosophical system.
Determine which text provisions have
1) factual nature; 2) nature of value judgments; 3) nature of theoretical provisions.
18. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“For lawyers, one of the main professional qualities is the ability to apply legal ___________ (A) in practice. However, it has long been known that neglect of theoretical issues of law is based, as a rule, on
loss of confidence in the power of ___________ (B). For those people who resisted the wave of legal chaos, ___________ B) became one of the foundations of their personal worldview. For modern Russia, which is reviving spiritual traditions, the formation of legal ___________ among citizens is very important (D). In this regard, it is very important to understand the original meaning of law, to understand its social ___________ (D). One of the axioms of law is that law, like religion and morality, refers to an ideal value. Law is closely connected with other spheres of public ___________ (E). For example, the connection and relationship between politics and law is most easily seen through the concept of ___________ (F).”
Final test in social studies. Grade 11 .
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“As a type of spiritual __(A) science includes the special activity of man to increase the existing and obtain a new __(B). The result of this activity becomes __(B) scientific knowledge, which together form a scientific picture of the world. The scientific picture of the world is formed under the influence of two models of knowledge development. According to the __(D) model, science is special kind"social memory of humanity". According to the __(D) model, science periodically experiences a radical change in the prevailing ideas in it. The term “science” is also used to designate certain industries scientific knowledge. Initially, branches of science were formed in accordance with those aspects of reality that were involved in the process __(E).”
List of terms:
1) knowledge
evolutionary
production
cognition
theory
consumption
education
revolutionary
system
After graduating from the variety and circus school, Peter and his friends created a musical group: they registered it in the manner prescribed by law, recorded an album and went on a tour around the country. Select the characteristics of this group from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
small group
reference group
informal group
professional group
large group
formal group
In the family of a citizen of the Russian Federation and a citizen of the countryZliving in the Russian Federation, a son was born. Using social science knowledge, explain how the issue of your son’s citizenship can be resolved. Give three explanations.
Establish a correspondence between social facts and forms of culture: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column -
SOCIAL FACTS OF CULTURAL FORM
A) premiere of a television series 1) mass
B) festival of folklore groups 2) folk
C) celebration of Ivan Kupala Day
D) scandal involving a pop star
D) re-release of a best-selling detective story
Name two manifestations of the social function of science and give two examples of its implementation.
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “art”.
1) Imagery; 2) emotionality; 3) fantasy; 4) validity; 5) subjectivity; 6) hypothesis.
Find two terms that refer to another concept and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “education”? Using knowledge from a social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the structure of general education in the Russian Federation, and one sentence revealing any function of education as a social institution.
Read a fragment of a scientific text: “Gravity, unlike other interactions, has a universal effect on all matter and energy. No objects have been discovered that have no gravitational interaction at all.” Specify two criteria that allow us to classify this text as scientific. Based on social science knowledge, name another feature inherent in scientific knowledge.
Read the text and complete the tasks
The modern meaning of the term “culture” is very diverse and often vague. Suffice it to recall that today culture is understood not only as a state or characteristic of society and man in general, but also as a very specific set of technologies, customs, traditions, way of life, statehood, etc.: “culture of Ancient Rus'”, “culture of the ancient world” , “West” or “Western culture”, “East” or “Eastern culture”, etc. It is in this sense that they speak, for example, about many cultures, about comparison of cultures, about dialogue and interaction of cultures. In these situations, the term “culture” refers to a really existing culture created in a certain area...
This word (term) in everyday life refers to art, museums, libraries, cinema, theaters, religion and many other very different things. We define as “cultural” or “uncultured” behavior of people; We use expressions such as “work culture”, “trade culture”, “production culture”, etc.
Cultural phenomena, by definition, arise only as results (traces) of human activity; they cannot appear in nature, in a “natural” way. This, in particular, is the same knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and all other abilities, characteristics and habits acquired by man as a member of society; this is language, symbols and codes, ideas, taboos, rituals, ceremonies, social institutions, tools, technologies and all components associated with these phenomena...
Therefore, any manifestations of human activity that take place in a particular society, one way or another represent the culture of this society. If, even for the best and noblest reasons, some of them are arbitrarily removed (not included in the culture), then the picture of a historically specific (local) actual culture will be incomplete, and the system of interactions between the elements or components, aspects of this culture will be distorted . In other words, the culture of a concrete historical society appears even in crime, drug addiction and other completely odious events and processes. Fully deserving the label “anticulture,” such phenomena of social life nevertheless remain phenomena of the corresponding culture as a whole.
(D. A. Laletin)
Give any three meanings of the term “culture” based on the text.
THOUGHTS OF THE WISE
“The more you live a spiritual life, the more independent you are from fate, and vice versa.”
L. N. Tolstoy (1828-1910). Russian writer
" 5. " Activity is a way of existence of people
Can a person do nothing in his life? Is there activity outside consciousness and consciousness outside activity?
HUMAN ACTIVITY: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
Activity- this is a form of interaction with the outside world inherent only to humans. While a person lives, he constantly acts, does something, is busy with something. In the process of activity, a person learns about the world, creates the conditions necessary for his own existence (food, clothing, housing, etc.), satisfies his spiritual needs (for example, by doing science, literature, music, painting), and also engages in self-improvement (strengthening the will, character , developing your abilities).
In the course of human activity, the world changes and transforms in the interests of people, creating something that does not exist in nature. Human activity is characterized by such features as consciousness, productivity, transformative and social character. These are precisely the features that distinguish human activity from animal behavior. Let us briefly describe these differences.
Firstly, human activity is conscious. A person consciously puts forward the goals of his activity and anticipates its result. secondly, the activity is productive. It is aimed at obtaining a result, a product. These, in particular, are tools made and constantly improved by man. In this regard, they talk about the instrumental nature of activity, since to carry it out a person creates and uses tools. Thirdly, activity is transformative in nature: in the course of activity, a person changes the world around him and himself - his abilities, habits, personal qualities. Fourthly, human activity reveals its social character, since in the process of activity a person, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.
Human activity is carried out to satisfy his needs.
A need is a person’s experienced and perceived need for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.
In modern science, various classifications of needs are used. In the most general form, they can be combined into three groups.
Natural needs. In another way they can be called innate, biological, physiological, organic, natural. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. Natural ones include, for example, human needs for food, air, water, housing, clothing, sleep, rest, etc.
Social needs. They are determined by a person’s membership in society. Social needs are considered to be human needs labor activity, creation, creativity, social activity, communication with other people, recognition, achievements, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life.
Ideal needs. They are otherwise called spiritual or cultural. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their spiritual development. The ideal includes, for example, the need for self-expression, the creation and development of cultural values, the need for a person to understand the world around him and his place in it, the meaning of his existence.
Natural social and ideal human needs are interconnected. Thus, the satisfaction of biological needs acquires many social facets in a person. For example, when satisfying hunger, a person cares about the aesthetics of the table, the variety of dishes, the cleanliness and beauty of the dishes, pleasant company, etc.
Describing human needs, American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) described man as a “desiring being” who rarely achieves a state of complete, complete satisfaction. If one need is satisfied, another one rises to the surface and directs the person's attention and efforts.
The same feature of human needs was emphasized by the domestic psychologist S. L. Rubinstein (1889-1960), speaking about the “unsatiability” of needs that a person satisfies in the course of his activities.
The theory of activity in Russian science was developed by psychologist A. N. Leontyev (1903-1979). He described the structure of human activity, highlighting its goal, means and result.
STRUCTURE OF ACTIVITY AND ITS MOTIVATION
Every human activity is determined by the goals that he sets for himself. We have already talked about this, touching on such a feature of human activity as its conscious nature. A goal is a conscious image of an anticipated result, towards the achievement of which activity is directed. For example, an architect first mentally imagines an image of a new building, and then embodies his plan in drawings. The mental image of a new building is an anticipated result.
Certain means of activity help to achieve the desired result. So, in educational activities familiar to you, the means are textbooks and teaching aids, maps, tables, layouts, instruments, etc. They help to master knowledge and develop the necessary educational skills.
In the course of activity, certain products (results) of activity arise. These are material and spiritual benefits. forms of communication between people, social conditions and relationships, as well as the abilities, skills, and knowledge of the person himself. The results of activities embody a consciously set goal.
Why does a person put forward this or that goal? He is driven to this by motives. “A goal is what a person acts for; “motive is why a person acts,” explained Russian psychologist V. A. Krutetsky.
Motive is the motivating reason for an activity. Moreover, the same activity can be caused by different motives. For example, students read, that is, they perform the same activity. But one student can read, feeling the need for knowledge. The other is out of a desire to please parents. The third is driven by the desire to get a good grade. The fourth wants to assert himself. At the same time, the same motive can lead to different activities. For example, trying to establish himself in his team, a student can prove himself in educational, sports, and social activities.
Usually, human activity is determined not by one motive and goal, but by a whole system of motives and goals. There is a combination, or, one might say, composition, of both goals and motives. And this composition cannot be reduced to any one of them, nor to their simple sum.
The motives of a person’s activities reveal his needs, interests, beliefs, and ideals. It is motives that give meaning to human activity.
Any activity appears before us as a chain of actions. Component, or, in other words, a separate act of activity is called an action. For example, educational activities consists of activities such as reading educational literature, listening to teachers' explanations, taking notes, conducting laboratory work, doing exercises, solving problems, etc.
If a goal is set, the results are mentally presented, the order of actions is planned, the means and methods of action are chosen, then it can be argued that the activity is carried out quite consciously. However, in real life, the process of activity takes it beyond the banks of any goals, intentions, or motives. The emerging result of activity turns out to be poorer or richer than the initial plan.
Under the influence of strong feelings and other stimuli, a person is capable of acting without a sufficiently conscious goal. Such actions are called low-conscious or impulsive actions.
People's activities always proceed on the basis of previously created objective preconditions and certain social relations. For example, agricultural activities in the times of Ancient Rus' were fundamentally different from modern agricultural activities. Remember who owned the land in those days, who cultivated it and with what tools, what the harvests depended on, who owned agricultural products, how they were redistributed in society.
The conditioning of activity by objective social prerequisites indicates its specific historical nature.
VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES
Depending on the diversity of needs of a person and society, the diversity of specific types of human activity also develops.
Based on various reasons, different types of activities are distinguished. Depending on the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual. Practical activities are aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society. Spiritual activity is associated with changing people's consciousness.
When human activity is correlated with the course of history, with social progress, then a progressive or reactionary direction of activity is distinguished, as well as a creative or destructive one. Based on the material studied in the history course, you can give examples of events in which these types of activities were manifested.
Depending on the compliance of the activity with existing general cultural values, social norms define legal and illegal, moral and immoral activities.
In connection with social forms of bringing people together for the purpose of carrying out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished.
Depending on the presence or absence of novelty in goals, results of activities, and methods of its implementation, they distinguish between monotonous and stereotyped ones. monotonous activity, which is carried out strictly according to rules, instructions, the new in such activity is reduced to a minimum, and most often completely absent, and innovative, inventive, creative activity. The word “creativity” is usually used to denote an activity that generates something qualitatively new, previously unknown. Creative activity is distinguished by originality, uniqueness, and originality. It is important to emphasize that elements of creativity can find a place in any activity. And the less it is regulated by rules and instructions, the more opportunities it has for creativity.
Depending on the public spheres, in which the activity takes place, a distinction is made between economic, political, social activity, etc. In addition, in each sphere of social life, certain types of human activity characteristic of it are distinguished. For example, the economic sphere is characterized by production and consumption activities. Political activities are characterized by state, military, and international activities. For the spiritual sphere of society's life - scientific, educational, leisure.
Considering the process of formation of the human personality, domestic psychology identifies the following main types of human activity. Firstly, this is a hierarchy: subject, role-playing, intellectual, sports. Game activity is focused not so much on a specific result, but on the process of the game itself - its rules, situation, imaginary environment. It prepares a person for creative activity and life in society.
Secondly, this teaching is an activity aimed at acquiring knowledge and methods of action.
Thirdly, this is work - a type of activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.
Often, along with play, learning and work, communication is identified as the main activity of people - the establishment and development of mutual relationships and contacts between people. Communication includes the exchange of information, assessments, feelings and specific actions.
When studying the features of the manifestation of human activity, they distinguish between external and internal activities. External activity manifests itself in the form of movements, muscle efforts, and actions with real objects. Internal occurs through mental actions. During this activity, human activity is not manifested in real movements, but in ideal models created in the process of thinking. There is a close connection and complex dependence between these two activities. Internal activities, figuratively speaking, plan external ones. it arises on the basis of the external and is realized through it. This is important to take into account when considering the connection between activity and consciousness.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTIVITY
Consciousness is the ability inherent only in humans to reproduce reality in ideal images.
For centuries, the problem of consciousness has been the arena of heated ideological debate. Representatives of different philosophical schools answer the question about the nature of consciousness and the features of its formation in different ways. The natural-scientific approach is opposed to religious-idealistic views in these disputes. Proponents of the natural scientific approach consider consciousness to be a manifestation of the functions of the brain, secondary in comparison with the bodily organization of a person. Supporters of religious idealistic views, on the contrary, consider consciousness to be primary, and the “bodily” person to be its derivative.
But, despite the differences in the interpretation of the nature of consciousness, both note that it is associated with speech and goal-setting activity of a person. What consciousness is like, what it represents, is evidenced by the language of people and cultural objects - the results of labor, works of art, etc.
Based on the natural scientific approach, domestic psychology has developed the doctrine of the formation of stable structures of human consciousness in early age thanks to communication with adults. According to this teaching, every person in the course of individual development through mastery of language, it is introduced to consciousness, i.e., shared knowledge. And thanks to this, his individual consciousness is formed. Thus, from birth, a person finds himself in the world of objects created by previous generations. As a result of communication with other people, he learns the purposeful use of these objects.
It is precisely because a person relates to the objects of the external world with understanding, with knowledge, that the way he relates to the world is called consciousness. Any sensory image of an object, any sensation or idea, having a certain meaning and meaning, becomes part of consciousness. On the other hand, a number of sensations and experiences of a person are beyond the scope of consciousness. They lead to little-conscious, impulsive actions, which were mentioned earlier, and this affects human activity, sometimes distorting its results.
Activity, in turn, contributes to changes in a person’s consciousness and his development. Consciousness is formed by activity in order to at the same time influence this activity, determine and regulate it. By practically implementing their creative plans born in consciousness, people transform nature, society and themselves. In this sense, human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates it. Having absorbed historical experience, knowledge and methods of thinking, having acquired certain skills and abilities, a person masters reality. At the same time, he sets goals, creates projects for future tools, and consciously regulates his activities.
Making the case for unity. activity and consciousness, domestic science has developed a doctrine of activity that is leading for each age period of a person’s life. The word “leading” emphasizes, firstly, the fact that it is she who forms the most important personality traits at this age stage. secondly, all other types of activity develop in line with the leading activity.
For example, before entering school, a child’s leading activity is play, although he already studies and works a little (at home with his parents or in kindergarten). The leading activity of a schoolchild is learning. But, despite the fact that work occupies an important place in his life, free time he still continues to play with pleasure. Many researchers consider communication to be the leading activity of a teenager. At the same time, the teenager continues to study and new favorite games appear in his life. For an adult, the leading activity is work, but in the evenings he can study and devote his free time to sports or intellectual games, communication.
Concluding our conversation about activity and consciousness, let us once again return to the definition of activity. Human activity, or what can be considered synonymously, conscious activity, is a person’s activity aimed at achieving set goals related to satisfying his needs.
PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS
1 Learn to set specific goals for yourself and determine the optimal means to achieve them. This gives the activity a conscious character, allows you to control its progress and make, if necessary, certain adjustments.
2 Remember: it is important to see not only the immediate, but also the distant goals of your activities. This will help you overcome difficulties and will not allow you to stop halfway without achieving your goal.
3 Show concern for the variety of your activities. This will provide the opportunity to satisfy different needs and develop different interests.
4 Don't forget about significance internal activities in people's lives. This will help you be attentive to the opinions, emotions, and feelings of others, and show sensitivity in your relationships with other people.
From the work of modern domestic psychologist V. A. Petrovsky “Personality in psychology: the paradigm of subjectivity.”
For example, we are convinced that any activity has an author (“subject”), that it is always aimed at one thing or another (“object”), that first there is consciousness, then there is activity. In addition, we have no doubt that activity is a process and that it can be observed from the outside, or, in any case, “from the inside” - through the eyes of the person himself. Everything is so as long as we do not take into account a person’s progress towards an already accepted goal... But if we make the movement of activity the subject of attention, then it suddenly turns out that everything that has been said about its structure loses its clarity... The author loses its “sharpness” ; the orientation of activity towards an object gives way to orientation towards another person... the process of activity breaks up into many branching and again merging “streams-transitions”... instead of consciousness preceding and directing activity, it itself turns out to be something secondary, derived from activity ... And all this due to trends own movement, self-development activities...
There is always an element of discrepancy between what you strive for and what you achieve... Regardless of whether the plan turns out to be higher than the embodiment or, conversely, the embodiment exceeds the plan, the discrepancy between the aspiration and the effects of the actions taken stimulates the activity of a person, the movement of his activity. And as a result, new activity is born, and not only one’s own, but perhaps that of other people.
Questions and tasks for the document
1. Based on the text of the document, explain what an object and subject of activity are. Give specific examples of objects and subjects of various types of activities.
2. Find lines in the text of the document where the author talks about the movement of activities. What meaning does he put into these words? What appears as a result of the movement of activity?
3. How, according to the author, are activity and consciousness related?
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
1. What is an activity?
2. What features are inherent in human activity?
H. How are activities and needs related?
4. What is the motive of activity? How is a motive different from a goal? What is the role of motives in human activity?
5. Define the need. Name the main groups of human needs and give specific examples.
6. What can be attributed to the results (products) of human activity?
7. Name the types of human activities. Expand to specific examples their diversity.
8. How are activities and
Document's name in 1.doc
Test in social studies “Man and Society”. Option 1. 10th grade.
There is no unambiguous solution in the scientific ideas of the past and present about how, due to what reasons and conditions society arose. However, all thinkers, as a rule, highlight an obligatory formal feature of society - a collection of individuals possessing consciousness and will.
What gives a collection of individuals the character of society? As historical and sociological sciences confirm, the unification of individuals into human society occurs only on the basis of common interest. Society is unthinkable without common interests. This statement is not at all contradicted by the fact that in the same society there can be interests not only similar, but also opposite to each other... the main thing is which interests predominate. The organization of society depends on the harmonious combination of the general and individual interests of its members. The incompatibility of these interests leads to destabilization of public life.
Society is created on the basis of mutual interests, which are realized as a result mutual cooperation its individuals. This allows us to achieve through joint efforts those goals that are unattainable for an individual<...>
But not every collection of people united by common interests is a society. The audience in the theater is united by a common interest - but this is not a society.<...>Society can only be called a collection of people in which individuals are connected by interests that are permanent and objective in nature. Such social connections ensure the normal functioning of the community of people, its reproduction and self-development.
Society is not an arbitrary or forced association of people, because outside of society, outside of social connections, a person over time loses the qualities of a being gifted with will and consciousness<...>
Man is the primary cell of society. But society is not a mechanical conglomerate of individuals. This is a complex social formation, consisting of diverse connections and relationships that develop between members of society and their various associations.
Society as an association of interacting individuals is characterized by an organizing factor that determines the boundaries of human behavior in the interests of the whole society. This function is performed by society itself through the relevant authorities and the rules of generally binding behavior it develops. (V.N. Khropanyuk).
C 1. What main elements - signs of society does the author highlight? Name at least three of them.
C3. Based on your knowledge of the social science course and other academic disciplines, indicate what is meant by the “rules of generally obligatory behavior” developed by society. What distinguishes these norms from moral norms?
C4. The author claims that “society is not a mechanical conglomerate of individuals.” Based on knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines and social experience, give three arguments confirming the author’s point of view.
C5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “worldview”? Drawing on knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about worldview.
C 5. Name any three characteristics scientific knowledge.
C6. Activity is a form of interaction with the outside world inherent only to humans. List any three features of human activity and illustrate each with an example.
C7. Describing human needs, the American sociologist A. Maslow described a person as a “desiring being” who rarely achieves a state of complete, complete satisfaction. Explain what the scientist meant when he called a person a “desiring being”? Formulate your attitude to the issue raised and support it with two arguments.
C8. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Features of scientific thinking.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
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Document's name in 2.doc
Test in social studies “Man and Society”. Option 2. 10th grade.
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.
“If society is a historically changing form of human life, producing and reproducing the social processes of man himself as an individual, then human activity, the relationships within which the activity is carried out, social institutions that support relationships are its main, although not the only, elements.
The concept of society should be distinguished from other related concepts: “state”, “people”, “nation”. The state is a form of organization of the life of peoples and nations as communities based on law and law. The state is the main apparatus for governing the country (society) and the country itself. A people is primarily a social form of a community of people connected by language, culture, and origin. A nation is an ethnosocial form of community of people associated with statehood, economic, political, and spiritual relations. These concepts intersect: there is no state outside society, without the people there is no nation, a nation is impossible without the state. The overarching concept is that of society.
The specificity of society is associated with the sign of self-sufficiency. Self-sufficient is a system capable of creating and recreating the necessary conditions for maintaining integrity and independence through its own activity (functioning).In relation to the system of society, this means the ability to produce everything necessary for jointpeople's lives. Such necessary conditions are economic, political-legal, moral and spiritual processes. People create the necessary conditions for their lives in the course of joint activity, which is the main substance, the way of existence of people in the world.”(B.I. Kaverin, I.V. Demidov).
C3. The text mentions social institutions. Give a definition of the concept " social institution" Describe any two social institutions.
C4. The author argues that joint activity is “the basic substance of human existence.” Based on knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines and social experience, Give three arguments to support the author's point of view.
C5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “folk culture”? Using knowledge from the social science course, compose two sentences containing information about folk culture.
C 5. Name any three characteristic features religion.
C6. Using three examples, illustrate the basic principles of ethics of a modern scientist. First formulate ethical rule, then give an example.
C7. Domestic science has developed a doctrine of activity that is leading for each age period of a person’s life, because it forms the most important personality traits at a given age stage. Name the main activities of a preschooler, teenager and adult. What personality traits can be formed on school stage socialization?
C8. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Multivariate social development.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
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Document's name in 3.doc
Test in social studies “Man and Society”. Option 3. 10th grade.
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.
“As society breaks up into many groups - national, demographic, social, professional - each of them gradually forms its own culture, i.e. system of values and rules of behavior. Small cultural worlds are called subcultures.
One language has several dialects. Groups speaking different dialects are subcultures; groups speaking different languages, - different cultures. When people from two groups, despite the differences in the details of their lifestyle, share common basic values and therefore can communicate freely, their cultures are just variants of one, dominant culture. Romance languages evolved from Latin due to changes in the number of vowelsand consonants. They are new languages, but not dialects. Their speakers express different cultures, not subcultures.
Subculture is part general culture nation, in certain aspects different or opposed to the whole, but in its main features consistent with and continuing the culture of the nation, which received the name dominant culture. A subculture differs from the dominant culture in language, outlook on life, behavior, hairstyle, clothing, and customs. The differences may be very strong, but the subculture is not opposed to the dominant culture. It includes a number of values of the dominant culture and adds to them new values characteristic only of it.
<...>Each generation and social group has its own cultural world. Young children constantly communicating in the yard create a kind of subculture that only they understand. But chimpanzees and gorillas, no matter how much they interact in groups, are not capable of giving rise to even the rudiments of culture. The reason is the absence of language - this mother of culture.
Counterculture refers to a subculture that not only differs from the dominant culture, but is opposed and in conflict with dominant values.
<...>The emergence of a counterculture is in fact a quite common and widespread phenomenon. The dominant culture... is not capable of embracing all the diversity of phenomena. The rest divide among themselves sub- and countercultures (A.I. Kravchenko).
C 3. Give one of the definitions of the term “culture” that you know from your social studies course. Formulate three theses about the role of culture for society.
C4. Based on the author's definition of counterculture, give two examples of counterculture
and explain why you classified them as counterculture, not subculture.
C5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “education”? Using knowledge from the social studies course, write two sentences containing information about education.
C5. Name any three characteristic features of morality.
C6. Formulate two General characteristics, which may be characteristic of elite and mass culture, and illustrate them with examples.
C7. Social scientists know different classificationstion of Sciences. O. Comte built a pyramid of the fundamental sciences of humanity, at the top of which are the teachings about society and man. Name two differences between social knowledge and humanitarian knowledge. What type of knowledge does philosophy belong to? Give two reasons to support your answer.
C8. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Education and its importance for the individual and society.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
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Document's name resp. 1.doc
Answers Option 1.
C1.
What main elements - signs of society does the author highlight? Name at least three of them.
1) a set of individuals with consciousness and will;
2) the unification of individuals into human society occurs only on the basis of common interests;
3) society is created on the basis of mutual interests, which are realized as a result of the mutual cooperation of its individuals;
4) society develops rules of generally binding behavior.
C2.
“The organization of society depends on the harmonious combination of the general and individual interests of its members.”
The introduction of private property rights into Russian legislation legalized the beginning of the development of market relations in Russia, while this measure largely corresponded to the personal interests of Russians.
C3. Based on knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines, science live, what is meant by “rules of generally binding behavior” developed by society. What distinguishes these norms from moral norms?
“The rules of generally binding behavior developed by society constitute law (rules of law).”
Established by the state;
They are of a generally binding nature;
Enshrined in law;
Their implementation is guaranteed by the state through state coercion.
C4. The author claims that “society is not a mechanical conglomerate of individuals.” Based on knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines and social experience, give three arguments confirming the author’s point of view.
1) society is a system of interacting elements;
2) the basis of any society is joint activity;
3) the diverse connections that arise in society represent different shapes public relations.
C5.1. Worldview is a holistic idea of nature, society, and man, which is reflected in the system of values and ideals of an individual, social group, and society.
Example sentences:
1. Worldview modern man differs significantly from the worldview of medieval man.
2. A person’s worldview can only be formed in society.
C5.2. The following characteristic features of scientific knowledge can be given:
1) the principle of objectivity;
2) rationalistic validity;
3) verifiability;
4) consistency.
C6. Consciousness.
Example: knowing about the threat to life, rescuers worked to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster.
2. Instrumental character.
Example: housing construction has begun in Moscow, during which the latest equipment and artificial materials are used.
3. Transformative character.
Example: During the Neolithic Revolution, humanity moved from gathering and hunting to farming and herding, from an appropriating economy to a producing economy, which changed planet Earth.
C7. Explanation: A. Maslow called a person a “desiring being”, because the basis of the activity of any person is unsatisfied needs (physiological, social, spiritual).
Attitude: you can agree/disagree with Maslow’s opinion.
Arguments:
1. Schematically, Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid, the base of which is physiological needs, and the top is the need for self-actualization.
2. The needs for self-actualization are limitless, because there are no limits to a person’s creative powers.
3. The process of self-actualization requires a person to be constantly ready to take risks, make mistakes, and abandon old habits and established rules. And this can increase a person’s anxiety and fear, which returns him to the need to satisfy the needs for security and stability of existence (existential needs), etc.
4. Human life is characterized by the fact that people almost always want something. One need is satisfied, another rises to the surface and directs the person’s attention and efforts.
C8. 1. What is science? Signs of scientific knowledge:
a) the principle of objectivity;
b) rationalistic validity;
c) systematic knowledge;
d) fundamental verifiability;
e) prognosticity, predictive power.
2. Levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.
3. Methods of empirical knowledge:
a) observation and experiment;
b) measurement and classification;
c) systematization and description.
4. Methods of theoretical knowledge:
a) ascent from the abstract to the concrete;
b) formalization;
c) modeling.
5. Universal methods of scientific knowledge:
a) analysis and synthesis;
b) induction and deduction;
c) analogy and modeling;
d) abstraction and idealization.
6. Features of thinking in the field of social sciences:
a) the subject and object of cognition coincide;
b) social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, this is value knowledge;
c) the complexity of the object of knowledge - society;
d) probabilistic nature of patterns;
e) limited use of experiment as a method of cognition.
7. Distinctive characteristics of social and humanitarian thinking:
a) study of facts, laws, dependencies of the socio-historical process;
b) study of a person’s goals, motives, values, and personal perception;
c) understanding, accessing texts;
d) the impossibility of reduction to unambiguous, universally accepted definitions.
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Document's name resp. 2.doc
Answers Option 2.
C1. The author sees the self-sufficiency of society in the fact that society is capable of “by its own activities (functioning) to create and recreate the necessary conditions to maintain integrity and independence... this means the ability to produce everything necessary for people to live together.”
C2. The author believes that the concept of “state” and the concept of “society” “intersect: there is no state outside society.” The concept of society is an all-encompassing concept. “The state is the main apparatus for governing the country (society) and the country itself.”
NW. A social institution is a historically established form of joint activity of people, regulated by norms, traditions, customs, and aimed at satisfying needs.
1. A social institution is the family, a form of joint activity, which is regulated both by law and traditions and is aimed at the need for procreation.
2. Religion is a social institution aimed at satisfying the spiritual needs of society and searching for the meaning of life.
C4. The following arguments can be given to support the author’s point of view:
1. Communication makes a person a person. Communication is a special type of activity.
2. In the process of activity, a person realizes goals and predicts the result.
3. Only in the process of activity can conditions for the functioning of society be created.
C5.1. Folk culture- a special type of culture created by the people, a layer of national culture.
Example sentences:
1. Works of folk culture are passed on “from mouth to mouth.”
2. Folk culture lives in folklore, folk dances, and music.
C5.2. The following signs of religion can be given:
1) form of worldview;
2) based on belief in supernatural forces;
3) prescribes certain behavior for believers;
4) contains a system of rites and rituals.
C6. 1. Rule: a scientist must be honest and objective, conscientiously checking the results of his discovery.
2. Rule: a scientist must show respect for the creators of science of the past, for his colleagues; plagiarism is unacceptable for a scientist.
Example: the article by scientist M. contains references to the work of other researchers, his predecessors.
Rule: a scientist must think about social consequences their discoveries, following the principle first formulated by Hippocrates: “do no harm.”
Example: academician A.D. Sakharov, called the "father of the hydrogen bomb", was a strong advocate of nuclear non-proliferation and received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Example: scientists were the first to express concern about the consequences of scientific and technical progress and joined professional and mass environmental movements.
Example: scientist N. Bekhtereva announced the termination of a number of experiments to expand the capabilities of the human brain due to the unpredictability of the consequences.
C7. Activities:
Before entering school, a child’s leading activity is play and learning about the world.
A teenager has to communicate with peers, study.
An adult has work.
Personality traits that are formed in a schoolchild:
1. Curiosity, mastering norms and values, mastering roles, rules of behavior in society (sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.).
2. Adequate self-esteem, self-image, ability to manage oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, etc.).
3. Attitude to work (responsibility, conscientiousness, dedication or laziness, ability to plan long-term goals, etc.).
4. Attitude to property (generosity - greed, frugality - wastefulness, neatness - sloppiness, etc.).
It should be noted that this classification is somewhat arbitrary and close relationship, the interpenetration of these personality traits.
C8. 1. Society as a complex, self-developing open system.
2. Ways of social development:
a) the concepts of “reform” and “revolution”:
b) the concepts of “innovation” and “modernization”.
3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society:
a) stages of development of human society (primitive, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist);
b) characteristics of agricultural, industrial, post-industrial societies.
4. The essence of the concepts of “progress”, “regression”, cyclical development.
5. Criteria for the progressive development of society:
a) average human life expectancy;
b) health status;
c) level of education, development of various spheres of culture;
d) attitude towards nature;
e) the degree of respect for human rights, etc.
6. The inconsistency of social progress.
7. Views of thinkers on the direction of social development:
C3. One of the definitions of culture can be given:
Culture is the totality of spiritual and material values of society.
Culture is second nature, etc. The role of culture for society:
1. Culture allows both individuals and different nations to communicate.
2. Culture makes society spiritually rich.
C4. The following examples of counterculture can be named:
1) religious sects;
2) skinheads in modern Russia.
Both religious sects and skinheads certainly have their own culture. But the values they proclaim are rejected by society. This is reflected, for example, in current legislation.
C5.1. Education is a purposeful process of educating and training a person. Example sentences:
1. Without education it is impossible to achieve anything in the modern world.
2. Education is closely related to science and scientific achievements.
C5.2. The following characteristics can be given:new signs of morality:
1) represents a set of social values;
2) contains patterns of behavior in society;
3) subject to change;
4) uses public censure as a sanction;
5) moral norms can exist in oral and written forms.
C6. 1. Characteristics: both cultures need dissemination and replication.
Example: poems by A. Pushkin, A. Blok and other classics (elite culture) are published in mass editions.
2. Characteristics: works of mass and elite culture can bring significant income to authors.
Example: the novels of J. Joyce and M. Proust, the paintings of M. Chagall and P. Picasso, the films of A. A. Tarkovsky and A. Kurosawa have high commercial value.
3. Characteristics: may contain the same ideas, common values.
Example: pop singer A. Pugacheva performs songs that have become hits of mass culture, based on poems by poets B. Pasternak, M. Tsvetaeva, whose work belongs to elite culture.
C7. Differences:
Social knowledge is knowledge about relatively stable and systematically reproduced relations between peoples, classes, and other social groups (demographic, professional).
Humanitarian knowledge examines the inner world of a person, the goals and motives of his activities, and spiritual values.
Answer to the question: philosophy refers to humanities.
Arguments:
1. Part of philosophy is ethics, axiology, religious studies, and these are sciences whose object is the spiritual values of man and humanity.
2. Philosophy formulates the so-called “eternal questions”, the answer to which is important for every person.
C8.
1. Education as a social institution of society.
2. Education as the main factor in the primary socialization of the individual.
3. General structure of the education system of the Russian Federation:
a) until school education;
b) secondary (school) education;
c) average professional education;
d) higher professional education.
4. State national educational policy:
a) Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” on problems and directions of development Russian system education;
b) the principle of continuity and continuity of the educational process.
5. Functions of continuing education:
a) compensating (filling gaps in education);
b) adaptive (operational retraining in a rapidly changing economic and social situation);
c) developing (satisfying the needs of creative growth).
6. The role of self-education and self-education in personality development.
7. Information education and information culture individuals as factors in the development of the information society.
8. Why is education the national wealth of a country?
The need for fundamentally trained people:
a) to meet the needs of modernization;
b) to develop and implement the principles of the new economy;
c) for the development of civil society and the rule of law;
d) for the formation of spirituality and culture, a sense of love for the Motherland, responsibility for its fate.
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