Hello. Last name Shvets instrumental Shvets em or Shvets om? Thanks for the answer.
The vowel in the ending depends on the stress. If, when declining a surname, the stress remains on the root, then in unstressed ending spelled e. If the stress goes to the ending, then it is written about(cf.: finger, but sage). And the place of stress is determined by the bearer of the surname.
| Question #292913 | ||
How to explain why a preposition is written in France, but in Sweden?
Answer help desk Russian language
Pretext in used:
1) before word forms beginning with the combinations “v, f + consonant”: in the eye, in power, in France(but: in Finland),in Vladimir(but: in Venice), in everything, on Tuesday, in a phrase;
2) before the forms of the prepositional case of words lion, ice, flax, forehead, lie, moss, moat, rye, mouth: in a lie, in a moat;
3) before the form me: in me;
4) before word forms many, many, many, multiple: in many cases, in many cases; in plural;
5) before the form what: What has our park become?
Pretext in used in the meaning of "somewhere, somewhere" with word forms yard (in the yard, in the yard), castle (in the palace, in the palace), haze (in the mist, in the mist),darkness (in the dark, in the dark), dark (in the dark, in the dark), as well as with word forms in a dream,in the womb.
Pretext in used in the meaning "for the sake of something" in combinations for good (to do something), for evil (to use something), to avoid (what), in the name of (whom, what), in fulfillment (of what), for the glory (of someone), for salvation (lie for salvation). But: in commemoration.
Also a preposition in used in stable combinations: in all (support, spirit, voice, growth); tradesman in the nobility, in opinion (converge, disperse), how many (times), so many (times), a hundred times, in the prime of life, brothers (sisters) in Christ, at the head of the corner(but: in the chapter of the novel)like chickens in cabbage soup.
| Question #291781 | ||
Good afternoon! In the article by N. A. Yeskova, I did not find an answer to my question, namely, whether my surname is inclined - Shvets. Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Like other surnames ending in a consonant, the male surname Shvets leans, the female does not.
| Question #288523 | ||
Good afternoon! Please tell me how the male and female surname Shvets is inclined correctly?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Only the male surname declines: no Shvets a, k Shvets y etc.
| Question #287723 | ||
Hello. Tell me, how to pronounce Czech, Latvian, Swedish, masculine and the like correctly with letter combinations shsk, zhsk? Thank you in advance for your response.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
A voiced consonant preceding a deaf one is stunned (in the word male - male). In the word Swedish heard Ts (Swedish cue). In other cases, the pronunciation of the consonant corresponds to the spelling.
| Question #287356 | ||
Can you please tell me if a comma is required before the second surname? "Canadian A. Jones and her compatriot, now living in Sweden, S. Robins, participated in the competition."
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
The suggestion is better restructured: Canadian A. Jones and her compatriot S. Robins who currently lives in Sweden.
Good afternoon! If the city is called Lyusechil (Switzerland), is the prepositional case in Lyusechil (or -li)?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
According to the "Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language" by F. L. Ageenko, Lucecil - masculine noun. Correctly: in Lucecil.
| Question #265742 | ||
In the All-Russian classifier of the countries of the world, which is on your site in the "Official Documents", the name of Belgium is given as the "Kingdom of Belgium", although all other kingdoms are given in it. n. Why? And why, in this case, do they keep their name, and when combined with the word "republic" the names are inclined to -iya?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Not only in the official name of Belgium, the genitive case form is used (Kingdom of Belgium), the same - in the official names of the Netherlands and Great Britain (Kingdom of the Netherlands; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). Though about Most of the kingdom names are in the nominative case: Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Spain and etc.
Why Belgium and the Netherlands fall out of this range is an interesting question. Perhaps this is due to the tradition of use, the name in the source language, and perhaps with the federal structure of these states: usually names in which the genitive case is present are characteristic of federal states, cf .: United States of America, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Belgium is also a federation, consisting of two very different regions - Flanders and Wallonia).
Please answer, do you need commas in the phrase "And the Shvets, and the reaper, and the player on the pipe"? After all, this is a stable expression.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Commas are needed. Do not put a comma in set expressions, consisting of two components (for example: and day and night, and old and young, and here and there).
| Question #263336 | ||
Good afternoon.
I came across such a riddle: Remember the country where Carlson lives, where the Little Mermaid is waiting for a miracle by the sea. __________ "Country" you turn into houses and buildings without tedious long construction.______________
Unclear assignment. Do you need to rearrange the letters in the answer to the first part - "Shvets ia"? Or something else to get the answer to the second part of the puzzle. Thanks in advance.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Try to find the answer to the riddle together with the visitors of the "Forum" of our portal.
| Question #263061 | ||
Hello.
We call the citizens of each country by the name of this country: the Swedes - Sweden, the Congolese - the Congo .... and only the Germans (and not the Germans) are the inhabitants of Germany. Why did it happen?
Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Word German formed from the ancient Proto-Slavic stem *nemъ, to which the adjective also goes dumb. AT Old Russian dumb, dumb meant not only "deprived of the ability to speak", but also "the speaker is incomprehensible, unclear." Therefore, in Russia, all foreigners were first called Germans (that is, everyone who spoke an incomprehensible language), then only Europeans. Dahl's dictionary states: German - not speaking Russian, every foreigner from the West, European (Asians - Busurmanes); in particular, the German.
Over time, the meaning of the word German became even more narrowed and began to designate only a resident of Germany, a representative of the German people. Such is contemporary meaning this word. Word Germans is also part of the modern Russian literary language, however, it is used in the sense of "ancient tribes that inhabited central, western and southwestern Europe; people belonging to these tribes."
| Question #262602 | ||
Good afternoon!
Tell me, please, will the male surname Shvets be inclined? Judging by the rule, male surnames that have consonant stems and a zero ending in the nominative case are declined as nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender. That is, in the dative case there will be Shvets y?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Yes that's right.
| Question #258680 | ||
hello! Please answer how male surnames are inclined: Kretz, Moroy, Shvets. When issuing diplomas (surnames are written in the dative case), disputes always arise, parents come and are indignant that errors were made in diplomas
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the requirement of the head not to bow some names. What surnames do not actually decline, we will tell in the article. We have prepared a summary table of the most common cases that are difficult to deal with.
Download this helpful document:
What are the misconceptions about the declension of surnames
Most native speakers of the Russian language do not know the laws of declension of names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are many guides and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames remains difficult for many people. In many ways, misconceptions about the rules for declension of surnames interfere. Here are some of them.
The declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. For example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames do not decline.
The declension of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.
If the surname coincides with a common noun - Will, Freedom, Zhuk - she does not decline.
However, the most common misconception is that there are so many declension rules that it simply does not make sense to memorize them.
In order to refute these misconceptions, consider the basic rules for changing surnames by cases. We have formulated them in the form step by step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes in cases or not.
Table: declension of surnames in Russian
Download full table
How to determine if a surname is inclined: step by step instructions
Step #1
Look at the last name. If it ends in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -sky (-tsky), decline it in the standard way
Such surnames change without problems. But keep in mind two important exceptions.
A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but it is foreign (For example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change in cases like a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.
C. Female surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Currant or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version matches the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Currant, then the female surname will decline as a common noun. An example is in the table below.
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Smorodina (in m. R. Smorodin) |
Irina Zhemchuzhina (coincides with m.b.) |
|
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Currant |
Irina Zhemchuzhina |
|
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Currant |
Irina Zhemchuzhina |
|
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Smorodina |
Irina Zhemchuzhina |
|
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Currant |
Irina Zhemchuzhina |
|
|
Charlie Chaplin |
Anna Currant |
Irina Zhemchuzhina |
Step #2
If you have a non-standard surname in front of you, note what sound it ends with
The main rule to follow is that the type of declension is primarily affected not by the gender or nationality of the carrier, but by whether it ends in a vowel or consonant sound.
Step #3
Do not change a last name that ends in -s, them, or e, and, oh, y, s, uh, u
For example, the book of Belykh, the performance of Loye, Gramigny, Ceausescu, Lykhna, Maigret and Liu.
Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, which depicts colloquial speech , sometimes you can find the declension of male surnames on -s or -ih. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declension of Ukrainian surnames on -ko - Chernenka or Shevchenko. The last variant of surname changes was common in the 19th century. But now both the first option and the second one are undesirable.
Step #4
If the last name ends in a consonant (except -ih and -ih), look at the gender of the owner
Male surnames are inclined towards a consonant sound, but female ones are not. The linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Men's surnames are also declined, which coincide with common nouns.
For example, the reports of Krug, Shock, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and the reports of Krug, Shock, Martirosyan (for female surnames).
Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin, which can be inclined in two ways. It's about about surnames that have a fluent vowel when changing - Zhuravl: Zhuravel or Zhuravl. Most reference books recommend keeping a fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname can insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.
Note 2. The surnames beginning with th (Shakhrai) deserve special mention. Here we also encounter the possibility of a double change of surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchy, then it changes as Topchy, Topchy, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, then it changes as Topchia, Topchia. Such complex cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant "y" is preceded by the vowels "o" or "i". In all other cases, the surname changes according to general rules(Shakhrai, Shakhrai, etc.)
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anna Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
|
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anna Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
|
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anne Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
|
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anna Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
|
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anna Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
|
|
Ivan Chernykh |
Ivan Krug |
Anne Krug |
Ivan Shakhrai |
Step #5
The surname ends in a vowel -я. Is there another vowel before it? If yes, bow her
Examples: notebook by Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolay Lomaya, meeting with Anna Rhea; crimes of Lavrenty Beria, meeting with George Danelia.
Step #6
The surname ends in the vowel -a. Is there another vowel before it? If yes, don't push her.
Examples: Nikolai Galua's notebook, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.
Step #7
The surname ends in -а or -я, but it is preceded by a consonant. Pay attention to the origin of the surname and the stress in it.
There are only two exceptions to remember:
BUT. French surnames with an accent on the last syllable are not inclined: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, Drogba's goals.
B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are unstressed: a meeting with Mauno Pekkala.
All other surnames - Eastern, Slavic, Japanese - ending in stressed and unstressed -a or -ya are inclined. Decline and surnames that coincide with common nouns.
Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, Nikolai Mukha's diploma, Elena Kara-Murza's lecture, Bulat Okudzhava's songs, Igor Kvasha's roles, Akira Kurosawa's films.
|
Margarita Galois |
Nina Daneliya |
Anna Groza |
|
|
Marguerite Galois |
Nina Danelia |
Anna Groza |
|
|
Marguerite Galois |
Nina Danelia |
Anna Groze |
|
|
Marguerite Galois |
Nina Danelia |
Anna Groza |
|
|
Marguerite Galois |
Nina Danelia |
Anna Groza |
|
|
Marguerite Galois |
Nina Danelia |
Anna Groze |
Why is it important to follow the rules of declension of surnames
You run the risk of encountering misunderstandings if you do not follow the rules for declension of surnames.
For example, consider this situation. You received a letter signed like this: "Vasily Groz's letter." Following the laws of Russian grammar, you most likely assume that a male surname, which in genitive case has an ending -a, in the nominative case it will have a zero ending and you will conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - "Vasily Groza's letter."
Another example. You have passed the article A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man, Anatoly Pogrebnyak, this can lead to a misunderstanding.
From school, many have learned the rule that when pronouncing and writing, female surnames do not decline in cases, and male ones, on the contrary, like similar adjectives or nouns. Is everything so simple, and are male foreign surnames inclined in Russian - this article is devoted to this, based on the monograph by L.P. Kalakutskaya, published in 1984.
Importance of the problem
There are many situations in which the correct spelling and correct pronunciation of surnames in different cases is very important:
- The child began to study at school, and he needs to correctly sign a notebook or diary.
- A young man or an adult man is awarded a diploma or a letter of thanks.
- At a serious event, they announce the exit or performance of a man with a complex surname. It's not nice if it gets distorted.
- When preparing important documents (certificate, diploma) or preparing case materials to establish family ties (in court, at a notary).
- Knowing whether male surnames are inclined is necessary for people of many professions who deal with the execution of personal files or other business papers.
Russian surnames
The most common surnames in Russia - with suffixes - sk (-ck), ov (-ev), in (-yn) People: Razumovsky, Slutsky, Ivanov, Turgenev, Mukhin, Sinitsyn. All of them are easily inclined, like ordinary adjectives, both in the feminine and in the masculine. Exception - surnames on -ov, -in, the ending of which in the prepositional case is somewhat different from the traditional one.
Foreign surnames with suffix -in (-yn) also have a mismatch with Russians in the instrumental case. Let's look at an example:
Do male surnames tend to th without suffix - sk, which are also found in Russia (Tolstoy, Berezhnaya, Sukhoi)? Few (in scientific papers in philology there is a complete list of them), they easily change in cases similar to adjectives with a similar ending.
Ukrainian surnames
The most famous Ukrainian surnames - on -enko and -ko: Bondarenko, Luchko, Molodyko. If you look at Russian literature, then in works of art (A.P. Chekhov, for example), writers are quite free with their spelling in the masculine version and in the plural: “Let's go visit the Bondarenkos”.
This is incorrect, because the official spelling is different from works of art and colloquial speech. The answer to the question whether Ukrainian male surnames tend to - enko and -ko, unequivocal - no. Example:
- I am writing a letter to Oleg Bondarenko.
- She has an affair with Ivan Luchko.
And this applies to all families. Ukrainian origin, even as rare as Alekhno, Rushailo, Soap, Oatmeal. Surnames are never inclined to -ago, -ovo, -yago: Vodolago, Durnovo, Dubyago. But what about those that end in consonants?
Surnames beginning with -k
Historically, suffixes -uk (-uk) they indicated either a kindred or a semantic affiliation: Ivan's son - Ivanchuk, cooper's assistant - Bondarchuk. To a greater extent, they are inherent in the western part of Ukraine, but are widespread among all Slavic peoples. Do male surnames tend to - uk?
According to the laws of the Russian language, female surnames do not change by case, but male surnames ending in a consonant (the exception is the ending -their,-s), decline without fail:
- I wrote a letter to Olga Dimitryuk.
- I was invited to visit Igor Shevchuk.
- I recently saw Sergei Ignatyuk.
All surnames expressed by nouns are subject to change in cases: Mole, Wolf, Wind, Pillar. There is one subtlety here: if the surname is Slavic, then the existing fluent vowel is not always preserved in the root. In jurisdictions, its spelling is important, although many sources do not consider the pronunciation to be incorrect without it. As an example, consider the surname Hare. More often pronounced: "She called Ivan Zayets." This is acceptable, but more correct: "She called Ivan Zayats."
Common in Ukraine and surnames in -ok, -ik: Pochinok, Gorelik. Knowing the rule that all male surnames with a consonant at the end change by case, it is easy to answer the question: do male surnames tend to -to:
- She came to the house of Ilya Pochinok (here the fluent vowel disappears).
- He knew Larisa Petrik well.
Exception to the rule
The Slavs often have family endings in -their(s): Chernykh, Ilyinsky. In the first half of the 20th century, male surnames with similar endings were often changed by case. According to the norms of the Russian language today, this is wrong.
The origin of these surnames from the adjective plural requires the preservation of their individuality:
- He greeted Peter Bela X.
Although there is a consonant at the end, this is an exception to the rule that you need to be aware of when answering the question of whether male surnames are declined.
Quite common is the ending in -h: Stoikovich, Rabinovich, Gorbach. The general rule applies here:
- Waiting for Semyon Rabinovich to visit.
- He liked Anna Porkhach's exhibition very much.
Armenian surnames
Armenia is a small country with a population of just over 3 million people. But about 8.5 million representatives of the diaspora live in other countries, so they are very widespread. They can often be identified by their traditional ending - an(-yang): Avjan, Dzhigarkhanyan. In ancient times, there was a more archaic family form: -ants (-yants), -oz, which is still common in the south of Armenia: Kurants, Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Is the Armenian male surname inflected?
It is subject to the rules of the Russian language, which have already been mentioned in the article. Male surnames with a consonant at the end are subject to case declension:
- together with Armen Avjan ( wherein "together with Anush Avjan");
- watched a movie with Georg Tonunts ( wherein "Film starring Lili Tonunts").
Ending in vowels
Male surnames remain unchanged if they, regardless of origin and belonging to a particular country, end in the following vowels: and, s, y, u, e, e. Example: Gandhi, Dzhusoyty, Shoigu, Camus, Maigret, Manet. It does not matter at all whether the stress falls on the first or last syllable. This includes Moldovan, Indian, French, Georgian, Italian and Example: " He recently read the poems of Shota Rustaveli". But do male surnames tend to - and I)?
Both options meet here, so it's better to present them in a table:
| bow down | Don't bow down | |
| Letters -and I) not under stress | The last letters follow the consonants: Pied Ha, cafe ka.
| If the last letters follow a vowel - and: Mor ia, Gars and I.
|
| Letters -and I) are under stress | The last letters follow the consonants, but have Slavic roots: Loza, Mitta.
| The last letters follow consonants or vowels and are of French origin: Dumas, Benoist, Delacroix, Zola.
|
To consolidate knowledge, do male surnames tend to - a, we offer you an algorithm that can always be at hand.
German surnames
The origin of Germanic surnames is similar to their history in other states: most are derived from personal names, place names, nicknames or occupations of their bearers.
Since German surnames change by case, they should be distinguished from Slavic ones. In addition to the common ones, such as Müller, Hoffman, Wittgenstein, Wolf, there are ending in -them: Dietrich, Freindlich, Ulrich. In Russian surnames before -them rarely are soft consonants with hard pairs. This is due to the fact that there are almost no adjectives with similar stems in the language. Slavic surnames, unlike German ones, do not decline (Fifth, Borovsky).
If at the end -ь or -й
The rule by which male surnames are inclined, having consonants without an ending as a basis, also applies to those cases where at the end is put -b or th. They change in cases like second declension nouns. However, in the instrumental case they have a special ending - ohm (em). They are perceived as foreign. To answer the question of whether male surnames tend to -b and th, consider an example:
- Nominative (who?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Genitive (of whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Dative (to whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Accusative (of whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Creative (by whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
- Prepositional (about whom?): about Vrubel, about Gaidai.
There are exceptions to the rule. So, dissonant surnames (Pelmen), as well as those coinciding with a geographical name (Uruguay, Taiwan), do not decline. Even if it stands after the hissing (Night, Mouse), the surname is inclined according to the male version.
Double and compound surnames
China, Vietnam and Korea are distinguished by the fact that their inhabitants have compound surnames consisting of several words. If they end in a consonant, then they are declined according to the general rules, but only their last part. Example:
- We listened to Kim Jong Il's speech.
Russian double surnames are inclined in both parts according to the general rules:
- painting by Petrov-Vodkin;
- theater Nemirovich-Danchenko.
If the first part is not a surname, but serves as an integral part, it does not change in cases:
- Ter-Hovhannisyan's jump;
- work by Demuth-Malinovsky.
Whether male surnames of other foreign countries are declined depends entirely on the rules of Russian grammar, which were discussed in the article. The question of the use of the plural or singular when listing two people.
singular and plural
In which cases the plural is used, and in which the singular is best seen from the table:
Male surnames, unlike female ones, are declined, but there are many cases discussed in the article when they are also not subject to change. The main criteria are the ending of the word and the country of origin of the surname.
1. Independent parts of speech:
- nouns (cf. morphological norms n.);
- Verbs:
- sacraments;
- gerunds;
- adjectives;
- numerals;
- pronouns;
- adverbs;
2. Service parts of speech:
- prepositions;
- unions;
- particles;
3. Interjections.
None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:
- the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
- introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.
Morphological analysis of a noun
- the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
- own or common noun;
- animate or inanimate;
- gender (m, f, cf.);
- number (unit, plural);
- declination;
- case;
- syntactic role in a sentence.
Plan of morphological analysis of a noun
"The baby is drinking milk."
Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;
- initial form - baby;
- permanent morphological features: animated, common noun, concrete, masculine, I-th declension;
- inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
- at parsing The sentence plays the role of the subject.
Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).
- initial form - milk;
- constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
- variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
- in a sentence with a direct object.
Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:
"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (who?) - noun;
- the initial form is a lady;
- constant morphological features: common noun, animate, concrete, female, I declination;
- fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
- syntactic role: part of the subject.
Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;
- initial form - Luzhin;
- faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
- non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;
Palm (what?) - noun;
- initial form - palm;
- constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
- unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
- syntactic role in context: complement.
Dust (what?) - noun;
- initial form - dust;
- main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
- fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
- syntactic role: complement.
(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;
- the initial form is a coat;
- constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
- morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
- syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:
- initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
- constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank, according to the value:
- - quality (warm, silent);
- - relative (yesterday, reading);
- - possessive (hare, mother's);
- degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
- full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
- non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful;
- full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
- genus sign (only in the singular);
- number (consistent with the noun);
- case (consistent with the noun);
- syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective
Suggestion example:
The full moon rose over the city.
Full (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - complete;
- permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
- inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
- according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.
Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:
The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.
Beautiful (what?) - adjective;
- the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
- constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
- non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;
Slender (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - slender;
- permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
- inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
- syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.
Thin (what?) - adjective;
- the initial form is thin;
- morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
- syntactic role: part of the predicate.
Blue (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - blue;
- table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
- inconstant morphological characteristics: full, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative case;
- syntactic role: definition.
Amazing (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - amazing;
- permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
- inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
- syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.
Morphological features of the verb
According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is independent part speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.
Morphological forms of verbs:
- the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
- conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
- non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.
Morphological analysis of the verb
- the initial form is the infinitive;
- constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
- intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- returnability:
- returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
- irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- imperfect (what to do?);
- perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
- II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
- conjugated verbs (want, run);
- non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
- conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
- imperative: do it!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
- syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- Subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.
Morphological analysis of the verb example
To understand the scheme, let's written analysis verb morphology on the example of a sentence:
Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)
Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - send;
- permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;
Next online sample morphological analysis verb in a sentence:
What silence, listen.
Listen (what to do?) - verb;
- the initial form is to listen;
- morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:
He needs to be warned.
No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.
What are the rules?
Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)
Warn (what to do?) - verb;
- initial form - warn;
- morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
- non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
- syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.
Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;
- the initial form is to know;
- inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;
- the initial form is to violate;
- permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
- syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.
Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - wait;
- permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Entered (what did?) - verb;
- initial form - enter;
- permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
