The polar regions of the Earth are the most severe places on our planet.

For centuries, people have tried at the cost of life and health to get and explore the Arctic and the Arctic Circle.

So what have we learned about the two opposite poles of the Earth?

1. Where is the North and South Pole: 4 types of poles

In fact, there are 4 types of the North Pole in terms of science:

The north magnetic pole is the point on the earth's surface to which magnetic compasses are directed.

North geographic pole - located directly above the geographic axis of the Earth

North geomagnetic pole - connected with the Earth's magnetic axis

North Pole inaccessibility - the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

Similarly, 4 types of the South Pole were established:

The south magnetic pole is the point on the earth's surface where the earth's magnetic field is directed upward

Geographic South Pole - a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

South geomagnetic pole - connected with the Earth's magnetic axis in the southern hemisphere

The South Pole of Inaccessibility is the point in Antarctica, the furthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

In addition, there is the ceremonial South Pole, an area designated for photography at Amundsen-Scott Station. It is located a few meters from the geographic south pole, but since the ice sheet is constantly moving, the mark shifts every year by 10 meters.

2. Geographic North and South Pole: ocean versus continent

The North Pole is essentially a frozen ocean surrounded by continents. In contrast, the South Pole is a continent surrounded by oceans.

In addition to the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic region (North Pole) includes part of Canada, Greenland, Russia, USA, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

The southernmost point of the earth - Antarctica is the fifth largest continent, with an area of ​​14 million square meters. km, 98 percent of which is covered by glaciers. It is surrounded by the southern part Pacific Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Geographic coordinates of the North Pole: 90 degrees north latitude.

Geographic coordinates of the South Pole: 90 degrees south latitude.

All lines of longitude converge at both poles.

3. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

The South Pole is much colder than the North Pole. The temperature in Antarctica (South Pole) is so low that in some places on this continent the snow never melts.

The average annual temperature in this area is -58 degrees Celsius in winter, and the highest temperature recorded here in 2011 was -12.3 degrees Celsius.

In contrast, the average annual temperature in the Arctic region (North Pole) is -43 degrees Celsius in winter and about 0 degrees in summer.

There are several reasons why the South Pole is colder than the North. Since Antarctica is a huge landmass, it receives little heat from the ocean. In contrast, the ice in the Arctic region is relatively thin and there is an entire ocean underneath that moderates the temperature. In addition, Antarctica is located on a hill at an altitude of 2.3 km and the air here is colder than in the Arctic Ocean, which is at sea level.

4. There is no time at the poles

Time is determined by longitude. So, for example, when the Sun is directly above us, local time shows noon. However, at the poles, all lines of longitude intersect, and the Sun rises and sets only once a year on the equinoxes.

For this reason, scientists and explorers at the poles use whatever time zone they prefer. As a rule, they are guided by Greenwich Mean Time or the time zone of the country from which they arrived.

Scientists at Amundsen-Scott Station in Antarctica can do a quick run around the world, traversing 24 time zones in a few minutes.

5. Animals of the North and South Pole

Many people have the misconception that polar bears and penguins are in the same habitat.

In fact, penguins live only in the southern hemisphere - in Antarctica, where they have no natural enemies. If polar bears and penguins lived in the same area, polar bears wouldn't have to worry about their food source.

Among the marine animals of the South Pole are whales, porpoises and seals.

Polar bears, in turn, are the largest predators in the northern hemisphere. They live in the northern part of the Arctic Ocean and feed on seals, walruses and sometimes even beached whales.

In addition, animals such as reindeer, lemmings, foxes, wolves, as well as marine animals such as beluga whales, killer whales, sea otters, seals, walruses and more than 400 known species of fish live at the North Pole.

6. No Man's Land

Despite the fact that many flags of different countries can be seen at the South Pole in Antarctica, this is the only place on earth that does not belong to anyone and where there is no indigenous population.

There is an agreement on Antarctica, according to which the territory and its resources must be used exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes. Scientists, explorers, and geologists are the only people who set foot on Antarctica from time to time.

On the contrary, more than 4 million people live in the Arctic Circle in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia and Russia.

7. Polar night and polar day

The poles of the Earth are unique places where the longest day is observed, which lasts 178 days, and the most long night, which lasts 187 days.

At the poles, there is only one sunrise and one sunset per year. At the North Pole, the Sun begins to rise in March on the vernal equinox and sets in September on the autumn equinox. At the South Pole, on the contrary, sunrise is during the autumn equinox, and sunset is on the day of the vernal equinox.

In summer, the Sun is always above the horizon here, and the South Pole receives sunlight around the clock. In winter, the Sun is below the horizon when there is 24-hour darkness.

8. Conquerors of the North and South Pole

Many travelers have tried to get to the poles of the Earth, losing their lives on the way to these extreme points our planet.

Who first reached the North Pole?

There have been several expeditions to the North Pole since the 18th century. There is controversy over who reached the North Pole first. In 1908, American traveler Frederick Cook became the first to claim to have reached the North Pole. But his compatriot Robert Peary denied this statement, and on April 6, 1909, he officially began to be considered the first conqueror of the North Pole.

First flight over the North Pole: Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and Humberto Nobile on May 12, 1926 on the airship "Norway"

First submarine at the North Pole: nuclear submarine "Nautilus" August 3, 1956

First trip to the North Pole alone: ​​Japanese Naomi Uemura, April 29, 1978, traveled 725 km by dog ​​sled in 57 days

First skiing expedition: Dmitry Shparo's expedition, May 31, 1979. Participants walked 1,500 km in 77 days.

The first to swim across the North Pole: Lewis Gordon Pugh swam 1 km in water at -2 degrees Celsius in July 2007.

Who first reached the South Pole?

The first explorers of the South Pole were the Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and the British explorer Robert Scott, after whom the first station at the South Pole, the Amundsen-Scott station, was named. Both teams went different ways and reached the South Pole with a difference of several weeks, the first was Amundsen on December 14, 1911, and then R. Scott on January 17, 1912.

First flight over the South Pole: American Richard Byrd, in 1928

The first to cross Antarctica without the use of animals and mechanical transport: Arvid Fuchs and Reinold Meissner, December 30, 1989

9. North and South Magnetic Pole of the Earth

The Earth's magnetic poles are related to the Earth's magnetic field. They are in the north and south, but do not coincide with the geographic poles, as the magnetic field of our planet is changing. Unlike geographic, magnetic poles shift.

The north magnetic pole is not located exactly in the Arctic region, but is moving east at a rate of 10-40 km per year, as the magnetic field is influenced by underground molten metals and charged particles from the Sun. The South Magnetic Pole is still in Antarctica, but it is also moving westward at a rate of 10-15 km per year.

Some scientists believe that one day a change in the magnetic poles can occur, and this can lead to the destruction of the Earth. However, the reversal of the magnetic poles has already occurred, hundreds of times over the past 3 billion years, and this has not led to any dire consequences.

10. Melting ice at the poles

Ice in the Arctic at the North Pole tends to melt in the summer and refreeze in the winter. However, for last years, the ice cap began to melt at a very rapid pace.

Many researchers believe that by the end of the century, and maybe in a few decades, the Arctic zone will remain without ice.

On the other hand, the Antarctic region at the South Pole contains 90 percent of the world's ice. Ice thickness in Antarctica averages 2.1 km. If all the ice in Antarctica melted, sea levels around the world would rise by 61 meters.

Fortunately, this will not happen in the near future.

Several fun facts About the North and South Pole:

1. There is an annual tradition at Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole. After the last food plane leaves, the researchers watch two horror films: The Thing (about an alien creature that kills the inhabitants of a polar station in Antarctica) and The Shining (about a writer who stays in an empty remote hotel in winter)

2. The Arctic Tern bird makes a record flight from the Arctic to Antarctica every year, flying over 70,000 km.

3. Kaffeklubben Island - a small island in the north of Greenland is considered to be the piece of land that is closest to the North Pole, 707 km from it.

Information about the poles of the Earth should be known to many. To do this, we advise you to read the article below! Here is the basic information about what the poles are, how they change, and also Interesting Facts about who and how the North Pole was discovered.

Basic information

What is a pole? By generally accepted standards, the geographic pole is a point located on the surface of the Earth and the axis of rotation of the planet intersecting with it. There are two geographic terrestrial poles in total. The North Pole is located in the Arctic, it is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The second, but already the South Pole, is located in Antarctica.

But what is a pole? The geographic pole has no longitude, because all the meridians converge in it. The North Pole is located at a latitude of +90 degrees, the South Pole, in contrast, at -90 degrees. Geographic poles also do not have cardinal directions. In these areas of the globe there is neither day nor night, that is, there is no change of day. This is due to the lack of their participation in the daily rotation of the Earth.

Geographic data and what is a pole?

The poles have a very low temperature, because the Sun cannot fully reach those edges and the angle of its rise is no more than 23.5 degrees. The location of the poles is not exact (it is considered to be conditional), because the Earth's axis is constantly in motion, therefore, at the poles there is a certain movement of a certain number of meters annually.

How did you find the pole?

Frederick Cook and claimed to be the first among those who managed to reach this point - the North Pole. It happened in 1909. The public and the US Congress recognized the primacy of Robert Peary. But these data have remained officially and scientifically confirmed. After these travelers and scientists, there were absolutely many more campaigns and studies that have already been imprinted in world history.

It would seem that a strange hobby is to travel to the poles of our planet. However, for the Swedish entrepreneur Frederik Paulsen, this has become a real passion. He spent thirteen years to visit all eight poles of the Earth, becoming the first and so far the only person to do so.

Achieving each of them is a real adventure!

Geographic South Pole - a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

The geographic South Pole is marked by a small sign on a pole driven into the ice, which is moved annually to compensate for the movement of the ice sheet. During the solemn event, which takes place on January 1, a new sign of the South Pole, made by polar explorers last year, is installed, and the old one is placed at the station. The sign contains the inscription "Geographic south pole", NSF, date and latitude of installation. The sign, erected in 2006, was engraved with the date when Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, and small quotes from these polar explorers. The flag of the United States is placed next to it.

Close to the geographic South Pole is the so-called ceremonial South Pole - a special area set aside for photography by the Amundsen-Scott station. It is a mirrored metal sphere, standing on a stand, surrounded on all sides by the flags of the countries of the Antarctic Treaty.

June 1903. Roald Amundsen (left, wearing a hat) makes an expedition on a small sailboat

Gyoa to find the Northwest Passage and pinpoint the exact location of the north magnetic pole along the way.

It was first opened in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The geographic coordinates of the North Pole are 90°00′00″ north latitude. The pole has no longitude, since it is the point of intersection of all meridians. The North Pole also does not belong to any time zone. Polar day, like polar night, here it lasts for about six months. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is 4,261 meters (measured deep-sea vehicle Mir in 2007). The average temperature at the North Pole in winter is about −40 °C, in summer it is mostly around 0 °C.

This is the north pole moment of the geo dipole magnetic field Earth. Now it is located at the point 78° 30′ N, 69° W, near Tul (Greenland). The earth is a giant magnet, like a bar magnet. The geomagnetic North and South Poles are the ends of this magnet. The north geomagnetic pole is located in the Canadian Arctic and continues to move in a northwesterly direction.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is located in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. Distance to North geographic pole 661 km, to Cape Barrow in Alaska - 1453 km and equal distance 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land. The first attempt to reach the point was made by Sir Hubert Wilkins by plane in 1927. In 1941, the first expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility was carried out by plane under the leadership of Ivan Ivanovich Cherevichny. The Soviet expedition landed 350 km north of Wilkins, thereby being the first to directly visit the north pole of inaccessibility.

The south magnetic pole is the point on the earth's surface where the earth's magnetic field is directed upward.

People first visited the South Magnetic Pole on January 16, 1909 (British Antarctic Expedition, Douglas Mawson located the pole).

At the magnetic pole itself, the inclination of the magnetic needle, that is, the angle between the freely rotating needle and the earth's surface, is 90º. From a physical point of view, the South magnetic pole of the Earth is actually the north pole of the magnet, which is our planet. The north pole of a magnet is the pole from which lines of force magnetic field. But to avoid confusion, this pole is called the south pole, since it is close to the South Pole of the Earth. magnetic pole shifts several kilometers per year.

At the South geomagnetic pole, which was first reached by the sledge-tractor train of the Second Soviet Antarctic Expedition led by A.F. Treshnikov on December 16, 1957, the Vostok research station was established. The South geomagnetic pole turned out to be at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level, at a point 1410 km away from the Mirny station located on the coast. This is one of the harshest places on Earth. Here, the air temperature for more than six months a year is below -60 ° C. low temperature- 89.2 ° C.

The South Pole of Inaccessibility is the point in Antarctica, the furthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

This is the point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast of the Southern Ocean. There is no general opinion about the specific coordinates of this place. The problem is how to understand the word "coast". Either draw a coastline along the border of land and water, or along the border of the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica. Difficulties in determining the boundaries of the land, the movement of ice shelves, the constant flow of new data and possible topographical errors, all this makes it difficult to accurately determine the coordinates of the pole. The Pole of Inaccessibility is often associated with the Soviet Antarctic station of the same name, located at 82°06′ S. sh. 54°58′ E e. This point is located at a distance of 878 km from the south pole and 3718 m above sea level. Currently, the building is still located in this place, a statue of Lenin is installed on it, looking at Moscow. The place is protected as historical. Inside the building is a visitor's book, which can be signed by a person who has reached the station. By 2007, the station was covered with snow, and only the statue of Lenin on the roof of the building is still visible. You can see it for miles.

"The probability of changing the Earth's magnetic poles in the near future. Research into the detailed physical causes of this process.

Somehow I watched a popular science film on this issue, shot 6-7 years ago.
There were data on the appearance anomalous area in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean - a change of polarity and weak tension. It seems like when satellites fly over this territory, they have to be turned off so that the electronics do not deteriorate.

Yes, and in time, it seems, how this process should occur.It also talked about plans by the European Space Agency to launch a series of satellites to study in detail the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. Maybe they have already published the data of this study, if the satellites were launched on this occasion?

The Earth's magnetic poles are part of the magnetic (geomagnetic) field of our planet, which is generated by flows of molten iron and nickel surrounding inner core Earth (in other words, turbulent convection in the Earth's outer core generates a geomagnetic field). The behavior of the Earth's magnetic field is explained by the flow of liquid metals at the boundary of the earth's core with the mantle.

In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert in his book On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet, the Earth. presented the Earth as a giant permanent magnet, the axis of which does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the Earth (the angle between these axes is called magnetic declination).

In 1702, E. Halley creates the first magnetic maps of the Earth. The main reason for the presence of the Earth's magnetic field is that the Earth's core consists of red-hot iron (a good conductor of electrical currents that occur inside the Earth).

The Earth's magnetic field forms a magnetosphere extending for 70-80 thousand km in the direction of the Sun. It shields the Earth's surface, protects from harmful influence charged particles, high energies and cosmic rays, determines the nature of the weather.

Back in 1635, Gellibrand established that the Earth's magnetic field was changing. Later it was found that there are permanent and short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field.

The reason for the constant change is the presence of mineral deposits. There are territories on Earth where its own magnetic field is strongly distorted by the occurrence of iron ores. For example, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, located in the Kursk region.

The reason for short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field is the action of the "solar wind", i.e. the action of a stream of charged particles ejected by the Sun. The magnetic field of this stream interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, and "magnetic storms" arise. The frequency and strength of magnetic storms is influenced by solar activity.

During the years of maximum solar activity (once every 11.5 years), such magnetic storms arise that radio communication is disrupted, and compass needles begin to “dance” unpredictably.

The result of the interaction of charged particles of the "solar wind" with the Earth's atmosphere in the northern latitudes is such a phenomenon as "polar lights".

The change of the Earth's magnetic poles (magnetic field inversion, English geomagnetic reversal) occurs every 11.5-12.5 thousand years. Other figures are also mentioned - 13,000 years and even 500 thousand years or more, and the last inversion occurred 780,000 years ago. Apparently, the polarity reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Field is a non-periodic phenomenon. Throughout the geological history of our planet, the earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.

The cycle of changing the poles of the Earth (associated with the planet Earth itself) can be attributed to global cycles (along with, for example, the cycle of fluctuation of the precession axis), which affects everything that happens on Earth...

A legitimate question arises: when to expect a change in the Earth's magnetic poles (an inversion of the planet's magnetic field), or a shift of the poles to a “critical” angle (according to some theories, to the equator)?..

The process of shifting the magnetic poles has been recorded for more than a century. The North and South magnetic poles (NMP and SMP) are constantly “migrating”, moving away from the geographic poles of the Earth (the “error” angle is now about 8 degrees in latitude for the NMP and 27 degrees for the SMP). By the way, it was found that the geographic poles of the Earth are also moving: the axis of the planet deviates at a speed of about 10 cm per year.

The north magnetic pole was first discovered in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved over considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The north magnetic pole of the Earth does not sit still. However, like the south. The northern one “wandered” across Arctic Canada for a long time, but since the 70s of the last century, its movement has acquired a clear direction. With a growing speed, now reaching 46 km per year, the pole rushed almost in a straight line into the Russian Arctic. According to the forecast of the Canadian Geomagnetic Service, by 2050 it will be in the area of ​​the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

The fact of the weakening of the Earth's magnetic field near the poles, which was established in 2002 by the French professor of geophysics Gauthier Hulot, indicates a quick change of poles. By the way, the Earth's magnetic field has weakened by almost 10% since it was first measured in the 30s of the 19th century. Fact: in 1989, the inhabitants of Quebec (Canada), as a result of the fact that the solar winds broke through a weak magnetic shield and caused severe breakdowns in electrical networks, were left without electricity for 9 hours.

From school course physics we know that electricity heats the conductor through which it flows. In this case, the movement of charges will heat the ionosphere. Particles will penetrate into the neutral atmosphere, this will affect the wind system at an altitude of 200-400 km, and hence the climate as a whole. The shift of the magnetic pole will also affect the operation of the equipment. For example, in the middle latitudes during the summer months it will not be possible to use shortwave radio communications. The work of satellite navigation systems will also be disrupted, since they use ionospheric models that will not be applicable in the new conditions. Geophysicists also warn that the approach of the north magnetic pole will increase the induced induced currents in Russian power lines and power grids.

However, all this may not happen. The north magnetic pole can change direction or stop at any moment, and this cannot be foreseen. And for the South Pole, there is no forecast for 2050 at all. Until 1986, he moved very cheerfully, but then his speed dropped.

So, here are four facts that indicate an approaching or already begun reversal of the geomagnetic field:
1. Reduction over the past 2.5 thousand years of the intensity of the geomagnetic field;
2. Acceleration of the drop in field strength in recent decades;
3. Sharp acceleration of the displacement of the magnetic pole;
4. Features of the distribution of magnetic field lines, which becomes similar to the picture corresponding to the stage of preparation of the inversion.

ABOUT possible consequences reversal of geomagnetic poles is an extensive discussion. There are various points of view - from quite optimistic to extremely disturbing. Optimists refer to the fact that hundreds of inversions have occurred in the geological history of the Earth, but it has not been possible to establish a connection between mass extinctions and natural disasters with these events. In addition, the biosphere has considerable adaptive capacity, and the inversion process can take quite a long time, so there is more than enough time to prepare for change.

The opposite point of view does not exclude the possibility that the inversion may occur during the lifetime of the next generations and turn out to be a catastrophe for human civilization. It must be said that this point of view is largely compromised. a large number unscientific and simply anti-scientific statements. As an example, one can cite the opinion that during the inversion, human brains will experience a reboot, similar to what happens with computers, and the information contained in them will be completely erased. Despite such statements, the optimistic point of view is very superficial.

The modern world is far from what it was hundreds of thousands of years ago: man has created many problems that have made this world fragile, easily vulnerable and extremely unstable. There is reason to believe that the consequences of the inversion will indeed be truly catastrophic for world civilization. And the complete loss of the functionality of the World Wide Web due to the destruction of radio communication systems (and it will certainly come at the time of the loss of radiation belts) is just one example of a global catastrophe. For example, due to the destruction of radio communication systems, all satellites will fail.

An interesting aspect of the impact of geomagnetic inversion on our planet, associated with a change in the configuration of the magnetosphere, is considered in his recent works by Professor V.P. Shcherbakov from the Borok Geophysical Observatory. In the normal state, due to the fact that the axis of the geomagnetic dipole is oriented approximately along the axis of rotation of the Earth, the magnetosphere serves as an effective screen for high-energy fluxes of charged particles moving from the Sun. In the case of inversion, a situation is quite probable when a funnel is formed in the frontal subsolar part of the magnetosphere in the region of low latitudes, through which the solar plasma can reach the Earth's surface. Due to the rotation of the earth in each specific location low and partly temperate latitudes, such a situation will be repeated every day for several hours. That is, a significant part of the planet's surface every 24 hours will experience a strong radiation shock.

However, NASA scientists suggest that the assertion that a pole reversal can a short time deprive the Earth of the magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and other space hazards. However, the magnetic field may weaken or strengthen over time, but there is no indication that it can completely disappear. A weaker field will of course lead to a slight increase in solar radiation on Earth, as well as seeing beautiful auroras at lower latitudes. But nothing fatal will happen, and the dense atmosphere perfectly protects the Earth from dangerous solar particles.

Science proves that the reversal of the poles - from the point of view of the geological history of the Earth - is a common phenomenon that occurs gradually, over millennia.

The geographic poles are also constantly shifting across the surface of the Earth. But these shifts occur slowly and are natural. The axis of our planet, rotating like a top, describes a cone around the ecliptic pole with a period of about 26 thousand years, in accordance with the migration of geographical poles, gradual climate change. They are mainly caused by displacement ocean currents, transferring heat to the continents. Another thing is the unexpected, sharp "tumbles" of the poles. But the rotating Earth is a gyroscope with a very impressive own moment the number of motions, in other words, is an inertial object. resisting attempts to change the characteristics of his movement. A sudden change in the inclination of the Earth's axis, and even more so its "somersault" cannot be caused by internal slow movements of magma or gravitational interaction with any passing space body.

Such an overturning moment can only occur during a tangential impact of an asteroid with a diameter of at least 1000 kilometers, approaching the Earth at a speed of 100 km/sec. The magnetic field of our planet, which is observed today, is very similar to that which would be created by a giant bar magnet placed in the center of the Earth, oriented along a north-south line. More precisely, it must be installed so that its North magnetic pole is directed to the South geographic pole, and the South magnetic pole to the North geographic.

However, this situation is not permanent. Research over the past four hundred years has shown that the magnetic poles revolve around their geographic counterparts, shifting about twelve degrees every century. This value corresponds to the speed of currents in the upper core of ten to thirty kilometers per year. In addition to the gradual shifts of the magnetic poles, approximately every five hundred thousand years, the Earth's magnetic poles change places. The study of the paleomagnetic characteristics of rocks of different ages allowed scientists to conclude that the time of such reversals of the magnetic poles took at least five thousand years. A complete surprise for scientists studying the life of the Earth were the results of the analysis magnetic properties about a kilometer thick lava flow that erupted 16.2 million years ago and was recently found in the eastern Oregon desert.

Her research, led by Rob Cowie of the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Michel Privota of the University of Montpelier, created a real sensation in geophysics. The obtained results of the magnetic properties of the volcanic rock objectively showed that the lower layer froze at one position of the pole, the core of the flow - when the pole moved, and, finally, upper layer- at the opposite pole. And all this happened in thirteen days. The Oregon find suggests that the Earth's magnetic poles may change places not within a few thousand years, but in just two weeks. Last time it happened about seven hundred and eighty thousand years ago. But how does this threaten all of us? Now the magnetosphere envelops the Earth at an altitude of sixty thousand kilometers and serves as a kind of shield in the path of the solar wind. If there is a change of poles, then the magnetic field during the inversion will decrease by 80-90%. Such abrupt change will definitely affect various technical devices, animal world and, of course, per person.

True, the inhabitants of the Earth should be somewhat reassured by the fact that during the change of the poles of the Sun, which occurred in March 2001, the disappearance of the magnetic field was not recorded.

Consequently, the complete disappearance of the protective layer of the Earth, most likely, will not happen. Magnetic pole reversal cannot become global catastrophe. The very existence of life on Earth, which has experienced inversion many times, confirms this, although the absence of a magnetic field is an unfavorable factor for the animal world. This was clearly demonstrated by the experiments of American scientists, who built two experimental chambers back in the sixties. One of them was surrounded by a powerful metal screen, which reduced the intensity of the earth's magnetic field hundreds of times. In another chamber, preserved earth conditions. They were placed mice and seeds of clover, wheat. A few months later, it turned out that the mice in the shielded chamber lost their hair faster and died earlier than the control ones. Their skin was thicker than that of the animals of the other group. And she, swelling, displaced the root sacs of the hair, which caused early baldness. Changes were also noted in plants in a non-magnetic chamber.

It will also be difficult for those representatives of the animal kingdom, for example, migratory birds, who have a kind of built-in compass and use magnetic poles for orientation. But, judging by the deposits, the mass extinction of species during the reversal of the magnetic poles did not occur before. It probably won't happen in the future either. Indeed, even despite the enormous speed of movement of the poles, the birds cannot keep up with them. Moreover, many animals, such as bees, navigate by the Sun, and marine migratory animals use more of the magnetic field of rocks on the ocean floor than the global one. Navigation systems, communication systems created by people, will be subjected to serious tests that can put them out of action. It will be very bad for numerous compasses - they will simply have to be thrown away. But with the reversal of the poles, there may also be “positive” effects - huge northern lights will be observed all over the Earth - however, for only two weeks.

Well, now a few theories of the mysteries of civilizations :-) Someone takes this quite seriously ...

According to another hypothesis, we live in a unique time: there is a change of poles on Earth and quantum transition our planet to its twin, located in parallel world four-dimensional space. Higher civilizations (HC) to reduce the consequences of a planetary catastrophe, this transition is carried out smoothly in order to create favorable conditions for the emergence new branch Super-civilizations of God-manhood. Representatives of the EC believe that the old branch of Humanity is not intelligent, since over the past decades it could have destroyed all life on the planet at least five times if it were not for the timely intervention of the EC.

Today, among scientists, there is no consensus as to how long the process of reversal of poles can last. According to one version, this will take several thousand years, during which the Earth will be defenseless against solar radiation. According to another, it will take only a few weeks to change the poles. But the date of the Apocalypse, according to some scientists, is suggested to us by the ancient peoples of the Maya and the Atlanteans - 2050.

In 1996, the American popularizer of science S. Runcorn concluded that the axis of rotation moved more than once in the geological history of the Earth along with the magnetic field. He suggests that the last geomagnetic reversal occurred around 10,450 BC. e. This is what the Atlanteans, who survived after the flood, told us about, sending their message to the future. They knew about the regular periodic reversal of the Earth's polarity approximately every 12,500 years. If by 10450 BC. e. add 12,500 years, then again you get 2050 AD. e. - year of the nearest giant natural disaster. Experts calculated this date in the course of unraveling the location of three Egyptian pyramids in the Nile Valley - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin.

Russian scientists believe that the wisest Atlanteans brought us to the knowledge of the periodic change in the polarity of the Earth's poles through the knowledge of the laws of precession, which are embedded in the location of these three pyramids. The Atlanteans, apparently, were completely sure that sometime in the distant future for them, a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth, and its representatives would rediscover the precessional laws.

According to one hypothesis, it was the Atlanteans who most likely led the construction of the three largest pyramids in the Nile Valley. All of them are built on the 30th degree of northern latitude and are oriented to the cardinal points. Each face of the structure faces north, south, west, or east. No other structure on Earth is known that would be so accurately oriented to the cardinal points with an error of only 0.015 degrees. Since the ancient builders achieved their goal, it means that they had the appropriate qualifications, knowledge, first-class equipment and instruments.

We go further. The pyramids are set on the cardinal points with a deviation of three minutes and six seconds from the meridian. And the numbers 30 and 36 are signs of the precession code! 30 degrees sky horizon correspond to one sign of the Zodiac, 36 is the number of years for which the picture of the sky shifts by half a degree.

Scientists also established certain patterns and coincidences associated with the size of the pyramid, the angles of inclination of their internal galleries, the angle of increase of the spiral staircase of the DNA molecule, the twisted helix, etc., etc. Therefore, the scientists decided that the Atlanteans were all available to them ways pointed us to a strictly defined date, which coincided with an extremely rare astronomical phenomenon. It repeats once every 25,921 years. At that moment, the three stars of Orion's Belt were in their lowest precessional position above the horizon on the day of the vernal equinox. This is byo in 10450 BC. e. This is how the ancient sages intensively brought humanity to this date through mythological codes, through a map of a section of the starry sky, drawn in the Nile Valley with the help of three pyramids.

And in 1993, the Belgian scientist R. Buvell used the laws of precession. Through computer analysis, he found that the three largest Pyramids of Egypt installed on the ground as the three stars of Orion's Belt were located in the sky in 10,450 BC. e., when they were at the bottom, that is, the starting point of their precessional movement across the sky.

Modern geomagnetic studies have shown that around 10450 BC. e. there was an instant change in the polarity of the Earth's poles and the eye shifted 30 degrees relative to its axis of rotation. As a result, a planetary global instantaneous cataclysm occurred. Geomagnetic studies conducted in the late 1980s by American, British and Japanese scientists showed something else. These nightmarish cataclysms have been constantly occurring in the geological history of the Earth with a regularity of about 12,500 years! It is they, obviously, who killed the dinosaurs, and mammoths, and Atlantis.

The survivors of the previous flood in 10450 B.C. e. and the Atlanteans who sent us their message through the pyramids hoped very much that a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth long before the total horror and the end of the world. And maybe he will have time to prepare to meet the disaster fully armed. According to one of the hypotheses, their science failed to make a discovery about the obligatory “somersault” of the planet by 30 degrees at the time of the polarity reversal. As a result, all the continents of the Earth shifted exactly by 30 degrees and Atlantis found itself at the South Pole. And then all its population instantly froze, as mammoths instantly froze at the same moment on the other side of the planet. Only those representatives of a highly developed Atlantic civilization survived who were at that time on other continents of the planet in highlands. They were lucky to avoid the Flood. And so they decided to warn us, people of the distant future for them, that each change of poles is accompanied by a "tumble" of the planet and irreparable consequences.

In 1995, new additional studies were carried out using modern instruments designed specifically for this kind of research. Scientists managed to make the most important clarification in the forecast of the upcoming polarity reversal and more accurately indicate the date of the terrible event - 2030.

The American scientist G. Hancock calls the date of the universal end of the world even closer - 2012. He bases his assumption on one of the calendars of the South American civilization of the Maya Indians. According to the scientist, the calendar may have been inherited by the Indians from the Atlanteans.

So, according to the Mayan Long Count, our world is cyclically created and destroyed with a period of 13 baktuns (or approximately 5120 years). The current cycle began on August 11, 3113 BC. e. (0.0.0.0.0) and will end on December 21, 2012 AD. e. (13.0.0.0.0). The Maya believed that the end of the world would come on that day. And after that, according to them, the beginning of a new cycle and the beginning of a new World will come.

According to other paleomagnetologists, the reversal of magnetic poles earth happen exactly. But not in the philistine sense - tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Some researchers call one thousand years, others - two thousand. That's when the End of the World will come, the Last Judgment, the Flood, which is described in the Apocalypse.

But mankind has already predicted the end of the world in 2000. And life still goes on - and it's beautiful!

sources
http://2012god.ru/forum/forum-37/topic-338/page-1/
http://www.planet-x.net.ua/earth/earth_priroda_polusa.html
http://paranormal-news.ru/news/2008-11-01-991
http://kosmosnov.blogspot.ru/2011/12/blog-post_07.html
http://kopilka-erudita.ru

It would seem that a strange hobby is to travel to the poles of our planet. However, for the Swedish entrepreneur Frederik Paulsen, this has become a real passion. He spent thirteen years to visit all eight poles of the Earth, becoming the first and so far the only person to do so.
Achieving each of them is a real adventure!

The geographic South Pole is marked by a small sign on a pole driven into the ice, which is moved annually to compensate for the movement of the ice sheet. During the solemn event, which takes place on January 1, a new sign of the South Pole, made by polar explorers last year, is installed, and the old one is placed at the station. The sign contains the inscription "Geographic south pole", NSF, date and latitude of installation. The sign, erected in 2006, was engraved with the date when Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, and small quotes from these polar explorers. The flag of the United States is placed next to it.
Close to the geographic South Pole is the so-called ceremonial South Pole - a special area set aside for photography by the Amundsen-Scott station. It is a mirrored metal sphere, standing on a stand, surrounded on all sides by the flags of the countries of the Antarctic Treaty.

June 1903. Roald Amundsen (left, wearing a hat) makes an expedition on a small sailboat

Gyoa to find the Northwest Passage and pinpoint the exact location of the north magnetic pole along the way.

It was first opened in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The geographic coordinates of the North Pole are 90°00′00″ north latitude. The pole has no longitude, since it is the point of intersection of all meridians. The North Pole also does not belong to any time zone. The polar day, like the polar night, here lasts for about half a year. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is 4,261 meters (according to measurements by the Mir deep-sea submersible in 2007). The average temperature at the North Pole in winter is about −40 °C, in summer it is mostly around 0 °C.

This is the north pole of the dipole moment of the Earth's geomagnetic field. It is now at 78° 30" N, 69° W, near Thule (Greenland). The earth is a giant magnet, like a bar magnet. The geomagnetic North and South Poles are the ends of this magnet. The geomagnetic north pole is located in the Canadian Arctic and continues move in a northwesterly direction.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is located in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. The distance to the North Geographic Pole is 661 km, to Cape Barrow in Alaska - 1453 km and at an equal distance of 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land. The first attempt to reach the point was made by Sir Hubert Wilkins by plane in 1927. In 1941, the first expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility was carried out by plane under the leadership of Ivan Ivanovich Cherevichny. The Soviet expedition landed 350 km north of Wilkins, thereby being the first to directly visit the north pole of inaccessibility.

People first visited the South Magnetic Pole on January 16, 1909 (British Antarctic Expedition, Douglas Mawson located the pole).
At the magnetic pole itself, the inclination of the magnetic needle, that is, the angle between the freely rotating needle and the earth's surface, is 90º. From a physical point of view, the South magnetic pole of the Earth is actually the north pole of the magnet, which is our planet. The north pole of a magnet is the pole from which the magnetic field lines emerge. But to avoid confusion, this pole is called the south pole, since it is close to the South Pole of the Earth. The magnetic pole is moving several kilometers a year.

At the South geomagnetic pole, which was first reached by the sledge-tractor train of the Second Soviet Antarctic Expedition led by A.F. Treshnikov on December 16, 1957, the Vostok research station was established. The South geomagnetic pole turned out to be at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level, at a point 1410 km away from the Mirny station located on the coast. This is one of the harshest places on Earth. Here, the air temperature for more than six months a year stays below -60 ° C. In August 1960, an air temperature of - 88.3 ° C was recorded at the South Geomagnetic Pole, and in July 1984 a new record low temperature was 89.2 ° C.

This is the point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast of the Southern Ocean. There is no general opinion about the specific coordinates of this place. The problem is how to understand the word "coast". Either draw a coastline along the border of land and water, or along the border of the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica. Difficulties in determining the boundaries of the land, the movement of ice shelves, the constant flow of new data and possible topographical errors, all this makes it difficult to accurately determine the coordinates of the pole. The Pole of Inaccessibility is often associated with the Soviet Antarctic station of the same name, located at 82°06′ S. sh. 54°58′ E e. This point is located at a distance of 878 km from the south pole and 3718 m above sea level. Currently, the building is still located in this place, a statue of Lenin is installed on it, looking at Moscow. The place is protected as historical. Inside the building is a visitor's book, which can be signed by a person who has reached the station. By 2007, the station was covered with snow, and only the statue of Lenin on the roof of the building is still visible. You can see it for miles.

Based on the materials of the magazine "My Planet"