Deep-sea research vehicles "Mir-1" and "Mir-2". Reference. Mir (deep-sea submersibles) The first deep-sea reconnaissance device in the world

"Mir" is a series of Russian research underwater deep-sea manned vehicles (GOA) for oceanographic research and rescue operations.

They have a diving depth of up to 6 km. based on board research vessel "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh".

History As of 2008, the fleet of the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has two Mir-type deep-sea manned submersibles: MIR-1 and MIR-2 submersibles.
They were built in Finland by the company "Rauma-Repola" in 1987, under the scientific and technical guidance of scientists and engineers of the IORAN named after. P. P. Shirshova.
The design of the GOA was started in May 1985 and completed with the construction of the vehicles in November 1987, and already in December 1987 factory deep-sea tests of the vehicles were carried out in the Atlantic Ocean.

The immersion depth was 6170 m for MIR-1 and 6120 m for MIR-2. The carrier ship of the GOA is the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, built in 1981 in Finland and converted in 1987 into a support vessel. From 1987 to 1991, using the Mir-1 and Mir-2 submersibles, 35 expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.
The devices were used in the filming of James Cameron's films "Titanic", "Ghosts of the Abyss: Titanic" in 1997 and The Bismarck Expedition in 2002.
With the help of Mir submersibles, hydrothermal springs were explored in the areas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the sunken submarine Komsomolets was also examined. Seven expeditions were carried out in the area of the death of the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets" in the Norwegian Sea in the period 1989-1998. At the end of September 2000, the devices were used to survey the Kursk nuclear submarine.

Both the ship "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" and the underwater vehicles belong to the Institute of Oceanology named after A.I. P. P. Shirshov RAS.

The idea of apparatuses and initial project were worked out in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and KB "Lazurit". Deep-sea submersibles were manufactured in 1987 by the Finnish company Rauma Repola. The ship "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" was built in 1981 at the Finnish shipyard Hollming in the city of Rauma.
On August 2, 2007, these devices reached the bottom of the Arctic Ocean at the North Pole for the first time in the world, where the Russian flag and a capsule with a message to future generations were placed. The devices withstood a pressure of 430 atmospheres.

Design

The body of the devices is made of martensitic, highly alloyed steel, with 18% nickel. The alloy has a yield strength of 150 kg per square mm (titanium has about 79 kg / sq. mm). Producer: Finnish company Lokomo, which is part of the Rauma Repola concern. Crew accommodation The crew of the Mir submersible consists of three people - a pilot, an engineer and a scientist-observer.

rescue system

The emergency rescue system of the apparatus consists of a syntactic buoy, released by the crew, with a Kevlar cable attached to it, 7000 m long, along which half of the coupler is lowered (the same as a railway automatic coupler).
It reaches the device, then an automatic hitch occurs, and the device is lifted on a long power cable, 6500 m long, with a breaking force of about ten tons.

Comparative evaluation

As of 2008, in addition to the Russian Mir-1 and Mir-2, there are two more devices in the world (three were built). The American Sea Cliff (eng. DSV Sea Cliff), which is currently being converted, the French Nautile (fr. Nautile), both with a diving depth of 6000 meters, and the Japanese Shinkai 6500 (Shinkai 6500), which set a dive record for existing devices at 6527 meters.

Baikal exploration

Since July 2008, both devices have been on Lake Baikal. On this lake they made their first deep-sea dives in fresh water. It is planned that the expedition will continue in 2009, during which 100 dives will be completed.
On July 30, 2008, the Mir-2 submersible collided with a floating platform and suffered damage to the left propeller.
In 2008, 53 dives were made in the middle and southern basins of the lake, in which 72 hydronauts took part. The nature of the appearance of oil slicks on the surface of the lake was investigated, animal world.
Four levels of ancient "beaches" have been discovered, which means that Baikal was filled gradually. At a depth of 800 meters, three boxes with cartridges from the times civil war, 7 rounds were raised.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin made a dive to the bottom of Lake Baikal on the Mir submersible on August 1, 2009.

Notable commanders

Anatoly Sagalevich

Chernyaev Evgeny Sergeevich

Deep-sea manned submersibles "Mir-1" and "Mir-2"

The Mir-1 and Mir-2 deep-sea manned submersibles were built in Finland by the Rauma Repola company under a joint Soviet-Finnish project. The construction of the vehicles began in May 1985 and ended in November 1987. In December 1987, the vehicles were tested in the Atlantic Ocean at depths of 6170 m and 6120 m, respectively. During 20 years of operation, Mir submersibles performed a wide range of deep-water operations. A large amount of scientific research has been carried out in various regions of the World Ocean. The main direction of research was the study of hydrothermal fields at the bottom of the ocean. The devices worked in 20 areas with hydrothermal fields in the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans. A large amount of archaeological research has been carried out on sunken objects such as the Titanic (3500 m), Bismarck (4700 m), the Japanese submarine of the Second World War I-52 (5400 m) and others. With the help of the devices, deep-sea film and video recordings were made for feature and popular science films. More than 10 films were released, the most famous of which is the famous "Titanic" by James Cameron.

A special place in the history of the Mirs is occupied by work on the sunken nuclear submarines Komsomolets and Kursk, during the examination of which a wide range of scientific and underwater technical problems were solved. To date, each of the Mir submersibles has made more than 400 dives, 70% of which were made to depths between 3000 and 6000 m. The submersibles have proven to be highly reliable technical means capable of solving almost any problem in the depths of the ocean. However, to date, the Mir spacecraft have never operated under a continuous ice cover. Of course, the solution of this problem required both some modernization of the apparatus and the development of new equipment that would allow such dives to be carried out successfully. Before proceeding to the presentation of the material on diving at the North Pole, it is advisable to consider issues related to the design features of the Mirs and those innovations that were introduced to perform the very difficult task of descending to the bottom North Pole. Many foreign experts call deep-sea manned submersibles minisubmarines. Obviously, this is due to some of their similarities with large submarines, both in design and in the method of operation - in the mode of free navigation under water without rigid or flexible connections (such as cables or cables) with the surface or with the support vessel. The safety of a person's stay at great depths is ensured primarily by a strong body; the remaining elements and systems of the apparatus are designed to deliver a durable body to a given depth, move under water and return back to the surface. Batteries are used as an energy source in most modern GOA. The rugged body, individual structural elements and basic components of the systems are combined by a connecting frame into a single structure, which is closed on top with a light body, which is usually made of fiberglass and gives the device a streamlined shape. This is the general design scheme of the habitable vehicle.

The design of the deep-sea manned submersible "Mir"

immersion depth 6000 m

crew 3 people

speed 5 knots

weight 18.6 t

dimensions 7.8 x 3.2 x 3.0 m

1 habitable sphere

2 light body

3 ballast spheres

4 manipulators

5 retractable instrument rods

6 powerful lamps

7 television, photo cameras on a rotary device

8 supporting skis

9 nickel shot bin (emergency ballast)

10 side engine

11 high pressure ballast water pump

12 hydraulic station with electric drive

13 boxes with 120 volt batteries

14 boxes with 24 volt batteries

15 main engine

16 main engine nozzle

17 wing

18 emergency buoy

From the book of A.M.Sagalevich "Depth". " scientific world", 2002

It should be noted that very often deep-sea manned vehicles are called bathyscaphes. However, this is not true. Bathyscaphes were the first generation of autonomous habitable vehicles. On bathyscaphes, a light liquid, gasoline, was used as a floating material. The bathyscaphe had a huge float, into which up to 200 tons of gasoline was pumped before diving, which was replaced by water during the dive and the bathyscaphe acquired negative buoyancy. At the end of the work at the bottom, solid ballast (usually steel shot) was dropped from the bathyscaphe, and it began to float. In deep-sea habitable submersibles, a solid floating material syntactic is used as a floating material, the basis of which is glass microballoons, connected by epoxy resin into a single whole. Syntactic is made in the form of blocks, they can be given a different shape during casting. Due to the use of GOA syntactics, they are small in size and weight and can be transported to the dive site on board research vessels. To date, there are only four GOAs in the world that can dive to a depth of 6000 m: one in France (Nautilus), one in Japan (Shinkai-6.5) and two in Russia - Mir-1 and " Mir-2". Let us briefly consider the design of the Mir devices. The robust housing of the Mir submersible is made of steel with a high nickel content. Two hemispheres, made by casting and machined, are connected with bolts. The sphere has three portholes: a central one, with an inner diameter of 200 mm, and two side windows, with a diameter of 120 mm. Portholes provide good review when working underwater. Nickel-cadmium batteries are used as an energy source, which replaced the originally used iron-nickel batteries. The total energy reserve of the Mir apparatus is 100 kW/h. The device has three ballast systems.

The main ballast system consists of two tanks made of fiberglass. Their total capacity is 1500 liters. When the apparatus is immersed, the containers are filled with water, due to which its buoyancy becomes close to neutral. Further ballasting is carried out using a thin ballast system, which allows you to adjust buoyancy over a wide range, making it possible to sink and emerge at a speed of up to 35–40 m/min and hover at any horizon in the water column. When surfacing, the tanks of the main ballast system are purged with air, giving the vehicle a buoyancy of +1500 kg and ensuring a normal waterline on the wave. The fine ballasting system consists of three solid spheres - two fore and one aft - with a total capacity of 999 liters. During the immersion of the apparatus in these spheres, water is taken in, which allows you to adjust its buoyancy. To give the apparatus positive buoyancy, water is pumped out of the solid spheres using special high-pressure pumps.

Thus, the Mir submersibles operate entirely on water ballast, in contrast to foreign deep-sea submersibles, which continue to partially use the principles of bathyscaphes, i.e., the discharge of solid ballast in the form of cast iron ingots or sandbags. The high pressure pumps are hydraulically driven. The devices have three hydraulic systems. The first one, with a power of 15 kW, controls the main high-pressure pump and the vehicle's propulsion system. Energy batteries is converted using a special inverter into AC energy, which feeds the electric motor - the drive of the hydraulic pump. The high-pressure pump and the propulsion system are controlled through a system of valves located outside in an oil box and controlled by the pilot from inside the habitable sphere. The second hydraulic system is arranged in a similar way, but has a lower power - 5 kW. It controls all external retractable devices: manipulators, rods, bunkers, etc., a trim pump that pumps water ballast from the bow to the stern and back, thereby providing the desired trim angle of the apparatus. In addition, the second hydraulic system controls the second high-pressure pump, which is used as an emergency: in the event of a failure of the main pump or the first hydraulic system, the second pump allows you to pump out the ballast water and ensure the ascent of the vehicle to the surface. The third hydraulic system is emergency, it makes it possible to reset some parts of the apparatus in case of an emergency. The hydraulic pump in this system is driven by a DC electric motor, which is powered directly from the main batteries of the device or from an emergency battery. It should be noted that the discharge of individual elements of the apparatus in the event of an emergency can also be carried out from the second hydraulic system. The following items can be dropped from the Mir device.

First of all, these are the protruding parts of the structure (with which the apparatus can catch on cables, cables, etc. at the bottom): the main and side movers; wing; manipulator brushes (in case something is taken into the brush, and the mechanism of its unclenching does not work); an emergency buoy that, after recoil from the device, comes to the surface on a thin nylon cable 8000 meters long; in addition, the lower battery box of the main battery weighing about 1000 kg can be dropped. The Mir vehicles also have an emergency ballast system (mentioned above as the third ballast system). Two rigid fiberglass containers contain 300 kg of nickel shot held by electromagnets, the removal of voltage from which allows the shot to be partially or completely released and give the device positive buoyancy. An important part of the vehicles is the propulsion system. The main stern thruster with a power of 12 kW controls the movement in the horizontal plane, providing turns of the vehicle within ±60°. Two side propellers with a power of 3.5 kW each have a rotary device that allows them to be rotated in a vertical plane within 180 °; due to this, it is possible to carry out the vertical movement of the device during its forward movement on the main mover, as well as in the horizontal plane in case of failure of the main mover. Such a device of the complex provides flexible control of the vehicle, giving it good maneuverability, which is very important when working near the bottom in difficult terrain or on bottom objects of complex configuration. Inside the habitable sphere during the dive, normal Atmosphere pressure and gas composition of the air. The life support system includes oxygen cylinders with dispensers, through which the atmosphere inside the sphere is replenished with oxygen, and a carbon dioxide collector with replaceable cassettes filled with a CO 2 absorber (usually lithium or potassium oxide hydrate). Fans constantly drive air through a carbon dioxide absorber, as well as through a special filter of harmful impurities filled with activated carbon and palladium. Thus, the atmosphere in the cabin is cleaned. Control over the content of various components in it is carried out using special indicators showing the percentage of oxygen, dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. There are also pressure, temperature and humidity monitors inside the cabin. The Mir submersibles are equipped with modern means of underwater navigation. It allows you to determine the exact position of the device under water relative to bottom hydroacoustic beacons, the setting and calibration of which is carried out on board the vessel according to the data of the satellite navigation system. The pilot can observe the trajectory of the vehicle under water on the display, which creates undoubted convenience in controlling it during search operations, reaching bottom objects, etc. The underwater hydroacoustic communication system provides wireless voice communication with the vessel at a distance of up to 10 miles. Sonar means allow you to search at the bottom of small objects up to a few tens of centimeters in size. The devices are equipped with hydrophysical and hydrochemical sensors, special devices for sampling and other scientific equipment. Two identical manipulators (right and left) with seven degrees of freedom make it possible to take various samples - from very fragile to large and heavy weighing about 80 kg. The Mir submersibles are equipped with modern video equipment for underwater video filming, as well as underwater photo systems. The devices are equipped with external light and radio beacons, which allow them to be detected on the surface after surfacing: the radio search system on the support vessel receives signals from the radio beacon and indicates the direction to the surface point of the device. Diving at the North Pole under a continuous ice cover required special training"Mir" vehicles: modernization of some systems, development of new equipment that would ensure the exit of the submersible from under the ice roof into a small opening on the surface of the ocean.

Russia Main characteristics Energy supply reserve 100 kWh Buoyancy reserve 290 kg Speed (underwater) 5 knots Operating depth 6000 m Maximum immersion depth 6500 m Crew 2+1 people Life support stock 246 man-hours Price in 1987, 100 million fin. stamps (17 million euros) (each) Dimensions Dry weight 18.6 t Maximum length (according to design waterline) 7.8 m Hull width max. 3.8 m Height 3m,
Carriage sphere inner diameter =2.1 m

General

The idea of the devices and the initial design were worked out in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and KB "Lazurit". Deep-sea submersibles were manufactured in 1987 by the Finnish company Rauma Repola. The base ship, the ship Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, was built in 1981 at the Finnish shipyard Hollming in the city of Rauma. In 1987, the Mir-1 and Mir-2 GOA were installed on the base ship and put into operation. Thus, a unique research complex was created, equipped with modern precision scientific and navigational equipment and instruments for conducting a wide range of oceanological research. Both the ship "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" and the underwater vehicles belong.

"Worlds" gave rise to a new direction in scientific study ocean. The research complex, which combines the ship and the Mir submersible, has no analogues in the world. The integrated data acquisition system, which combines a variety of measuring equipment and computing facilities of 15 laboratories, makes it possible to automatically collect, process and record atmospheric data, aquatic environment and bottom soil. Great value for scientific research has a unique working depth of "Worlds" - 6000 meters.

History

The history of the Mirs begins in the early 1980s, when the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to get at its disposal devices for deep-sea research. The first attempts to order underwater vehicles were unsuccessful: joint work with a Canadian company in 1980 faced a number of technical problems - it was not possible to create a chamber for the crew that can withstand 600 bar of titanium, and above all political obstacles: the United States saw in such an order a violation of the ban treaty by COCOM export of advanced technologies to the USSR. In 1982, the USSR Academy of Sciences offered an order to three other possible manufacturers. When the Swedish and French enterprises refused the offer, the company remained Rauma-Repola with its subsidiary oceanics- Finland did not sign an agreement banning the export of advanced technologies to the USSR. The peace treaty prohibited the ownership and construction of submarines, but this paragraph only applied to military equipment, and the ordered devices were research. According to Pekka Laxella, then head of the Finnish company, permission to export to the USSR was obtained only because KOCOM officials did not believe that anything would come of such an undertaking. When it became clear that the engineering problems had been solved, there was a fuss about how such technologies could be sold to the USSR, and Laksell had to visit the Pentagon several times.

Diplomatic crisis with the USA

The US Embassy in Helsinki has been aware of the development of the Rauma Repola deep-sea chambers from the very beginning. “They still had a technically illiterate group that could not evaluate the project correctly. The project was allowed to continue - the Americans were absolutely sure that casting a sphere from steel would fail. All previous spheres were welded from titanium,” said the former CEO in 2003 Rauma-Repola Tauno Matomyaki. "We created an enterprise Rauma-Repola Oceanics Oy Tauno Matomyaki said at the same time, “only in order to sacrifice this subsidiary, and not endanger the entire company if things go wrong.” And so it happened. The subsidiary was created in 1983, and dissolved shortly after the creation of Worlds in 1987. Having gained wide popularity, the firm Rauma-Repola did not receive the expected orders. The entrance ticket to the new area turned out to be too expensive - the CIA and the Pentagon insisted that all enterprises that do not adhere to American recommendations are subject to bankruptcy without exception.

The United States tried to secretly prevent the export of ready-made devices to the USSR. The CIA suspected that the devices could be used in US territorial waters for reconnaissance.

President Mauno Koivisto recounts in his memoirs that the US embassy stated threateningly that Finnish firms might not get permission for dozens of licenses if the Soviet Union got the machines. Then-Vice President George W. Bush wrote a letter to Koivisto in which he suspected Rauma-Repol's activities of endangering world security. In his response, Koivisto stated that, according to the laws of the country, he had no opportunity to interfere in the affairs of a private company if it did not violate the laws. In addition, he stressed that trade with the USSR is monitored especially carefully.

Under pressure from the CIA and the Pentagon Rauma-Repola was forced to abandon the creation of deep-sea vehicles and the promising development of marine technology. Such devices are needed in the construction and maintenance of oil platforms. One abandoned project was the development of fuel cells. Firm Rauma-Repola abandoned the manufacture of oil platforms and is now mainly engaged in wood processing. Rauma-Repola was then the sixth largest concern in Finland and employed 18,000 people. Now her business in the field of metalworking is continued by the concern Metso .

Design and manufacture

Manufacturing of apparatus spheres that can withstand high pressure, was the merit of the company's engineers Repola and applications new technology. This was possible thanks to the hard work of the entire design team and the high level of metallurgy. The firm signed the contract before the final technology was known and took the risk from both a technical and commercial standpoint. A German patent has been applied for the processing technology, but has not yet been approved.

Two-meter spheres of the crew for deep-sea vehicles should be as light as possible so that the density of the entire apparatus is close to unity - the density of water. Then the device can be controlled autonomously at any depth. In practice, this means that the sphere must be made of a particularly strong and light metal. Titanium is good for its low density, but its fracture strength is still less than that of steel. Therefore, titanium walls should be twice as thick as steel. Titanium also cannot be cast in such large pieces to assemble a sphere without the use of welding.

Rauma-Repola immediately took the path of creating a steel sphere - the company had suitable foundry equipment at the Lokomo enterprise. The material chosen was maragen steel (maragen), developed in the 1960s by the US Navy, whose strength/density ratio is 10% better than that of titanium. The alloy contains almost a third of cobalt, nickel, chromium and titanium additives. The proportion of titanium is decisive for the impact strength. This steel is commonly used to build vehicle shafts.

By connecting the two hemispheres with bolts, welding and the related problems of the effect of heat on strength were completely avoided. The American export ban could not prevent the manufacture of devices, but it caused various obstacles and extra costs to the project. For example, the electronics of the devices was designed and built by Hollming, although it could be bought off-the-shelf from abroad. Synthetic foam for weight compensation of batteries was produced in Finland by Exel Oyj, as 3M, a leading manufacturer, refused to supply its products, directly citing the embargo. Unlike bathyscaphe floats, such as the gasoline-filled Trieste float, the foam compresses less and there is no risk of leakage. Pressure-resistant at a depth of 6 kilometers, the foam consists of hollow glass beads with a diameter of 0.3 mm, bonded with epoxy resin. 8 cubic meters of foam were used for the Mir sphere.

Deal

The 200 million mark "Worlds" project was a lucrative deal for both the manufacturer and the customer, and was more successful than anyone could have imagined. The project did not attract the attention of funds mass media and practically remained a secret until the delivery of finished devices to the customer. Only after that Rauma-Repola published technical data. The reputation of the company as a manufacturer of "Worlds" is still on top. According to Tauno Matomaki, international concerns are interested in deep-sea submersibles capable of diving to 12,000 meters, and this is technically possible. Such an apparatus is technically possible, politically not. It can be bought, but it is problematic to sell - the United States, after a puncture with the Worlds, carefully monitors this area, and all American deep-sea vehicles belong to the military department.

Design

Frame

The spherical gondola of the devices is made of martensitic, highly alloyed steel, with 18% nickel. The alloy has a yield strength of 150 kg/mm2 (titanium has about 79 kg/mm2). Producer: Finnish company Lokomo, which is part of the Rauma Repola concern.

Power point

Nickel-cadmium batteries 100 kWh.

Crew accommodation

The Mir submersible crew consists of three people: a pilot, an engineer and a scientist-observer. The observer and engineer lie on the side benches, the pilot sits or kneels in a niche in front of the dashboard.

rescue system

The emergency rescue system of the apparatus consists of a syntactic buoy, released by the crew, with a Kevlar cable attached to it, 7000 m long, along which half of the coupler is lowered (the same as a railway automatic coupler). It reaches the device, then an automatic hitch occurs, and the device is lifted on a long power cable, 6500 m long, with a breaking force of about ten tons.

Comparative evaluation

With the help of Mir submersibles, hydrothermal springs were explored in the areas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. On August 2, 2007, these devices reached the bottom of the Arctic Ocean at the North Pole for the first time in the world, where the Russian flag and a capsule with a message to future generations were placed. The devices withstood a pressure of 430 atmospheres.

Baikal exploration

Since July 2008, both devices have been working on Lake Baikal for two years. On this lake they made their first deep-sea dives in fresh water.

On July 30, 2008, the Mir-2 submersible collided with a floating platform and suffered damage to the left propeller. In 2008, 53 dives were made in the middle and southern basins of the lake, in which 72 hydronauts took part. The nature of the appearance of oil slicks on the surface of the lake, as well as the fauna of Baikal, were studied. Four levels of ancient "beaches" have been discovered, which means that Baikal was filled gradually. At a depth of 800 meters, three boxes of cartridges from the Civil War were found, 7 cartridges were recovered. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin made a dive to the bottom of Lake Baikal on the Mir submersible on August 1, 2009.

Current state

After an expedition to the Shtokman field in 2011, the vessel providing support for the Mir submersibles, R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, was chartered. This was one of the reasons for the impossibility of the participation of the Mir complex in the work on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the Titanic accident - the Mir vehicles were left without a support vessel.

In the summer of 2011, the Mir spacecraft worked in Switzerland, exploring the underwater world of Lake Geneva. Shortly after this assignment, deep-sea submersibles, created specifically for the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, were transferred under the control of the State Property Committee, their legal fate has not yet been determined.

"Mir" is a series of Russian research underwater deep-sea manned vehicles (GOA) for oceanographic research and rescue operations. They have a diving depth of up to 6 km. They are based on board the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh.

In this post I will tell you about these mini submarines:

Deep-sea manned vehicles (GOA) "Mir-1"" and "Mir-2"" were built in Finland by Rauma-Repola in 1987. The idea of the devices and the initial project were worked out in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and KB "Lazurit". The devices were created under the scientific and technical guidance of scientists and engineers of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The creation of the devices was started in May 1985 and completed in November 1987. In December 1987, deep-sea tests of vehicles were carried out in the Atlantic at a depth of 6170 meters ("Mir-1"") and 6120 meters ("Mir-2""). The devices were installed on the support vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh”, built in 1981 in Finland and re-equipped in 1987 to work with deep-sea testing devices.

The Mir 1"" and "Mir 2"" submersibles are identical in design and designed for an operating diving depth of 6000 m. The total battery capacity of one vehicle is 100 kW / h, which allows you to perform underwater operations for 17-20 hours of a continuous underwater cycle. In addition, this makes it possible to install a large complex of scientific and navigational equipment on both vehicles.

The underwater speed of the Mir apparatus is 5 knots. For ballasting, he uses water ballast. Before the machine leaves the surface sea water fills plastic tanks of the main ballast with a capacity of 1.5 cubic meters. m, which are blown with compressed air when the device comes to the surface after diving. The buoyancy of the craft is controlled by a variable ballast system by taking water into three solid spheres and pumping it out of the spheres with a high-pressure pump.

The length of the Mir apparatus is 7.8 m, the width (with side engines) is 3.8 m, and the height is 3 m. The view from the inhabited sphere of the Mir apparatus is provided by three windows: a central one with an inner diameter of 200 mm and two side windows with a diameter of 120 mm. mm. The location of the windows gives a wide field of view for the pilot and observers. The reserve of buoyancy of the apparatus "Mir" at the bottom is 290 kg. Dry weight 18.6 tons. Life support reserve 246 people per hour. The Mir submersibles are equipped with navigation and scientific equipment, photo and video systems, manipulators, sampling devices, etc.

The emergency rescue system of the apparatus consists of a syntactic buoy, released by the crew, with a Kevlar cable attached to it, 7000 m long, along which half of the coupler is lowered (the same as a railway automatic coupler). It reaches the device, then an automatic hitch occurs, and the device is lifted on a long power cable, 6500 m long, with a breaking force of about ten tons.

With the use of the Mir-1 "" and "Mir-2"" submersibles, 35 expeditions were carried out to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, of which nine expeditions were to eliminate the consequences of accidents of nuclear submarines (NPS) "Komsomolets" and "Kursk". A number of the latest deep-sea technologies and methods have been developed, which made it possible to carry out long-term radiation monitoring on the Komsomolets nuclear submarine, which is located at the bottom of the Norwegian Sea at a depth of 1700 meters, and to partially seal the bow of the boat. In the area of the death of the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets" in the Norwegian Sea, seven expeditions were carried out in the period 1989-1998.

At the end of September 2000, the devices were used to survey the Kursk nuclear submarine. Russian scientific institutions have developed a methodology that made it possible to conduct a detailed survey of the Kursk nuclear submarine using the Mir spacecraft, determine the cause of its accident and develop measures to eliminate the consequences of this accident.

In 1991 and 1995, with the help of the Worlds, research was carried out on the hull of the Titanic, which lies at a depth of 3800 meters. During the dives, unique filming was carried out, which was used to create feature and popular science films, including Titanica, Titanic, Bismarck, Aliens of the Deep, Ghost of the Abyss.

In January-September 2004, the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Fakel, carried out a major overhaul of the Mir submersibles with their complete disassembly, strength tests of the hulls, partial replacement of elements, assemblies and equipment, subsequent assembly and testing of the newly assembled submersibles. As a result, Mir-1"" and "Mir-2"" received a class certificate from the international register "German Lloyd" until 2014.

On August 2, 2007, as part of the Arktika-2007 expedition, the world's first descent of the Mir deep-sea manned submersibles was made at the point of the geographic North Pole to a depth of 4300 meters. During this unprecedented dive, a titanium Russian flag and a capsule with a message to future generations were installed at the bottom. The devices withstood a pressure of 430 atmospheres. The achievements of this expedition are listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

The Arctic dive caused a great public outcry, as some Russian commentators suggested that Russia had "staken out" its rights to the stretch of the ocean floor between the New Siberian Islands and the North Pole, although from the point of view of international law, this action was legally null and void.

The dive of the deep-sea manned submersibles "Mir-1"" and "Mir-2"" at the North Pole is the first in history. This expedition will make it possible for the first time to study in detail the bottom structure in the polar region and clarify the boundaries of the Russian shelf in the region stretching from the New Siberian Islands to the pole.

In fact, one of the goals of the expedition is to establish whether the underwater ridges of Lomonosov and Mendeleev, which stretch towards Greenland, are a geological extension of the Russian continental shelf.

The members of the expedition also performed a number of scientific experiments, took soil and fauna samples. In addition, as part of the dive, a Russian tricolor was installed at the bottom of the ocean and a capsule was left with the message of the Russians, the "Heart of the World" - the mascot of the youth team "Heavenly Odyssey" and the flag of "United Russia".

Answering a question about the tasks of the current expedition of Russian researchers to the North Pole, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said: "The purpose of this expedition is not to stake out the rights of Russia, but to prove that our shelf extends to the North Pole." The minister expressed hope that the current expedition and submersion of the submersible in the North Pole region "will provide additional scientific evidence of what we are going to achieve."

In 2008, both Russian deep-sea submersibles completed their dive to the bottom of Lake Baikal and safely rose to the surface. For the first dive, a point was chosen not far from Olkhon Island, about 10 km east of the Baikal coast between Capes Izhimey and Khara-Khushun, where the lake reaches its maximum depth. The expedition was lucky with the weather: if on Monday there was a storm on Lake Baikal, two-meter waves and continuous rain, then on Tuesday morning it was completely calm and the bright sun was shining. Mir-1 is piloted by the head of the expedition, head of the laboratory for the scientific operation of deep-sea manned vehicles of the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Anatoly Sagalevich.

With him on board are President of the Republic of Buryatia Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Assistance to the Preservation of Lake Baikal Mikhail Slipenchuk. The second crew includes pilot Yevgeny Chernyaev, State Duma deputy Vladimir Gruzdev and director of the Baikal Institute of Nature Management of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arnold Tulokhonov.

Recall that Baikal is the deepest inland body of water on Earth and the largest reservoir fresh water. In June 2008, according to the results of an Internet survey, the lake was recognized as one of the seven wonders of Russia.

In August-September the Mir-1 and Mir-2 submersibles made 60 dives in different parts of Lake Baikal. Then the expedition was interrupted for the winter. In 2009, 100 dives were completed.

Scientists conducted visual observations, took water samples at different depths, studied the fauna of the lake and the geological structure of the bottom. In addition, they hoped to find archaeological artifacts in the depths of the lake.

According to State Duma deputy, famous polar explorer Artur Chilingarov, who also participates in the expedition, the main thing for its participants is not record diving, but concern for the ecology of Lake Baikal.

“Any dive is a page in history. We are not going to set any records. We want to pay attention and tell you what needs to be done Russian state to save this lake,” Chilingarov said earlier.

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin dived to the bottom of the lake on August 1, 2009. In general ease, the "excursion" on the apparatus "Mir 1"" along the bottom of Lake Baikal took about 4 hours. During the dive, Putin got in touch with journalists. At that moment, Mir 1 "" was at the deepest point of the southern part of the lake 1395 meters. Putin admitted to reporters that he was somewhat surprised by the opacity of the water, calling it "plankton soup."

James Cameron dived to the bottom of Lake Baikal on August 16, 2010 on his birthday and spent four and a half hours underwater. The maximum depth at which he was, was 1380 meters.

In 2011, the Russian submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 carried out the first dive to the bottom of Lake Geneva - one of the largest, but practically unexplored reservoirs in Europe. A full-scale program of his research started the day before and will continue throughout the summer. In Switzerland and France, they wanted to know what is hidden under this picturesque water surface, and they are eager to discover.
The first to go to the depths were the heroes of Russia Anatoly Sagalevich (he leads the expedition), the American Don Walsh (he was at the bottom of the Mariana Trench) and the Swiss Bertrand Picard. True, another element is more familiar to him. Picard is an aeronaut and creator of the world's first solar-powered aircraft.

The bathyscaphes reached almost 300 meters - this is the maximum value for Lake Geneva. According to Anatoly Sagalevich, at the bottom they saw the wreckage of the steamer "Ron" (its wreck of a century ago claimed 15 lives) and several fish. There were about a hundred more dives ahead with soil sampling and water samples.

Over the course of 20 years, the Mir submersibles have made more than 800 dives, about 80 percent of which were carried out at depths from 3,000 to 6,000 meters. In this case, there was not a single emergency. Undoubtedly, this is the merit of the professional group of submariners of the Institute of Oceanology, who fully support the work of the Mir submersible, from the development of new equipment, the modernization of the submersible submersible, repair and maintenance work to piloting submersibles under water.

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