Meaning of the word- this is a person's ideas about the phenomena of reality. All words possess, but the meaning of independent and service parts of speech differ.
Compatibility - the ability of a word to combine with other words in a phrase or sentence.
Kinds: lexical, grammatical, stylistic, as well as free and non-free. Contamination- crossing or combining two combinations interconnected by any associations.
The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantic and stylistic features of words. Often words with the same meaning have different lexical compatibility. Functional words (prepositions, conjunctions), auxiliary verbs (to be, become), some adjectives have the greatest ability to combine with other words. compatibility often happens. So, for example, you can say fear takes, longing takes, laughter takes, hunting takes, but it’s impossible - joy takes or pleasure takes. Or the phrases strong friendship or strong love are acceptable, but strong hatred cannot be said. Violation of the compatibility norms is a typical phenomenon of oral speech, and then such inaccuracies fall into written speech, into periodicals
14. Polysemy and homonymy.
Polysemy of a word or polysemy the presence of a word in more than one meaning. Words can be single-valued and polysemantic. Polysemantic words, depending on the context, are associated with different concepts. It is determined by the delimitation of their compatibility. At any period in the development of a language, a word (both unambiguous and multi-valued) may have a new meaning. The phenomena of polysemy should be distinguished from the phenomena of homonymy.
Homonyms This property expresses several concepts that are in no way connected with each other. The sources of homonyms can be borrowings from different languages. They try not to use it in scientific terminology. Ambiguity (you listened to the announcement)
The general criterion is this: homonyms have different meanings, between which there is no connection, and all meanings of a polysemantic word are interconnected in meaning.
15. Pleonasm and tautology.
Pleonasms- the use in speech of words close in meaning and unnecessary words (personally, I, a free vacancy,). Difficult perception, often used in fiction. Some phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous (exhibit of the exhibition, go down).
Tautology- repetition of single-root words or identical morphemes. It is found in proverbs and sayings and phraseological units. Lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic goals and is random.
16. Paronyms. Proper use of paronyms as a factor in speech accuracy.
Paronyms words different in meaning are called, similar in pronunciation: addressee - addressee
Sometimes paronyms come close, forming synonymous combinations in some meanings (water jet - water jet).
Paronyms can differ from each other in control methods, lexical compatibility, function-style coloring, scope of use, syntactic functionality.
Paronomasia is the deliberate convergence of consonant words.
Of particular difficulty for speakers and writers is the compatibility of words. Can it be said square circle, fresh hammer, narrow milk. The answer will be unanimous - it is impossible. Is it possible to determine by the combination of words what time this or that text belongs to? Let's give an example from the description: "He (she) came (came) to this responsible sector of socialist construction (district committee of the party, the directorate of a large enterprise, the office of the executive committee, etc.) from the Komsomol"? Such a phrase was an integral feature of the characteristics given to "responsible comrades" (from the leadership) in the years preceding perestroika. This is evidenced by phrases come to a responsible sector, socialist construction, come from the Komsomol, the district committee of the party, the office of the executive committee, Formative years Soviet power for the new revolutionary historical science, the use of such clichés as “the front of historical science”, “ historical science- a sharply honed weapon of political struggle. Phrases front of science, weapon of struggle They are taken as if from a military dictionary and call not for obtaining and enriching knowledge about the past of mankind, but for, as was customary in the 1920s and 1930s, to attack and destroy the ideological enemy. Let us give examples from the speech of the speaker of the highest rank in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the course of perestroika: “We need to advance the processes towards decisions along the path of deep reforms,” “These are being thrown at us in order to speculate.” Phrases promote processes, deep reforms, give us give the time they were spoken. Consequently, the compatibility of many words is marked by the era that gave birth to them.
But this is one side of the matter, connected with the understanding of the features of word compatibility, which we encounter in the texts of past eras. But there is another aspect connected with the living use of phrases. If you ask, even a computer specialist, in what verbal environment the term is used virus, what definitions, agreed and inconsistent, can be with this term, after what nouns and verbs it can stand, with what verbal predicates be used, not everyone will answer. Therefore, it is not enough to know virus is a program or a set of commands attached to other programs that produce and distribute copies of themselves on computers or computer networks and perform some actions that are undesirable for their users. One must be able to use this term in such a way that one does not get an expression like square circle. For example, you should know that virus may be boot, computer, software, as well as new generation. Most often this word is used after nouns. identification, code, detection, distribution, destruction(what), infection, injury(how), fight(with what), as well as after verbs launch, discover, generate, contain, remove(what), beware(what), collide(with what), the main thing - virus can do the following: infect, change data, change color, infect, pose a danger, search and infect, infiltrate, spread, destroy files etc.
Introduction
Everything has a name given to both the beast and the object.
things around full full, and there are no nameless ones.
And all that the eye can see is above us and below us,
And everything that is in our memory is signified by words.
They are heard both here and there, on the street and at home.
One is familiar to us, the other is unfamiliar.
Words words words…
The language is both old and eternity!
And it's so beautiful
In a vast world - a sea of words -
Bathe daily!
Let this poem be the epigraph of my research work.
Native language - language words: big and small, simple and complex, funny and sad, good and evil...
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy said: "The word is a great deed."
Really interesting to know EVERYTHING ABOUT THE WORD! EVEN ON ONE!
I compiled a kind of encyclopedia of one word - HERO, using material from different sources.
This information can be used by any student, teacher, any child and adult.
One word encyclopedia-Hero
The word … and its lexical meaning(s)
Hero - I, m. 1) Outstanding for his courage, valor, selflessness, a person who performs feats. Only brave heroes are given the joy of victory. (A. Surkov) 2) Main actor literary work. In Moscow, on a wide square in front of the Central Palace of Pioneers, there is a monument to Malchish-Kibalchish, a warrior boy, a soldier boy, the hero of A.P. Gaidar //adj. heroic, th, th and heroic, th, th.heroic feat.Heroic deed.
The meaning of the word Hero according to Ephraim:
Hero - 1. The one who accomplished a feat, showing personal courage, stamina, readiness for self-sacrifice. Demigod (in ancient myths, epic poems, etc.). Outstanding personality.
2. The one who attracts everyone's attention to himself, causes everyone's interest. One who is for someone. object of admiration, worship.
3. One who embodies the characteristic, typical features of a smth. time.
4. The main character of a literary work, play, film, etc.
5. The role of the main character in a tragedy or drama. An actor of such a role.
The meaning of the word Hero according to Ozhegov:
Hero - The main character of a literary work
Hero A person who performs feats, unusual in his courage, valor, selflessness
Hero One who attracted attention (more often about someone who causes admiration, imitation, surprise)
Hero A person who embodies the features of an era, environment
The meaning of the word Hero according to the Dictionary of Symbolism:
Hero - The prototype of the Savior, who works miracles. The hero is usually either of low origin or noble, but for the time being does not know about it. He grows up in a simple environment, unaware of his destiny. He has to test his strength early, often alone or with some helper animal. He fights evil and temptations, he is betrayed, killed or sacrificed. In another case, he may begin to act alone, but subsequently drags along with him a whole people or a select group of students, who, in the end, leave him to suffer and die alone. Such a fate symbolizes the path of the soul: its appearance in this world, multiplication and, finally, the return to the original unity. When we are talking about the hero and his immortal bride, he often has to look for her in the underworld or in some mysterious place. She can be arrogant and full of contempt, or appear in an ugly guise, which symbolizes the selfish side. human nature that needs to be pacified. In this case, there remains the symbolism of division and union, fall and redemption, as two sides of human nature that should be reconciled, brought to unity.
The word ... and the words of the combination-rhyme:
Hero Soviet Union- a title awarded in the USSR for exceptional valor and heroism.
Hero of Socialist Labor- title awarded in the USSR for outstanding achievements in the field of national economy and culture .
Hero City- the title awarded in the USSR to cities whose population showed special heroism during the Great Patriotic War.
Fortress-hero- the title awarded to the Brest Fortress.
mother heroinehonorary title assigned in the USSR to a mother who raised her less than 10 children.
The history of the origin of the word
to the origins of the word. The word is borrowed from Greek.
The word "hero" has a rich history. Translated from the Greek "heros" means a demi-god, a deified person. In pre-Homeric times (X-IX century BC), heroes in Ancient Greece the children of a god and a mortal woman or a mortal and a goddess were called (Hercules, Dionysus, Achilles, Aeneas, etc.). Heroes were worshiped, poems were composed in honor of them, temples were erected for them. The right to the name of the hero gave the advantage of family, origin. The hero served as an intermediary between the earth and Olympus, he helped people comprehend the will of the gods, sometimes he himself acquired the miraculous functions of a deity.
Word ... and "word-relatives"
The word .. and its "synonymous friends"
The word ... and its "enemies-antonyms"
The word ... in phraseological turns
One-word words. Hero, heroine, heroism, heroism, heroic, heroic.
Word compatibility. A real, unknown, famous, young, folk... hero.
Greet the hero. Dedicate to a hero. Proud of a hero. To the hero (to treat somehow). From the hero (take an example). With the hero (to get acquainted).
Any hero (not) like, evokes any feelings, serves as an example of something.
Synonyms. Heroism, heroism, valor; heroic, heroic, heroic.
Antonyms. The hero is a coward, the geor- cal is cowardly, heroism is cowardice.
The word .... in Russian folklore: in proverbs and sayings, etc.
Proverbs. 1) The hero does not pursue glory. 2) the hero never dies - he lives forever. 3) For each hero, the Motherland stands as a mountain.
Offers, texts. 1) Be ready not to live in vain in the world, to become a hero in native land. (S. Bolotin) 2) To become a hero, you need to be brave, honest in everyone's deeds, modest in everyone's word. (S. Mikhalkov) 2) It must be remembered: the one who lives for people by his deeds, thoughts, deeds becomes a hero.
The word ... in the titles of works of literature
The word ... in the titles of newspapers, magazines
The word ... in the names of paintings by artists
The word ... in the titles of feature films
Feature film "Hero". Directed by Zhang Yimou.
Directed by Walter Hill "The Lone Hero"
Newspaper "Bulletin of Heroes"
"Hero of Our Time" Information-analytical magazine
Magazine "Heroes of space",
The word ... in illustrations, drawings.
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Completed by a student of the 4th grade of the MBOU "Korovorucheyskaya secondary school" Musonov Alexander Research work
Hero, - I, m. 1) A person who performs feats, outstanding for his courage, valor, selflessness. Only brave heroes are given the joy of victory. (A. Surkov) 2) The main character of a literary work. In Moscow, on a wide square in front of the Central Palace of Pioneers, there is a monument to Malchish - Kibalchish, a boy - a warrior, a boy - a soldier, the hero of a wonderful fairy tale A.P. Gaidar //adj. heroic, - oh, - oh and heroic, - oh, - oh. Heroic feat. Heroic act.
The meaning of the word Hero according to Efremova: Hero - 1. The one who accomplished a feat, showing personal courage, stamina, readiness for self-sacrifice. Demigod (in ancient myths, epic poems, etc.). Outstanding personality. 2. The one who attracts everyone's attention to himself, causes everyone's interest. One who is for someone. object of admiration, worship. 3. One who embodies the characteristic, typical features of any time. 4. The main character of a literary work, play, film, etc. 5. The role of the main character in a tragedy or drama. An actor of such a role.
The meaning of the word Hero according to Ozhegov: Hero - The main character of a literary work Hero A person who performs feats, unusual in his courage, valor, selflessness Hero The one who attracted attention (more often about the one who causes admiration, imitation, surprise) Hero Man embodying the features of the era, environment
The meaning of the word Hero according to the dictionary of Symbolism: Hero is the Prototype of the Savior who works miracles. The hero is usually either of low origin or noble, but for the time being does not know about it. He grows up in a simple environment, unaware of his destiny. He has to test his strength early, often alone or with some helper animal. He fights evil and temptations, he is betrayed, killed or sacrificed. In another case, he may begin to act alone, but subsequently drags along with him a whole people or a select group of students, who, in the end, leave him to suffer and die alone. Such a fate symbolizes the path of the soul: its appearance in this world, multiplication and, finally, the return to the original unity. When it comes to the hero and his immortal bride, he often has to look for her in the underworld or in some mysterious place. She can be arrogant and full of contempt, or appear in an ugly guise, which symbolizes the selfish side of human nature, which must be pacified. In this case, there remains the symbolism of division and union, fall and redemption, as two sides of human nature that should be reconciled, brought to unity.
Hero of the Soviet Union - a title awarded in the USSR for exceptional valor and heroism. Hero of Socialist Labor - a title awarded in the USSR for outstanding achievements in the field National economy and culture. Hero City is a title awarded in the USSR to cities whose population showed special heroism during the Great Patriotic War. Fortress - hero - title awarded Brest Fortress. Mother-heroine is an honorary title awarded in the USSR to a woman-mother who raised her less than 10 children.
to the origins of the word. The word is borrowed from Greek. The word "hero" has a rich history. Translated from the Greek "heros" means a demi-god, a deified person. In pre-Homeric times (X-IX century BC), heroes in Ancient Greece were the children of a god and a mortal woman or a mortal and a goddess (Hercules, Dionysus, Achilles, Aeneas, etc.). Heroes were worshiped, poems were composed in honor of them, temples were erected for them. The right to the name of the hero gave the advantage of family, origin. The hero served as an intermediary between the earth and Olympus, he helped people comprehend the will of the gods, sometimes he himself acquired the miraculous functions of a deity.
One-word words. Hero, heroine, heroism, heroism, heroic, heroic. Word compatibility. A real, unknown, famous, young, folk... hero. Greet the hero. Dedicate to a hero. Proud of a hero. To the hero (to treat somehow). From the hero (take an example). With the hero (to get acquainted). Any hero (not) like, evokes any feelings, serves as an example of something. Synonyms. Heroism, heroism, valor; heroic, heroic, heroic. Antonyms. The hero is a coward, the heroic is cowardly, heroism is cowardice.
Heroic age Hero of war Hero of our time Hero of Russia Hero Russian Federation Hero of the Soviet Union Hero socialist labor Hero of Labor Lyrical hero Phraseologisms
Proverbs. 1) The hero does not pursue glory. 2) the hero will never die - he lives forever. 3) For each hero, the Motherland stands as a mountain. Offers, texts. 1) Be ready not to live in vain in the world, to become a hero in your native land. (S. Bolotin) 2) To become a hero, you need to be brave, honest in everyone's deeds, modest in everyone's word. (S. Mikhalkov) 2) It must be remembered: the one who lives for people with his deeds, thoughts, deeds becomes a hero. In folklore:
Hero of our time (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Newspaper "Bulletin of Heroes" "Hero of Our Time" Information-analytical magazine "Heroes of Space" magazine
Artists' paintings
"Heroes of the War of 1812"
Feature film "Hero". Directed by Zhang Yimou. Directed by Walter Hill "The Lone Hero"
Russian language project about the word "Hero", Grade 3
In this research work in Russian "A story about the word - Hero" a 3rd grade student summarizes and systematizes the knowledge gained at school and gives an overview of the word "hero".
A 3rd grade student offers the following analysis of the word "hero" - its pronunciation, spelling, variants of the lexical meaning of the word, lists words with the same root, synonyms, antonyms, explores proverb idioms, riddles that contain the object of study.
With the help of the "Story about the word" project, students elementary school be able to generalize and apply in practice theoretical knowledge in Russian language lessons.
We pronounce- [G and r about th]
We write down- G e Roy
1. Lexical meaning the words:
- A person who performs feats, unusual in his courage, valor, selflessness.
- The main character of a literary work.
2. One-word words: hero, heroism, heroic, heroism.
3. Synonyms: brave man, daredevil.
Antonyms: the hero is a coward.
Phraseologism: A hero of our time, a hero not of my novel.
4. Word matching: fabulous, main, lyrical
5. Proverb:
- A hero in battle does not think about death, but about victory.
- Not the hero who is waiting for a reward, but the hero who goes for the people.
Mystery:
6. Sentences with this word: We will always remember our heroes!
The choice of words-concepts with a different basis of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary)
The use of a word in an unusual sense
Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
Use of homonyms
Use of synonyms
Lexical compatibility
Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
Lexical norms
10.5 Use of ambiguous words
10.6 Verbosity
10. 7 Lexical incompleteness of the statement
10. 8 New words
10.9 Obsolete words
The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also fulfills emotional and expressive function. And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. So; how violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
When using individual words, speech errors can indeed appear.
Unfortunately, such errors are found not only in oral speech, but also in writing. And it is especially unpleasant to see them on the pages of newspapers, magazines, books.
The fire kept getting hotter and hotter, blazing.
The error lies in the wrong choice of the word:
R to burn - 1. Warm up to a very, high temperature, heat up.
2 - (trans;) Get into a strong excitement, become engulfed in some kind of smth. strong feeling.
To flare up - to start strongly or well, burn evenly.
Another example:
For lovers of cold cocktails, the same companions are mixed, but in different proportions,
Companion - 1. One who keeps company with someone; together with smb. takes part in smth.
2 - Member of a trading or industrial company.
In this sentence, of course, it was necessary to sweat the word component: Component - component something
This mistake occurred not so much because of ignorance of the meanings of words, but because of a careless attitude to the language - after all, the words companion and component are often found in speech and are understandable to everyone.
Mistakes are made when using both significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.
Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in those cases when it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition of the original verb thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.
Example.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was written fifty years before the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
The yoke is an oppressive, enslaving force.
Consequently, this sentence should have sounded like this: “The Word ...” was written fifty years before the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols or: “The Word ...” was written fifty years before the onset of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
And, unfortunately, not only schoolchildren, young people sometimes do not distinguish specific vocabulary from the abstract. newspaper examples.
We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.
An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism.
Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.
The nobility, numbering two hundred people, came out to meet him, and the Russian battalion met him with drumming, music and cannon fire.
The nobility - in a feudal and, later, capitalist society: a privileged ruling class (from landowners and officials who have served their ranks).
And in this case, it was necessary to use the word nobles (a nobleman is a person belonging to the nobility), since not the class itself, but only its representatives met the guest.
3. Use of paronyms
Please take a look at the following two sentences.
The man leads a festive life.
I'm in an idle mood today.
In them you see very similar words, the same root.
Festive is an adjective for a holiday. Festive dinner, festive mood.
Idle - not filled, not busy with work, work. Idle life.
Paronyms (from the Greek. para - next to and onima - name) - The sound of the same root words with different meaning: addressee (person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed) - or addressee (person or organization sending the postal item).
Members of paronymic pairs are usually combined with different words. For example, the adjective rich is combined with inanimate nouns (a hearty dinner, soup), and the adjective full is combined with animated ones (a well-fed child). Sometimes paronyms are combined with the same word, but the meaning of the phrases is different. Engineering thought is a thought that belongs to an engineer; engineering thought - any technical thought. Paronyms are not interchangeable in speech, as this leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Example.
The title character of The 12 Chairs never lost his sense of humor.
If we proceed from the meaning of the word title(containing the name), then it is either all 12 chairs, or one of the chairs. In this case, two words-paronyms are confused: main and capital.
There will be exhibited various fakes made of wood, suitable for the institution, for the home, for the dacha.
Fake (fake - make a fake likeness of smth.). Craft - a small product, usually made by hand.
Emom man was a complete ignoramus in matters of art.
Ignorant - a rude, ill-mannered person. An ignoramus is an uneducated, ignorant person.
The confusion of paronyms led to the appearance of the following phrases: sand, saturated with moisture; house in a collapsible form; distinguish between peaceful demonstrations and extremist gatherings...
And so that there are no such errors in our speech, we should more often turn to explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of paronyms.
Paronomases(from Greek para + onoma) - heterogeneous words that have a somewhat similar sound and spelling and, as a result, are sometimes mixed in speech: escalator - excavator; company - campaign; to suspect - to imply; leaf - petal, etc.
When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is inherent in it in literary language but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
A good leader must show an example to his subordinates in everything.
You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many.
The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
The only two questions worried the inhabitants of the city: water and heat.
This sentence combines words that contradict each other in meaning: the only one - only one.
The rules of lexical compatibility are defined language norm and are comprehended in a practical way, and errors in this area are extremely common. Let's look at the most common:
a) the wrong choice of an adjective or adverb with a high degree of quality, for example, " There is a strong queue in the store today» ( big queue);
b) a combination of a noun with an adjective meaning "insignificant in its manifestations", " Leaves are falling from a birch tree with a slight rustle» ( with a quiet whisper);
c) a combination of a verb with the meaning "to produce, perform" and a noun with an abstract meaning - " The girl does gymnastics every morning» ( does gymnastics, but performs gymnastic exercises);
d) verbs with the meaning of creation strictly require after themselves a noun denoting the object of this creation : "cook dinner", "bake a pie", "paint a picture", "compose a poem". Instead of them, the verb “do, do” is often used incorrectly (“ Mom and I made dinner”, correctly “cooked dinner”) or the verbs of creation are interchanged (“ Sometimes I cook my own dinner", right " I cook my own lunch»);
e) ways to designate causation (lat. cauza - reason) ("causes") - "inflict pain", "bring joy", "make an impression" etc. The combination of a similar verb with a noun in the sentence " The movie creates a good impression on the audience» ( makes a good impression on the audience).
Distinguish from speech error follows a deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle ... In this case, we have one of the types of paths - an oxymoron.
In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is extremely important to consult a compatibility dictionary.
Particularly noticeable violation lexical norms in stable phrases and terminating phrases: to take new approaches (you can make decisions, resolutions, but new approaches to solving emerging problems need to be found). The contract comes into force from the moment ... [read more]
Correctness of speech For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility, that is, their ability to connect with each other. So, "similar" adjectives are long, long, ...
