A nail that is millions of years old

The creations of human hands, immured in rocks, whose age is estimated at millions of years, were ignored until recently. And not just anyone, but the scientists themselves. After all, the finds violated the generally accepted fact of human evolution and even the formation of life on Earth. We have already reported on some of the findings. What artifacts are found in rocks, in which, according to the existing theory of the origin and development of man, there should be absolutely nothing?

Let's not talk about the numerous discovered stone tools that were produced at a time when, according to scientists, man did not exist. Let's think about more exotic finds. For example, in 1845, in one of the quarries in Scotland, a nail was found embedded in a block of limestone, and in 1891, an article appeared in one of the American newspapers about a gold chain about 25 cm long, which turned out to be walled up in a block of coal, not older than less than 260 million years.

Message about the extreme unusual find was published in scientific journal in 1852. It was about a mysterious vessel about 12 cm high, two halves of which were discovered after an explosion in one of the quarries. This vase, with clear images of flowers, was located inside a rock that is 600 million years old. In 1889, in the state of Idaho (USA), while drilling a well, from a depth of more than 90 m, a figure of a woman about 4 cm high was extracted. According to geologists, her age was at least 2 million years.

Vase found in rock 600 million years old

From anomalous finds in the 19th century, let's move on to reports of artifacts in times closer to us. In 1912, at one of the power plants in Oklahoma, when crushing a massive block of coal, the most ordinary iron mug fell out of it ... The fact that it was actually enclosed in coal was evidenced by the characteristic recesses remaining in the pieces of rock. It was possible to find out that the age of the coal delivered to the power plant was about 300 million years. A unique find, again in the state of Oklahoma, was made in one of the coal mines in 1928. After blasting, a real wall was found in the mine face, made of perfectly smooth cubic concrete blocks. It is curious that the management of the mine immediately stopped the development of coal and forbade the miners to tell anyone about what they saw.

Iron mug found in coal 300 million years old

In 1968, the workers of the quarry of Saint-Jean-de-Livet (France) were quite surprised when they found semi-oval metal pipes of various sizes, clearly made by intelligent beings, inside a Cretaceous layer about 65 million years old. Quite recently, already in Russia, the most ordinary bolt was found in ancient rock, which hit the stone about 300 million years ago ...

The last sensation among the anomalous finds can be considered the Chandar map, discovered in Bashkiria. The map is a stone slab with a relief image of the area from the Ufa Upland to the city of Meleuz. The map shows numerous channels, as well as dams and water intakes. It is curious that the slab with the map consists, as it were, of three layers: the first is the base and is a substance resembling cement, the other two layers of silicon and porcelain were clearly intended not only to better display the details of the relief, but also to preserve the entire image as a whole. There are no roads on the Chandar map, but there are unusual even geometrically regular areas resembling small airfields. The age of this unique find is striking: according to scientists, it is about 50 million years old. According to the Vice-Rector of the Bashkir University A.N. Chuvyrov, aliens from outer space, who in ancient times were going to inhabit our planet, could make a map.

Bolt found in rock 300 million years old

So, we moved on to the question of the authorship of numerous anomalous finds. Perhaps the easiest way, and even more profitable for scientists, is to blame everything on the unfortunate humanoids. Here they lost a bolt, then a mug, and in Bashkiria they dropped a map weighing one ton ... What we now find in the bowels of the Earth are all tricks of aliens ... Only the scale of these "tricks", and their geography, are impressive: it begins to seem that once, very long ago, our Earth was simply inhabited by aliens ... Then, maybe we ourselves are also aliens? ..

A much more serious hypothesis explaining the anomalous finds in rocks is the assumption of the existence on Earth in the distant past of a proto-civilization that reached high development and perished in global catastrophe. This hypothesis irritates scientists most of all, because it breaks a more or less harmonious concept of not only the emergence and development of mankind, but also the formation of life on Earth in general.

'Spark plug' found in 500,000-year-old rock

"Spark plug" under x-ray

Well, let's say people existed millions of years ago and even ran a race with dinosaurs, then there should be some fossilized bones left from them? That's just the point, that remained! In 1850, in Italy, in rocks 4 million years old, a skeleton was discovered, which in its structure is quite consistent with modern man. And in California, in gold-bearing gravel, at least 9 million years old, human remains were also found.

These finds were not isolated, but just like all those found in very ancient rocks, human remains knocked the ground out from under the feet of conservative scientists: anomalous bones were either hidden in storerooms or declared fake. In the end, it turns out that scientists have at their disposal not only anomalous artifacts, but also very ancient human remains that do not fit into any chronological framework supposed human evolution.

What to do with all this?

Engraved Spheres

Battery from Baghdad

Of course, somehow systematize and link them together. But for this you really need brave people. The real revolutionaries will be those who dare to revise the history of development intelligent life on the ground. It is possible that, in addition to the scientific community, government officials and even special services will put pressure on them. We, on the other hand, do not like panic to the extreme, and evidence of a catastrophe in which a similar to us, or maybe a more powerful civilization perished, may seem superfluous to someone. As for the special services, remember the mine, which was closed in the state of Oklohoma after a concrete wall was found among the coal. Who knows, maybe somewhere there is already a secret mine, where, under the heavy protection of the military in the bowels of the Earth, the real development of priceless artifacts of a lost civilization is going on ..

An iron hammer called "The Hammer of the Creator"

After the recent sensational report about the discovery of a 300-million-year-old bolt in the Karelian swamps, it is appropriate to recall that such finds have confused the minds of scientists before. The most interesting of them was made in 1961 in California (USA). The three friends—Mike Makesell, Wallace Lane, and Virginia Mexey—often made trips to the Mount Coso area to look for beautiful ornamental stones, which they then sold in their souvenir shop. Of particular interest to friends were geodes - mineral formations of a spherical shape, in the internal voids of which one came across intergrowths of rare beauty crystals of rock crystal or amethyst. Stone lovers are also looking for similar geodes in Rusavkin near Moscow, where sometimes they come across good brushes of amethyst crystals.

Antikytherian computer

Let's take a closer look at this find.

In early 1900, Elias Stadiatos and a group of other Greek divers were fishing for sea sponges off the coast of the small rocky island of Andikithira, located between the southern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula and the island of Crete. Rising from another dive, Stadiatos began to mumble something about "many dead naked women" lying on the seabed. Upon further examination of the bottom at a depth of almost 140 feet, the diver discovered the wreck of a sunken Roman freighter 164 feet long. Items from the 1st century BC were on the ship. BC e .: marble and bronze statues (dead naked women), coins, gold jewelry, pottery and, as it turned out later, pieces of oxidized bronze that fell apart immediately after rising from the bottom of the sea. The finds from the shipwreck were immediately studied, described and sent to the National Museum of Athens for exhibition and storage. On May 17, 1902, the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Stais, studying the unusual fragments from sunken ships covered with marine growths that had lain at sea for up to 2000 years, noticed in one piece a gear wheel with an inscription similar to Greek writing.

A wooden box was found next to the unusual object, but it, like the wooden boards from the ship itself, soon dried out and crumbled. Further research and careful cleaning of the oxidized bronze revealed several more fragments of the mysterious object. Soon a skilfully made gear mechanism made of bronze, measuring 33x17x9 cm, was found. BC e. - this is how the sunken ship was dated according to the pottery found on it. Many researchers believed that the mechanism was a medieval astrolabe - an astronomical instrument for observing the movement of the planets used in navigation (the oldest known example was an Iraqi astrolabe of the 9th century). However, it was not possible to come to a common opinion regarding the dating and purpose of creating the artifact, and soon the mysterious object was forgotten.

In 1951, British physicist Derek DeSolla Price, then professor of the history of science at Yale University, became interested in the ingenious mechanism from the sunken ship and began to study it in detail. In June 1959, after eight years of careful study of X-ray images of the subject, the results of the analysis were presented in an article entitled "The Ancient Greek Computer" and published in Scientific American. With the help of x-rays, at least 20 individual gears were examined, including a semi-axial one, which was previously considered an invention of the 16th century. The side gear allowed the two rods to rotate at different speeds, similar to the rear axle of automobiles. Summing up his research, Price came to the conclusion that the Antikythera find is the wreckage of the "greatest astronomical clock", the prototypes of "modern analog computers." His article was met with disapproval in the scientific world. Some professors refused to believe in the possibility of such a device and suggested that the object must have fallen into the sea in the Middle Ages and accidentally ended up among the wreckage of a shipwreck.

In 1974, Price published the results of a more complete study in a monograph entitled Greek Instruments: The Antikythera Mechanism - The Calendar Computer of 80 B.C. e.". In his work, he analyzed X-rays made by the Greek radiographer Christos Karakalos and gamma radiography data obtained by him. Price's further research showed that the ancient scientific instrument actually consisted of more than 30 gears, but most of them are not fully represented. Nevertheless, even the surviving fragments allowed Price to conclude that when the crank was turned, the mechanism should have shown the movement of the Moon, the Sun, possibly the planets, as well as the rise of the main stars. According to the functions performed, the device resembled a complex astronomical computer. It was a working model. solar system, once contained in a wooden box with hinged doors that protected inner part mechanism. The inscriptions and arrangement of the gears (as well as the annual circle of the object) led Price to the conclusion that the mechanism is associated with the name of Geminus of Rhodes, a Greek astronomer and mathematician who lived around 110-40 years. BC e. Price decided that antikythera mechanism was designed on the Greek island of Rhodes, off the coast of Turkey, possibly even by Geminus himself, around 87 BC. e. Among the remains of the cargo with which the wrecked ship sailed, jugs from the island of Rhodes were indeed found. Apparently, they were taken from Rhodes to Rome. The date when the ship went under water, with a certain degree of certainty, can be attributed to 80 BC. e. The object was already several years old at the time of the crash, so today the date of creation of the Antikythera mechanism is considered to be 87 BC. e.

In this case, it is possible that the device was created by Geminus on the island of Rhodes. This conclusion seems plausible also because Rhodes in those days was known as a center of astronomical and technological research. In the II century. BC e. the Greek writer and mechanic Philo of Byzantium described polybolos that he saw on Rhodes. These amazing catapults could fire without reloading: two gears were connected on them by a chain, which was set in motion with the help of a gate (a mechanical device consisting of a horizontal cylinder with a handle, thanks to which it could rotate). It was on Rhodes that the Greek Stoic philosopher, astronomer and geographer Posidonius (135-51 BC) managed to reveal the nature of the ebb and flow. In addition, Posidonius quite accurately (for that time) calculated the size of the Sun, as well as the size of the Moon and the distance to it. The name of the astronomer Hipparchus of Rhodes (190-125 BC) is associated with the discovery of trigonometry and the creation of the first star catalog. Moreover, he was one of the first Europeans who, using data from Babylonian astronomy and his own observations, explored the solar system. It is possible that part of the data obtained by Hipparchus and his ideas were used to create the Antikythera mechanism.

The Antikythera device is the oldest extant example of complex mechanical technology. The use of cogwheels more than 2000 years ago is of the greatest astonishment, and the skill with which they were made is comparable to the art of clockmaking in the 18th century. IN last years several working copies were created ancient computer. One of them was made by the Austrian computer specialist Allan George Bromley (1947-2002) from the University of Sydney and watchmaker Frank Percival. Bromley also took the clearest x-rays of the object, which formed the basis for a three-dimensional model of the mechanism by his student Bernard Garner. A few years later, the British inventor, author of the orrary (a desktop demonstration mechanical planetarium - a model of the solar system), John Gleave, designed a more accurate model: on the front panel of the working model there was a dial that displayed the movement of the Sun and Moon along the zodiac constellations of the Egyptian calendar.

Another attempt to investigate and recreate the artifact was made in 2002 by Michael Wright, Curator of the Mechanical Engineering Department of the Science Museum, together with Allan Bromley. Although some of Wright's findings differ from those of Derek DeSol Price, he concluded that the mechanism is even more amazing invention than Price expected. Justifying his theory, Wright relied on x-rays of the subject and used the method of the so-called linear tomography. This technology allows you to see the object in detail, considering only one of its plane or edge, clearly focusing the image. Thus, Wright was able to carefully study the gears and establish that the device could accurately simulate not only the movement of the Sun and Moon, but also all the planets known to the ancient Greeks: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Apparently, thanks to the bronze marks arranged in a circle on the front panel of the artifact, which denoted the zodiac constellations, the mechanism could (and quite accurately) calculate the position of known planets in relation to any date. In September 2002, Wright completed the model and it became part of the "Ancient Technologies" exhibit at the Technopark of the Museum of Athens.

Many years of research, attempts to reconstruct and various assumptions have not given an exact answer to the question: how the Antikythera mechanism worked. There were theories that it performed astrological functions and was used to computerize horoscopes, was created as an educational model of the solar system, or even as an elaborate toy for the rich. Derek De Solla Price considered the mechanism to be evidence of the high-tech traditions of metalworking among the ancient Greeks. In his opinion, when Ancient Greece fell into decay, this knowledge was not lost - it became the property of the Arab world, where similar mechanisms later appeared, and later created the foundation for the development of watchmaking technology in medieval Europe. Price believed that at first the device was in the statue, on a special board. The mechanism may once have been located in a structure similar to the stunning octagonal marble tower of the winds with a water clock located on the Roman Agora in Athens.

Research and attempts to recreate the Antikythera mechanism forced scientists to look at the description of devices of this type in ancient texts from a different point of view. Previously, it was believed that references to mechanical astronomical models in the works of ancient authors should not be taken literally. The Greeks were supposed to have general theory rather than specific knowledge in the field of mechanics. However, after the discovery and study of the Antikythera mechanism, this opinion should change. Roman orator and writer Cicero, who lived and worked in the 1st century BC. BC e., that is, during the period when the shipwreck occurred at Antikythera, tells about the invention of his friend and teacher, the previously mentioned Posidonius. Cicero says that Posidonius recently created a device "which, with each revolution, reproduces the movement of the Sun, the Moon and the five planets, occupying a certain place in the sky every day and night." Cicero also mentions that the astronomer, engineer and mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC) was "reputed to have made a small model of the solar system." The speaker's remark that the Roman consul Marcelius was very proud of having a model of the solar system designed by Archimedes himself may also be related to the device. He took it as a trophy in Syracuse, located on the east coast of Sicily. It was during the siege of the city, in 212 BC. e., Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier. Some researchers believe that the astronomical instrument recovered from the shipwreck off Antikythera was designed and built by Archimedes. However, it is only certain that one of the most amazing artifacts of the ancient world, the real Antikythera mechanism, is today in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens and, together with the reconstructed sample, is part of its exposition. Copy ancient device also exhibited at the American Computer Museum in Bozeman (Montana). The discovery of the Antikythera mechanism unambiguously called into question the conventional wisdom about the scientific and technological achievements of the ancient world.

Reconstructed models of the device proved that it performed the functions of an astronomical computer, and Greek and Roman scientists of the 1st century. BC e. quite skillfully designed and created complex mechanisms, which for a thousand years had no equal. Derek De Solla Price observed that civilizations with the technology and knowledge needed to build such machines "could build just about anything they wanted to". Unfortunately, most of what they created has not been preserved. The fact that the Antikythera mechanism is not mentioned in the ancient texts that have come down to our time proves how much has been lost from that important and amazing period. European history. And if it wasn't for the sea sponge hunters 100 years ago, we wouldn't have this proof of existence either. scientific achievements in Greece 2000 years ago.

Iraqi artifact

Usually, professional mineral hunters do not break geodes at the find site (the crystals inside can be severely damaged), but open them with a diamond saw. So, near Owens Lake, near Mount Koso, Mike found a geode covered with the bark of petrified turtles, and his friends took it with them to saw it at home. When Meixell began sawing his find, it became clear that this time he would have to forget about the crystals - there was no void inside the geode. Instead, there was some strange substance, something like ceramics. In the center of this ceramic mass, a cut of a metal bar with a diameter of 2 mm made of white metal was visible.

drop stone

“In the section, the geode had the following appearance: under the ball of turtles there was a small prism with a regular hexagonal base, 32 mm in diameter, made of soft and fragile material; it contains a copper spiral, which, most likely, ran along the entire length of the prism and was partially corroded; the spiral, in turn, covered an extremely hard ceramic rod with a diameter of 18 mm, through which a metal rod with a diameter of 2 mm passed, ”such a description of this find is given in the book“ Riddles of Antiquity ”by G.E. Burgansky and R.S. Furdui.

Of course, the unique find was X-rayed and found out that in its structure it most of all resembles ... an automobile spark plug, although, as experts have established, not a single plant in the entire history of mankind has produced such a spark plug. Geologists, in turn, based on fossilized turtles, determined the age of this unique find - at least 500 thousand years ...

How can you explain the existence of a bolt and a spark plug of incredibly ancient age?

Jug from Retra

In April 2002, the Itogi magazine published an article by Stepan Krivosheev and Dmitry Plenkin, which told about the amazing find of Bashkir scientists. In 1999, on July 21, Alexander Chuvyrov, a professor at the Bashkir State University, found the first fragment of an amazing, three-dimensional map applied to a base of durable stone - dolomite. But the main success was not so much in finding a stone map, but in the fact that the found fragment depicted an area well known to scientists. Only thanks to this happy coincidence, it was possible to identify the find as a map. Professor A. Chuvyrov explains the following:

“... The Ufa Upland is easily recognizable, and the Ufa Canyon is the most important point of our evidence, since we carried out geological surveys and found its trace where it should be, according to ancient map... the Ufa canyon is clearly visible - a fault earth's crust stretching from Ufa to Sterlitamak. At the moment, the Urshak River flows through the former canyon. Here she is…"

The stone map is clearly of artificial origin and made using a technology unknown to modern science. Very durable dolomite is used as the base. It is coated with a layer of so-called. "Diopside glass", the processing technology of which is still unknown to science. It is on this layer that the three-dimensional terrain is reproduced. This means that the area seems to be molded from plasticine in the right proportions, i.e. on a certain scale, not only the lengths and widths, but also the depths of rivers, streams, canals, gorges, heights of hills, etc. are shown.

The current level of development of science and technology does not allow to accurately determine the profile of the bottom of rivers and other reservoirs filled with water. We don't know how to do it yet! And our ancestors, who created the stone map, knew how! Moreover, some American scientists (where without them), who studied the map, argue that the creation of such a map requires the processing of huge amounts of data that can only be obtained by aerospace photography!

“... As the plate was studied, mysteries only increased. The map clearly shows the region's gigantic irrigation system, a marvel of engineering. In addition to rivers, two systems of canals 500 meters wide, 12 dams 300 × 500 meters wide, up to 10 kilometers long and 3 kilometers deep each are depicted. Dams made it possible to turn water in one direction or another, and more than a quadrillion cubic meters of earth were moved to create them. Compared to them, the Volga-Don Canal on the modern terrain may seem like a scratch ... "

The conclusions of scientists about the age of the find are very interesting. At first, - says Professor A. Chuvyrov, - they assumed that the stone was about three thousand years old. Then this number was gradually increased until some fossilized shells embedded in the stone were identified, and it was decided that the product was tens of millions of years old. Here scientists are certainly right: the stone used as the basis for the map can be very many years old. Even billions! But that doesn't say anything. Today, monuments are also made from stone blocks of granite and marble, which can be millions of years old, but no one claims that the products from them also have an equally respectable age. This is obvious to almost everyone.

Why are scientists willing to support obvious fabrications about the age of a unique stone map?

Or maybe all this is "far-fetched" and there is nothing supernatural here?

Ancient civilizations have always excited the minds of scientists, treasure hunters and lovers of historical puzzles. The Sumerians, Egyptians or Romans left a lot of evidence of their existence, but they were not the first on the planet. In addition to the legends about their rise and fall, there are blank spots in history that have not yet been filled.

All these civilizations were outstanding in their time and in many ways surpassed not only their era, but also modern achievements. But, for various reasons, they disappeared from the face of the Earth, having lost their greatness and power. It's about not only about the empires that certainly flourished on the planet, but also about the cultures that may have existed. For example, the well-known Atlantis has not yet been found, but could it even exist?

The editors of InPlanet have compiled a list ancient civilizations, whose legacy still causes heated debate among historians. We present to your attention 12 greatest empires that left behind a lot of mysteries!

1 Lemuria continent / 4 million years ago

The origins of all ancient civilizations originate from the myth of the mysterious continent of Lemuria, which went under water many millions of years ago. Its existence was repeatedly mentioned in the myths of different peoples and philosophical works. They spoke of a highly developed race of apes who had excellent education and developed architecture. According to legend, he was in Indian Ocean and the main proof of its existence is the island of Madagascar, inhabited by lemurs.

2 Hyperborea / before 11540 BC

The mysterious land of Hyperborea has been haunting the minds of scientists and researchers for many years who want to find at least some evidence of its existence. So, at the moment there is an opinion that Hyperborea was located in the Arctic and was inhabited by the ancestors of the Slavs. At that time, the continent was not yet covered with ice, but blossomed and fragrant. And this, by the way, is possible, because scientists have found that 30-15000 years BC. The climate in the Arctic was favorable.

It is worth noting that attempts to find Hyperborea have been practiced for a long time, for example, Germany and the USSR during the Second World War sent expeditions to search for the lost country. But it was never possible to establish whether there really was a country that became the progenitor of the Slavs.

3 Aroe civilization / 13000 BC

This civilization belongs to the category of mythical, despite the fact that there are a lot of buildings that prove the existence of peoples on the islands of Micronesia, Polynesia and Easter. Ancient cement statues dating back to 10950 BC have been discovered in New Caledonia.

According to legend, the civilization of Aroe, or the Kingdom of the Sun, was formed in pacific ocean after the disappearance of the Lemurian continent. Among the indigenous inhabitants of these islands, legends still circulate about ancestors capable of flying through the air.

4 Civilizations of the Gobi Desert / approximately 10,000 BC

One more mysterious civilization, the existence of which is disputed. Now the Gobi desert is the most sparsely populated place on the planet, arid and destructive. However, there is an opinion that many thousands of years ago a certain civilization of the White Island lived there, which stood on the same level with Atlantis. It was called the country of Agharti, the underground city, Shambhala and the land of Hsi Wang Mu.

In those years, the desert was the sea, and the White Island towered over it like a green oasis. Scientists have confirmed that this was indeed the case, but the date is confusing - the sea from the Gobi Desert disappeared 40 million years ago. Whether a settlement of sages could exist there at that time, or later, has not been scientifically proven.

5 Atlantis / 9500 BC

This mythical state is perhaps the most famous in the whole world. There is no exact evidence that there really was an island that went under water along with a highly developed civilization. But until now, sailors, historians and adventurers are looking for an underwater city filled with the treasures of ancient Atlantis.

The main proof of the existence of Atlantis is the works of Plato, who described the war of this island with Athens, as a result of which the Atlanteans simply went under water along with the island. There are many theories and myths about this civilization, and even entire scientific movements.

6 Ancient China / 8500 BC - our days

Chinese civilization is recognized as one of the oldest in the world. Scientists believe that its first beginnings appeared 8000 years ago BC. Written sources record the existence of a state called China as early as 3500 years ago. According to this, archaeologists discover pot shards in China dating back to 17-18,000 years BC. The ancient and rich history of China has shown that this state, ruled by dynasties for many millennia, was one of the most developed and strongest in the world.

7 Civilization of Osiris / before 4000 AD

Since officially this civilization cannot be considered to have existed, one can only guess about the dates of its heyday. According to legend, the Osirians were the progenitors of the Egyptian civilization and, accordingly, lived in the Mediterranean basin before their appearance.

Of course, all guesses about this civilization are based on unreliable facts, for example, that the Osirian civilization died due to the fact that the death of Atlantis provoked the flooding of the Mediterranean basin. There is no exact evidence of these events, therefore, only a mass of flooded cities at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as confirmation of a civilization that has gone under water.

8 Ancient Egypt / 4000 BC - VI-VII centuries. AD

The ancient Egyptian civilization existed for about 40 centuries and reached its peak in the middle of this time period. To study this culture, there is a separate science of Egyptology, which studies the diverse history of this empire.

Ancient Egypt had everything that was needed for development and prosperity - fertile land in the Nile River valley, religion, a system of government and an army. Despite the fact that Ancient Egypt fell and was absorbed by the Roman Empire, there are still traces of this powerful civilization on the planet - a huge Sphinx, ancient pyramids and a lot of historical artifacts.

9 Sumerians and Babylon / 3300 BC - 1000 BC

For a long time, the Sumerian civilization was credited with the title of the first in the world. The Sumerians were the first to engage in crafts, agriculture, pottery and construction. In 2300 BC, this territory was captured by the Babylonians, who, led by Babylon, became the cultural and political center of the Ancient World. Both of these civilizations are the strongest states of Ancient Mesopotamia.

10 Ancient Greece / 3000 BC - I century. BC.

This ancient state was called Hellas and was considered one of the most powerful in the ancient world. Greece, this territory was nicknamed by the Romans, who captured Hellas in the first century BC. For three thousand years of existence, the Greek Empire left behind a rich history, a lot of architectural monuments and many literary masterpieces that are still popular. What are the myths of ancient Greece!

11 Maya / 2000 BC - 16th century AD

Legends about the power and greatness of this amazing civilization are still circulating and pushing people in search of ancient treasures. In addition to untold riches, the Maya Indians had unique knowledge in astronomy, which allowed them to develop an accurate calendar. They also had amazing knowledge in construction, thanks to which their devastated cities are still included in the UNESCO heritage list.

This highly developed civilization had developed medicine, agriculture, water supply systems and a rich culture. Unfortunately, in the Middle Ages, this empire began to fade, and with the advent of the conquistadors, it completely disappeared.

12 Ancient Rome / 753 BC - V c. AD

The Roman Empire was one of the most powerful in the history of the Ancient World. She left behind a bright mark in history, enslaved many small states and won a lot of bloody wars. Ancient Rome had its own mythology, powerful army, a control system and was at the time of its heyday the center of civilization.

The Roman Empire gave the world rich cultural heritage and a story that still haunts the minds of scientists. Like all ancient empires, it died out due to exorbitant ambitions and plans to conquer the whole world.

All these ancient civilizations left behind a huge cultural heritage and a lot of mysteries that have yet to be solved. Time will tell whether humanity will be able to find out whether some empires existed or not. In the meantime, we can only be content with conjectures and already existing facts.

I was able to get information about them from Siberian hermits Russian traveler, biologist, anthropologist G. Sidorov. And here is how he describes his dialogue on this topic with the Siberian elders in his book "The Shining of the Higher Gods and the Krameshniks":

"- And now you have to understand why our planet is constantly growing. It is increasing in size right before our eyes. According to the most conservative estimates, 230-300 million years ago there was no Atlantic yet. The Indian Ocean was also small. And the gravitational field of the Earth was much weaker than modern.Therefore, giant lizards andwho replaced them in the Cenozoic, too, are quite large mammals. So, our planetgrows due to the synthesis of new matter in its red-hot core. This substance is formed fromphysical vacuum or ether. I think you understand its properties. Ether is presenteverywhere. It enters the nucleus from everywhere and turns into billions of tons of new matter in it.

As you can see, the core of the planet is a supergiant reactor for obtaining new matter from

what we call ether. Plasma-nuclear reactions take place in it, which releasea huge amount of heat, and the resulting substance simultaneously fills the core and completesits metal shell. Due to the expansion of the core, our planet is also growing. It is warm andthe light from the core heats and illuminates the giant cavities in the mantle. The ones that once wereformed by gases that act on the mantle from a red-hot core. The physics here is simple.

I think you yourself can guess how high temperature can affect others.

mantle layers. There is nothing complicated here. So, in these huge cavities inside the planet andlizards live. There is enough space there. Heat and light too. And get in theresurfaces with their beam technique is not difficult. These creatures burn galleries in the cavity of the planet"for every taste". You don't know, but we'll still tell you about their art. And theyare as follows: practically, under all mountain systems Earths where the planet's crust is collected infolds, lizardheads dug giant voids. The exits from there lead to the tops of the mountains.

Why exactly this way and not otherwise? It's simple: because in the mountains, especially on their peaksthere are practically no people. The place is secretive and comfortable. The same can be said about our oceans. From continent to continent, gigantic galleries were dug under them, or rather burned out.Not only that, under the water column and under the basalt bottom of the ocean bed they are constantlyoperating bases. From the bases, underground roads lead to voids in the mantle. From such bases in the thickocean expanses, surrounded by plasma caps, their equipment leaves. on the planet andthere are hundreds of places where galleries lead from underground, connecting the bases of lizardheads withsurface. These places are known to our rulers, but what's the point? Reptilians live likethey want to, and no one can forbid them to manage the planet. Too big a differencein technologies.

It has long been observed that during volcanic eruptions, UFOs of these creatures hang over the place,

where streams of lava and ash burst from underground. Therefore, lizardheads control and

such seemingly natural processes. Why, it is not clear. It is possible that through the ventsvolcanoes, they throw out the rock they have worked out to the surface. Why am I doing this to youtell? So that you understand the scale of what is happening in the bowels of the planet.

Humanity has been conquered and the invader is powerful. True, he tries once again to

eyes do not show, but this does not mean that he does not control us. Controls all areasour life. How, I will tell later. I want you to know the following:only lizardheads rule our planet. There are other creatures as well. And they have toosheltered underground bases were built on Earth. Just reptilians are autochthonous. There isknowledge that they owned the Earth long before our race came to it. But for someforced to leave for unknown reasons. Most likely, they were supplanted by someancient stellar civilization. It happened 80 million years ago.

“But isn’t this just the end of the Cretaceous?” I interrupted the narrator. - Epoch

extinction of the dinosaurs.

- And time great war lizardheads with their enemies. With whom is still unknown. And not

space catastrophe devastated the planet, but man-made.

But there is irrefutable evidence! I objected.

- What kind? Funnels from the fall of giant asteroids?

- Like this…

“Then why haven’t pieces of these asteroids been found?” Where did they go? No my friend,

monstrous funnels on the face of the Earth that arose 80 million years ago are

traces of a great battle. She forced the lizardheads to leave the Earth. They have arrivedback after tens of millions of years, when the civilization that defeated them had already died out. Butthe unfortunate reptiles were out of luck again. The planet was taken over by our ancestors. Now theywere her masters. Approximately the arrival of the lizardheads occurred about a million yearsback. What was the Anunnaki race to do? It remains to look for allies. And they were found... II mean red people from one of the planets of the constellation Leo. This episode is well described inour Vedas. Remember Rin, riding the dragon?

- Of course I remember. This ancient myth says a lot. First of all, what is between

Mars and Jupiter killed the planet Astra.

- And fragments of it fell on Mars. Do you remember how it all ended? - squintedSvetozar.

- The death of the continent in the Indian Ocean and the appearance of the first base on Earthlizardheads.

— That's right, you remember the myth well. Good! But besides our legends, there are also

legends of the peoples of Asia Minor. In the Sumerian myth about the coming of the Anunnaki to Earth, we see

intelligent lizards again. They appeared after their defeat, exactly five hundred thousand years later.They appeared out of nowhere. They flew to their fellow tribesmen, who created a network of long-term bases in the bowels of the Earth. From that moment it all started.

“I told him about the Anunnaki’s creation of two colored hybrid races,” grumbled

Cherdyntsev. “You'd better tell him about other aliens who also care about us.

Glancing at the old man, Svetozar nodded his head and continued:

- Currently, in addition to the lizard-headed, there are several more stellar

races. But the fact is that the atmosphere of our planet is suitable only for our relativesbiological organization of life forms and reptilians. Both are adapted to

terrestrial bacteria and viruses. Neither the atmosphere nor our terrestrial microbes are suitable for the rest.Therefore, they have no claims to the planet. They just study us and, if possible, try tohelp us survive in the confrontation with the lizardheads. The fact is that the last in spacenot very welcoming. Although they do not violate the general laws of the Universe, they still leadthemselves very aggressively. Here is the fate of the lizardheads - the maximum work plan in the mentalthe field is their element. It is for this reason that they are outcasts in space.

“Wow, they don’t violate the general universal laws of the Universe!” Is their someone

asked to deprive humanity of the opportunity to communicate with the higher Mind?

- I didn't ask, it's true. But the fault of the white Gods before the earthly races is that, although they

taught the hybrid races not to devour each other, raise cattle, sow and build, they did not

to his students of knowledge on how to work with space information. Why did it happen?

Not because they didn't want to. It's just that at first it was necessary to turn into a hybrid

full-fledged people, and then develop in them the ability to hear and understand not only the voicetheir instincts, but also information coming from the Creator. This pause was usedlizardheads. As always, with their screen, they killed several birds with one stone. First, stopintellectual and spiritual development hybrid races. And, secondly, they created the conditions forcut off from the information flow of the Creator and the white race, the descendants of the starry northerntribe. The fact is that our ancestors had already had hybrids by this time. Those who have becomemix their blood with the blood of the Iberians. It was from such hybrids that the firstmoral scum - untouchables and bastards, with a materialized consciousness -sudras.

“So this is how the offensive against the White God Race began?” - sincerely surprisedI.

- Classic: from the outside and from the inside at the same time! In the same way as in our time: from the outside

on the side - NATO troops, and on the inside - our home-grown degenerates. Selling fifththe column has always been and remains the main striking force ...

- From what you told me, it turns out that the modern representatives of the Nordic

most of the races are also hybrids.

“I wonder how you guessed? — Svetozar narrowed his eyes, smiling.

Because the way they behave. It's so simple. Their intuitive mind is oninstincts do not spread, that's it! And, secondly, most of them have materialvalues ​​are higher than spiritual ones.

“Consequently, genetics is not northern at all,” came from the stove. - And the Iberian.

What haplogroup prevails among modern Europeans? R1B1A2. I told you about it.You are around again. It's all about genetics.

- Then it turns out that the genetic Orians and Atlanteans among Western Europeans have long been

not anymore?

- Of course not. In the Middle Ages, the latter were roasted at the stake. But we, Russians, people with the northern haplogroup, in some places up to 70%! And even more!..

- You talked about the fact that in addition to the lizard-heads, others “hang out” on Earth

space vagrants, I reminded them.

Yes, they hang out. And there are a lot of them. If the Anunnaki do not like to spin in front of their eyes, then others aredo it with pleasure. They are so sure of themselves that we humans are not embarrassed. Exactlythem aircrafts hang over our cities, follow the movement in the Worldocean of our ships, including combat ships, and sometimes they try to help us inconfrontation with lizardheads. Basically informational. Several times unknowntried to explain to our rulers what is happening to humanity, but every timeran into Masonic structures. So now they have used a different tactic.They find among people capable of understanding something and try to explain to them who controlssociety. Naturally, there is no great benefit from such attempts. In addition, lizardstrying to stop them.

- Who do you mean? And what are they? I asked.

- Those whom ufologists call "gray". There are several types of them. They are all residents of the same

God is much closer than the true one who creates the Universe. In fact, society has plunged intoreligious virtual reality. And it does not matter that he was pushed there by force. What matters isthat he was there. Now think about it, can religious people understand a normal person?fanatics?

“But, as far as I understand, we don’t have that many believers, do we?” I doubted.

— Isn't belief in the omnipotence of money a kind of religion? GOD has now become

money. It used to be gold. It created religious madness on Earth. It's exactly how

tool. And who is hiding behind him, you already know. These creatures never do anythingone. The same is true for the global high frequency screen. Shielding high frequencyradiation not only isolated the terrestrial society FROM the information field of the Universe, but alsocreated conditions for the creation of one tribal god under its dome egregor.

Are you hinting at the egregor of Amon? I asked.

I'm not implying, I'm being direct. In fact, the entire planet is under his rule. shamanistic

he also governs beliefs, as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Because both of them

religions are only an appearance of connection with the Highest. Does not affect the screen one Lamaism, which

escaped from care. But to rein him in, there were Chinese. You must know: Chinawas always their reserve. Now is the time of the United States, it is true, but the era of the Han will soon come. FROMThey figured out Tibet. We are next in line.

From the last words of Svetozar, I was scared. Seeing that I have changed in the face, cheldon,

smiling, he said:

“Don’t worry, if we paralyze the efforts of the corrupt, we will very soon becomeinvincible."

As you can see, representatives of several intelligent civilizations are constantly present on our planet. And only blind scientists, and even scientists controlled by Masons, are capable of not seeing signs of their presence on our planet. But they also only pretend that they do not notice anything, working out the "instruction from above" in order "not to embarrass the people." Meanwhile, secretly ordinary people secret programs to investigate the UFO phenomenon have long existed, as have individual contacts between governments and representatives of other civilizations.

The recently famous researcher of ancient civilizations, Ernst Muldashev, has returned from his 17th expedition. This time he and his colleagues visited the Kola Peninsula. Their goal was to find traces of Bigfoot and German "flying saucers" there, as well as unravel the mystery of "measuring" - an art that local shamans have long owned.

As early as the beginning of the 20th century, Kola Peninsula visited the expedition of the special department of the NKVD, headed by Alexander Barchenko. She tried to study the culture of the indigenous Sami people, in which there was a lot of mystery, starting with the worship of sacred stones - seids and ending with measuring - the ability to put oneself into a trance, during which people repeated each other's movements, spoke in incomprehensible languages, formulated prophecies ... Sometimes it happened during communication with shamans - noids, and sometimes near the seids.
During the war, according to legend, representatives of the fascist occult organization "Ahnenerbe" landed on the peninsula, building unusual aircraft here with the help of the secret magical knowledge of the ancient Sami.

Muldashev failed to meet with Bigfoot, who is rumored to live here, and to find traces of the production of German "flying saucers". But otherwise, as he told the press, the expedition was quite successful.

The scientist claims that during his travels he managed to find evidence of the existence of early earthly civilizations that preceded the current one. According to Muldashev, there were four of them.
The first race on Earth were the so-called asuras (“self-born”). They had a truly gigantic growth - about 50 meters, they were luminous ethereal forms and communicated with each other telepathically. Presumably, the asuras came to Earth from the planet Phaethon, destroyed as a result of some kind of catastrophe.

The asura civilization lived on Earth for about 10 million years, and the life of each of them lasted tens of thousands of years ... Gradually, in the process of evolution, they mutated and a new race with more condensed bodies was formed. Its representatives were called Atlanteans (“born after”), or “boneless”. The Atlanteans were also much larger than modern people, but still were smaller than asuras, and had a third eye located between the eyebrows.

The Atlanteans were replaced by the Lemurians. Their growth reached 7-8 meters. In appearance, they already resembled modern people, had a dense body and a bone skeleton. There was a division into men and women. In Lemurians, telepathic abilities and the third eye had already begun to atrophy, and they were more oriented to the physical senses.

The life span of the Lemurians was much less than that of the two preceding races, but still more than a thousand years. It was the Lemurians, according to Muldashev and other researchers, who created the Egyptian Sphinx, Stonehenge and many megalithic complexes in Europe and South America.

In parallel, a fourth race began to form on our planet - the late Atlanteans, or "Boreas". They still had a well-hidden third eye, but the rest of the organs were not much different from ordinary human ones, and their height was “only” 3-4 meters.
About 25,000-30,000 years ago on Earth happened nuclear disaster. It was supposedly caused by a conflict between two races - the Lemurians and the Atlanteans. As a result of the subsequent series of global cataclysms, part of the Lemurians went into the caves, where they fell into a state of "samadhi", in which the bodies can be stored for an arbitrarily long time in a "preserved" state, and then come back to life. Some left the Earth on spaceships.

Meanwhile, the Atlanteans, using the knowledge they received from the Lemurians, managed to achieve a high level of technological development. This helped them build flying machines (vimanas), Pyramids of Egypt, stone idols on Easter Island and many other structures that today are considered a historical mystery. However, as a result of another cataclysm, that part of the land on which the Atlanteans lived, the legendary Atlantis, was flooded. It happened about 12 thousand years ago. Even during the late Atlanteans, the fifth Aryan civilization was born, i.e. modern human race, which, in the absence of a third eye, developed very slowly.

Ancient manuscripts and finds tell us about previous civilizations, indicating that giants once lived on Earth, possessing extensive knowledge in various areas. By the way, Muldashev claims that during an expedition to the Himalayas he found a cave where the progenitors of mankind, the Lemurians, sleep in a state of “samadhi”. The Kola Peninsula is supposedly the ancestral home of the modern "Aryan" race - Hyperborea.

Soon Muldashev plans to go to the east of Mongolia, and from there to the west towards Russia... The new expedition will be called "In the footsteps of Genghis Khan". The scientist plans to repeat the path of the legendary conqueror in order to better understand the pattern of development and integration of Eastern and Western civilizations.

Adam Frank

Let's look at the available evidence.

It took Gavin Schmidt five minutes to fill me in.

Schmidt - Director of the Institute space research NASA Goddard (also known as GISS), a world-class scientific institution for climate science research. One day last year I came to GISS with an unusual offer. As an astrophysicist, I began to study global warming from an "astrobiological perspective". That is, I tried to find out if any civilization that appears on any planet provokes its own version of its activity climate change. I came to GISS that day hoping to get some knowledge of climatology and maybe find partners for this work. That's how I ended up in Gavin's office.

As I was talking enthusiastically about my research plan, Gavin interrupted me.

“Wait a second,” he said, “how do you know that we are the only civilization that has ever existed on our planet?”

It took me a few seconds to pick up my loose jaw from the floor. Of course, I walked into Gavin's office ready to roll my eyes at the mention of "exo-civilizations." But the civilizations he was asking about could have existed many millions of years ago. Sitting here and looking through the huge evolutionary telescope into the past of the Earth, I felt something like temporary dizziness. "Yes," I muttered, "is it possible that we already had an industrial civilization here so long ago?"

We no longer returned to the question of other civilizations. But that first conversation started a new study that we recently published in the International Journal of Astrobiology. And while none of us understood it at the time, Gavin's profound question opened a window not only into Earth's past, but into our own future.

We are used to representing extinct civilizations in the form of sunken statues and underground ruins. These kinds of artifacts left over from past human societies are good if you're only interested in a time frame of a few thousand years. But once you rewind time hundreds of millions of years, things get much more complicated.

When it comes to direct evidence of the existence of industrial civilizations - such as cities, factories and roads - geological traces can be traced no further than the so-called Quaternary period, which began 2.6 million years ago. For example, the oldest section of the ancient earth's surface is in the Negev desert. It is "only" 1.8 million years old. Areas of the older surface of the earth can usually be found in the section, for example, where there is something like a cliff of rock or where the rock is being mined. If you want to go much further than the Quaternary period, you will find that everything has turned to dust and mixed up there.

And if we go that far, there will be no more talk of human civilizations. Homo sapiens appeared on the planet no earlier than 300 thousand years ago or something like that. This means that our problem is about other species, so Gavin called it the "Silurian hypothesis", after one of the episodes of the old Doctor Who series where there were sentient reptiles.

So, can researchers find clear evidence that some ancient species created a relatively short-lived industrial civilization long before ours? For example, perhaps some early mammal during the Paleocene era (about 60 million years) ago quickly developed and formed a civilization. Of course there are fossils. But the fossil remains of life are always scarce, and they vary greatly depending on the time and place where living creatures live. So missing an industrial civilization that only lasted 100,000 years can be very easy, yet it is 500 times longer than our own civilization has been by now.

Considering that all direct evidence will sink into oblivion in many millions of years, what evidence can still be found even now? It will be best to answer this question by understanding what we will leave behind if human civilization collapse at this stage of development.

Now that our industrial civilization has become truly global, the collective activities of mankind leave behind various traces that scientists will be able to detect in the future, in 100 million years. Heavy use of fertilizers, for example, feeds seven billion people, but it also means that the planet's nitrogen reserves are diverted to food production. Future researchers should see this in the characteristics of the nitrogen deposited in the sediments of our era. The same goes for our unquenchable greed for rare earths used in electronic gadgets. Now there are many more of their atoms on the surface of the earth than it would be without us. They, too, can be found in future deposits. We are also so actively producing and using synthetic steroids that they will be found in geological layers in 10 million years.

Then all that plastic. Research has shown that an increasing amount of plastic and polyethylene "marine litter" is being deposited on the seafloor, from coastal areas to deep sea trenches and even in the Arctic. Wind, sun and waves grind up large objects of this material, and fill the seas with microscopic plastic particles that can settle to the seabed, forming a stable geological layer.

The big question, however, is how long all these traces of our civilization will last. In the course of our research, we found that each of them has a chance to form future deposits. Ironically, however, the most promising marker of the existence of mankind as an advanced civilization may be the products of its activities, which threaten it the most.

When we burn fossil fuels, we release carbon that was once part of living tissue back into the atmosphere. One of the three types of this ancient carbon, one of the isotopes of this element, is being depleted. The more fossil fuels we burn, the more the balance of these isotopes shifts. Atmospheric scientists call this the Sousse effect, and the change in carbon isotope ratio due to the burning of fossil fuels is easy to follow over the past century. An increase in temperature also leaves isotopic signals. These changes will be obvious to any scientist of the future who analyzes the exposed rock layers of our era. Along with these indicators, Anthropocene geologic layers may also reflect short spikes in nitrogen concentrations, contain nanoplastics, and even synthetic steroids. So if all these traces of our civilization will remain in the future, maybe the same “signals” in the rock are now also just waiting to tell us about a long-gone civilization?

56 million years ago, the Earth experienced the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). During PETM, the average temperature on the planet rose to 15 degrees Fahrenheit higher than what we live in today. It was a world with virtually no ice, and typical summer temperatures at the poles reached almost 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Looking at PETM isotope data, scientists see that both carbon and oxygen behave exactly as we would expect them to behave in Anthropocene geological layers. There are other events in the history of the Earth like PETM that carry traces similar to those that will remain from our Anthropocene. These include an event several million years after PETM that produced Eocene deposits of mysterious origin, and massive events during the Cretaceous that left the ocean without oxygen for many millennia (or even longer).

Is all this evidence of the existence of a previous non-humanoid industrial civilization? Almost certainly not. While there is evidence that PETM was caused by a massive release of fossil carbon into the air, what matters here is the time frame in which it all happened. Isotopic bursts during PETM have been occurring for several hundred thousand years. What makes the Anthropocene so special in Earth's history is the rate at which we are releasing fossil carbon into the atmosphere. There were geological periods when the concentration of CO 2 on Earth was as high or even higher than today. But never in the billions of years of our planet's history has so much fossil carbon been released into the atmosphere so quickly. Therefore, the isotopic bursts we see in geological profiles may not be sharp enough to support the Silurian hypothesis.