Map of southwest asia. Political map of southwest asia. We are Western Asia

Asia is the largest of the parts of the world, its area is 43.4 million km2 (29.2% of the earth's land area). The population of the continent is about 4.4 billion people (almost 59.5% of the world's population). On the modern political map of Asia there are 47 independent states, 13 - monarchies, 7 have a federal form of national-state structure. Asia is divided into 5 sub-regions - Southwest, South, East, Southeast and Central Asia. These subregions are also considered as historical and geographical regions. When selecting them, historical, ethnic, religious and natural factors are taken into account.

Countries of Southwest Asia. Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia are leaders in the subregion in terms of population. 60% of the total population is rural. The countries of the subregion have the most developed oil (Gulf countries, Azerbaijan), machine-building (Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia), metallurgical (Turkey, Iran, UAE) and chemical (Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan) industries. Light and food industries are also well developed in many countries of the subregion.

The leading subdivision of agriculture is agriculture, which is mainly irrigated. Wheat, corn, barley are grown for domestic consumption. Near the Mediterranean Sea, horticulture, viticulture, vegetable growing, and olive cultivation are developed. These branches constitute the international specialization of the Mediterranean countries of Southwest Asia. In Turkey, the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, grain has been developed, in Iran - the cultivation of persimmon, citrus, sugar beet, cotton, in Iraq, Syria and Israel, cotton, tobacco, persimmon are grown. Livestock in Turkey specializes in breeding Angora goats, in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula in camel breeding, in Iran and Afghanistan in astrakhan breeding. Among the service industries, the role of transport and tourism is great.

South Asian countries. The total area of the sub-region is 4.5 million sq. km. The population of the countries of the subregion is approaching 2 billion people. Within this sub-region are the Hindustan Peninsula, the Indo-Gangetic lowland, the islands of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Andaman, Nicobar and Laccadive. There are 7 countries on the territory of South Asia, 1 of which is a monarchy (Kingdom of Bhutan), and the rest are republics. According to the national-state structure, only India and Pakistan are federations.

The place of South Asia on a global scale is determined by the fact that it accounts for 3.1% of the entire land area of the globe, 25.4% of the world's population, and more than 9% of the world's GNP.

The presence of access to the World Ocean, the location in the center of the Indian Ocean coast, the presence of ancient historical centers are the specifics of the geographical location of the subregion.

South Asia is bordered from the north by the mountain systems of the Himalayas and the Karakorum. In the northeast, it is bounded by the wooded slopes of the Assam-Burman Mountains, and in the northwest by the Hindu Kush and the Iranian Highlands. The territory of the subregion drops from north to south from the highest mountain system in the world - the Himalayas to the low-lying Maldives, located in the equatorial zone.

This subregion has a monsoonal climate that varies greatly throughout the year. Two climatic seasons are clearly distinguished here (wet summer and dry winter). Mineral resources play an important role in the development of the economy of South Asian countries, the diversity of which includes from fuel and energy resources (coal, natural gas, monazite sands containing radioactive thorium) to precious metals and stones (gold, emeralds, diamonds). Particularly stands out South Asia reserves of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chromium). IN Lately oil and gas production is developing on the shelf of the countries of the subregion.

The subregion is relatively well provided with water resources. The largest rivers are the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. In the countries of the subregion, fertile alluvial and chernozem-like soils - regura are common.

In all countries of South Asia, the rate of natural population growth is high, which is due to national, religious, socio-economic factors. South Asia is home to 33 ethnic groups, numbering more than 1 million people, who account for 98% of the population of the subregion. The most widespread religions are Hinduism (India, Nepal), Islam (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives), Buddhism (Bhutan, Sri Lanka).

As one of the oldest centers for the development of irrigated agriculture, South Asia has long been one of the most densely populated areas on the globe. The average population density of the sub-region is 355 people/km2, which is 6.7 times higher than the world average. On the plains, in the river valleys (especially in the Ganges valley), on the sea coast, the highest population density is noted. South Asia is one of the least urbanized regions modern world(46%). It's connected with low level socio-economic development. At the same time, the phenomenon of “false” urbanization is observed in large urban agglomerations.

Compared to other sub-regions of Asia, South Asia is characterized by a lower level of socio-economic development. Bhutan and Nepal are agrarian, the Maldives are agro-industrial, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka are industrial-agrarian countries. The countries of South Asia are distinguished by the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka), mining (India, Nepal, Bhutan), chemical (India, Pakistan), light and food (all countries of the subregion) industry.

Farming dominates agriculture. South Asia is one of the world's leading cereal growing regions (especially rice). It also grows jute (India, Bangladesh), natural rubber, coconut palm (Sri Lanka), sugar cane, cotton, peanuts. India and Sri Lanka account for up to 40% of the world's tea harvest and occupy leading positions in the export of this product. In addition, the countries of the subregion are leading in the collection of many types of spices. In animal husbandry, cattle breeding, sheep breeding, and goat breeding are most developed. Fishing is also well developed. Among the service industries, tourism, transport, and medical care are of great importance.

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The material contains information about the territory occupied by Southwest Asia. The article tells about the composition of the population of the region, the predominant religion and the economic potential of the majority of states. Indicates the specifics and features of the geographical location of the territory.

Southwest Asia

The region geographically refers to areas of Asia.
Its composition includes:

Transcaucasia;
Kopetdag;
Asia Minor Highlands,
Armenian Highlands;
Iranian highlands;
Mesopotamia;
Arabian Peninsula.

Southwest Asia also includes the peninsula of Arabia, the Syrian-Palestinian mountains and the plains of Mesopotamia.

The total area of the territory is 6.8 million km. sq.

Rice. 1. Region on the map.

The specificity of the geography of the region lies in the special geological structure - the region is a fragment of the African platform.

According to some researchers, this is a controversial region in terms of its location and belonging to the countries of Southwest Asia and their territories. Some researchers attribute some states to Southwest Asia, and some scientists orient these same powers towards the Middle East.

List of countries that are part of the region:

Climate of Southwest Asia

The climatic conditions here are rather dry. This explains the influence of the tropical and subtropical climatic zones on the territory. In the areas of central and southern localization of the Arabian Peninsula, the temperature maximum rises to + 55 ° C.

Rice. 3. Desert areas of the region's territories.

Only on the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts is there a zone of hardwood forests and shrubs. Average assessment: 4.7. Total ratings received: 80.

Asia is the largest part of the world, where more than half of humanity lives.

Among the modern independent states of foreign Asia, republics predominate, but there are also countries with a monarchical form of government (14 countries).

Before the Second World War, overseas Asia was an important component of the colonial system. More than 90% of the population of the region lived in dependent countries and colonies.

The main metropolitan countries were Great Britain, France, Japan, the Netherlands, and the USA.

After the Second World War, the collapse of the colonial system swept the countries of Asia. Until now, there are "remains" of former colonial possessions, island territories of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

There were attempts to involve young independent states in military blocs, but they fell apart. In the mid-1950s, the SEATO and CENTO military blocs were created. SEATO includes the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, and from Asian countries - Thailand, Philippines and Pakistan. But the SEATO bloc fell apart.

The members of CENTO were Great Britain, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, but the United States played a big role here, although they were not formally members of the bloc. Until 1959, CENTO included Iraq. In 1979, this bloc collapsed; Iran, Pakistan and Turkey left it. Turkey is the only Asian country in NATO.

Southwest Asia.

There are 16 countries in Southwest Asia, forming a historically developed sub-region covering most of the Near and Middle East and covering the territory located in Southwest Asia and North Africa.

Monarchies with strong vestiges of feudal and tribal relations still survive in Southwest Asia, but republics predominate.

In New and recent history Southwest Asia was reflected in the rivalry of the major imperialist powers. They were attracted by the "middle" position of the region on the shortest routes from the metropolises to their large colonial possessions in South and Southeast Asia, and later - the richest deposits oil in this region.

The struggle for strategically important territories was carried out mainly between Great Britain and France.

Chronology:

1875 - British purchase of a stake in the Suet Canal Company (built in 1869 in Egypt).

Aden and Cyprus were turned into British colonies. By the end of the XIX century. Great Britain established its protectorate over a number of territories on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf zone. After the First World War, Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan became British "mandatory" (governed under the "mandate" of the League of Nations), while Syria and Lebanon became French. The League of Nations actually legalized the division of Southwest Asia into spheres of influence.

1919 - as a result of the collapse Ottoman Empire Gained independence Yemen, Hijas and Asir.

1919 - the people of Afghanistan became independent (in 1978 Afghanistan became a republic).

1921 - the Soviet-Iranian treaty of friendship-recognition of Iran was signed (since 1979, the Islamic Republic has been proclaimed).

1923 - Republic of Turkey proclaimed.

1932 - the state of Saudi Arabia was formed (principalities of Nedgid and Hijaz united).

1932 - Iraq gained independence (became a republic in 1958).

1943 - Syria and Lebanon gained independence, and in 1946 Transjordan gained independence (since 1950 Jordan).

1947 - By resolution of the UN General Assembly, the British Mandate for Palestine was canceled.

On the territory of this country, it was decided to create two sovereign states: Arab and Jewish (this issue has not yet been resolved).

In 1948 - the formation of the State of Israel was proclaimed, the State of Palestine was not formed. Israel occupied all the territory allotted for the Arab state (the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948-49, the "six-day war" of 1967). Despite the UN resolution, the Israeli authorities declared Jerusalem the capital of their state. Only in September 1993 was the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration signed, providing for the establishment of temporary self-government in the West Bank of the Jordan River and the Gaza Strip (autonomy).

1961 - Kuwait declared its independence (was a British protectorate).

1960 - the independence of the Republic of Cyprus was proclaimed (since 1974 - about 37% of the territory was occupied by Turkey, which led to the actual division of Cyprus into two separate parts).

1962 - the Arab Republic of Yemen was formed (in 1967, another independent state was formed, the People's Republic of South Yemen, PDRY; and in 1990, both states merged into the Republic of Yemen with its capital in Sana'a).

1970 - Sultanate of Oman (former British colony) established.

1971 - independence is proclaimed in the former British protectorates of Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (formerly Oman).

1978 - was committed coup d'état in Afghanistan. The country was named the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (in November 1987, the former name of the Republic of Afghanistan was returned to it, and in 1992 the country was proclaimed the Islamic State of Afghanistan).

At the end of 1979, by agreement with the country's leadership, Afghanistan was introduced Soviet troops. This illegal act led to the strengthening of the opposition movement, to the extreme aggravation of tension in the country. The United States, Pakistan, Iran and other countries got involved in the conflict in one way or another. By 1986, the Soviet government made a political decision to withdraw troops, and by 1989 the USSR had fulfilled its obligations.

but Civil War in the country continues because of the ongoing deep divisions between the Afghan warring factions.

Colonial-established character state borders, religious ethnic and other disagreements still give rise to border conflicts, armed clashes and wars: 1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1982. Israeli aggression and wars against neighboring Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon),

1980-88 - Iran-Iraq war,

1979-95 - War in Afghanistan

1990-91 - Iranian aggression against Kuwait.

Table 3

political map Southwest Asia

The country	Area thousand km 2	population people	Political system	Capital
Afghanistan (Islamic State of Afghanistan, IGA)	652,9	17,3	republic	Kabul
Bahrain (State of Bahrain)	0,69	0,6	a constitutional monarchy	Manama
Israel (State of Israel)	14,1*	5,1	republic	Tel Aviv
Jordan (Kingdom of Jordan)	89,4	3,5	a constitutional monarchy	Amman
Iraq (Republic of Iraq)	434,9	20,3	republic	Baghdad
Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran)	1648,0	59,0	republic	Tehran
Yemen (Republic of Yemen)	533,0	12,0	republic	Sana'a
Qatar (State of Qatar)	11,4	0,4	absolute monarchy	Doha
Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	9,2	0,7	republic	Nicosia
Kuwait (State of Kuwait)	17,8	2,0	a constitutional monarchy	El Kuwait
Lebanon (Lebanese Republic)	10,4	3,3	republic	Beirut
Emirates (UAE) United Arab	78,6	2,0	monarchy (federal state of seven emirates)	Abu Dhabi
Oman (Sultanate of Oman)	300,4	1,6	absolute monarchy	Muscat
Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)	2150,0	18,0	absolute theocratic monarchy	Riyadh
Syria (Syrian Arab Republic,CAP)	185,2	13.4p	republic	Damascus
Turkey(Republic of Turkey)	749,4	59,9	republic	Ankara
* Within the limits determined by the decision of the UN General Assembly in 1947.

South Asia.

The region includes seven countries of the Eurasian continent, located south of the Himalayas on the Hindustan peninsula and on the nearest islands in Indian Ocean, with a population of over 1 billion people.

The countries of South Asia have a significant historical commonality of development. In the pre-capitalist era, there were numerous slave-owning and feudal states, some of them had a high level for their time. socio-economic state of the art.

With the strengthening of capitalism in Europe, interest in India sharply increased, beckoning with its legendary wealth. The Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama in 1948 opened the sea route (around Africa) from Europe to India and other countries of the region and laid the foundation for colonial conquests.

Since the 17th century began a fierce competition for colonial domination between Portugal, the Netherlands, England and France.

The victory was for England in the middle of the XIX century. the largest of the colonies, British India, emerged. In Ceylon, the British also replaced the former owners, the Portuguese and the Dutch.

Great Britain established its protectorate over the principalities of Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim, located in the Himalayas, as well as over the sultanate in the Maldives.

The national liberation struggle of the conquered peoples was brutally suppressed (the Sinai uprising in India in 1857-59 and others).

Of all the states of South Asia, only Nepal has been a formally sovereign state since 1923 (before that it was under the British protectorate), but it gained independence after an armed uprising in 1950-51.

After the Second World War, the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism also affected South Asia.

1947 - two dominion states, the Indian Union and Pakistan, were created (partition according to religious principle). The migration of peoples was accompanied by an increase in religious strife, which continues to this day (the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, etc.).

In 1950 - the Republic of India was proclaimed, in 1956 - the Republic of Pakistan (Western and East), in 1971 - the independent state of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was formed on the site of East Pakistan.

In 1965, the independence of the sultanate in the Maldives was proclaimed (since 1968 - the Republic of Maldives).

1972 - Republic of Sri Lanka proclaimed.

India is one of ancient countries peace. For almost 200 years it was a colony of Great Britain, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic. India is a member of the UN, part of the Non-Aligned Movement. There are complex relations between India and Pakistan.

The history of another country in this region - the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) is very complex (as a colony of Portugal, the Netherlands, and later - Great Britain). In 1948, the country gained independence, and since 1972 it has been proclaimed the Republic of Sri Lanka. Importance all countries in this region attach membership to the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Non-Aligned Movement.

Table 4

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ASIA

Foreign Asia is extraordinarily attractive: - diverse, exotic nature, - history with its numerous historical monuments, - ethno-confessional features of Asian peoples. It was in Asia that many centers of ancient civilizations were located.

On the territory of foreign Asia, a tourist can get acquainted with many natural areas: from the equatorial forests of Indonesia

to the temperate deserts of northwestern China and Mongolia.

In different countries and regions, monuments dating back millennia:

Buddhist, - Jewish, - Muslim, - Christian and other cultures.

Asian countries are inhabited by representatives of the Mongoloid and Caucasoid races, speaking a wide variety of languages and dialects.

In Asia, there are the highest mountain systems in the world, and among them the Himalayas, where the highest peaks of the Earth are concentrated.

There are areas in Asia

Long and widespread tourism (Middle East, India),

Areas where the tourist boom has begun in recent years (countries of Southeast Asia).

The level of development of tourist infrastructure is also different.

Natural, historical, cultural, ethno-confessional attractiveness, developed tourist infrastructure form tourist and recreational zones and regions of Asia.

Political conjuncture, acute conflicts in many Asian countries and regions repel tourists from Asian regions.

All this makes the tourist map of overseas Asia very colorful.

It can reveal five touristrecreational areas:

Southwest Asia- includes 4 macrodistricts:

1. Turkey and Cyprus,

2. Palestine (Israel),

3. Arab states (Middle East) - (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia),

4. Middle East (Iran and Afghanistan).

South Asia– includes 4 macrodistricts

1. India (the territory of India (outside the Himalayas) and Bangladesh),

2. Pakistan,

3. Himalayan (mountainous regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan),

4. Bangladesh and the island state (on the island of Ceylon) Sri Lanka.

Southeast Asia- includes 2 macrodistricts:

1. Continental (Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Malaysia - part of which lies on the islands),

2. Island (Indonesia and Philippines)

East Asia- is divided into 4 tourist macro-districts:

1. Japan,

2. Korean region (DPRK and the Republic of Korea),

3. Northeast and East China,

4. Southern China (with Taiwan)

central Asia- is divided into 3 macro-districts:

1. Western China,

3. Mongolia.

southwest asia

Includes states of the Near and Middle East with ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture.

The exception is Israel- a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines.

City of Jerusalem - shrines of three religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Attracts pilgrims,

Sets the stage for constant sharp conflicts

which also affects the scale of tourism.

In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by:

Warm sea (especially the Mediterranean, washing the coast

Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel),

Favorable for recreation subtropical climate.

Ancient cities or their ruins,

Numerous cities with their historical and cultural heritage. Among them:

Istanbul, Turkey),

Amman (Jordan),

The ancient cities of Lebanon - Baalbek, Saida, as well as the organized tourist center of the country - its capital Beirut,

Nicosia (Cyprus),

Iranian cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shirak, Hamadan.

Afghanistan is interesting for tourism opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them.

As part of Southwest Asia, tourist macrodistricts: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab States (Middle East), Middle East.

1. Turkey and Cyprus They are connected both by their history and modern relations.

Republic Cyprus- an island state in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Member of the European Union since May 1, 2004).

Officially, the territory of the Republic of Cyprus includes

98% of the island of Cyprus (the remaining 2% is occupied by British military bases),

As well as the nearby islands of Agios Georgios, Geronissos, Glukiotissa, Kila, Kiedes, Kordylia and Mazaki.

In reality, after 1974, the island was divided into three parts:

60% of the island's territory is controlled by the authorities of the Republic of Cyprus (populated mainly by Greeks),

38% - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (populated mainly by Turks),

2% - British Armed Forces.

The TRNC is recognized as an independent state by the Republic of Abkhazia, the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (within Azerbaijan) and Turkey.

Muslim Cypriots live in the northern part of Cyprus,

Turkish speakers.

The rest of the island is predominantly Orthodox,

speaking Greek.

The division of Cyprus creates unnecessary tension.

Tourists-resorts have the opportunity

Enjoy the benefits of the Mediterranean

Favorable Mediterranean climate.

Visit low mountain areas

Take baths near mineral springs.

The tourism industry is one of the main items of national income. A significant part of the population is employed in tourism, the profit from tourism is the main source of foreign currency inflow to the budget of the republic. Over the past 4 years, the number of tourists in Cyprus has increased by 29%, and income from tourism - by 40%.

The largest resorts: - Larnaca, - Paphos, - Limassol, - Ayia Napa

Protaras, - Famagusta, - Kyrenia (under the control of the TRNC).

Many beaches in Cyprus have been awarded the Blue Flag of the European Union for environmental cleanliness and infrastructure.

City Nicosia (Levkosha) - the capital and largest city of Cyprus - in the center of the island, divided by the "green line" - the buffer zone m / d southern and northern Cyprus. In Nicosia, tourists inspect:

Selima Mosque, - Hagia Sophia, - 6-meter Venetian column,

The ruins of the fortress wall

Museum with objects of the Bronze Age and masterpieces of historical art;

The second largest city in Cyprus - a seaport Limassol founded in Byzantine times. To the west of it is the British sovereign base of Akrotiri. Near Limosol - the tower of Colossia (the castle of the Order of Ionites - 1454 - one of the most famous castles in Cyprus - was the citadel of various knightly orders - first the Templars, then the Order of the Hospitallers, and from the XIV century the knights of the Order of Malta (St. John) settled here, the head of which is one time was the Russian Emperor Paul I. The surroundings of the castle are the most beautiful citrus plantations, and the fortress itself is famous primarily for its sugar factory).

The beaches of Limassol are covered with dark sand, predominantly of volcanic origin.

Resort Ayia Napa - the center of club life (along with Ibiza) is focused on young people.

For family holidays, Paphos and Protaras serve mainly.

The beaches of Ayia Napa and Protaras are characterized by white sand.

The coast of Paphos is mostly rocky.

City Pathos included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. Close to it is the bay of Aphrodite. According to legend, in this place the goddess of love and beauty was born from sea foam. The ruins of the temples of Aphrodite and Apollo have been preserved

Attractions Cyprus are a mixture of different eras:

The Byzantine castle of Kolossi, where Isaac Komnenos took refuge from the crusaders (Byzantine emperor of Cyprus in 1057-1059, son of Manuel Eroticus Komnenos, approximate emperor Basil II, until he was deposed by Richard I during the Third Crusade)

Church where Richard I the Lionheart married Princess Berengaria of Navarre

Venetian fortresses,

british left hand traffic,

The main attraction in the north of the island is the old walled city. Famagusta - with the medieval Tower of Othello (It was in Famagusta that the main events of Shakespeare's tragedy “Othello” unfolded),

- "ghost town" (the Varosha quarter was the main tourist center in Cyprus before the Turkish invasion in 1974, and then became a "ghost town")

Geographical proximity to a number of Mediterranean countries allows for sea Cruises to Egypt, Israel, the island of Rhodes, Jordan. Cruise liners depart from the seaports of Larnaca and Limassol.

The local population traditionally adheres to Orthodox Christianity. There are many Orthodox churches on the island, Orthodox icons are for sale.

Among the attractions of Cyprus are Orthodox shrines, such as the tomb of St. Lazarus in Larnaca.

Turkey attracts tourists recreants:

Seaside areas (along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for swimming seasons (warm sea, subtropical climate),

Famous Mediterranean resorts (Antalya, Alanya, etc.).

Resorts based on the use of mineral springs (ex. springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines).

Turkey attracts with its historical-culttour values.

Many of them are concentrated on the shores of the Bosphorus in the city of Istanbul (in the past - Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Tsargrad).

The transformation of the Orthodox Byzantine capital into a Muslim city led to a change in the appearance of the city:

Orthodox churches have turned into mosques (there are also many minarets).

The most famous temple is a work of Byzantine architecture Hagia Sophia

Museums, incl. archaeological (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great),

Monuments of civil architecture.

In the XX century. Istanbul has been largely Europeanized.

Other educational tourism centers in Turkey:

Capital Ankara (ancient buildings, the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey, Ataturk (Kemal Pasha);

- Izmir (which is famous for its antiquities and annual fairs);

- Bursa, Adan, Erzurum (with their ancient monuments and mosques).

There are many elements in the east of Turkey natural attraction:

Plateaus and low mountains in the east of the country pass into high-mountainous regions with a well-defined altitudinal zonality (up to the nival zone),

Sacred for Armenians (but located after World War I on the territory of Turkey) Ararat massif, where Noah's Ark ended its journey

Large and very picturesque Lake Van

2. Palestine. This neighborhood includes:

The State of Israel, predominantly Jewish (indigenous and immigrant),

And the Arab territories, which for many decades have been fighting for the creation of an Arab Palestinian state.

The territory of Palestine is rich in historical events.

The first city in the world was discovered in the Jordan Valley - Jericho (“the city of dates”), whose age is seven thousand years. On a large hill, archaeological excavations are underway, which attract the attention of many tourists.

South of the largest city of Palestine, Jerusalem (Jerusalem), is the city of Bethlehem , over which, according to legend, a star lit up at the moment when Jesus Christ was born in a modest manger. A grandiose temple was built here.

Jera salem - a city of three confessions (Jewish, Christian, Muslim)

Historical and cultural monuments:

Jewish Wailing Wall

Christian shrines: - the chapel of the Holy Sepulcher,

Golgotha where Christ was crucified

The rock where he prayed

Many more places associated with evangelical stories

According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Mohammed later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the magnificent Mosque of Omar was built here).

It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN issued a decision on the special status of Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.

Other cities in the region include:

The actual capital of Israel Tel Aviv (although the leadership of the state considers Jerusalem to be the capital, which is not recognized by most states of the world) with its:

Museum of Mediterranean Art "Haaretz"

Art gallery.

There are Korolenko, Zola and others streets.

- Jaffa , numbering several centuries of its existence. Here you can walk along the street: Pushkin, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, Dante, M. Gorky

An even older city Haifa .

In these cities there are historical and cultural objects of previous centuries.

Resorts- marine

On the Mediterranean coast, especially in the area of Natanya and Eilat in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea.

On the coast of the Dead Sea with very high salinity

3. Arab countries. Includes the Middle East or most of Asia Minor (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia). All of these are Muslim Arab states.

With the exception of Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria and Arabia, all countries are arid deserts and semi-deserts. Civilization developed only when irrigation systems were created at the expense of rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater, in oases.

From Ser. 20th century began to produce oil - a modern civilization is being formed

Modern seaside resorts appeared on the shores of the seas.

In the mountains of Lebanon - mountain resorts.

In all countries of the macroregion, many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries

IN Lebanon - one of the earliest human settlements - Baalbek , where saved:

The ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter,

Statues, sculptures of Venus, Bacchus,

Rows of columns and sculptures, stairs.

The city of Saida is one of the ancient settlements in Lebanon.

The capital of country - Beirut, along with the old quarters, is distinguished by modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut - the center of finance and culture.

IN Syria

The ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with monuments of Hellenic art.

The capital of country Damascus attracts with objects of Muslim culture (ex. Omayyad Mosque - one of the most famous shrines of Islam)

IN Iraq

In his capital Baghdad

Nazimiya Mosque, or the Golden Mosque, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes

Many modern buildings stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions.

Away from the capital, located on the banks of the Tigris River, are the ruins of ancient cities: incl. Babylon.

In the north and northeast of Iraq there are summer high mountain resorts.

Despite the tourist attractiveness of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries due to political neststrength limited.

Less interesting othersome Arab countries Middle East: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain - whose economy is based on oil production - are attracted by modern cities.

Saudi Arabia occupies a special place:

The main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are cities associated with the activities of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam - Mecca (with a black stone kaaba)

And Medina

Pilgrimage (Hajj) gives huge income to the country

The city of Jeddah, through which thousands of pilgrims go. There are several historical monuments here, incl. the grave of the first woman, Eve.

UAE

On the northeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula, at the junction of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, there is a small but cozy and modern state - the United Arab Emirates - a fabulous Arab country

This is the charm of the exotic oriental fairy tale,

Western service standards

Country of Arab sheikhs,

Astounding skyscrapers,

The best hotels in the world

first class jewelry stores,

giant malls,

Unforgettable shopping (duty free zone),

White sands of endless beaches

Blooming gardens in the middle of the desert

Sun almost all year round

The bottomless blue of the warm Persian Gulf,

Impressive tour program.

4. Middle East countries - Iran and Afghanistan.

Iran - a country of very diverse nature and ancient history.

Seas and rivers, plains (low and elevated) and high Elburs mountains with Damavend peak (in the north), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs and therapeutic mud.

Monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings)

In the capital Tehran,

The cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin and others.

Currently, due to the difficult international situation of Iran, the flow of tourists is limited. Both external forces and the activity of Islamic fundamentalists contribute to this.

IN Afghanistan - a multinational mountainous country where hostilities are taking place, tourism is impossible these days. Practically inaccessible for tourism:

The harsh but impressive nature of Afghanistan,

Historical and cultural sites in the capital Kabul, in the cities of Herat, Kandahar

One of the most famous tourist sites throughout Asia is Biamin (in this depression at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters there is a rock dug up by hundreds of caves) -

In the rocks - two carved 50-meter statues of Buddha,

And on the hill is the fortress of Shahar-i-Gulgula

The possibilities of the winter resort of Jalalabad are unclaimed,

hunting opportunities,

observation of local ritual holidays.

The video tutorial allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of Southwest Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Southwest Asia, the features of the countries of the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, place in a given subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about one of the main countries of Southwest Asia - Turkey.

Rice. 1. Southwest Asia on the map ()

South Asia- a cultural and geographical region in Asia, including, from a geographical point of view, Transcaucasia, Kopetdag, Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian highlands, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. From a political point of view, Southwest Asia includes the Middle East, Transcaucasia and the Middle East.

Composition:

1. Afghanistan.

2. Bahrain.

6. Israel.

7. Jordan.

8. Kuwait.

12. Saudi Arabia.

14. Turkey.

17. Palestine.

18. Armenia.

According to the form of government Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia are monarchies. According to the form of the administrative-territorial structure, the UAE is a federation.

The most powerful economies in the region are Turkey and Iran. Based on GDP per capita, Qatar is in the lead (almost $100,000).

All countries of Southwest Asia are characterized by the traditional type of population reproduction. It has some of the highest birth rates in the world.

In most countries, the mining industry, agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, oil and gas industry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering. in Turkey, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan is actively developing tourism.

Resources: oil (the largest reserves in the world) and gas, salts, sulfur, non-ferrous metals.

Turkey. The full name is the Republic of Turkey. It was formed in 1923 as a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The main part of the country's territory falls on the Anatolian Peninsula and the Armenian Highlands, the smaller part - on the Balkan Peninsula between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. In 2000, it acquired the official status of a candidate country for membership in the European Union. The capital is Ankara.

Rice. 3. Flag of Turkey ()

The area of the country is 779.5 thousand square meters. km. Part of the territory of Turkey - 97% - is located in Asia and 3% - in Europe. The maximum length of Turkish territory from west to east is 1600 km, from north to south - 600 km.

There are more than 100 types of minerals in Turkey. The country has many types of ore, mining, chemical, fuel and energy raw materials. First of all, chromium, tungsten, copper ores, borates, marble, coal, etc. should be mentioned. Turkey accounts for 25% of the world's mercury reserves.

The share of industry in the country's economy is about 28%, agriculture - 15%, construction - 6%, services - 51%. In the total volume of industrial production, the manufacturing industry has the largest share (84%, including construction). The textile, leather, food, chemical, pharmaceutical industries, energy, metallurgy, shipbuilding, automotive industry and the production of household goods are developed. Tourism is a dynamically developing industry. IN recent decades Tourism plays an increasingly important role in the Turkish economy. Turkey is visited by more than 20 million foreign tourists annually. Most tourists come from Germany, Russia, Iran, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Azerbaijan. According to the Turkish Statistical Office, in 2011 foreign tourists replenished the state budget by $23 billion, up 10.6 percent from the previous year.

Rice. 4. Hotel in Antalya ()

Population. The main population of the country is Turks, in second place in terms of population are Kurds (according to some sources, they are up to 18% within the country), a significant proportion Crimean Tatars, Arabs. Most people in Turkey are Muslim. Religion is separated from the state. Most Big City Turkey - Istanbul, whose population, according to some sources, exceeds 10 million people.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with kit contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. federal portal Russian Education ().

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition standard options real tasks of the Unified State Examination: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in USE format 2011. - M.: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Study guide for geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

7. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

8. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: national education, 2011. - 288 p.

10. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

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