On June 7, commemorative events dedicated to the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the development of virgin and fallow lands in the Orenburg region were held in the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky District.
Sixty years ago, thousands of workers and peasants, hundreds of engineers, agronomists, livestock specialists and other specialists from all over the Soviet Union came to our steppe region.
The first envoys of the Komsomol n about 400 young men and women n arrived in the Novoorsky district in March 1954. In a deserted place, it was necessary to organize and rebuild two new state farms - Iriklinsky and Tanalyksky (in the early 60s, in connection with the reorganization of the districts, the Tanalyksky state farm was transferred to the Kvarken district).
In the same year, 71 thousand hectares of virgin lands were cultivated in the region, including 19,720 hectares at the Iriklinsky state farm and 12,710 hectares at the Tanalyksky state farm. In the first year, 40 DT-54 and S-80 tractors and 20 and 25 trailed combines worked in the field. Two years later, the power supply of the state farm "Iriklinsky" increased three times!
Virgin and fallow lands were also actively developed in state farms already existing in the region. The sown area has expanded significantly: until 1954 it was only 80 thousand hectares, in two years it increased to 173 thousand. In 1956, the Iriklinsky state farm alone handed over to the state 180 thousand centners of grain, which is four times more than the amount handed over by all state and collective farms of the region in 1953. The labor feat of the first virgin lands was highly appreciated by the state, and many of them were awarded orders and medals.
The development of virgin lands in the Kvarken region in 1954 and 1955 only when the planned yield was met made it possible for the collective farms and state farms of the region to receive an additional 3.5 million poods of grain.
Virgin lands were brought into circulation in Adamovsky, Kvarkensky, Svetlinsky, Dombarovsky, Pervomaisky, Novoorsky, Yasnensky, Akbulaksky and a number of other regions.
The most large-scale development of virgin and fallow lands fell on the Adamov lands, it was on them that the virgin epic began, therefore Adamovka is rightfully considered the capital of the Orenburg virgin lands. More than 5 thousand boys and girls arrived on Komsomol vouchers alone to conquer the untouched feather grass steppe. During 1954 and 1955, 7 new state farms were created in the Adamovsky district. In total, 531 thousand hectares of virgin lands were developed. Often the furrows stretched for many kilometers. So, the length of the rut of tractors at the state farm. XIX Party Congress was 20 kilometers.
For merits in the development of virgin and fallow lands, in increasing the production of bread, 4387 people from the Adamovsky district alone were awarded orders and medals, 7 people were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
And in total in the region 44 Heroes of Socialist Labor were brought up by virgin lands, 10 thousand people were awarded orders and medals for their labor feat. In 1956 for success in the development of virgin lands and an increase in grain production Orenburg region was awarded the first Order of Lenin.
And today, Acting Governor Yuri Berg, Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Viktor Zavarzin, Chairman Legislative Assembly of the Orenburg Region Sergey Grachev, Acting First Vice-Governor Sergey Balykin, Acting Vice-Governor-Deputy Chairman of the Regional Government for financial policy Natalya Levinson, Acting Deputy Prime Minister and Minister Agriculture, food and processing industry Mikhail Maslov, members of the regional government and regional departments of federal departments.
With congratulations, Yuri Berg addressed the audience.
- It is a great joy for me to meet people who revived the deserted steppe, with the generation that mastered the virgin lands. Those years that made the Orenburg region a grain granary, a large agricultural land, and a golden ear - an inexhaustible source of abundance and prosperity, have become our worthy biography. Today, the first virgin lands, heroes of labor, those who fed the country with bread to their heart's content, have gathered here. I know many of you personally, and I am proud of this acquaintance. Thank you, dear veterans of the virgin lands!
Leonid Markovich Potekhin told about how the virgin lands were raised.
- We are the older generation, 60 years ago we came to this uninhabited region. We did not know fatigue, we worked with and endured heat and cold, but we fulfilled our duty to the country n We gave Virgin Bread! We were young, daring and just like you, we loved and created families! We raised children and the main asset of the Country is Bread! May life not run out in this harsh land, may FAT FIELDS always grow and there will be bread on the table!
Today, a little more than two thousand virgin lands live in our region, but the traditions laid down by the first virgin lands find a worthy continuation in the deeds and achievements of new generations of rural workers. They develop the agro-industrial potential created by the heroes of the virgin lands, increase the efficiency of agricultural production in the new economic conditions.
Finest hour of virgin land
Reforms and people in the USSR
On August 16, 1956, the USSR adopted a resolution "On the irrigation and development of virgin lands." More than one and a half million people went to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals.
“This is how the leaders of the harvest are honored at the Leninsky virgin sovkhoz” / Photo: Iosif Budnevich
The development of virgin lands on color photographs from the archive of the Ogonyok magazine - in the Kommersant photo gallery. The development of virgin lands began as early as 1954, when there was a shortage of grain in the USSR. 50 thousand Komsomol members from the central part of the country went to the Aktobe region (Kazakh ASSR) to plow the steppe and plant grain crops.
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During the program for the development of virgin lands, more than 45 million hectares of land were plowed and planted with new crops: 25.5 million hectares - in Kazakhstan, in the Trans-Volga region, Siberia and the Urals - 17 million hectares.
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The labor force to provide new lands was attracted from the western part of the USSR. The mobilized Komsomol members were entitled to free travel, allowances of about a thousand rubles. In addition, for 10 years they were provided with a preferential loan in the amount of 20 thousand rubles. for housing construction. For five years, 20 billion rubles have been allocated from the state budget for these purposes.
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In total, 1.7 million people participated in the campaign to develop new agricultural land in 1954-1959.
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“In 1956, the finest hour of the virgin lands struck. The richest harvest was grown in the steppe: instead of the promised 600 million, 1 billion poods of grain were handed over to the state, ”Leonid Brezhnev wrote in the book“ Virgin lands ”.
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In 1956, a record harvest of 125 million tons of grain was harvested in the USSR, half of which was obtained on virgin lands.
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“People have to reckon with natural processes and adapt to them, opposing their fiction to wild nature. But no matter what happened there, and despite all the difficulties, virgin bread remained the cheapest,” wrote Nikita Khrushchev in his memoirs.
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In the virgin areas, leisure activities familiar to young people were organized: clubs, cinemas, libraries.
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To get a quick result and a high yield, virgin lands were fertilized with chemicals. Their consumption, and accordingly, the production in the country has doubled.
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Experts ignored the peculiarities of the climate of the steppe zone - the active use of fertilizers led to frequent dust storms, erosion and loss of soil fertility.
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The sharp outflow of labor from the central part of the USSR had a negative impact on the indicators of agricultural production in these areas. In 1974, the country's authorities declared a "second virgin lands" - this time in the non-chernozem European part of Russia.
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The plowing of giant lands in Kazakhstan has led to a reduction in pastures and hayfields. This affected the traditional branch of agriculture in the region - animal husbandry, which found itself in a crisis in the early 1960s.
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Virgin epic so captured Soviet Union that in 1961 the city of Akmolinsk in Kazakhstan was renamed Tselinograd (now it is the capital of the republic - Astana), in 1963 the Ust-Uysky district Kurgan region was renamed Tselinny.
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About 4 thousand virgin lands were awarded orders and medals, five of them received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
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With all the successes of the virgin lands program, the pioneers did not stay on the developed lands. From 1965 to 2000, only 280,000 people left from 10 virgin regions of the Orenburg region. This is four times more than the number of people who came to the region for agricultural work.
DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN LANDS
A.A. Chibilev, S.V. Levykin, E.A. Semenov
(Geographical atlas of the Orenburg region. M .: ed. dik, 1999. p. 80).
In the fifties of the XX century, the Orenburg region found itself in a zone of large-scale development of virgin and fallow lands. From 1954 to 1963, 1.8 million hectares were plowed up in the region, which is 11% of the total area of virgin lands raised in Russia.
10 out of 35 districts of the region are considered to be conditionally virgin: Adamovsky, Akbulaksky, Svetlinsky, Yasnensky, Dombarovsky, Kvarkensky, Novoorsky, Pervomaisky, Gaysky, Belyaevsky. As a result of the development of virgin lands in the region, a change in the structure of land use took place. The sown area in the virgin areas increased by 3.5 times, including in Adamovsky and Svetlinsky - by 5.5 times.
Over 700 thousand hectares of land were involved in arable land in excess of the originally planned plan. Among the newly plowed lands, about 120 thousand hectares were sandy and sandy loamy lands, 600 thousand hectares were solonetzes, and 500 thousand hectares were erosion-hazardous lands. The plowing of land unsuitable for agriculture, combined with the low culture of grain production, led to a sharp drop in the natural fertility of the soil cover of virgin areas. For 30 years after the beginning of the development of virgin lands, soils have lost from 30 to 50% of humus reserves. The area of land subject to wind erosion has increased 5 times.
The development of virgin lands made it possible to quickly increase grain production, but did not ensure the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex in the region. In lean years (once every 4 years), 15% of the areas experienced a complete loss of crops, and on one third of the areas, the yield did not exceed 2.5 c/ha.
The average yield of grain crops in virgin areas (7-8 centners/ha) was lower than the average regional level (9-10 centners/ha) and significantly lower than in the old developed lands of the region (13-15 centners/ha). In the virgin collective farms of the eastern Orenburg region on saline and eroded soils, the average grain yield is 3-4 q/ha. The low efficiency of virgin farming and the inexpediency of organizing many grain state farms are evidenced by the data that 75% of modern agricultural enterprises in the virgin lands are unprofitable. Capital investments directed to the development of agriculture in the virgin areas eventually transformed into gratuitous loans. Thus, the growth of gross grain production in the Orenburg region was achieved through large financial investments, high production costs, and environmental degradation. Enormous damage was done to the steppe flora and fauna. Dozens of biological species are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including typical steppe inhabitants: bustard and little bustard.
The development of virgin and fallow lands caused a wave of migrations of the population to areas of new agriculture. In the first years of the virgin conscription, 70 thousand immigrants arrived in the Orenburg region, mainly from Ukraine, Central Russia and Belarus. Most of the virgin lands lacked the experience and traditions of steppe agriculture. Severe climatic conditions and an unusual steppe landscape prevented settlers from settling in new lands. The development of virgin lands turned out to be a serious ethnic stress for the indigenous population of the steppe, who were engaged in pastoral cattle breeding. Ecological nostalgia, the instability of the economic well-being of farms, led to reverse migration processes, frequent turnover of the population. From 1965 to 1995, 280,000 people left the virgin areas of the region, which is 4 times more than the number of virgin lands.
The totality of environmental and socio-economic consequences of the development of the Orenburg virgin lands shows that modern structure land use in these areas needs fundamental changes. The essence of these changes is that grain farming with the production of high-quality wheat varieties should be focused on the best soils using efficient agricultural practices and adaptive landscape farming methods. The low-productive arable lands of the virgin regions, where the production of commercial grain is unprofitable, should be transferred to hay and pasture lands. This will make it possible to create in the steppe regions a zone of harmonious combination of sparing agriculture and highly efficient cattle breeding.
Tselinnik Ivan Brovkin on the Orenburg land
Yusupova A.S.
During the development of virgin lands in the USSR, cinema did not stand still. Many films have been made on this topic. One of the famous was the film "Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands." The actions took place in the Orenburg region, in one of the well-known state farms - Komsomolsky. The shooting of the feature film began on August 1, 1958 and lasted 2 months according to the script by Georgy Mdivani. After the soldier Ivan Brovkin, the hero of the film of the same name, “walked” across the screens, the film crew received thousands of letters. The audience asked how Brovkin lives, where he is now. The screenwriter, director and actors of the film decided that it was necessary to look for the demobilized soldier Brovkin in the virgin lands. The heroic work of the virgin lands, the life of new settlers, was the subject of the second series of the film story about Ivan Brovkin. Such a continuation of the film did not come to the director by chance, everything was connected with the ongoing events in the country. Great Patriotic War dealt a heavy blow to the grain economy of the USSR. Therefore, in the first post-war years great attention was given to the restoration of grain crops. However, by the early 1950s. the discrepancy between the existing level of development of grain farming and the country's growing needs for bread became more and more clearly revealed. In 1953, 31.3 million tons of grain were procured in the USSR, and the expenditure on the production supply of the population and other needs amounted to over 32 million tons. State reserves had to be partially used. The country needed bread. Under these conditions, cardinal, decisive and urgent measures were required to solve the grain problem. In the context of food shortages, the issue of developing new lands for a rapid increase in grain production has become of particular relevance. In the early 1950s in the USSR there were large land masses suitable for plowing and sowing crops. In 1953, only in 14 regions of the RSFSR and in 8 regions of the Kazakh SSR, there were up to 40 million hectares of fallow and virgin lands.
Their development could become an important factor in increasing agricultural production. Detachments of land surveyors, soil scientists, and hydrologists moved into the virgin steppes. They, together with the directors and agronomists of state farms and MTS, studied and cut land massifs, searched for water bodies. Only in the Orenburg region, 2 million hectares of virgin land suitable for agriculture were taken into account. The bulk of these lands were located in the eastern and southern regions. The region had the largest areas of virgin and fallow lands in the RSFSR. Based on the data collected, the size of the development of new lands was planned. Locally, however, these plans were often arbitrarily increased. So at the regional party conference held in Orenburg (February 1954), agricultural workers were given the task of plowing not 700 thousand hectares in 2 years, as planned for the region, but not less than a million hectares of virgin and fallow lands. Most of the new land was supposed to be developed with the help of collective farms. However, the most remote areas of virgin lands were to be plowed by state farms, especially new ones. They began to be organized in the spring of 1954. On March 17, 1954, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution on the development of virgin and fallow lands. Eight new grain farms were created in the Orenburg region. One of which was the state farm Komsomolsk. On December 23, 1954, in the boundless steppe expanses of the Adamovsky district, the first peg was hammered with the name "s/s Komsomolsky". This date is the official date of foundation of the economy. Many went to the virgin lands with a great desire to work, but the haste with which its development was being prepared, departmental confusion and lack of necessary funds led to many serious problems, primarily of a material and domestic nature. Immediately after arriving in new areas, new settlers faced enormous difficulties. Often there was simply nowhere to place them. The lack of builders and lack of building materials, lack of transport and other reasons led to the fact that there was little housing in the virgin areas and it was built extremely slowly. It was difficult to distribute the people who came to develop the virgin lands among the local residents, since they themselves were in dire need of housing.
Therefore, virgin lands were placed in the buildings of schools, various regional organizations, in outbuildings and other places. Thus, 320 people from Chelyabinsk who arrived in the Varna region in February 1955 in a 20-degree frost were placed in trailers. The townspeople who arrived in the Ak-Bulaksky district of the Orenburg region were settled in huts. Undoubtedly, it was difficult to work in such conditions. This is what the film is dedicated to, namely the perseverance and work of simple and ordinary virgin lands. But in the script of the film, the life of the virgin lands, of course, is greatly embellished. A separate house for each newcomer, and a bath in the house, and a toilet - this is something from the category of "Potemkin villages" ... The picture was shot on a real virgin lands, at the Komsomolsky state farm in the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region. The state farm "Komsomolsky" is located six hundred kilometers from Orenburg. There was no need for bulky scenery: they filmed real houses and streets, real virgin bread and, most importantly, people who themselves settled in virgin lands. From them, new settlers - virgin lands, artists and directors made their heroes. Life under one roof, work together with the virgin lands enriched the actors, their acting became more authentic and deeper. Suffice it to say that many artists learned to drive tractors, and Brovkin himself - Leonid Kharitonov became a real motorcyclist. A talented actor, Kharitonov again captivates the audience with his charming play, deep penetration into the image of the hero. His Brovkin - the foreman of tractor drivers - is taken directly from life. His new luck the artist, of course, owes much to his work at the state farm, to communication with the living heroes of the virgin lands. People's Artist of the Republic Sinitsin and the director of the state farm where the film was shot, Golovanov turned out to be fellow countrymen, Stalingraders. They knew each other before: Konstantin Alexandrovich Sinitsin once performed with a concert at the MTS near Stalingrad, where Golovanov was the director at that time. Old acquaintances have now met in the Orenburg steppe. We can say that the convincing image of the director of the state farm, created by Sinitsin, was the result of their joint work.
The wonderful actress Tatyana Ivanovna Peltzer charmingly and comically played Ivan's mother. In the second series, her Evdokia Makarovna is even more colorful and multifaceted. Everything in her game is from life: every word, every gesture. The film successfully used amateur performances of youth collectives of the state farm and enterprises of Orenburg. Especially in the wedding scene. Although the dances are not very clear, there is also the beauty of authenticity in this: after all, it is not artists who sing and dance, but ordinary guys and girls, tractor drivers and drivers, painters and milkmaids. In other mass scenes, not extras are also employed, but rural and working youth. The script of the film was as follows - The protagonist Ivan Brovkin (Leonid Kharitonov), after demobilization, arrives in his native village, but is going to go to virgin lands from here. However, his beloved Lyubasha does not want to leave her village for the sake of Brovkin's cherished dream. Endless Orenburg steppe, state farm "Komsomolsky". Spring thaw, rush and bustle of business began plowing ... Brovkin works with a twinkle: hardening, acquired in the ranks, helped Soviet army. The former unlucky became a brigadier. It was he who, in an effort to make the life of new settlers cultural and beautiful, organized a fashion studio at the state farm. Having finished his epic in the merchant fleet, Zakhar Silych (Mikhail Pugovkin) arrives at the state farm. Soon he and Polina (Vera Orlova) played a happy wedding. One Ivan misses being alone, Lyubasha does not even answer his letters. For high performance in work, Ivan was awarded the Order. On vacation, he goes to his native village. Again, throwing an accordion belt over his shoulder, Brovkin came to Lyubasha's house. And the misunderstanding between the lovers ends in complete reconciliation. They go to the farm together. Filming ended, Muscovites returned to the capital. Seeing off the actors, the virgin lands punished them not to forget about new settlers in the future, to create good films about working people. Artists, directors, working groups were awarded certificates of honor for participation in the harvesting of virgin crops in 1958.
Many songs were sung together in the long virgin evenings by the fires of the field camps. Echoes of those songs are now heard in a cheerful, good film "Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands."
The most famous virgin state farm is Komsomolsky. The order of Lenin on the banner, 7 heroes of socialist labor and the film set of the film "Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands". The main street - Orskaya - has not changed much since the filming. Only the decorations were long gone. When it comes to the heroic epic of the development of virgin and fallow lands, including on the territory of our region, middle-aged and older people voluntarily or involuntarily recall the wonderful Soviet film "Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands." It was filmed as a continuation of a cheerful movie story about a young, reckless village boy "Soldier Ivan Brovkin". The further fate of the joker and the merry fellow interested the audience. And where else in the mid-fifties could the authors of the film "send" the restless Brovkin, intending to make a sequel to the film? Of course, all the way. By and large, Ivan Brovkin has become a symbol of the generation of conquerors of the unknown. He, willingly or unwillingly, personified the romance of that time, because hundreds of thousands of boys and girls went to the uninhabited lands in those years to build a new life and give bread to the country. The Komsomolsky state farm in the Adamovsky district was chosen as the location for the filming of the new film. And it was here that, after graduating from the Chkalovsky cooperative technical school, young Vera Sinelnikova came with a group of her friends and colleagues. Then, of course, she could not know that she would take part in the filming of the film. They didn't go for that. As Vera Mikhailovna herself recalls, on one of the August days, when the girls were working on the current, a film crew arrived. It was a curiosity for the village girls to see a mobile movie camera, to hear the command "Motor". But the artists Leonid Kharitonov, Tatyana Peltzer, Vera Orlova, Evgeny Shutov did not at all make the impression of "stars". Simple, smiling and kind people. True, it was not necessary to communicate with them, but they made such an external impression.
And Vera Mikhailovna Fedorova, according to her, got into the film chronicle of the virgin lands epic in this way. They worked, as already mentioned, at the current loading grain. It was here that the girls, pouring an amber scattering onto the conveyor, were recorded by the operator. It is clear that an appropriate scene of mass labor heroism was necessary for the film. Then a group of girls were put in the back of a truck and they went to another work site with songs. Of course, in accordance with the director's intent. In fact, they were engaged in the loading of grain in the following days. In addition to participating in the filming of the legendary movie, Vera Mikhailovna remembers something else with warmth. In particular, a wonderful meeting between the then director of the state farm "Komsomolsky", Hero of Socialist Labor Mikhail Grigoryevich Golovanov and the grain growers. Do not forget the feeling of the greatest pride for your country, for the labor heroism of people, when immeasurable piles of Orenburg wheat, which was already beginning to gain glory, rose on the current. And even everyday inconveniences - they lived in trailers, without light and amenities, all around the steppe, could not overshadow the romance of those days. Of course, this page in life remained unforgettable for Vera Mikhailovna. After harvesting, she was sent to the Grachevsky district, where she worked in her specialty. Returning home, she worked as an instructor in schools in the district committee of the Komsomol. And from 1962 until his well-deserved rest - in the district branch of "Selkhoztekhnika" as an accountant, economist, deputy chief accountant. Like all participants in the development of virgin lands, Vera Mikhailovna is convinced that the labor feat of that generation was not in vain.
film virgin brovkin orenburg
Note
.History of the socialist economy of the USSR. T. 6. M.. 1980. S. 379.
.Economic life of the USSR. Book two. M., 1967. S. 471; CPSU in resolutions ... M., 1985. T. 8, S. 359-391
.RGAE. F. 7803. Op. 6. D. 1125. L. 86.
.A feat on the ground. Orenburg, 1961. S. 16-17; RGAE. F. 7803. Op. 6. D. 1125. L. 86; RGASPI. F. 1. On. 9. D. 298. L. 171; GARF. F. 374. Op. 30. D. 4582. L. 160.
.From the memoirs of the head teacher of the Komsomol secondary school - Tsyupa D.F. (1974)
.RGASPI. F. 1. Op. 9. D. 298. L. 179, 182, 188; D. 328. L. 174; SAOO. F. 2567. Op. 1. D. 244. L. 25.
8.Website. - Cinema. RU. Access mode: #"justify">. Article (Change) Drozdov. V. Ivan Brovkin on virgin soil. SPb.: Nauka. 1959. - February. - From 4.
.Article (State Internet channel "Russia" 2001, 2014. Mass media registration certificate EL No. 77-4929 dated December 4, 2001) A. Volkov Tselina: how are things on Ivan Brovkin Street?. 2004. - February 8.
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1. POST-WAR INDUSTRY RECOVERY
to peaceful work. The Great Patriotic War ended. The Soviet people again engaged in peaceful creative work. Millions of yesterday's soldiers returned from the front and stood at the machines, sat behind the tractors. Plants and factories switched to the production of peaceful products.
The industry of the Chkalovsky region was reorganized in a peaceful way in difficult conditions. During the war years, the equipment of plants and factories was not updated, outdated and worn out. Part of the factories that came to us during the war years had to be reevacuated to the western, liberated regions of the country. Under the leadership of the communists, the working people of the region persistently overcame difficulties. In a short time, machine builders switched to the production of machine tools, construction machines and mechanisms, spare parts for tractors and agricultural machines. A plant for the production of electric motors is being organized in Mednogorsk. The Chkalov saddlery factory, which during the war years produced harness for the cavalry, mastered the production of haberdashery goods.
Years of restoration and creation (1946–1958). In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy for 1946-1950. The task was to restore the affected areas of the country, to reach and significantly exceed the pre-war level of industry and agriculture. In our region, this had to be done mainly from internal sources: the development of socialist emulation, the more productive use of technology, the introduction of advanced labor methods, and a regime of economy.
Orenburg residents actively joined the All-Union socialist competition for the early implementation of the five-year plan. The teams of enterprises competed under the slogan "Five-year plan - in four years!" 636 workers of enterprises in the city of Chkalov have mastered high-speed metal cutting methods based on the experience of the Leningrad turner G. Bortkevich and the Moscow turner P. Bykov. Young people worked with inspiration: every third of the competitors completed 7–10 annual norms in five years. Among them, the planer of the depot st. Orenburg R. Khabibullin gave 20, and the turner of the Buzuluk plant named after. Kuibyshev N. Melentyeva - 9.5 annual norms.
Oil production grew in the region, mainly due to the newly discovered Baitugan and Krasnoyarsk fields. The Yuzhuralnickel plant expanded, a heavy engineering plant was built in Orsk (Yuzhuralmashzavod), and the coke shop of the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant began to produce products.
As a result, the output of industrial products in 1950 increased by 47% in comparison with 1945 and by 3 times in relation to 1940. Light industry output exceeded the pre-war level by 2.5 times. Increased labor productivity. The region took one of the leading places in the country in the production of non-ferrous metals.
In the 50s. the development of the region's economy accelerated. This acceleration became especially noticeable after the XX Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. The Congress became a major milestone in the history of the country, gave powerful impulse liberation from the negative moments in the life of society, generated by the cult of personality of Stalin.
In the fifth five-year plan (1951-1955) the industrial workers of the region were persistently searching for production reserves. At the Avtozapchast plant, there was a struggle for the best use of production assets, during which 85% of the machines were modernized. The collectives of the locomotive repair plant and the garment factory began to fight for the fulfillment of the plan in all respects, for a strict austerity regime. 6–10 each annual plans fulfilled in the five-year plan by 2.5 thousand leaders of the enterprises of the regional center. The Chkalov Knitting Factory was awarded the title of "Excellent Quality Enterprise".
In the sixth five-year plan, which began in 1956, the struggle for economy and frugality is intensified at the enterprises of the region. The team of the Mednogorsk Copper and Sulfur Plant initiated a public review of production reserves. At the tool plant, the production of drills by the plastic deformation method was launched, at Avtozapchasti, the technology of powder metallurgy was mastered, at the machine tool plant - in-line production of cross-planing machines. By switching to fine milling of parts, B. G. Pavlov's team at Yuzhuralmashzavod managed to raise the quality of products and ensure the fulfillment of monthly tasks by 120%.
A bright page in the history of the industrial development of the region was the construction of new gigantic enterprises.
Orenburg decided to tame the river. Ural, which was very shallow in the summer and turned into a formidable element during the days of spring floods. Where the river cut its course in solid rocks, the construction of the Iriklinsky hydroelectric complex began. Construction began in the fifth five-year plan and was completed in 1957. The forty-meter dam rose above the river. The largest in the Urals, the Iriklinskoye reservoir, and the small Iriklinskaya hydroelectric power station appeared. Gone are the devastating spring floods. The industry of the Southern Urals began to be continuously supplied with water.
An important construction site in the region in the 50s. continued to be the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant. Since the construction of the plant proceeded slowly, in August 1954 the bureau of the Chkalovsky regional committee of the CPSU called on the builders to speed up the progress of work and outlined appropriate measures. As a result, in March 1955, blast furnace No. 1 went into operation and produced the first cast iron.
500 communists and 1.5 thousand Komsomol members worked at the facilities of blast furnace No. 2. The construction of the blast furnace was announced by the All-Union shock Komsomol. It was built by 15 main and specialized enterprises of the region. The equipment came from 148 plants and factories of the country. Each city and district of the region had its envoys here. There was a Komsomol construction headquarters, Komsomol youth brigades and posts. They mobilized young people to complete tasks ahead of schedule, and helped eliminate bottlenecks. Blast furnace No. 2 of the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant was one of 7 built in the country in 1958 using high-speed methods. A competition broke out between young builders: whose furnace would produce cast iron first. Construction began in January 1958 and proceeded at an unprecedented pace. On August 27, the first of 7 and 35 days ahead of the government deadline, our blast furnace produced cast iron! The Komsomol Central Committee awarded the house builders with a commemorative Red Banner, the blast furnace was named after the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol. The best builders were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union.
The successes of builders, the achievements of the labor collectives of industrial enterprises ensured high rates of production growth. Profound qualitative shifts have taken place in the structure of the region's industry. Following the blast furnaces at the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant, the Bessemer shop and open-hearth furnace were launched. A shop for grooving machines was built at the Orenburg machine-tool plant and the first stage of Gidropress, the Sintezspirt plant in Orsk, a cryolite plant in Kuvandyk, a cement plant, cellular concrete, reinforced concrete products plants in Novotroitsk. The railway section Buguruslan - Abdulino was electrified. Mechanical engineers have mastered the production of 30 new types of machines and mechanisms.
During the three years of the five-year plan, the region's industry has grown significantly. In 1958, the volume of its production exceeded the level of 1913 by more than 60 times, and compared with 1940, the volume increased by 7 times. Every six days the region produced as much industrial output as the Orenburg province produced in a whole year.
In December 1957, at the request of the workers, the Chkalov region was renamed Orenburg, and Chkalov - Orenburg.
Further development of industry (1959–1970). The sixties are a special time in the formation and development of the modern industry of the Orenburg region. The main emphasis was placed primarily on the further rise of heavy industry and, on this basis, the expansion of light and food industries. During these years, in connection with the obvious crisis phenomena in the national economy, an attempt was made to change the economic methods of management, planning, material incentives. In general, the positive start of a set of economic measures to reform industrial production ran into stiff resistance from the command and control system. And although the reform of the national economy was not developed, the economic results of the Eighth Five-Year Plan were quite high.
The main directions of development of the region's industry were the construction and reconstruction of the Gaisky mining and processing plant, the Orenburg gas complex, the Orsk plant of tractor trailers, the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant.
In this decade, ferrous metallurgy and its flagship, OKhMK, significantly increased production. The largest rolling mill in the country and in Europe "2800" was put into operation here. With its launch, the plant became an enterprise with a complete metallurgical cycle. 3 open-hearth furnaces, two coke batteries, mill "950/800", "Blooming 1120" were put into operation. The output of cast iron increased more than 3 times, steel - 4 times, rolled products - 8 times.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has been developed - nickel mining and ore dressing, copper smelting, processing of non-ferrous metals.
The country needed copper, and in March 1959, the development of the Gai copper-pyrite ore deposit began in the region. The construction of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) was declared a shock All-Union construction project. Settlers, mostly young people, came from many regions and regions of Russia. The whole class arrived in Guy graduates of school number 24 in Orenburg. An important role in the construction of the plant was played by the Komsomol youth headquarters, which was headed by a demobilized foreman of one of the military units Orenburg V.P. Polyanichko is a man of extraordinary destiny and outstanding abilities. In the future, Viktor Petrovich worked in leading Komsomol and party work: in Orsk - the first secretary of the Komsomol city committee, in Orenburg - the secretary of the regional party committee, then in Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Azerbaijan. He was in Afghanistan for three years, being an adviser to the president of that country. On August 1, 1993, being the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, he tragically died while performing a peacekeeping mission in the zone of the Ingush-Ossetian conflict.
The construction of the Gaisky mining and processing plant proceeded in record time. Already on July 11, 1960, the first copper was smelted from Gay ore. Three years after the start of construction, copper ore was already mined in an open pit, although it took 6–7 years in all-Union practice.
In a very short time, the Buruktal nickel-cobalt plant was built on the eastern virgin lands.
Mechanical engineering is one of the leading branches of the region. The share of its products in industrial production amounted to 20%. A high level of specialization has been achieved at the enterprises of the industry. Priority was given to heavy engineering. Basically, the reconstruction of the second largest in the Urals YuUMZ, which produced unique equipment - steel continuous casting plants, was completed. Construction began on the Orsk Tractor Trailer Plant, one of the leading enterprises in the industry.
Due to the reconstruction, introduction of modern equipment and technology, the Uralelectromotor plant increased its output by 3 times.
The chemical and petrochemical industries were developing. The growth rate of gross output increased 4 times, more than 150 varieties of it were produced. The production capacities of the Orsk Oil Refinery named after V.I. Chkalov, Orenburg plant of rubber products, Kuvandyk cryolite, Novotroitsk chromium compounds. In 1970, Buguruslanneft and Buzulukneft produced 7.4 million tons of oil.
Great prospects opened up for the region's economy in connection with the discovery in 1967 of the unique Orenburg gas condensate field. This discovery put the region among the leading regions of the country in terms of gas production. In a short time, the field was arranged and the first stage of the gas plant was built, which in 1970 produced 19.6 billion cubic meters. m of gas, in addition to helium, sulfur, condensate.
The Orenburg steam locomotive repair plant, which was rebuilt for the repair of diesel locomotives, survived a radical reconstruction.
Increased attention to the development of light industry. The largest silk fabric factory in the country is being laid in Orenburg. On the basis of 30 down knitting artels, a down shawl plant was organized in Orenburg. Products of Orenburg down jackets - the successors of the oldest craft in the region - are exhibited and receive appreciated at foreign exhibitions. The factories of the region are mastering the mass production of household refrigerators "Orenburg", "Orsk", washing machines, vacuum cleaners "Uralets".
The electric power industry of the region has reached new frontiers. Iriklinskaya GRES, the largest in the Uralenergo system, with a capacity of 1 million 800 thousand kilowatts, was built on the coast of the Iriklinskoye Sea. The state district power station was supposed to operate on cheap fuels - fuel oil and natural gas. In the eighth five-year plan, the first two power units with a capacity of 300 thousand kilowatts were commissioned.
The construction of the Iriklinskaya GRES and the Sakmarskaya CHPP made it possible to significantly increase the consumption of electricity by industry and construction sites. The power-to-weight ratio of labor per worker in industry in 1955 was 3.2 kW. hours, and in 1969 - 9.8 kW. h. In 1970, 5179.1 million kW were produced. hours of electricity.
Labor productivity in industry over this decade increased by 52%, iron smelting - 3.1 times, steel - 5.8 times. The gross industrial output of the region in 1970 increased 21 times compared to 1940.
However, the efficiency of industry would have been much higher if the reform begun in 1965-1966 had not been curtailed by the central authorities. And although at the end of the eighth five-year plan (1965-1970) of the 360 main enterprises of the region, 300 worked in the "new conditions", economic situation they were little different from before. The main part of the profits received from industrial enterprises was transferred to the ministries. The existing economic system became a brake on the development of the country's industry.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN AND FALLOW LANDS
Prerequisites. The beginning of the democratization of society, overcoming the consequences of the cult, reforming the economic system and management were combined with the implementation of major plans in the field of industrial and agricultural development.
It was necessary to feed the people, starving during the war and devastation. The experience of history prompted to blow. The United States provided a giant leap in its development, thanks to the development of land in the West.
Russia has long been increasing its potential at the expense of the eastern lands. Starting from the 18th century, spontaneous people's migrations to the regions of the Urals and Siberia led to a gradual increase in agricultural production.
P. A. Stolypin made an attempt to mass resettlement of peasants to the east. Tragic was the fate of hundreds of thousands of migrants who, ruined, returned back. Only a part of the peasants took root in the new lands and rose to their feet.
During the period of Stalinist collectivization, tens of thousands of peasants were "dispossessed" and moved to the eastern regions of the country. However, the vast territories of Siberia, the Urals and Kazakhstan remained untouched.
In August-September 1953, urgent measures were taken to boost agriculture. The agricultural tax has been sharply reduced by 2.5 times, debts from collective farms have been written off, taxes on personal plots and sales on the market have been reduced, and purchase prices for agricultural products have been raised.
The development of virgin and fallow lands was carried out on the basis of the decisions of the February-March (1954) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On a further increase in grain production in the country and on the development of virgin and fallow lands." The pioneers with their heroic labor transformed the vast steppe region.
Orenburgers in the struggle for virgin bread. Our Orenburg (then Chkalov) region became one of the areas for the development of virgin and fallow lands. Already in the period of preparation for the February-March Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the possibilities of the region in the development of virgin and fallow lands were determined. The main virgin lands had to be developed in Adamovsky, Kvarkensky, Novoorsky, Akbulaksky districts. The Plenum of the Chkalovsky regional party committee, held on March 24, 1954, having discussed the resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU of March 2, 1954, set the task of developing 1 million hectares of virgin and fallow lands in the region, provided for a system of measures to ensure the fulfillment of this task.
First furrow |
In September, in order to effectively develop the virgin lands, the bureau of the regional committee of the CPSU decided to build a narrow-gauge railway in the main region of the virgin lands - Adamovsky.
A powerful stream of volunteers rushed to our region to develop virgin lands. Already by February 1955, 11 thousand people arrived in the region. A stream of modern agricultural machinery was sent to the virgin lands. In 1956 alone, the region received 6,000 combines, 4,000 motor vehicles, and more than a thousand tractors. At that time, 11 new state farms were created on the virgin lands of the Chkalov region.
In 1956, on the basis of the development of virgin and fallow lands, grain production was sharply increased, which made it possible to hand over 153 million poods of grain to the state. Our region was the first in the country to fulfill the grain procurement plan.
The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the Chkalovsky region said: “For outstanding achievements in the development of virgin and fallow lands, the major successes achieved by the working people of the Chkalovsky region in increasing grain production, and the fulfillment of the obligations assumed to hand over 150 million poods of grain to the state, award the Chkalovsky region Order of Lenin. Then only one Adamovsky district handed over to the state 29 million poods of grain (in the past, before the development of virgin lands in best years the district rented no more than 1.5 million poods). The savings received during this year fully paid off the state's expenses for the development of virgin lands in this area. In three years he delivered three times more bread than in the previous thirteen years.
Overcoming difficulties. Documents of those years and participants in the events tell not only about the heroic everyday life, but also the difficulties that the virgin lands encountered at first. The cold days were still standing, and they lived in tents, there was no water supply, there were not enough canteens, newspapers and magazines arrived very late. Bread was brought from afar. Gradually, life settled down. Bakeries, canteens, bathhouses, hospitals and schools were built, water supply was established, houses of culture and clubs were opened. In 1954 alone, 27 boarding schools operated in virgin lands, 12 new schools were built, and in 1955-1956. 18 of them have already entered service.
By January 1960, a wide network of clubs operated at virgin state farms. 19 hospitals and 8 feldsher-obstetric stations were opened. In the village of Adamovka, a local history museum was created.
Many material and domestic difficulties were to some extent compensated for by the universal care and love that surrounded the virgin lands: they were visited by artistic teams from Moscow and Leningrad, Orenburg and Orsk. Hundreds of propaganda teams, lecturers came here to contribute to the common cause. Everywhere Komsomol organizations collected libraries, musical instruments, sports equipment; and all this went to the virgin lands in an increasing stream.
For 5 years, the costs of organizing new state farms in the virgin lands in our region have more than paid off. From 1954 to 1962, 1783.5 thousand hectares of virgin and fallow lands were developed in the Orenburg region. Thanks to this, the production of grain and its delivery to the state increased sharply. So, if for 1949-1953. the region handed over and sold to the state 213 million poods of grain, then from 1956 to 1960 - 673 million poods, or almost 3 times more. In 1962, the region filled the bins of the state with 180 million poods of grain, 80 million of them from virgin and fallow lands.
The development of virgin and fallow lands was associated with miscalculations and mistakes. Excessive plowing of massifs, sometimes not suitable for grain production, was allowed. This happened not only at the command "from above", but also for the sake of a report. Solving the problem of a sharp increase in grain production in the region, party and Soviet bodies, the leadership of state farms paid little attention to the prevention of soil erosion. This affected later and required significant measures to prevent its degradation. In terms of the percentage of plowed land, the Orenburg region occupies one of the first places in Russia, and this has reduced pastures for livestock. Already by the beginning of the sixties, from some plots of land in the Adamovsky district, they received scanty crops - up to 2.2 centners per hectare. In 1964, part of the crops in this area were covered with sand, which moved from one field to another.
It must be taken into account that the development of virgin lands took place in a zone of risky agriculture, where droughts periodically recurred; the remoteness of these areas from consumers also affected, which increased transport tension.
In addition, insufficient attention was paid to social and living conditions. Even by the beginning of the 60s, there was an acute housing problem here - there were only 4 square meters per person. m of housing. Sowing in the virgin lands was not always carried out with varietal seeds, and due attention was not paid to improving the culture of agriculture. Achieved in 1954–1958 progress has not been secured.
Results. The result of the development of virgin lands in our region was the following: 11 largest modern state farms were created in the eastern regions, dozens of new schools, hospitals, clubs were built, the Shilda-Ozernaya railway was built, high-voltage power lines were laid, but the main thing is that these areas are still are leading in the production of grain products in the Orenburg region. In Adamovsky, Kvarkensky and Svetlinsky districts for 1986-1990. 686 thousand tons of grain were received, or almost a sixth of all produced in the region.
Over the past years, the role of these regions in the production of meat and wool has become noticeable.
The conquest of virgin lands was a major step in increasing agricultural production in the Orenburg region.
The country highly appreciated the work of grain growers, conquerors of virgin lands in the Orenburg region. Over 6 thousand virgin lands were awarded orders and medals, and 18 of the most distinguished were awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE
Education and science. In the 60s. began the transition to universal secondary education. The network of schools grew, the contingent of students and teachers increased. In 1970/71 academic year in the region there were 448 secondary, 676 incomplete secondary, more than a thousand primary and 115 schools for working youth.
Dedurovskaya high school and collective farm. Kirov were the first in the country to become laureates of the Lenin Komsomol Prize for success in the labor education of students.
Along with factory forms grows state system training of personnel in modern working professions.
New educational buildings and student hostels for agricultural, medical, pedagogical institutes. The Orsk Pedagogical Institute was opened, the opening of an independent Orenburg Polytechnic Institute was being prepared, branches of other universities were working. In the 1970/71 academic year, 17.4 thousand students studied at the region's universities, including 9.8 thousand full-time students.
Scale up scientific research. They are conducted by university scientists, employees of research institutions, and production workers. Questions of history, economy, geography and culture of our region are studied by scientists of the Pedagogical Institute, the main ways and prospects for the growth of agricultural production - by scientists of the Agricultural Institute.
The team of the Scientific Research Institute of Dairy and Meat Cattle Breeding has bred a new, Kazakh white-headed breed of beef cattle. In the fourth five-year plan, the Orsk nickel workers were twice awarded State Prizes for the improvement of nickel production technology. They were awarded to engineers E. P. Petrov, N. F. Uspensky, L. L. Chermak, director of the plant S. M. Tepikin. For the creation of a new rolling mill "850/700/500", the chief engineer of Yuzhuralmashzavod B. Yu. Kulik became a laureate of the Lenin Prize. Scientists, designers, engineers and workers have created dozens of new high-performance and economical machines and mechanisms. Among them are steel-smelting converters, steel-pouring ladles, continuous casting plants, hydraulic presses, metal-cutting and drilling machines, etc.
Culture. In the post-war years, the construction of cultural institutions was carried out on a large scale. In Orenburg, the construction of a new building for a drama theater was completed, a musical comedy theater was built, in Novotroitsk - the Palace of Culture of Metallurgists. In 1954 a planetarium was opened in Orenburg.
In 1956, a regional exhibition of the national economy was opened in Orenburg in a specially constructed building. In its pavilions, the achievements of grain growers and livestock breeders are shown, best cars and products of Orenburg plants and factories, tells about the achievements of culture.
The number of libraries grew, the press, cinema, and radio broadcasting developed. After the war in Orenburg in 1945-1946. the network of libraries has been completely restored. There were 7 of them in the city, three of which (named after Yamashev, named after Nekrasov and Kaganovichi district) were opened for the first time. The largest of all was the library. N. K. Krupskaya. Since 1961, when a television center was built in Orenburg, regular broadcasts of Orenburg television began.
The cinema network of the region was also restored. By January 1, 1948, compared to 1940, it had grown by 213 cinema installations. There were 8 cinemas in Orenburg. At that time, there were such films as “Certificate of Maturity”, “Meeting on the Elbe”, “Village Doctor”, “In the Name of the Law”, etc. In January 1950, the film “Battle of Stalingrad” was shown in the cinemas of Orenburg, watched over 20 thousand people.
The spiritual culture of the Orenburgers was enriched. There were 5 professional theaters in the Orenburg region: Orenburg, Buguruslan, Orsk drama, musical comedy and puppet theaters; there were also 12 folk theaters, musical and dance groups. Theaters after the war were forced to work on self-sufficiency, which, of course, was beyond the power of most of them. They were unprofitable, although they worked not only at the hospital, but also actively toured. For example, the Chkalovsky Theater of Musical Comedy traveled to Orsk in 1946, gave 56 performances, which were attended by 26 thousand people, and the puppet theater during the harvest and sowing season in different parts of the region showed 71 performances, delighting 16 thousand collective farmers.
Regional Drama Theatre. Gorky in the late 40s and 50s was a strong creative team, one of the best peripheral theaters in the country. Honored Artist of the RSFSR M. A. Kulikovsky, Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR and Uzbek SSR Yu. S. Ioffe, Honored Artist of the RSFSR; directors - Honored Artist of the RSFSR I. F. Shcheglova, M. Nagli, Honored Artist of the RSFSR I. V. Ageev, Honored Artist of the RSFSR A. Ya. Sadovskaya and others.
The pinnacle of theatrical activity during this period was the tour of the Chkalovsky Drama Theater from August 12 to September 12, 1955 in Moscow. The Chkalovites showed 8 plays to the audience, including "At the Command of the Heart", "Love of Anya Berezko", "Summer Residents", "Emelyan Pugachev" and others. The tour was opened with a performance dedicated to virgin lands, "At the Command of the Heart". Muscovites waited with interest for this play. This theme did not yet have a stage embodiment. The performance was highly appreciated by the metropolitan audience. The performances "Love of Anya Berezko", "Wild Woman", "Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich" were noted by the press and theatrical community. During the tour, 48 performances were shown instead of 36 planned. For the Orenburg theater, this was a serious creative exam, which ended successfully. In Moskovskaya Pravda on September 8, 1955, one could read: “Creative independence has affected literally everything: in the choice of repertoire, in directing searches, in many outstanding works.”
The Regional Theater of Musical Comedy also enjoyed popularity and appreciation among the audience. In the repertoire of the theater 1947-1950 there were 7 Soviet comedies and 3 classical Viennese operettas by Lehar, Kalman, Offenbach. Artists V. Braslavsky, E. Charlin, L. Lidarskaya, L. Kurovskaya, B. Kazansky, E. Zaitseva and others worked in the theater team.
Each season the theater updated its repertoire. In 1952, 7 new productions were completed, 296 performances were shown, and in 1953 - 365, which were attended by 170.5 thousand spectators.
The puppet theater, unlike others, did not experience hard pressure on the repertoire. He staged mainly performances for the little ones. Among them were the famous "Kashtanka" by Chekhov, "The Cat's House" by Marshak, "The Unbearable Elephant" by Kipling, as well as folk tales.
At that time, the puppet theater was mobile. He huddled in a tiny room in the Teacher's House and was forced to rehearse in the hallway. The artists themselves prepared scenery and puppets, put up posters. However, despite the difficulties, the theater not only did not reduce the quality of its productions, but also managed to prove its viability and creative growth. The theater did not have a base, in the summer the troupe worked in a booth in the market and in pioneer camps, in the winter they regularly toured the cities and districts of the region. In 1954, when the country began to develop virgin lands, the puppet theater was the first to go to the spectators-new settlers. In 1955, the puppeteers performed 425 performances, 117 of them in the virgin lands and villages, 308 in regional centers, workers' settlements and cities of the region.
In the regional center at the Philharmonic there was a Tatar troupe. At least 180–200 performances based on plays by famous classical playwrights G. Kamal, M. Faizi and others were shown to the audience every year.
In 1950, there were 3 local history museums in the region: Chkalovsky, Buguruslansky and Orsky. Buzuluksky began his activity on November 1, 1954.
The oldest and richest in terms of the number of exhibits was the Chkalovsky Regional Museum of Local Lore, which did not have a permanent building until May 18, 1946, when the decision of the executive committee of the Chkalovsky Regional Council of Deputies determined its final location - in the building on the street. Soviet, 38. The museum had three departments: historical, nature and socialist construction. In 1947, 57 thousand people got acquainted with its exhibits. The number of visitors increased from year to year.
In 1956, after the 20th Party Congress, great changes took place in the country. They also affected the museum. In connection with the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU on overcoming the consequences of the personality cult of Stalin, the exhibits that praised the leader began to be withdrawn and replaced with new ones.
There were 26 children's music schools in the region, where more than three thousand children studied. In 1958, the now widely known Orenburg Russian Folk Choir was created, in which not only talented musicians and performers worked, but also composers D. Gendelev, V. Laptev, A. Tsibizov, S. Turin, Yu. Eirich, V. Zaitsev . The Theater of Musical Comedy worked very closely with the composer Gendelev, who wrote the music for the performances "The Fiery Bridge", "Port Arthur"; in collaboration with the writer A. Gorbachev, they created the play "Under a Lucky Star".
Creative success marked the work of writers and artists of the region. The novels "Riga Bastion", "Seventh Passage", "Faceted Time" by B. Burlak, the novels "The Wonderful Doctor", "The Village Teacher" and the novel "The Village Doctor" by A. Gorbachev, the novels "Officers" and "Speed" are widely known to readers. A. Rybin, lyrics by A. Wozniak, M. Trutnev and others.
Orenburg residents remembered the paintings by local artists N. Ledyaev, N. Eryshev, Sh. Mukhamedzyanov, sculptures by N. Petina. In their works, they portrayed the heroes of our time: builders, production innovators, conquerors of virgin lands, sang beauty native land. In 1957, the Artist's House was built in Orenburg. It houses the creative workshops of artists and at the same time displays their paintings. In the summer of 1962, the Museum of Fine Arts was opened in Orenburg.
Literature
- "History of the Native Land". Textbook for 8-10th grades of secondary school. Chelyabinsk, South Ural book publishing house, 1988. 176 p. from ill.
- "The Order-bearing Orenburg region". Chelyabinsk. South Ural book. publishing house, 1968. 392 p.
