Are you tired of the neighbors' too loud music or just want to make some interesting electrical device yourself? Then you can try to build a simple and compact electromagnetic pulse generator that can disable electronic devices nearby.

An EMP generator is a device capable of generating a short-term electromagnetic disturbance that radiates outward from its epicenter, disrupting the operation of electronic devices. Some bursts of EMP occur naturally, such as in the form of an electrostatic discharge. There are also artificial EMP bursts, such as a nuclear electromagnetic pulse.

IN this material it will be shown how to assemble an elementary EMP generator using commonly available items: a soldering iron, solder, a disposable camera, a push button switch, insulated thick copper cable, enameled wire, and a high-current lockable switch. The presented generator will not be too strong in power, so it may not be able to disable serious equipment, but it can affect simple electrical appliances, so this project should be considered as a training project for beginners in electrical engineering.

So, first, you need to take a disposable camera, for example, Kodak. Next, you need to open it. Open the case and find a large electrolytic capacitor. Do this with rubber dielectric gloves so as not to get an electric shock when the capacitor is discharged. When fully charged, it can be up to 330 V. Check the voltage on it with a voltmeter. If there is still a charge, then remove it by closing the capacitor leads with a screwdriver. Be careful, when closing, a flash will appear with a characteristic pop. After discharging the capacitor, pull out the circuit board on which it is installed and find the small on/off button. Unsolder it, and solder your switch button in its place.

Solder two insulated copper cables to the two pins of the capacitor. Connect one end of this cable to a high current switch. Leave the other end free for now.

Now you need to wind the load coil. Wrap the enameled wire 7 to 15 times around a 5 cm round object. Once the coil is formed, wrap it with duct tape for added security while using it, but leave two wires protruding to connect to the terminals. Use sandpaper or a sharp blade to remove the enamel coating from the ends of the wire. Connect one end to the capacitor terminal and the other end to a high current switch.

Now we can say that the simplest electromagnetic pulse generator is ready. To charge it, simply connect the battery to the appropriate pins on the PCB with the capacitor. Bring a portable electronic device that you don't mind near the coil and press the switch.

The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is due to the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR is manifested primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. Communication, signaling and control lines are the most vulnerable. In this case, insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, etc. can occur.

HISTORY OF THE ISSUE AND THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF EMR

In order to understand the complexity of the problems of the threat of EMP and measures to protect against it, it is necessary to briefly consider the history of the study of this physical phenomenon and the current state of knowledge in this area.

The fact that a nuclear explosion would necessarily be accompanied by electromagnetic radiation was clear to theoretical physicists even before the first test of a nuclear device in 1945. During the nuclear explosions carried out in the late 50s and early 60s in the atmosphere and outer space the presence of EMR was recorded experimentally. However quantitative characteristics impulses were measured insufficiently, firstly, because there was no control and measuring equipment capable of registering extremely powerful electromagnetic radiation that existed for an extremely short time (millionths of a second), and secondly, because in those years only electrovacuum devices that are little affected by electromagnetic radiation, which reduced interest in its study.

The creation of semiconductor devices, and then integrated circuits, especially digital technology devices based on them, and the widespread introduction of funds into radio-electronic military equipment forced military specialists to assess the EMP threat differently. Since 1970, issues of weapons protection and military equipment from EMP began to be considered by the Department of Defense as having the highest priority.

The EMP generation mechanism is as follows. At nuclear explosion gamma and x-rays are produced and a stream of neutrons is formed. Gamma radiation, interacting with the molecules of atmospheric gases, knocks out of them the so-called Compton electrons. If the explosion is carried out at a height of 20-40 km., Then these electrons are captured by the Earth's magnetic field and, rotating relative to lines of force This field creates currents that generate EMP. In this case, the EMP field is coherently summed towards the earth's surface, i.e. The Earth's magnetic field plays a role similar to a phased antenna array. As a result of this, the field strength sharply increases, and, consequently, the EMP amplitude in the areas to the south and north of the explosion epicenter. The duration of this process from the moment of explosion is from 1 - 3 to 100 ns.

At the next stage, lasting approximately from 1 μs to 1 s, EMR is created by Compton electrons knocked out of molecules by multiply reflected gamma radiation and due to the inelastic collision of these electrons with the neutron flux emitted during the explosion.

In this case, the EMR intensity turns out to be approximately three orders of magnitude lower than in the first stage.

At the final stage, which occupies a period of time after the explosion from 1 s to several minutes, EMP is generated by the magnetohydrodynamic effect generated by disturbances magnetic field Earth conductive fireball explosion. The EMR intensity at this stage is very small and amounts to several tens of volts per kilometer.

The greatest danger to electronic equipment is the first stage of EMP generation, at which, in accordance with the law electromagnetic induction due to the extremely fast increase in the pulse amplitude (the maximum is reached at 3–5 ns after the explosion), the induced voltage can reach tens of kilovolts per meter at the level of the earth's surface, gradually decreasing as it moves away from the epicenter of the explosion.

The amplitude of the voltage induced by EMR in conductors is proportional to the length of the conductor located in its field, and depends on its orientation relative to the intensity vector electric field. Thus, the EMR field strength in high-voltage power lines can reach 50 kV / m, which will lead to the appearance of currents in them with a power of up to 12 thousand amperes.

EMP is also generated during other types of nuclear explosions - air and ground. It has been theoretically established that in these cases its intensity depends on the degree of asymmetry of the spatial parameters of the explosion. Therefore, an air explosion is the least effective in terms of EMP generation. The EMP of a ground explosion will have a high intensity, but it will decrease rapidly as you move away from the epicenter.

Since low-current circuits and electronic devices normally operate at voltages of several volts and currents up to several tens of milliamps, for their absolutely reliable protection from EMP, it is necessary to ensure a decrease in the magnitude of currents and voltages in cables, up to six orders of magnitude.

POSSIBLE WAYS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF EMP PROTECTION

The ideal protection against EMP would be the complete shelter of the room in which the radio-electronic equipment is located with a metal screen. At the same time, it is clear that in practice it is impossible to provide such protection in a number of cases, since For the operation of the equipment, it is often necessary to provide its electrical connection with external devices. Therefore, less reliable means of protection are used, such as conductive mesh or film coverings for windows, honeycomb metal structures for air intakes and vents, and contact spring pads placed around the perimeter of doors and hatches.

A more complex technical problem is considered to be protection against EMP penetration into equipment through various cable glands. A radical solution to this problem could be the transition from electrical communication networks to fiber-optic networks that are practically not affected by EMR. However, the replacement of semiconductor devices in the entire spectrum of their functions by electron-optical devices is possible only in the distant future. Therefore, at present, filters, including fiber filters, as well as spark gaps, metal oxide varistors and high-speed Zener diodes, are most widely used as means of protecting cable glands.

All of these tools have both advantages and disadvantages. So, capacitive-inductive filters are quite effective for protection against low-intensity EMI, and fiber filters protect in a relatively narrow range of microwave frequencies. Spark gaps have a significant inertia and are mainly suitable for protection against overloads that occur under the influence of voltages and currents induced in the casing aircraft, instrument casing and cable sheath.

Metal oxide varistors are semiconductor devices that sharply increase their conductivity at high voltage. However, when using these devices as a means of protection against electromagnetic radiation, one should take into account their insufficiently high speed and deterioration in performance under repeated exposure to loads. These shortcomings are absent in high-speed Zener diodes, the operation of which is based on a sharp avalanche-like change in resistance from a relatively high value to almost zero when the voltage applied to them exceeds a certain threshold value. In addition, unlike varistors, the characteristics of Zener diodes do not deteriorate after repeated exposure to high voltages and switching modes.

The most rational approach to the design of EMI protection for cable glands is the creation of such connectors, the design of which provides for special measures that ensure the formation of filter elements and the installation of built-in zener diodes. Such a solution contributes to obtaining very small values ​​of capacitance and inductance, which is necessary to provide protection against pulses that have a short duration and, therefore, a powerful high-frequency component. The use of connectors of a similar design will solve the problem of limiting the weight and size characteristics of the protection device.

Faraday cage- a device for shielding equipment from external electromagnetic fields. It is usually a grounded cage made of a highly conductive material.

The principle of operation of the Faraday cage is very simple - when a closed electrically conductive shell enters an electric field, the free electrons of the shell begin to move under the influence of this field. As a result, opposite sides of the cell acquire charges whose field compensates for the external field.

The Faraday cage only protects against an electric field. A static magnetic field will penetrate inside. A changing electric field creates a changing magnetic field, which in turn creates a changing electric field. Therefore, if a changing electric field is blocked using a Faraday cage, then a changing magnetic field will not be generated either.

However, in the high frequency region, the action of such a screen is based on reflection electromagnetic waves from the surface of the screen and the attenuation of high-frequency energy in its thickness due to heat losses due to eddy currents.

The ability of the Faraday cage to shield electromagnetic radiation is determined by:
the thickness of the material from which it is made;
depth of the surface effect;
the ratio of the size of the openings in it to the wavelength of the external radiation.
For cable shielding, it is necessary to create a Faraday cage with a well-conducting surface along the entire length of the shielded conductors. In order for the Faraday cage to work effectively, the size of the grid cell must be significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radiation from which protection is to be provided. The principle of operation of the device is based on the redistribution of electrons in the conductor under the influence of an electromagnetic field.

The foreign press emphasizes that the lack of experimental data greatly complicates the calculation of the damaging factors of electromagnetic radiation and the determination of measures to protect against it. This will greatly contribute to mathematical modeling EMP generation processes on a computer. On fig. 3 shows the result of such a simulation in the form of a three-dimensional image of a nuclear explosion in outer space. Through such modeling, as well as on the basis of theoretical calculations, foreign experts have established that the magnitude of the intensity of the induced EMP (50 kV / m) can be considered the maximum possible. This circumstance has become one of the criteria in the design of means of protection against electromagnetic radiation. Other criteria are the duration of the EMP leading edge (3-5 ns) and its total duration (approximately 1 μs), as a result of which the time of transient processes in EMP protection devices should not exceed a few nanoseconds, and their breakdown strength should be such as to withstand voltage of tens of kilovolts for a few microseconds. Taking into account these criteria, the military standard MILSTD-2169 was developed in the United States, which is a nomogram for calculating EMP levels depending on the height of the explosion, its power and the distance of the protected object from the epicenter of the explosion. For the practical use of the standard, it is necessary to know the resistance of various devices, devices and circuits to the effects of electromagnetic radiation of a certain intensity, as well as the effectiveness of protective equipment. Since the collection of such data during underground nuclear tests is technically very complex and expensive, the solution to the problem of collecting experimental data is achieved by methods and means of physical modeling.
Among the capitalist countries, the United States occupies the leading position in the development and practical use of nuclear explosion EMP simulators.
Such simulators are electric generators with special emitters that create an electromagnetic field with parameters close to those that are characteristic of a real EMP. The test object and devices that record the field intensity, its frequency spectrum and duration of exposure are placed in the emitter coverage area.
One of these simulators, deployed at Kirtland Air Force Base (New Mexico), is shown in Fig. 4. Designed to simulate the effect of EMP on the aircraft and its equipment in flight, it can be used to test such large aircraft as
B-52 bomber or Boeing 747 civil airliner.
Currently established and operating a large number of EMP simulators for testing aviation, space, ship and ground military equipment. However, it is believed that all of them do not fully recreate the real conditions of the impact of EMP from a nuclear explosion due to the limitations imposed by the characteristics of emitters, generators and power supplies on the frequency spectrum of radiation, its power and pulse rise rate. At the same time, it is noted in the foreign press that, even with these restrictions, it is possible to obtain sufficiently complete and reliable data on the occurrence of faults in semiconductor devices, failures in their operation, etc., as well as on the effectiveness of various protective devices. In addition, such tests made it possible to quantify the danger of various ways of EMP exposure to electronic equipment.
The electromagnetic field theory shows that such paths for ground equipment are primarily various antenna devices and cable glands of the power supply system, and for aviation and space equipment - antennas, as well as currents induced in the skin, and radiation penetrating through the cabin glazing and hatches from non-conductive materials. It has been theoretically calculated and experimentally confirmed that the currents induced by EMR in ground and buried power supply cables hundreds and thousands of kilometers long can reach thousands of amperes, and the voltages arising in open circuits of such cables can reach millions of volts. In antenna bushings, the length of which does not exceed tens of meters, the currents induced by EMP can have a strength of several hundred amperes. EMP penetrating directly through elements of structures made of dielectric materials (non-shielded walls, windows, doors, etc.) can induce currents of tens of amperes in internal wiring. The currents induced in the aircraft skin and the emitted VHF antenna can be up to 1000A, which leads to the appearance of currents in the internal on-board network with a strength of 1 - 10 A. Since low-current circuits and electronic devices normally operate at voltages of several volts and currents of up to several tens of milliamps, then the foreign press claims that for their absolutely reliable protection against EMP, it is required to reduce the magnitude of currents and voltages induced in power cables by up to six orders of magnitude. The ideal protection against EMP would be the complete shelter of the room or casing in which the radio-electronic equipment is located with a metal screen. At the same time, it is clear that in some cases it is impossible to provide such protection in practice, since the operation of the equipment often requires its electrical connection with external devices.
Therefore, less reliable means of protection are used, such as conductive meshes or film coverings for windows, honeycomb metal structures for air intakes and vents, and contact spring pads placed around the perimeter of doors and hatches.
A more complex technical problem is considered to be protection against EMP penetration into equipment through various cable glands. According to foreign experts, a radical solution to this problem could be the transition from electrical communication networks to fiber-optic networks that are practically not affected by EMR. However, the replacement of semiconductor devices in the entire spectrum of their functions by electron-optical devices
possible only in the distant future. Therefore, at present, filters, including waveguide filters, as well as spark gaps, metal oxide varistors, and high-speed Zener diodes, are most widely used as means of protecting cable glands. All of these tools have both advantages and disadvantages. Thus, capacitive-inductive filters are considered to be sufficiently effective protection against low-intensity electromagnetic radiation, and waveguide filters protect in a relatively narrow range of microwave frequencies. Spark gaps have a significant inertia and are mainly suitable for protection against overloads that occur under the influence of voltages and currents induced in the aircraft skin, equipment casing and cable sheath.
Relatively recently, metal oxide varistors have been created, which are semiconductor devices that sharply increase their conductivity at high voltage. However, it is believed that when using such devices as a means of protection against electromagnetic radiation, one should take into account their insufficiently high speed and deterioration in performance when repeatedly exposed to loads. These shortcomings are absent in high-speed Zener diodes, the action of which is based on a sharp avalanche-like change in resistance from a relatively high value to almost zero (short-circuit mode) when the voltage applied to them exceeds a certain threshold value. The speed of such a process in modern Zener diodes is about 10E-9s, and the theoretical limit can even reach 10E-12s. In addition, unlike varistors, the characteristics of a Zener diode do not deteriorate after repeated exposure to high voltages and switching modes. As noted by the foreign press, the most rational approach to the design of EMI protection for cable glands is the creation of such connectors, the design of which provides for special measures that ensure the formation of filter elements and the installation of built-in zener diodes. A similar connector was created by the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation for the Phoenix air-to-air missile (Fig. 5). The section of the connector clearly shows the mounting of the Zener diode directly on the current-carrying contact and the structural elements of the connector that form the frequency filter (each contact passes inside the ferrite ring, which acts as an inductor, on both sides of which there are “wafer” capacitors of the filter capacitances). This design helps to achieve very low capacitance and inductance values, which is necessary to provide protection against pulses that have a short duration and, therefore, a powerful high-frequency component.
It is believed that the use of connectors of a similar design will solve the problem of limiting the weight and size characteristics of the protection device. How important this circumstance is can be judged by the following example given in the Western press. When using conventional radio components to create a protection device, four standard connectors, each of which has 128 pins (which is considered typical for modern means computer science) would require a circuit of 1024 capacitors, 512 inductors, and 512 diodes.
An example of the practical use of new connectors for aviation electronic equipment is also given. An industrial firm was asked to modify an army helicopter for the Navy. In the process of testing, the impossibility of his trip to the aircraft carrier was revealed due to the onboard equipment being disabled in this situation by powerful radiation from the ship's electronic equipment. After replacing a number of connectors in helicopter equipment with new ones equipped with EMP protection devices, the problem was largely solved.
The complexity of solving the problem of EMP protection and the high cost of the means and methods developed for this purpose forced the American command at first to take the path of their selective use in especially important systems of weapons and military equipment. The first purposeful works in this direction were the EMP protection programs for the Minuteman, Poseidon, and Polaris missile systems.
According to American experts, these systems have almost absolute protection. In non-strategic weapon systems, the problem is solved
by providing reliable protection for the most important for their functioning or exposed to EMI devices and elements.
The same path was chosen to protect the control and communication systems that have a large extent. However, foreign experts consider the creation of so-called distributed communication networks (such as Gwen) to be the main method for solving this problem, the first elements of which have already been deployed in the continental United States.
The current state of the EMP problem is assessed by the Western press as follows. The mechanisms of EMP generation and the parameters of its damaging effect have been theoretically well studied and experimentally confirmed. Equipment security standards have been developed and effective means of protection are known. However, in order to achieve sufficient confidence in the reliability of the protection of systems and facilities from EMP, it is necessary to conduct tests using a simulator. In particular, they are already being passed by aircraft, rockets, artificial satellites, certain means of ship technology, equipment of communication and control systems. It is believed that the capabilities for testing ship equipment will be significantly expanded after the completion of the construction of the Impress-2 simulator specially placed on the experimental vessel. As for full-scale testing of communication and control systems, this task, according to foreign experts, is unlikely to be solved in the foreseeable future.
According to foreign press reports, a powerful EMP can be created not only as a result of a nuclear explosion. Currently, in some Western countries, work is underway to generate pulses of electromagnetic radiation by magnetohydrodynamic devices, as well as high-voltage discharges. Therefore, the issues of the protection of radio-electronic equipment from the effects of EMP will remain in the focus of attention of the scientific and technical specialists of the NATO countries in any outcome of negotiations on nuclear disarmament.

A nuclear explosion is accompanied by electromagnetic radiation in the form of a powerful short pulse, which mainly affects electrical and electronic equipment.

Sources of occurrence of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). By the nature of EMP, with some assumptions, it can be compared with electromagnetic field nearby lightning that interferes with radio receivers. The wavelength ranges from 1 to 1000 m or more. EMR occurs mainly as a result of the interaction of gamma radiation generated during an explosion with atoms environment.

During the interaction of gamma quanta with the atoms of the medium, the latter are given an impulse of energy, a small fraction of which is spent on the ionization of atoms, and the main part is spent on communication forward movement electrons and ions formed as a result of ionization. Due to the fact that much more energy is imparted to an electron than to an ion, and also because of the large difference in mass, electrons have a higher speed than ions. We can assume that the ions practically remain in place, while the electrons move away from them at speeds close to the speed of light in the radial direction from the center of the explosion. Thus, in space for some time there is a separation of positive and negative charges.

Due to the fact that the density of air in the atmosphere decreases with height, in the area surrounding the explosion site, an asymmetry in the distribution electric charge(flow of electrons). The asymmetry of the electron flow can also arise due to the asymmetry of the gamma-ray flow itself due to the different thickness of the bomb shell, as well as the presence of the Earth's magnetic field and other factors. The asymmetry of the electric charge (electron flow) at the explosion site in the air causes a current pulse. It radiates electromagnetic energy in the same way as passing it in a radiating antenna.

The area where gamma radiation interacts with the atmosphere is called the EMP source area. The dense atmosphere near the earth's surface limits the region of propagation of gamma rays (the mean free path is hundreds of meters). Therefore, in a ground explosion, the source area occupies an area of ​​only a few square kilometers and approximately coincides with the area where other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion act.

In a high-altitude nuclear explosion, gamma quanta can travel hundreds of kilometers before interacting with air molecules and, due to its rarefaction, penetrate deep into the atmosphere. Therefore, the size of the EMP source area is large. So, with a high-altitude explosion of a munition with a capacity of 0.5-2 million tons, an EMP source area with a diameter of up to 1600-3000 km and a thickness of about 20 km can be formed, the lower boundary of which will pass at a height of 18-20 km (Fig. 1.4).

Rice. 1.4. The main variants of the EMP environment: 1 - EMP environment of the area of ​​the source and formation of the radiation fields of ground and air explosions; 2 - underground EMP environment at some distance from the explosion near the surface; 3 - EMP environment of a high-altitude explosion.

The large size of the source area during a high-altitude explosion generates an intense EMP directed downward over a significant part of the earth's surface. Therefore, a very large area may be under conditions of strong EMP exposure, where other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion practically do not act.

Thus, during high-altitude nuclear explosions, printing objects located outside the nuclear lesion can be subjected to strong EMP effects.

The main EMR parameters that determine the damaging effect are the nature of the change in the strength of the electric and magnetic fields over time - the shape of the pulse and the maximum field strength - the amplitude of the pulse.

The EMP of a ground-based nuclear explosion at a distance of up to several kilometers from the center of the explosion is a single signal with a steep leading edge and a duration of several tens of milliseconds (Fig. 1.5).

Rice. 1.5. Change in the field strength of an electromagnetic pulse: a - initial phase; b - main phase; c - duration of the first quasi-half-period.

EMR energy is spread over a wide frequency range from tens of hertz to several megahertz. However, the high-frequency part of the spectrum contains an insignificant fraction of the pulse energy; the main part of its energy falls on frequencies up to 30 kHz.

The amplitude of EMR in this zone can reach very large values ​​- in the air, thousands of volts per meter during the explosion of low-power ammunition and tens of thousands of volts per meter during explosions of high-power ammunition. In the ground, the EMR amplitude can reach hundreds and thousands of volts per meter, respectively.

Since the amplitude of the EMP decreases rapidly with distance, the EMP of a ground-based nuclear explosion only strikes at a distance of a few kilometers from the center of the explosion; on the long distances it has only a short-term negative effect on the operation of radio equipment.

For a low air explosion, the EMP parameters basically remain the same as for a ground explosion, but with an increase in the height of the explosion, the amplitude of the pulse near the earth's surface decreases.

With a low air explosion with a power of 1 million tons, EMP with amazing field strengths spread over areas with a radius of up to 32 km, 10 million tons - up to 115 km.

The amplitude of EMP from underground and underwater explosions is much less than the amplitude of EMP during explosions in the atmosphere, so its damaging effect is practically not manifested during underground and underwater explosions.

The damaging effect of electromagnetic radiation is due to the occurrence of voltages and currents in conductors located in the air, the ground, on the equipment of other objects.

Since the amplitude of EMR rapidly decreases with increasing distance, its damaging effect is several kilometers from the center (epicenter) of a large-caliber explosion. So, with a ground explosion with a power of 1 Mt, the vertical component of the EMP electric field at a distance of 4 km is 3 kV / m, at a distance of 3 km - 6 kV / m, and 2 km - 13 kV / m.

EMR does not have a direct effect on a person. EMR energy receivers - bodies conducting electric current: all overhead and underground communication lines, control lines, signaling (since they have an electrical strength not exceeding 2-4 kV DC voltage), power transmission lines, metal masts and supports, overhead and underground antenna devices, ground and underground pipelines, metal roofs and other structures made of metal. At the moment of explosion, an electric current pulse appears in them for a fraction of a second and a potential difference appears relative to the ground. Under the influence of these voltages, the following can occur: breakdown of cable insulation, damage to input elements of equipment connected to antennas, overhead and underground lines (breakdown of communication transformers, failure of arresters, fuses, damage to semiconductor devices, etc., as well as burnout of fuses included in the lines to protect equipment. electrical potentials relative to the ground, arising on screens, cable cores, antenna-feeder lines and wired communication lines can be dangerous for persons servicing the equipment.

The greatest danger of EMP is for equipment that is not equipped with special protection, even if it is located in especially strong structures capable of withstanding large mechanical loads from the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. EMP for such equipment is the main damaging factor.

Power lines and their equipment, designed for voltages of tens, hundreds of kW, are resistant to the effects of an electromagnetic pulse.

It is also necessary to take into account the simultaneity of the impact of an instantaneous gamma-ray pulse and EMP: under the influence of the first, the conductivity of materials increases, and under the action of the second, additional electric currents are induced. In addition, one should take into account their simultaneous impact on all systems located in the area of ​​the explosion.

On cable and overhead lines that have fallen into the zone of powerful pulses of electromagnetic radiation, high electrical voltages arise (induced). The induced voltage can cause damage to the input circuits of the equipment at fairly remote sections of these lines.

Depending on the nature of the impact of EMR on communication lines and the equipment connected to them, the following protection methods are recommended: the use of two-wire symmetrical communication lines, well isolated from each other and from the ground; exclusion of the use of single-wire external communication lines; shielding of underground cables with copper, aluminum, lead sheath; electromagnetic shielding of blocks and units of equipment; the use of various kinds of protective input devices and lightning protection equipment.

Etc.). The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is due to the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR is manifested primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. Communication, signaling and control lines are the most vulnerable. In this case, breakdown of insulation, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, etc. can occur. A high-altitude explosion can create interference in these lines over very large areas. EMI protection is achieved by shielding power supply lines and equipment.

see also

Literature

• V. M. Lobarev, B. V. Zamyshlaev, E. P. Maslin, B. A. Shilobreev. Physics of a nuclear explosion: Explosion action. - M .: Science. Fizmatlit., 1997. - T. 2. - 256 p. - ISBN 5-02-015125-4
• The team of authors. Nuclear explosion in space, on earth and underground. - Military Publishing House, 1974. - 235 p. - 12,000 copies.
• Ricketts L.W., Bridges J.E. Myletta J. Electromagnetic impulse and methods of protection / Per. from eng. - Atomizdat, 1979. - 328 p.

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