Option number 6
A1. In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
2) spoiled
4) accepted
A2. In which sentence, instead of the word CLAY, should you use CLAY?
1) Natalya respectfully looked at her grandfather's hands in brown, CLAY color, senile freckles.
2) In the yard, an elderly woman was kindling a CLAY hearth.
3) Geologists often encountered CLAY minerals in these places.
4) I remembered the city of my childhood, CLAY whistles, which were traded in the bazaars.
A3. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
1) four hundred lines
2) the shortest way
3) all directors of gymnasiums
4) more higher
A4. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
By applying the new method,
1) excellent results have been achieved.
2) the language is acquired very quickly.
3) you can quickly master any language.
4) the terms of mastering the language are reduced.
A5. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Due to the long absence of the boat, which went out with a special task during the storm, an aircraft was sent to search for the ship.
2) Those who work enthusiastically in any field of knowledge are drawn to innovation.
3) Leaving on a business trip, the father promised that he would definitely return by the holidays.
4) Soon the house will be occupied, which has grown before our eyes in a few months and which was accepted by the commission.
Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) This can be verified by observing a narrow beam of light in a dusty room. (3) In the same way, light propagates in a transparent solids and liquids. (4) Based on such experimental data, the law of rectilinear propagation of light was formulated: in a transparent homogeneous medium, light propagates along straight lines. (5) Actually, the very concept of "straight line" appeared, apparently, from optical observations. (6)... wishing to check whether a line is straight, we use this law.
A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) Scientists recorded the data of their observations.
2) Even in ancient times, people found that light travels in a straight line in the air.
3) The concept of rectilinear light rays is used in instrumental optics for the design of optical devices.
4) The law of light refraction was experimentally established by the Dutch scientist W. Snellius in 1621.
A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the sixth sentence of the text?
2) Contrary to this
3) Anyway,
A8. What words are the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of the complex sentence of the text?
1) can be verified (Proposition 2)
2) the law was (sentence 4)
3) line is (sentence 6)
4) check (sentence 6)
A9. Indicate the correct description of the fourth (4) sentence of the text.
1) complex non-union
2) compound
3) complex
4) simple complicated
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word FORMULATED in sentence 4.
1) short adjective
2) passive participle
3) adverb
4) gerund
A11. Indicate the meaning of the word DIRECT in sentence 6.
1) going straight in any direction, without bends
2) explicit, expressed unambiguously
3) imperative, unconditional
4) lacking the necessary flexibility
A12. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which one letter H is written?
In the heroes of his paintings, Pablo Picasso wanted to see carriers of hidden from ordinary people truth (1) s, accessible only to the inner (2) man’s gaze, his higher (3) nature.
A13. In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?
1) mr_chat, zar_sli, l_tereya
2) frozen, grow up, k_combination
3) tuned in, applied, warmed up
4) abstract, exhaust, expel (weeds)
A14. In which row in all three words is the same letter missing?
1) post_industrial, super_refined, counter_gra
3) trample on, New Year's Eve, fenced off
4) able, able, wise, overcome
A15. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?
1) turn around, adorable
2) look at, get_my
3) spike, finished
4) drank, checked
A16. In which answer option are all the words where the letter E is omitted?
A. tul_vy
B. assign
B. annoying
G. perplexed
A17. In which sentence is NOT written together with the word?
1) Our companion also (not) sat idly by.
2) Endless vineyards stretched around.
3) The travelers went to the shore, which was not yet (not) overgrown with ice.
4) (Not) delaying for a minute, the guys packed their bags.
A18. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together?
1) TO (WOULD) NOT see what is happening, I closed my eyes, but in the SAME (SAME) moment, thunder stunned me.
2) WHAT (WHAT) amateurs may say, one must be prepared to understand classical music, (FOR) BECAUSE it is not so easy to master a complex art.
3) The father did not dare to ask what was the matter, and at the SAME time he did not understand (FROM) WHAT the house became so deserted.
4) The Great Silk Road began in China, (FOR) THAT went through Central Asia, Persia, the Middle East, and (FROM) THERE to Europe.
A19. Indicate the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence.
The sounds of the violin occasionally resounded in the dusk of the night () and gradually dissolved in the noise of the surf.
1) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union AND, a comma is not needed.
2) A compound sentence, before the union And a comma is needed.
3) A compound sentence, before the union And a comma is not needed.
4) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union And a comma is needed.
A20. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The road (1) turning to the right (2) went through a huge field (3) sown with spring crops (4) and went deep into the forest.
A21. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The painful sincerity of L. Tolstoy and dissatisfaction with himself (1) of course (2) part of his living soul, but the most important thing for us (3) perhaps (4) is how the shoots of the writer's spiritual development sprout in his work.
A22. Specify the sentence in which you need to put one comma. (No punctuation marks.)
1) There are various versions and hypotheses about the origin and meaning of the name of this plant.
2) In the long autumn evenings we read aloud or just sat by the fireplace.
3) The knights either conquered new cities or lost all their acquisitions, then again prepared for campaigns.
4) Rudolf Nureyev masterfully mastered the technique of both classical and modern dance.
A23. How do you explain the use of a colon in this sentence?
It was pleasant to ride in a cart: a warm day, a well-trodden road, a lot of flowers and larks in the fields delighted travelers, set them up for rest.
1) The generalizing word stands before the homogeneous members of the sentence.
3) The second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.
4) The second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the consequence of what is said in the first part.
A24. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" (1) favorably differed from the moralistic stories of the natural school by the thoroughness and "monographic" nature of the painting (2) the natural beginning (3) of which (4) was the image ordinary day hero.
A25. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Those who met every minute looked at the clock (1) and (2) when a train appeared in the distance (3) the crowd leaned towards it (4) although this could not speed up the meeting with loved ones.
A26. In which sentence, the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover?
1) Since 1923 V.V. Alekhin headed the Department of Geobotany at Moscow State University, which was created on his personal initiative.
2) All the work of the writer Yevgeny Nosov is a big wise book that helps people to be kinder, more generous in soul.
3) The case of V.V. Alekhin is continued by scientists devoted to science, for whom the meaning of the work was the preservation of the unique natural corner of the nightingale region.
4) In the family archive there is a letter from the actor Shchepkin, who, with heartache, announces the closing of the theater in Tiflis.
A27. Read the text.
Diamonds, rare, but at the same time quite widespread minerals, are extremely hard stones. Therefore, they are often used not only for the production of diamonds, but also for the manufacture of cutting and grinding discs, circles and other tools. For example, the well-known dental bur is covered with diamond chips.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) Diamonds are used for the production of diamonds and dental equipment.
2) Due to its hardness, diamond grit is used as the main component of a dental bur.
3) Diamonds, which have a special hardness, are used for the production of diamonds and in the manufacture of cutting and grinding tools.
4) The well-known dental bur, like many other cutting tools, is covered with diamond chips.
Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8; C1.
(1) For some reason, many modern pop "stars" talk with particular pleasure about how poorly they studied at school. (2) Someone was reprimanded for hooliganism, someone was left for the second year, someone brought teachers to a fainting state with their mind-blowing hairstyles ... (3) You can treat such revelations of our "stars" differently: some these stories about a mischievous childhood are touching, others begin to complain grumblingly that today the path to the stage is open only to mediocrity and ignoramuses.
(4) But what worries me most is the reaction of teenagers. (5) They have a strong conviction that the shortest path to fame lies through the children's room of the police. (6) They take everything at face value. (7) They do not always understand that stories about a “crazy” childhood, when the future “star” amazed everyone around with their exotic originality, is just a stage legend, something like a concert costume that distinguishes an artist from ordinary person. (8) A teenager does not just perceive information, he actively transforms it. (9) This information becomes the basis for his life program, for developing ways and means to achieve the goal. (10) That is why a person who broadcasts something to an audience of millions must have a high sense of responsibility.
(11) Does he really express his thoughts or unconsciously continue the stage play and say what the fans expect from him? (12) Look: I am “my own”, just like everyone else. (13) Hence the ironic and condescending attitude towards education, and the coquettish scoffing: “Learning is light, and ignorance is a pleasant twilight”, and arrogant narcissism. (14) But now the transfer is over. (15) What is left in the soul of those who listened to the artist? (16) What seeds did he sow in trusting hearts? (17) Whom did he make better? (18) Whom did he direct on the path of creative creation? (19) When a young journalist asked these questions to one well-known DJ, he simply snorted: yes, you go, I’m not for that at all ... (20) And in this bewildered indignation of the “pop star” her civil immaturity, her human "undereducation". (21) And a person who has not yet built himself as a person, has not realized his mission in society, becomes a humble servant of the crowd, its tastes and needs. (22) He may be able to sing, but he doesn’t know why he sings.
(23) If art does not call to the light, if it, giggling and winking slyly, drags a person into “pleasant twilight”, if it destroys unshakable values with poisonous acid of irony, then a reasonable question arises: does society need such “art” worthy does it have to become part of the national culture? (According to I. Gontsov*)
*Igor Gontsov is a contemporary publicist.
A28. Which statement matches the content of the text?
1) A good, quality education is the main condition for success in life.
2) A servant of art must be aware of his high responsibility to people.
3) Modern teenagers have little faith in stories about the childhood of their favorite artists.
4) Many "stars" of the stage are modestly silent about the facts of their school failures.
A29. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
1) In sentences 8-10, reasoning is presented.
2) Sentence 23 contains the author's emotional-evaluative judgment about what is expressed in 1-2 sentences of the text.
3) Sentence 5 explains the content of sentence 4.
4) Sentences 16-18 present the narrative.
A30. Indicate the sentence in which the phraseological unit is used.
Part 2
Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words. Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.
IN 1. Indicate the way the word FAMOUS is formed (sentence 5).
IN 2. Write a short participle from sentences 1-3.
IN 3. Specify type subordination in the phrase TODAY IS OPEN (sentence 3).
AT 4. Among sentences 1-7, find a complex one of which is a one-part impersonal sentence. Write the number of this compound sentence.
AT 5. Among sentences 13-23, find a sentence with special circumstances. Write the number of this offer.
AT 6. Among sentences 7-11, find a complex non-union sentence. Write the number of this offer.
AT 7. Among sentences 7-11, find one that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, lexical repetition and a possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
AT 8. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A 28-A30, B1-B7. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.
The lines of the text testify to the sincere concern of the author with the problem posed. And a clear proof of this is the use of such lexical means of expression as _____ (“to mediocrity and ignorance”), _____ (“undereducation” in sentence 20). The excitement of I. Gontsov develops into genuine anxiety in the second part of the text, where such a syntactic means of expressiveness as _____ (sentences 15-18) and such a trope as ______ (“acid of irony destroys unshakable values” in sentence 23) are used.
List of terms
1) extended metaphor
2) rhetorical appeal
4) row homogeneous members
5) emotional-evaluative words
6) dialectism
9) interrogative sentences
Part 3
C1. Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting). State the position of the author. Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argument your answer based on knowledge, reader's, life experience (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
IN 1. suffixal
IN 2. open
IN 3. contiguity
Main problems
1. The problem of the influence of popular artists on teenagers. How do popular artists and their statements influence teenagers?
2. The problem of the artist's moral responsibility to society. What remains in the souls of people after the performance of the artist?
3. The problem of artists neglecting moral standards for the sake of popularity with the public. Is it worth building a stage image on outrageousness, on disregard for moral standards?
4. The problem of the purpose of art. Does society need art built on the neglect of unshakable values?
1. Popular artists have a huge influence on teenagers who believe their stories of bad school and bad behavior in childhood and believe that this is how you can succeed in life; therefore, the artist must have a special sense of responsibility.
2. The artist must be aware of his mission as a cultural worker: art is designed to spiritually and aesthetically saturate and educate people, and not just entertain and shock; otherwise the artist becomes a humble servant of the crowd and leaves behind nothing of spiritual value; it is immoral and dangerous to build a stage image on the neglect of the unshakable values of society.
3. The stage image, based on disregard for social norms, on disrespect for education, is similar to a concert costume; such an image does not help the artist to make the audience better, to direct people on the path of creativity, creation.
The words Document
... what word right allocated letter, denoting shock vowel sound? 1) took 2) started 3) bows 4) utterly A2. AT what offer instead of the words... 4 4) 2, 3 A13. AT what row in all words missing unstressed verifiable vowel root? 1) frizzy...
ARTISTIC - ARTISTIC: 1) The performance of our gymnast was exceptional<…>. 2) He thought he had<…>capabilities.
ETERNAL - CENTURY: 1) Gregory was an unusually talented and interesting person, although he was considered<…>student. 2) Pine dry forests on the banks of the river mixed with<…>oak groves, with thickets of willow, alder and aspen.
WATER - WATER: 1) A stranger gave me a bunch of purple flowers with<…>stems. 2)<…>the stadium is the pride of the district and a favorite place for citizens, where they come with their families on weekends.
CLAY - CLAY: 1) Geologists in these places often met<…>minerals. 2) I remembered the city of my childhood,<…>whistles, which were traded in the bazaars.
VALID - CURRENT: 1) <…>life differs from the invented one in that you can’t foresee its unexpected turns in any way. 2) The deputies prepared a number of amendments to<…>package of laws.
LIFE - LIFE: 1) Hope for life outside of civilization and<…>problems becomes more and more distinct for Edward. 2) By<…>Gleb's testimony requires an urgent operation.
ARTIFICIAL(-O) - ARTIFICIAL(-O): 1) Mom never loved<…>flowers, so I was not very happy with Masha's gift. 2) They gave me for my birthday<…>a finished box that I would never have bought myself.
COLORFUL - COLORING: 1) The language in which the works of folklore are written is rich, bright,<…>and pictorial. 1) Iron, chromium, manganese, copper and nickel are<…>substances, components of many paints based on these minerals.
INTOLERABLE - UNTOLERABLE: 1) Grasshoppers chirp,<…>the heat is over the meadow. 2) When it comes to serious business, Valentine becomes tough,<…>, demanding.
UNDERSTANDING - UNDERSTANDING: 1) The task is formulated in such a way that at first it seems to everyone<…>, and then ... 2) The waiter turned out to be extremely<…>and did everything the way I wanted.
IRRITATION - IRRITABILITY: 1) When he experienced<…>then seemed to Varya a complete stranger. 2) Maria Petrovna was an excessively touchy person who was distinguished<…>.
HUMAN – HUMAN: 1) Normal<…>the body can not cope with the injuries received in the accident. 2) He was more<…>, so he did not punish Paul too severely.
Having received primary home education in Moscow,
1) Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages.
2) the twelve-year-old Radishchev entered the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg.
3) this was enough for admission to the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg.
4) Radishchev's further education took place in St. Petersburg and abroad.
Reference
Syntax(from the Greek 'syntaxis' - 'construction') - a branch of the science of language that studies the rules of construction and certain types of phrases and sentences.
To complete tasks of this type, examinees need to remember that adverbial phrases must necessarily refer to the grammatical basis of the sentence (subject and predicate), which is demonstrated in this example: in the first case, not the people who enrolled Radishchev in the Corps of Pages received home education, in the third - the person who performed any actions is not indicated at all, in the fourth - the subject ' education' can not ' receive education'. But Radishchev could get it. Therefore, the correct answer is indicated under the second number.
Participle phrases can, in addition, be combined with predicates expressing any recommendations (with the words “necessary”, “should”, “desirable”, etc.), as well as with verbs in the imperative mood, definite personal sentences: When doing this exercise, you should remember about the existence of "insufficient" verbs. - Doing this exercisedo not forget about the existence of "insufficient" verbs. - Performing this exercise, I look for verbs that require clarification.
When performing tasks of type A5, examinees have to deal with with homogeneous members, in which various grammatical errors can be made, let's name the most common of them:
Sentences with a dependent word common to homogeneous members: Timerbulatpainted andadmires painting . In this example, homogeneous predicates painted and admires should manage different cases: drew (what?), admires (what?). Therefore, the correct sentence would be: Timerbulat painted a picture and admires it.
Proposals with double alliances (not only but…; like...and so... etc.) with homogeneous members: The story seemed interesting to both adults and children. In our case, the parts of the double union are not located strictly in front of homogeneous members, and this is a mistake. It's more correct to say: The story seemed interesting to both adults and children.
Proposals with mixing parts of double unions: The story seemed interesting to both adults and children.. You must use either a double union not only but…, or union like...and so...
Sentences with different case forms for homogeneous members and generalizing words:The ethnographic museum presents the life of many peoples inhabiting the republic: Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris, Ukrainians, Latvians. In the example above, the generic word peoples used in genitive case, and the homogeneous series Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris, Ukrainians, Latvians- in the nominative. Should have said: The ethnographic museum presents the life of many peoples inhabiting the republic: Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris, Ukrainians, Latvians.
In many USE options in Russian, examinees will have to deal with with the correct use of proper names enclosed in quotation marks. In such cases, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of a common noun of a noun related to a given proper name: if there is such a common noun, then only it is declined, and the proper name remains in the form of the nominative case, if it is absent, then the proper name is declined. CORRECT: 1) The newspaper "Vechernyaya Ufa" published an article on the recruitment of students in the capital's universities. 2) Vechernyaya Ufa published an article on the recruitment of students to the capital's universities. WRONG: 1) The newspaper "Evening Ufa" published an article on the recruitment of students in the capital's universities. 2) Vechernyaya Ufa published an article on the recruitment of students to the capital's universities.
In the tasks of the exam, two types of grammatical errors in sentences can be distinguished with participial phrases:
Inconsistency between the participle and the word being defined: I was presented with a book by L.N. Tolstoy, published during the life of the writer. Defined word book requires communion published wine shape. p., units h., w. r., and in our example, the participle in the form of genus. p. and m.
Gap of the participial turnover by the defined word: I was asked to translate a written book in the Bashkir language. Defined word book breaks the participle written in Bashkir, so we are dealing with a grammatical error. Correct options: 1) I was asked to translate a book written in the Bashkir language. 2) I was asked to translate a book written in the Bashkir language.
Quite often grammatical errors are made in complex sentences when the subordinate clause "breaks" the main thing, the subject and predicate are in different parts of the sentence and do not agree with each other: 1) All who came to the appeal,smog see your mistakes. 2) Everyone who came to the appeal,could see your mistakes. In these examples, the subjects and predicates do not agree in number. Sometimes we also come across sentences in which the forms of predicates are incorrectly used in subordinate clause when it comes to pronouns who's everyone,who came on appeal, were able to see their mistakes.
In the tasks of the exam, there are sentences in which grammatical errors are made in the case form of a noun or pronoun after the preposition. Consider the most typical cases of prepositional control for USE tests in the following table:
Sometimes difficulties arise with the use of the correct case forms with some verbs: miss (for whom?) parents; bring to life (what?) but to transform (in what?) in life; be offended (at what?//at whom?) at the truth//at a friend, but offended (by whom? // by what?) by another // fate; review (about what?) about the book, but review (of what?) of a book; to distinguish (what from what?) good from bad, but to distinguish (what and what?) good and bad; marvel at (what?) indifference, but struck by (what?) indifference; superiority (over whom?) over others, but advantage (over whom?) over others; pay//pay (for what?) fare, but pay (what?) fare.
We also deal with grammatical errors when sentences with indirect speech are incorrectly constructed: Sergei Yesenin claims that "I am the last poet of the village." Correct options: Sergei Yesenin claims: "I am the last poet of the village" or Sergei Yesenin claims that he is the last poet of the village.
In which sentence the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be replaced participle turnover?
2) I have lived a life full of interesting encounters.
3) But there are those distant lands in the world that migratory birds so strive for!
4) The bitter smell of wormwood, which mixed with the delicate aroma of flowers, was poured into the morning air.
A bit of theory
The subordinate clause of a complex sentence can be replaced by a participial phrase if it expresses the quality inherent in the word in the main clause to which the subordinate clause is subject ( Chorus of birds votes , which came from the forest, struck my ears. - Choir of Birds votes coming from the forest struck my ears.). If the subordinate part of the NGN expresses other qualities or forms a new predicative whole, then such a subordinate clause cannot be replaced by participial turnover ( But there are those distant ones in the world the edges , to which strive migratory birds ! ).
Additional hint: If in a subordinate clause with an allied word which there are any other words (independent or auxiliary) before the allied word itself, or there is a particle in the subordinate clause would, then it cannot be replaced by participial turnover.
Despite the fact that in the column “Checked Content Elements” of the plan of the examination work in the Russian language it is indicated that tasks of type A6 involve the identification of knowledge among USE participants on the huge topic “Text. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text. The sequence of sentences in the text, throughout USE history in the Russian language in the Russian Federation, students are offered the task of finding the first sentence of the text from the four proposed options.
In linguistics under the text is understood as an internally organized sequence of segments of a written work or recorded or sounding speech, relatively complete in its content and structure. Sentences in the text should be interconnected in meaning: subsequent sentences should follow from the previous ones.
The main features of the text are:
- Thematic unity, in which all sentences and parts of the text serve to reveal its topic and main idea.
- Deployment- development of the theme and implementation of the main idea of the text through sub-themes and micro-themes.
- Subsequence The text suggests that the elements of the content of the text are grouped according to a certain scheme - the composition of the text, which, in turn, depends on what type of speech it is based on: narration, description, reasoning, combined type of speech.
- Connectivity- a sign of the text, manifested in the semantic sequence of sentences and paragraphs.
- completeness- a sign of the text, manifested in the full disclosure of the author's intention, in the possibility of perceiving new information.
In USE assignments, for the successful completion of assignments of the A6 and A7 types, it is necessary to clearly understand what such text features as sequence and coherence mean. Sentences and parts of the text are connected with each other in meaning, with the help of certain linguistic means, the main of which are:
lexical repetition;
cognates, synonyms (including contextual ones), antonyms;
pronouns and adverbs indicating the preceding word or the content of preceding sentences;
pronouns or adverbs indicating the next word or the content of subsequent sentences;
the only temporary forms of verbs-predicates in sentences of a certain part of the text, gender-specific words;
unions in an accommodating role;
circumstances (especially place and time) relating to several subsequent sentences;
uniformity of the structure of sentences (syntactic parallelism).
There are two main types of connection of sentences in the text (chain and parallel). With the first of them, in each subsequent sentence, some semantic element of the previous one is repeated, with the second, unrelated sentences are connected by a common theme, the meaning of these sentences is clear and without context, they can often (except for the first) be interchanged. Within one microtopic (paragraph), both types of communication can occur: both chain and parallel.
When selecting the correct previous (A7) sentences of the text or its elements (A7-2), it is necessary to remember what was said above.
The grammatical basis (predicative center) of the sentence includes a set of main members of the sentence, while in different sentences this set will be different: there are sentences consisting only of the subject or several subjects (nominative sentences) or, on the contrary, only of the predicate or of the predicates (infinitive sentences, impersonal, indefinitely personal, etc.).
Under subject understood as a grammatically independent member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers questions who? what? In this case, the subject can be expressed by the following parts of speech:
1.Noun in the nominative case: For winter holidaysAndrei decided to go to Egypt. Lostthing lay all this time on the desk.
2. Some discharges pronouns :
Personal (in the nominative case) : I the whole prodrog.They are will be back in the evening.
Possessive and demonstrative (mostly in colloquial speech): My gave me a new washing machine on March 8th.This not in a good mood today.
Interrogative (who and what): Who completed the task?What in your pocket?
Negative (none and nothing in the nominative form) : Himnone will not be able to prevent returning to the previous occupation.
Undefined (formed from interrogative pronouns who and what using prefixes not- and something and postfixes something, something, something): someone knocked in the door.Something fell out along the waysomething it just looks unrepresentative.
3. adjective and participle (as a noun in the nominative case): Clever will not go uphill.Arrived divided into numbers and settled down.
4. Indefinite form verb (infinitive): smoke - harm health. enemydestroy - a great merit, but a friendsave is the highest honor(A. Tvardovsky).
5. Numerals: Seven is my luckiest number.
Moreover, all words non-free phrases may also be subject to: Good fellow went to rescue his beloved. How many crazy things has thisa couple from Woland's retinue ! We arrived on the day of the citytwo pop stars .
Under predicate understood often grammatically dependent on the subject main member sentences (for example, verbs and adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number), denoting an action, the state of the subject of speech (subject), its sign. The predicate answers the questions: what to do? what to do? what? what is an object? who is the subject? what's happening? in their various grammatical forms. Predicates can be expressed in different parts of speech (on the site it is difficult to underline with two lines, therefore, further the subjects are underlined with one line, and the predicates are written in bold):
1.Verbs can act as predicates independently (simple verbal predicates), as part of compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
AT simple verb predicate lexical and grammatical meaning expressed in one verb form: That'sreturned I am from the city.
AT compound verb predicate one verb expresses the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, number, etc. (auxiliary verb), and the other is an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) and most often expresses the main lexical meaning: Elvirdecided to take a nap . There are also complicated compound verbal predicates, consisting of three or more verbs: Tatyanapromised to start cleaning in your room every day.
Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb, in which the grammatical meaning is expressed, and a nominal part, expressed either by a noun, or by an adjective, or by a numeral, or by a pronoun, or by a short participle: A painting depicting naturecalled landscape . Oleglooked tired . Two plus twoequals four . Whowas nobody , thatbecomes everything (International). A complicated nominal predicate, like a complicated verbal predicate, consists of three or more words: Volodyadreams of becoming a lawyer . It can be seen from these examples that it is not always easy to determine what we are dealing with in this particular case: with a constituent nominal part compound predicate or with an independent member of the proposal (addition, definition, circumstance). Compare: ‘ I proud teacher' and ‘ I I am a teacher . Identical in type and structure of sentences, the same word, in the same form, but in the first case ‘teacher’ is an addition, and in the second - part of a compound nominal predicate. Why? How to differentiate? Very simple: if a name (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle) is combined with a verb denoting being, existence, aspiration, equality ( to be, look like, become, seem, be called, equal (in mathematical terms), become, become, be etc.), then we have a compound nominal predicate.
The verbal and nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed using a homogeneous series of verbs and names, respectively: Nafisadecided to sleep shower and only after a hearty breakfastgo at the exam in biology or Dmitryseemed cheerful, cheerful, rested .
2. Nouns , acting in sentences as predicates, answer questions ‘who is an object?’, ‘what is an object?’: Alexander (who is this?) is my bestfriend . Ufa (what is it?) - my nativecity . Sometimes verbs, which most students associate with predicates, and nouns, which we are used to as subjects and objects, can have opposite qualities in sentences (the verb acts as a subject, and the noun as a predicate): Swear swear words -bad manners . If we swap them, then their role in the sentence will change: A sign of bad manners – swear swear words..
3. The predicate is most often short adjectives and communion : howbeautiful nature of the Bashkir Trans-Urals! How much strengthspent to preserve it in its original form! However, full adjectives can play the role of predicates: My daughter Mashasmartest beautiful andgood .
A sentence is understood as the basic minimal unit of syntax that expresses a complete thought or feeling, containing a message about something, a question or a call to action (request, advice, command). Any sentence has or implies a grammatical basis, consisting of a set of main members of the sentence (subjects and predicates, only subjects - nominal sentences, only predicates - impersonal, definitely personal, indefinitely personal sentences). The grammatical basis can be extended by secondary members connected by a subordinating relationship.
Sentences without a predicative center (grammatical basis) are most often found in dialogic speech:
- When are you last Have you seen Maxim?
- About two months ago.
In addition, sentences without a predicate are encountered during parceling (it will be discussed later - in theory for completing assignments of type B8), however, in the USE tasks in the Russian language, this part of such sentences will not be, so we will not talk about it in detail.
According to their structure, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Within these structural groups, there is a subsequent fragmentation of sentences. The following table shows a simple sentence parsing scheme that allows you to understand what simple sentences are in terms of the purpose of the statement, emotional coloring, structural features, etc.
Compound sentences (SP) (consisting of two grammatical bases) are divided into three types: compound, compound, and compound non-union. There are sentences with a large number of predicates with the same and different connection of sentences with each other. We will dwell on them later, calling them complex syntactic constructions for convenience. Which groups the three named types of joint ventures are divided into can be seen in the following diagram:
Compound sentences (sometimes called complex syntactic constructions) can consist, as noted earlier, of more than two simple sentences, while the relationship of sentences to each other can be different: 1. I came to work and saw that all my employees had been in place for a long time, and the guests who had arrived from Moscow had already begun to study the documentation. 2. When I came to Agidel for the second time, everything in this city was already familiar to me, many people recognized me on the street. 3. A friend whom we had not seen for several years suddenly called and asked me to help organize a meeting with former classmates, with many of whom we still maintain close relations. etc. Let's take a look at just the examples.
First offer- complex, consists of three parts connected to each other different types connections: the first and second - subordinating, with the help of a union what, explanatory relations (from the first you can ask the question of the accusative case what did you see?); the second and third sentences are connected to each other by a coordinating link with the help of an adversative conjunction a, while the third sentence in meaning is also explanatory in relation to the first; punctuation marks are placed at the end of each part of a complex sentence, however, if we replace the adversative union with a coordinating one, then there is no need to put a comma between the second and third sentences: I came to work and saw that all my employees had been in the field for a long time and the guests who had arrived from Moscow had already begun to study the documentation. Scheme:, (2. what ...), (3. a ...).
Second offer - complex, consists of three parts connected by different types of connection: the second and third are unionless, and the first is a common adverbial adverbial tense for them (from them you can ask a question when?). Scheme: (1. When ...), , .
Third offer complex, consists of three simple, two types of subordinate connection: attributive connection and explanatory connection - from the first sentence you can ask the question of definition to the second and from it the question of the prepositional case - to the third ( what friend? asked for what?). Scheme:, (3. ...).
Despite the fact that the codifier speaks of one and two letters H in the suffixes of various parts, in the control measuring materials we will also deal with words in which the spelling of two H is due to the fact that the first of the letters is part of the root (base), and the second is the suffix -Н- or part of the suffix starting with N.
Adjectives:
1) Adjectives with suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in- written with one -n-: clayyang th, silveryang oh, chickensin th. Exceptions: glassyann th, tinyann th, treesyann th.
2) Adjectives with suffixes -onn-, -enn- written with two -n-: aviationhe N oh, kindredenn th.Exception: winden oh, oilen th.
3) In adjectives formed from the base on -n with a suffix -n-, written two -n-:pictorial (kartin -a + n th).
Participles and adjectives formed from verbs:
two letters -n- are written in suffixes of full participles and adjectives formed from verbs:
1) if they have a prefix: sun groinnn th, from brewnn th(but: with thoughtn oh boy, on the calln th brother);
2) if they have dependent words: brewnn and I on milk ;
3) if the word has suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: marinated, asphalted;
4) if the word is formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb (except wounded):deprived;
In short participles, one is written -n-, and in adjectives - two (except for the masculine singular form). It is necessary to distinguish between full and short forms of passive past participles with suffixes -enn- and -nn- and adjectives formed from verbs. Compare.
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy Prepared by Zh. V. Korzunova, teacher of the Russian language, ZATO p. Solnechny, 2011 Based on the materials of the collection Unified State exam. 2011. Russian language. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI. – M.: Intellect-Center. 2011slide 2
A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy In which sentence should HUMANITARIAN be used instead of the word HUMANITARIAN? The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which the spiritual life and physical health of a person depends. During the negotiations, the meeting participants discussed HUMANE issues. HUMANE laws are possible only in a mature society. A HUMANE attitude towards children means, first of all, an understanding of the spiritual efforts of the child, a respectful attitude towards these quests and unobtrusive help.
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy 2. In which sentence, instead of the word CLAY, should CLAY be used? Natalya respectfully looked at her grandfather's hands in brown, CLAY color, senile freckles. In the yard, a middle-aged woman was kindling a CLAY hearth. Geologists in these places often met CLAY minerals. I recalled the city of my childhood, CLAY whistles, which were traded in the bazaars
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy 3. In which sentence should the word LIFE be used instead of the word LIFE? LIFE way this person reflects the ideals of the era. For one, art is only a means to become famous and famous, for another - A vital necessity. The main characters of the play turned out to be insufficiently LIFE. LIFE habits are acquired with experience, and not all of them are positive.
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy 4. In which sentence should PRESENT be used instead of the word PRESENT? INTRODUCE your friend to the guests. The actor could IMAGINE the nightingale's singing. I GIVEN you the right to decide these questions yourself. You must SUBMIT the trip report immediately.
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy 5. In which sentence should PRESENT be used instead of the word PRESENT? For great services to the state, the artist was PRESENTED to government award. This house is of historical value. We were INTRODUCED to a new employee. The Russian language is a huge wealth that PRESENTS us extraordinary opportunities
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A 2. Lexical norms. Paronymy 6. In which sentence, instead of the word HOSTILE, do you need to use HOSTILE? Oksana was ready for everything, but still did not expect such a dry, even HOSTILE reception. In this capricious air was the elegance of the south, its accentuated beauty HOSTILE to the north. The HOSTILE regiment is located around the village. AT folk tales animals sometimes act as an HOSTILE force, dangerous to people.
1. Choose suitable paronyms for the gaps in the following sentences.
1) ARTISTIC - ARTISTIC
The performance of our gymnast was a rare ________________________. It seemed to him that he had _______________________________ abilities.
2) ETERNAL - CENTURY
Grigory was an unusually talented and interesting person, although he was considered a ____________________________ student. Pine dry forests on the banks of the river mixed with __________________ oak groves, thickets of willow, alder and aspen.
3) WATER - WATER
A stranger gave me a bouquet of purple flowers with _____________________ stems.
The stadium is the pride of the district and a favorite place for citizens, where they come with their families on weekends.
4) CLAY - CLAY
Geologists in these places often encountered ___________________ minerals. I remembered the city of my childhood, ______________________ whistles, which were traded in the bazaars.
5) VALID - VALID
Life differs from the invented one in that you can’t predict its unexpected turns in any way. The deputies prepared a number of amendments to the ________________ package of laws.
6) LIFE - LIFE
The hope for life outside of civilization and ___________________ problems is becoming more and more clear for Edward. According to ________________________ indications, Gleb needs an urgent operation.
7) ARTIFICIAL (-O) - ARTIFICIAL (-O)
Mom never liked ________________ flowers, so she was not very happy about Masha's gift. For my birthday, they gave me __________________ fulfilled
8) COLORFUL - COLORING a box that I would never have bought myself.
The language in which the works of folklore are written is rich, bright, ______________ and picturesque. Iron, chromium, manganese, copper and nickel are _________________ substances, components of many paints based on these minerals.
9) INTOLERABLE - UNTOLERABLE
Grasshoppers are chirping, ______________________ heat is over the meadow. When it comes to serious business, Valentine becomes tough, ________________, demanding.
10) UNDERSTANDING - UNDERSTANDING
The task is formulated in such a way that at first it seems to everyone __________________.
The waiter turned out to be extremely ____________________ and did everything the way I wanted.
11) IRRITATION - IRRITABILITY
When he experienced ______________________, he seemed to Varya a complete stranger. Maria Petrovna was an excessively touchy person who was distinguished by ___________________.
12) HUMAN - HUMAN
A normal _____________________ organism will not cope with injuries sustained in an accident. He was more than _______________________, so he did not punish Paul too harshly.
2. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) At school I attended a DRAMA club.
3) Belarus, according to many Russian politicians, is one of the most FRIENDLY countries.
4) The bitter almond smell of SWAMP flowers wafted from the plain.
5) The seconded investigator arrived in the city at six o'clock in the morning and immediately set to work.
3. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) After a long discussion, the Academic Council formulated a UNIFIED position on the issue under discussion.
2) Marina Vasilievna was very excited, but nevertheless heeded the wise advice of her PRACTICAL friend.
4) Clay shards of the Neolithic era are stored in the Historical Museum on Red Square.
5) The militant appearance of the shift supervisor was striking.
4. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) The words of a weak-willed person never turn into actions, into ACTIONS.
2) Pavel Petrovich was amazingly lucky, he was SUCCESSFUL in all matters.
3) She took with her a DUAL feeling: she liked Ivan, and at the same time was unpleasant.
4) Early spring, when everything comes to life and gains LIFE FORCE - this is the content of this picture.
5) The father promised his daughter if she FINISHES well academic year, buy a dog.
5. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) As a child, I was very fond of CLAY whistles.
2)System PRACTICAL EXERCISES widespread in higher education.
3) The artist assigns a significant place to the image of the everyday side of the war.
4) M. Gorky advised critics to pay attention to literature as a whole, and not to its SINGLE manifestations.
5) Help to dress the child.
6. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) Fedorov was a MILITARY man and had a good idea of what tests await the soldiers of his regiment ahead.
2) Ilya's EXPLOSIVE nature gave others a lot of trouble.
3) The ENEMY defense is broken, and the troops entered the city.
4) PERFORMING skill of the actor was worthy of admiration.
5) The wall clock suddenly STOP.
7. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) The requirements for the director were specific and quite UNDERSTANDING.
2) Pechersky was a SKILLED lawyer and enjoyed the well-deserved respect of his colleagues.
3) Children should not play with EXPLOSIVE objects.
4) This gift is dear and memorable to me.
5) The meeting of the Presidents of the FRIENDLY Powers was a success.
8. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) A FULL wolf is more humble than an envious person.
2) The first STONE tools were made many centuries ago.
3) The day today promised to be windy and RAINY.
5) The product was in a beautiful EFFECTIVE package.
9. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) In his works, he often depicted HUMAN suffering.
2) A new ECONOMIC machine was created.
3) The foam of the sea surf created a very EFFECTIVE picture.
4) After the illness, I had a BEAST appetite.
5) HUMANE laws are possible only in a mature society.
10. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
2) The engineer put the travel certificate on the table.
3) This operation is needed for vital indications.
4) My sister received a HUMANITARIAN education.
5) A FRIENDLY conversation took place over tea.
11. Find a sentence in which the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake.
1) From both banks one could see the overlying layers of CLAY soil.
2) He especially liked to READ the poems of A. S. Pushkin.
3) The Constitution of the country guarantees citizens the right to vote.
4) In our house there is a high-rise ceiling.
12. In which answer option is the highlighted word used incorrectly?
1) After a trip abroad, my uncle fell in love with ONION soup.
2) Forcibly polite smile did not REVIEW, but deadened her even more.
3) And in the new place, he more than once showed REALITY in making important economic decisions.
