110 years have passed, and the mystery of the Tunguska phenomenon still haunts both scientists and amateurs interested in mysterious phenomena. Proponents of the theory of representatives visiting the Earth alien civilizations we are sure that here we are dealing with the catastrophe of an alien starship. There is as yet no evidence that the explosion over the Siberian taiga was a natural or man-made disaster.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EXPLOSION OVER THE PODKAMNAYA TUNGUSKA
This strange and frightening event in all respects has gained worldwide fame as the Tunguska phenomenon, the Tunguska catastrophe, the Tunguska body and many other names - loud, but in no way explaining the essence of what happened.
June 30, 1908 at about 7 am local time in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Eastern Siberia some body exploded, probably of extraterrestrial origin. The cause of the explosion, presumably, was the destruction of this body in the lower atmosphere.
First, a dazzlingly bright fireball was visible for several seconds, moving across the sky from the southeast to the northwest. On the way of its movement, a powerful dust trail remained, which persisted for several hours. The explosion of a meteorite was heard at a distance of over 1000 km. Ground shaking and buildings were noted, window panes were cracked. Many people and pets were knocked down by the air wave. Seismographs in Irkutsk and Western Europe registered a seismic wave. And for several more days, an intense glow of the sky was observed on the territory from the Atlantic to central Siberia.
The area of the epicenter of the air explosion is difficult to access even today. And in those years it turned out to be an impossible task to organize scientific expedition due to lack of funds.
Such an opportunity appeared only after almost 20 years, when for the first time the epicenter of events was examined in 1927 by a Soviet expedition led by geologist Leonid Kulik (1883-1942). Even after many years, the picture was horrifying. A radial fall of scorched forest was discovered around the epicenter within a radius of up to 30 km in the interfluve of Kimchu and Khushmo, tributaries of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, 65 km from the present Evenk village of Vanavara. Subsequently, there were also witnesses - residents of Vanavara and Evenk nomads who were in the taiga.
In 1928-1930. two more expeditions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR were carried out, and in 1938-1939. - aerial photography of the central part of the felled forest area.
Both then and now, all attempts to determine the nature of the Tunguska phenomenon were hampered by the fact that on an area of about 2000 km2, devastated by the shock wave, no significant meteorite fragments were found, nor any other parts of the alien body.
In 1995, the Tungussky State Nature Reserve was founded with a total area of 2965 km2. This area provides an opportunity for direct study environmental impact space disasters.
EVENT VERSIONS
All theories of the origin of the Tunguska phenomenon can be divided into two groups. The first contains those whose probability is high, but there is still not enough evidence to prove them. The authorship of the second group of hypotheses belongs to ufologists and supporters of the existence of paranormal phenomena.
In 1975, the Commission on Meteorites and space dust Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR came to the conclusion that Tunguska meteorite was a loose body, its density was no more than 10 times the density of air near the surface of the Earth, which is why the explosion turned out to be so large-scale. The commission put forward a hypothesis that the Tunguska meteorite was a snowball with a radius of 300 m and a density of less than 0.01 g/cm3. At an altitude of about 10 km, the body turned into gas, which dissipated in the atmosphere, which explains the bright nights in Western Siberia and in Europe after the observed event. The resulting shock wave caused the fall of the forest. The commission changed the estimated sizes several times celestial body, but this does not contradict the general conclusions.
The first group of theories also includes the assumption that over the Lower Tunguska there could be the nucleus of a small comet that exploded when it invaded the dense layers of the atmosphere. The “comet theory” does not in the least contradict the conclusions of the 1975 commission, since, according to modern ideas, comets consist of frozen water and various gases with admixtures of rocky matter.
Far more exotic and designed to attract attention are theories, one way or another connected with an alien mind.
In accordance with the hypothesis of science fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev, the Tunguska explosion on June 30, 1908 was caused by an accident on the Martian aircraft- "planetary". This assumption spawned a new trend in science fiction literature.
Developing this theory, some researchers have suggested that we can talk about a UFO with a thermonuclear power plant. Currently, the popular version is that the mysterious object came from the antiworld, and the catastrophe itself is the result of the interaction of the Earth with antimatter.
CURIOUS FACTS
■ Hypotheses are considered even less likely, the authors of which tried to introduce something new into the study of the Tunguska phenomenon, repeatedly exaggerating the possibility of manifestation of already known phenomena: from an explosion huge amount swamp gas to giant ball lightning. When calculating, it turned out that neither the Earth nor its atmosphere would have enough opportunities to accumulate such an amount of gas or create such a large-scale electrical discharge. And theories about the collision of the Earth with a black hole, a piece of plasma torn off from the Sun, or a cloud of cosmic dust seem absolutely fantastic.
■ Expeditions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR noted that the area of fallen forest has a characteristic shape of a "butterfly" with spread "wings", "flying" from the east - southeast to the west - northwest. The computer simulation of this area, taking into account all the circumstances of the fall, showed that the explosion did not occur when the body collided with the earth's surface, but even before that, in the air, at a height of 5-10 km.
■ In the peat bogs of the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, silicate and magnetite balls were found, which could be the remains of a celestial body. However, very, very few of them were found, while in the explosion of such a force there should have been much more fragments. But even this does not refute the version of the Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, according to which a body with high kinetic energy, but with low density (below the density of water), low strength and high volatility, collided with the Earth. All this led to its rapid destruction and evaporation as a result of sharp deceleration in the lower dense layers of the atmosphere. And such a body could be a comet, consisting of frozen water and gases in the form of "snow" with interspersed refractory particles.
■ The expedition of 1927 discovered round pits flooded with water in the central part of the radial fall of the forest. Leonid Kulik at first mistook them for meteorite funnels. However, later it was found that these are natural formations, the origin of which is associated with permafrost.
■ A study of the consequences of the disaster showed that the energy of the explosion was 40-50 megatons of TNT, which is comparable to the energy of two thousand nuclear bombs detonated simultaneously, like the one dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. Later, increased tree growth was found in the center of the explosion, indicating a radiation release .
ATTRACTION
■ Natural: Tungussky State Nature Reserve (1995).
NUMBERS
Explosion power: OK. 40-50 Mt.
Height above y. m.: ok. 250 m
Distance: 685 N.-E. from Krasnoyarsk, 3594 km east of Moscow.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: Eastern Siberia.
Admin. accessory: Evenki district, Krasnoyarsk kr., RF.
Date of event: June 30, 1908
Airport: Emelyanovo-Krasnoyarsk (international).
Atlas. The whole world is in your hands №394
The event that took place in 1908 is 100 years old these days, but this event still raises many questions among scientists and attracts the attention of the public.
This is the only large-scale space catastrophe in the memory of mankind, comparable in its consequences to nuclear strike. If the impact of the Tunguska body fell on a densely populated area, the number of victims could be measured in millions of lives.
IN solar system millions of small bodies - comets, asteroids, meteorites - many of which, when falling to Earth, can cause a catastrophe even larger than the Tunguska one.
However, the nature of the cosmic body that fell in the Siberian taiga is still not entirely clear, just as it is not clear which of our cosmic "neighbors" - asteroids, comets, other bodies, humanity should follow in order to avoid a repetition of the catastrophe.
The study of the Tunguska catastrophe makes it possible to see all the ecological and geophysical consequences of the fall of a cosmic body, to draw conclusions about the possible short- and long-term consequences of such events.
Catastrophe
The Tunguska disaster occurred 100 years ago - on June 30, 1908 at 07.14 local time (0.14 GMT) in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, not far from the Vanavara trading post (now the village of Vanavara, the regional center of the Tungussko-Chunsky district of the Evenk autonomous region) in the area with geographic coordinates 60° 53" north latitude and 101° 53" east longitude.
At about seven o'clock in the morning over the territory of the Yenisei basin from the southeast to the northwest from the direction of the Sun a fireball flew - a bolide. It was visible in the vast territory of Eastern Siberia between the Lena and Podkamennaya Tunguska. The visibility zone of the car was about 600 kilometers.
People who watched his flight were horrified by the blinding light and rumbling sounds. More than a thousand kilometers around, thunder rumbles were heard. Windows trembled in the houses, suspended objects swayed. The noise was such that Trans-Siberian Railway near Kansk, a train was stopped, the driver of which decided that an explosion had occurred in its composition.
The flight of the meteorite caused panic among the Russian population of the villages on the Lower Tunguska and on the Angara. Some who have just arrived Russo-Japanese War, decided that the Japanese had come to the Angara, others were expecting the coming of the Antichrist.
The flight of the bolide ended with a grandiose explosion over the deserted taiga at an altitude of about 7-10 kilometers. The explosion caused an earthquake, the magnitude of which is estimated from 4.7 to 5 units. The power of the explosion was 10-40 megatons of TNT, which corresponds to the energy of an average hydrogen bomb. Even at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter, eyewitnesses received minor burns.
There were no people directly in the area of the fall - the nearest Evenk camp was 20 kilometers away, however, even there the blast wave raised plagues into the air and scattered dogs. According to the Evenks, about a thousand deer were killed during the fall of the Tungus body, and they themselves suffered.
The explosion completely knocked down a forest on a vast territory - on an area of 2150 square kilometers (this roughly corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Moscow). The outbreak burned a forest over an area of 200 square kilometers and caused a huge forest fire.
On the first day after the disaster, almost in the entire northern hemisphere - from Bordeaux to Tashkent, from the shores of the Atlantic to Krasnoyarsk, strange atmospheric phenomena were observed - twilight unusual in brightness and color, night sky glow, bright noctilucent clouds, daytime optical effects - halo and crowns around the sun . The radiance of the sky was so strong that many residents could not sleep. In a number of cities at night one could freely read a newspaper printed small print and in Greenwich at midnight a photograph of the seaport was taken. This phenomenon continued for several more nights.
The disaster caused hesitation magnetic field, recorded in Irkutsk and the German city of Kiel. The magnetic storm resembled in its parameters the perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field observed after high-altitude nuclear explosions.
It was on this day in Antarctica that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed, described by members of the English Antarctic expedition of Shackleton.
Research
Scientists found themselves in the disaster area only 20 years later - only in 1927. The first researcher Tunguska phenomenon was Leonid Kulik, who in 1921 led an expedition organized by the Academy of Sciences of the RSFSR to collect information about meteorites.
He became interested in old press reports about unusual event on the Yenisei - the then newspapermen reported a meteorite fall in the Kansk region. Kulik collected reports from eyewitnesses and found out that a meteorite actually flew over the Yenisei province and fell in the Podkamennaya Tunguska area. In 1927, Kulik's expedition for the first time penetrated the disaster area. Participants found a fall of the forest with traces of a burn.
Scientists believed that they were dealing with the fall of a large meteorite, so at the crash site they expected to see an impact crater from its fall, similar to other known craters. It was to identify such formations that the main efforts of Kulik's expeditions were directed. However, all efforts were unsuccessful.
In the 1960s, the expedition Committee on Meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences continued to look for traces of a giant meteorite fall, did not find them and stopped further field research. Later, enthusiasts created a Complex Amateur Expedition for many years exploring the disaster area.
So scientists were faced with the main mystery of the Tunguska meteorite - a powerful explosion clearly took place over the taiga, knocking down a forest over a huge area, but what caused it left no traces.
Since the power of the explosion said that the cosmic body had a mass of several tens of thousands of tons, it seemed that such an amount of matter could not disappear without a trace, but so far no traces of the Tunguska body have been found.
Hypotheses
In 1934, for the first time, it was suggested that in 1908, not a meteorite - stone or iron, but a comet, invaded the earth's atmosphere. Since the nuclei of comets are composed mostly of frozen gas and ice, this explained the absence of cosmic matter on earth.
In the second half of the 20th century, scientists found a small amount of meteor dust in the soil, but it can be found anywhere on the earth's surface, since the combustion of meteors in the Earth's atmosphere occurs constantly. Anomalous concentrations of some elements were found, but it was not possible to accurately associate them with the catastrophe.
Later studies, in particular, the results of studies of Halley's comet, showed that this hypothesis does not fully explain the situation - the proportion of refractory substances, in particular, silicon compounds, in comets turned out to be much higher than previously thought. At the crash site there should have been a significant amount of the substance sprayed during the explosion - but it was not found.
Nevertheless, at the moment, the comet hypothesis, along with the asteroid one, remains the most popular among scientists. In particular, a version of the collision with a fragment of Encke's comet was expressed.
After the appearance of atomic weapons, the Tunguska disaster again attracted the attention of society - the similarity of this event with nuclear explosion it was obvious.
Soviet science fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev in 1946 for the first time expressed the opinion that the cause of the disaster was the explosion of an alien spaceship with a nuclear power plant. Later, a number of scientists carry out calculations that show that the Tunguska explosion could have occurred only due to the internal energy of the cosmic body.
This hypothesis was later put forward in different options many times and is still very popular among ufologists. Fantasists have expressed the opinion that the catastrophe was caused by a laser signal from an alien civilization.
The absence of the substance of a cosmic body at the crash site forced the American astronomer Lincoln La Paz in 1948 to put forward a hypothesis that the Tunguska meteorite consisted of antimatter, and the explosion was caused by its annihilation with terrestrial matter.
In 1973, American physicists Albert Jackson and Michael Ryan put forward a hypothesis that the Tunguska meteorite was a miniature "black hole" that entered the Earth in Siberia and, having passed through the globe, exited in the North Atlantic.
Some scientists tried to explain the Tunguska event by purely earthly causes.
In particular, assumptions were made about its volcanic nature - the catastrophe, in their opinion, was caused by the release and explosion of a huge amount of natural gas from a tectonic crack. There were hypotheses that the Tunguska explosion was associated with a giant ball lightning.
Finally, in the mid-1990s, the Tunguska disaster began to be attributed to human activity. In the book of the predictor Manfred Dimde, the idea was put forward that the Tunguska explosion was caused by the consequences of the experiment of the American researcher Nikola Tesla on the transmission electromagnetic waves on distance.
Allegedly, a few months before the explosion, Tesla claimed that he could light the way to north pole expeditions of the famous traveler Piri. When trying to do this, he made a mistake in the calculations.
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