I continue to study technoparks and technopolises. Today is about Japan.

The peculiarity of Japan lies in the fact that special cultural differences play an important role here compared to the United States and European countries. So, there are numerous incentives for an employee to work in the same company all his life. The so-called system of lifetime employment.

In Japan, there is the city of science Tsukuba, the program of technopolises and the program of research centers (in the original they are called research core - research cores). .

City-Tsukuba

Tokyo and a number of other agglomerations in Japan suffered from overpopulation. Establishing science centers in overpopulated areas was not an optimal solution, so it was decided to establish a new science center in the Tsukuba area of ​​Ibaraki Prefecture (about 70 km northeast of downtown Tokyo). . Land acquisition for the new Science City began in 1967. And only in May 1970, the Japanese government decided to build Tsukuba. The Institute of Inorganic Materials was “relocated” there, and later Tsukuba University appeared there. The result was a science city 18 km long. Half of the entire territory is occupied by research firms and educational institutions.

Structures similar in profile are territorially located nearby. A university built according to European traditions was opened in Tsukuba. Tokyo University acted as the parent university Pedagogical University. There was an industrial zone in the city, in which many electronic and biochemical enterprises deployed their work.

As a result, Tsukuba is, first of all, the center of fundamental science.

Technopolis program

After the creation of the Tsukuba Science City, an initiative was taken to turn the backward regions of the country into highly developed areas. The economic regions of Japan are developed unevenly. More than half of the advanced research centers and scientists are located in the Tokyo-Osaka area.

Initially, it was planned to create two or three new science centers, but the idea aroused enthusiasm in most regions (prefectures) of Japan. Therefore, to select new points of growth, it was necessary to organize a competition, since on a general basis there would not be enough resources for everyone.

The technopolis should be close to the main city, no more than 30 minutes by car, and the population of this parent city should not be less than 150 thousand people;
Ability to quickly get to the airport, station railway. That is, a developed transport network;
Technopolis should be an integrated territorial complex of industrial enterprises, research institutions and residential areas. The built-up area was not to exceed 500 square miles;
Technopolis should be included in the national telecommunications information network;
Good environment, favorable natural conditions;
Support of the local population for the creation of a technopolis;
The deadlines for the creation of a technopolis have been set (we are talking about 1990).

The Silicon Valley of the USA acted as an example of a technopolis / region of science. Active development towards scientific research began even in those regions that were not selected for the government program for the development of technopolises.

All technopolises passing the selection had different specializations, but the main directions of development are common for all technopolises. There are 6 areas of development in total:

1. Improving the training of scientific and engineering personnel at the regional level; expansion and development of local universities and other educational institutions. Invitation of qualified teachers from the center of the country.
2. Development and construction of new scientific institutions. The return of departed specialists.
3. Creation of an industrial park with the simultaneous involvement of large modern companies there. Both domestic and foreign. The regions actively attract foreign companies and investments.
4. Opening of incubators. Other measures to promote small business.
5. Development of transport infrastructure, as well as means of communication.
6. Modernization of existing sectors of the economy that are typical for the region.

During the construction of technopolises, local authorities and private capital played an important role. Unlike Tsukuba, where the central government played the main role. The result of the construction of technopolises should be the economic upswing of the regions.

Any science park is built in order to combine scientific knowledge and applied developments. In Japan, fundamental research is carried out in Tsukuba, and applied research is carried out in technopolises.

In Japan, there are various types of financial assistance to enterprises operating in technopolises.

1. Tax credits;
2. Preferential lending;
3. Direct subsidies.

Technopolis began to develop not only in 19 prefectures, which received financial assistance from the government. Other regions also joined in the work.

Research Core

In Japan, in 1986, a law was passed on the creation of research nuclei, which were mini-technopolises. The research cores included:
1. One or more experimental centers (institutes) that lead research projects. A variety of interested enterprises and academic institutions are involved in the work.
2. Refresher courses for scientists and engineers;
3. Center for technical information;
4. Business incubators that provide premises for venture capital companies.

A total of 28 such research cores were built.

It was born in the bowels of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry - the "brain trust" of the Japanese economy. The most serious task was assigned to technopolises - to become an instrument for restructuring the entire economy of the country. Metallurgy, heavy engineering and the chemical industry, which were the "three pillars" of the Japanese economic miracle of the 60s, began to lose ground to competitors from South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, where labor was cheaper and environmental protection requirements less stringent.

It was decided to gradually replace them with highly profitable, knowledge-intensive, environmentally friendly industries. The advanced industries included the production of aviation and space technology, optical fibers, industrial robots, medical electronics, information systems, pharmaceuticals, as well as biotechnology and precision engineering. This is what Japanese technopolises should have focused on.

The second task was to eliminate the "distortion" between the developed industrial centers and lagging outlying regions of the country. During the years of the "economic miracle", industrial and business activity was concentrated in three megalopolises: Tokyo - Yokohama - Kawasaki, Osaka - Kobe and Nagoya. Like huge magnets, they attracted more than a third of the population of Japan, two-thirds of students and half of all bank deposits. To avoid an increase in imbalance, it was decided to create technopolises in economically underdeveloped prefectures, which thus received an incentive for development.

Together with the permission to build a technopolis, the prefecture was given the right to provide companies that wanted to settle in their territory with tax incentives, low-interest loans and the right to lease land at reduced prices. At the same time, the state assumed the obligation to reimburse the local authorities for the funds that they would lose due to the abolition of part of the taxes.

It is clear that the "poor" regions took this idea with a bang. Thirty-eight of Japan's forty-seven prefectures have declared their willingness to build technopolises before they really figure out what's behind it. The most curious of the applications received by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry was a letter from the mayor of one of the cities, who assured that under his leadership the "technical police" would be created in the shortest possible time.

A list of requirements for applicants for the right to build a technopolis, published in 1982, clarified the situation. Each technopolis was ordered to include large enterprises in several advanced industries, public or private universities, scientific universities or laboratories, and a residential area with cultural and sports facilities. In addition, it had to be adjacent to an airport or railway junction, allowing you to get to Tokyo, Osaka or Nagoya within a day and return back.

At the initial stage, 24 prefectures were able to fulfill such stringent requirements, on the territory of which the program of “technopolization” of the country began to unfold.

One of the most successful participants in this large-scale experiment is the Oita technopolis that has grown up on the island of Kyushu. There are branches of the largest companies such as Sony, Canon, Matsushita, Nihon MRC, Toshiba. According to independent observers, they were attracted not only by a successful geographical location district, but also the authority of the organizer of the technopolis, former employee Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry.

Experience in creating technology parks in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region

The practice of functioning of technology parks (TP) in the countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) testifies to the high efficiency of the concentration of scientific, technical, industrial and financial resources in technology parks and technopolises. A reasonable state innovation policy has a significant impact on the economic growth of countries, promotes the development of their scientific and technical potential. An important feature is that the state is the main investor in science-intensive industries, as well as an active participant in the implementation of innovative projects. Accelerated commercialization process scientific achievements confirms the relevance and effectiveness of the chosen innovation policy of the Asia-Pacific countries.

The scientific and technical policy in the countries of the region is implemented through the mechanisms for allocating budgetary funds to support science-intensive production and industries that produce competitive products based on the latest achievements of science and technology, requiring significant R&D costs and attracting qualified personnel. Undoubtedly, the existence of TA in the countries of the region is impossible without the support of local governments, cooperation between scientific centers and industrial enterprises, conducting joint, including international, R&D. At the same time, the development of integration ties with neighboring countries of the region, as well as the attraction of foreign direct investment, is considered an important point. As part of this policy, the antimonopoly, licensing, tax and customs regulations are being reviewed. regulatory framework. In a number of countries, additional measures are provided for preferential taxation of industries related to the activities of TP, the transfer of intellectual property rights to R&D performers, which were financed from the state budget, is allowed. These measures really contribute to the expansion of interaction between scientific institutions and innovative firms, and also contribute to the economic growth of the region. Thus, it can be assumed that in the near future the trend towards the development of technology parks, cooperation between scientific institutions and industrial firms will continue as one of the promising forms of attracting private capital, commercializing scientific research, and developing high-tech industries.

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Formation and development of technology parks in the countries of Southeast Asia

Sergei Yaroshenko

The issue of creating technoparks in our country Lately became not only fashionable, but also relevant. It becomes clear that without introducing innovative technologies in the production of consumer goods, we are doomed to sell dwindling energy supplies to buy a toothbrush or a vacuum cleaner. We can say that in our country there have long been academic campuses, closed institutes or entire ZATOs, which made it possible to create a nuclear bomb or hydrogen rocket engines.

Unfortunately, since the founding of ZATO, the economic and political realities in the country have changed significantly, and the high-tech products of these closed territorial entities turned out to be unclaimed, and they were not ready for mass production of competitive consumer goods. Therefore, examples of successful global projects for the development of a network of technoparks are of interest to an increasing number of IT specialists. best practices can certainly be grafted onto fertile Russian soil.

Birth of technoparks

In the course of the formation of an industrial, and then a post-industrial society, it became obvious that the most acute problem for small innovative enterprises is the availability of production facilities and financial support. A way to solve such problems was found in the early 50s at Stanford University (USA, California).

After the creation of the first semiconductor transistor, the rapid development of semiconductor electronics began. At the same time, a number of tasks were identified, without the solution of which semiconductor technology could not get a start in life. The university has offered creative teams who want to work in this high-tech field to rent their vacant buildings and the land around them for a relatively small fee. Thus was formed the Stanford University Science and Technology Park, famous for its phenomenal achievements in the development of the knowledge-intensive industry sector. Such well-known companies as Hewlett-Packard and Polaroid started their lives in the technopark. The results of experimental developments of small enterprises of the technopark marked the beginning of the rapid development of the electronic industry in this region. Since the base material for semiconductor electronics is silicon, the area has become known as "Silicon valley" (Silicon Valley). Today it is one of the most prosperous regions in the United States (suffice it to say that average salary in Silicon Valley is 5 times higher than the US average). The success of Silicon Valley is determined by the fact that it was there that a special scheme for financing high-tech projects was developed and applied - venture financing. (Venture financing is the financing of new ventures and new activities that are traditionally considered high-risk, which makes it impossible to obtain financing for them in the form of a bank loan and other generally accepted sources.)

To date, there are more than 160 technology parks in the United States, which is more than 30% of the total number of technology parks in the world. Similar formations appeared in other advanced countries of the world. (For the sake of fairness, we note that the decision taken by the USSR government at the time to create the Novosibirsk Academic City and the "ring" of industrial production around it in the late 50s was, in a sense, the first experience in creating such technology park cities.)

From industrialized countries, technology parks stepped into developing countries- Brazil, India, China and many other young nation-states. Already in 1998 there were more than 400 technology parks in the world.

Japanese technopolises

Speaking of the countries of Southeast Asia, we cannot fail to mention Japan. In Japan, technology parks are called "technopolises". Technopolis is a program of the Japanese government in the early 80s, which has become one of the key elements of the strategy regional development countries in the transition to a knowledge-intensive industry structure, accelerating scientific and technological progress, softization and serving of the economy.

The technopolis construction program provided for a balanced and organic combination of high-tech industry, science (universities, engineering universities, research institutes, laboratories) and living space (prosperous and spacious living areas), as well as combining the rich traditions of the regions with advanced industrial technology. The new research and production campuses were conceived as multi-purpose and complex, which favorably distinguished them from similar territorial entities in the US and Europe. Japanese technopolises include not only science parks and research centers, capital and new technologies, but also new residential areas, roads, communications and communication facilities.

In 1990, the first stage - formation - was completed for 20 technopolises, and the government decided to develop plans for the second stage - development and make adjustments to the overall strategy. At the same time, intermediate results of the program implementation were summed up. As indicators of the effectiveness of the work of technopolises, the following were taken: the volume of shipped industrial products, the volume of added value created in industry, the same per one employed person and the number of people employed in industry. The research results showed that the average annual growth rate in 1980-1989. in all respects significantly lagged behind the forecasts. However, this did not speak of the failure of the very idea of ​​technopolises or its practical implementation. The predicted figures were indicative. The technopolis construction program was not a directive plan, it determined only a general development strategy, and from the very beginning it was assumed that it would be flexibly adjusted. Because in the 80s. the exchange rate of the yen rose sharply, industry rushed not to the province, but abroad. As a result, the indicators laid down earlier in the project industrial development turned out to be overpriced. In addition, it affected varying degrees the readiness of prefectures to implement the program, the presence or absence in a given area of ​​large companies interested in the project, as well as strong leaders capable of leading it.

Practice has shown that those technopolises that are located in areas of high and medium level are developing most successfully. economic development. At the same time, high-tech industries became the growth leaders, which indicates qualitative changes in the sectoral structure of industry in technopolises. Practically in all technopolises, elements of a new scientific, industrial and information infrastructure were laid. Perhaps this was the greatest achievement of the first stage of the Technopolis program. In technopolises, research centers, technology parks, high-tech centers, high-level Information Systems, joint research of universities and industry in the field of high technologies has intensified. There has been a long-term trend towards a slowdown in the outflow of graduates of local universities from their native places, as technopolises have opened up prospects for them to apply their knowledge.

Hsinchu Science and Industry Park (Taiwan)

Japan has played an extremely important role in the development of the Taiwanese economy. Taiwan embarked on industrialization, at first relying on the economic infrastructure left behind by Japan, factories built before and during World War II, the railroad system, car roads etc., as well as management methods and technology, which greatly facilitated the post-war development of the island.

In 1981, in Taiwan, in the city of Hsinchu, the first scientific and industrial park (NIP) was organized, which initially included seven companies. Today the park is about 180 companies; scientific and educational organizations: public universities Tsinghua and Jiaotong Industrial Technology Research Institute; establishments social purpose: kindergartens, schools (where teaching is conducted in Chinese and English), theatres, concert hall, sports facilities, restaurants, supermarket. The technopark has a powerful housing stock, and there is a recreation area on the territory of the park. It is also very important that the atmosphere of creative freedom reigns here.

The park, which employs about 50 thousand people, is located on a leased area of ​​380 hectares. Hsinzhong Park is the heart of Taiwan's information industry, a world-class high-tech center. His specialization is the creation of communication systems, computers and medical equipment. In the fact that Taiwan has reached the third place in the world (after the USA, Japan) in the production of IT products, the NPC in Hsinchu plays a decisive role.

NIP is an independently operating scientific and technical complex with broad managerial rights and economic opportunities. Taiwanese or foreign companies that decide to settle in the park receive significant economic incentives. Excellent conditions, economic benefits cannot but attract Taiwanese and foreign businesses, especially Chinese people who live in the United States and other countries of the world. (Half of the companies in Hsinchu are organized by overseas Chinese, who come primarily from the US.) The profit margin in Hsinchu Park is 25%, while the average for the island's entire manufacturing industry is 6.5%.

High-tech industry of the Republic of Korea

The economic development model of the Republic of Korea is similar to that of Japan. Unlike its northern neighbor, the Republic of Korea has managed to create a high-tech industry in four decades.

In 1987, the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea developed a fifteen-year plan that determined the main directions of the state's scientific and technological policy. It outlined the development of microelectronics and pure chemistry, informatics and automation of production. In the 80s of the last century, scientific and production parks (technoparks), research institutes and risk firms in the field of high technologies began to be created in the country. Thanks to financial and tax incentives, large enterprises from leading industries in Korea and foreign companies took part in them.

Technoparks carried out experimental small-scale production, development of new technologies, products and materials. With positive R&D results, mass production of new products was organized. As the level of industrialization increased, the development of own R&D gradually increased. During 1960-1980, government spending for these purposes increased from 0.25% to 0.58% of GDP. By 2000, the number of people employed in the IT industry reached 440,000 people (about 3.8% of the entire working-age population of the country).

Hong Kong creates its own Silicon Valley

On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was transferred to the control of the Chinese administration. Today it is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. In 1997, the Hong Kong government expressed its intention to build a "digital city" called Cyberport (Cyberport), a national Silicon Valley, which would be an association of more than a hundred companies, numbering 10,000 specialists in the field of modern technological developments. The embodiment of this idea was Cyberport, which occupies an area of ​​24 hectares. The digital city is located in the south of the SAR. Within four years, a hotel, residential complexes, shops and high-tech service centers were built here. The project is currently at the completion stage. $2 billion has already been spent on the creation of the Cyberport.

As conceived by the creators, Cyberport should provide affordable production facilities and support for small and medium-sized high-tech companies. Cyberport is an opportunity for specialized businesses such as online video production, music production, animation and image processing. The wireless access network deployed throughout the Cyberport is capable of transmitting data at a speed of 100 Mb/s.

Today, only half of the Cyberport offices are filled, which has not yet reached self-financing. The problem is that the transition of companies to a new high-tech production zone is promising, but complicated by the insufficient development of infrastructure and the high cost of location.

Note that Hong Kong today has the largest accumulation of venture capital in Asia, very strict legislation governing intellectual property, big number highly educated and talented people - graduates of six universities, Cyberport and Science Park employees. All this together creates an ideal environment for research work.

IT technologies are the future of China's economy

Since 1988, China has been implementing a program to concentrate efforts aimed at developing science-intensive industries: microelectronics and computer science, fiber optic communications, genetic engineering and biotechnology, and medical equipment. China's state policy in the field of science and high technology is quite progressive and uses all methods to stimulate the development of science-intensive industries in the country.

Hong Kong's success in high-tech development has spurred mainland China to set up high-tech centers in Beijing and Shanghai. The country began to create zones for the development of new high technologies - technoparks. In 1988, the first technology park "Beijing Experimental Zone for the Development of New Technologies in the Hai Dan Area" was established, and now there are more than 120 zones in China where technologies of various levels of complexity are developing at an accelerated pace. By 2001, the proceeds from the export of technopark products alone amounted to more than 4 billion dollars. There are people to work in Chinese technoparks. Today in China, there are 1,000 scientists and engineers per million people, in other words, this stratum of society has about 1.3 million specialists who speak Chinese, English, and often Russian.

Indian technology parks

In 1991, the Department of Electronic Industry and Software Technology Park, by decision of the government of the country, began to create a network of technology parks. The meaning of Indian technology parks is the formation of centers of concentration of advanced knowledge and technologies with the rapid introduction of the latter into production. In India, technoparks are exempt from import taxes, for five years - from paying internal taxes and fees, and have a number of other benefits (energy supply and communications, including satellite). Today they are acquiring the features of complex research centers with a developed infrastructure and with the most modern means to carry out R&D in the field of electronics. They are created on the principle of "closed production cycle".

Technopark Bangalore. Only the support of the Indian government helped create the first Indian technology park Bangalore (Bangalore), the national Silicon Valley. The technology park began its history in 1984, when a contract was signed with Texas Instruments, and in 1986 the Software Technology Park was officially opened here. Today, more than 80,000 first-class IT specialists work in the park, a highly developed network of research and educational institutions has been formed, uniting over 55 colleges and universities.

The technopark in Bangalore is located a few hundred meters from the outskirts of an ordinary Indian city with its poverty and shacks. However, inside the fence of the technopark - a different world, with golf courses, swimming pools, shops, gyms and excellent facilities for programmers.

The Indian Technopark is a tool for solving the problem of developing high technologies in poor country. Youth are shown how they can live if they strive for higher education. Park employees are quite young people. No international, all as one Indian. There are noticeably more men (they wear exclusively European clothes), but there are also many girls, mostly dressed in saris. These are programmers. They debug software for powerful specialized supercomputers commissioned by transnational IT companies. Personnel are trained here, in Bangalore. The education system is fundamentally different from the Russian one. After graduation, the student goes to college for two years and turns into a programmer. Further study is possible and obligatory only for project managers, and there are only one of them for several dozen developers.

Economic restructuring, in particular in India and China, is leading to a significant increase in demand for highly qualified scientific and engineering personnel within these countries, threatening American leadership in high technology. In India, cooperation between the state and business stands out as a key development mechanism, expressed in serious investments in technical universities and telecommunications infrastructure, the creation of advanced technology parks. All this makes India more competitive and attractive for investors and international corporations. As a result, highly skilled and talented high-tech specialists of Indian origin, who found work in the United States, were drawn to their homeland.

The factors noted above, together with the government support program, helped India become the world market leader in offshore programming. In total, about 1.3 thousand development companies operate in 13 Indian technology parks, employing more than 450 thousand employees. India earns about 13 billion dollars a year in this segment of the market (Russia - 500 million dollars).