On May 17, the investment bank Rothschild & Co will be headed by the representative of the seventh generation of the famous Rothschild dynasty - 37-year-old Alexander de Rothschild. For two hundred years, the family has strictly observed the precepts of the patriarch and the founder of the clan, who ordered the descendants to always act as a unit, entrust the management of the family business only to male relatives and maintain secrecy in business. The famous banking house has been involved in transactions of historic proportions for centuries. The image of all-powerful behind-the-scenes puppeteers was formed under the impression of their activities. Conspiracy theorists are sure that the famous family, whose branches are widely spread in Europe and the USA, controls world finances with the help of. The origins and change of generations in the famous banking clan - in the material.

Bench under a red sign

The end of the eighteenth century is an era of gigantic change for Western Europe: the revolution and overthrow of the monarchy in France, the birth of industrial production, a series of large-scale wars, the gradual loss of political influence by aristocratic landowners and the emancipation of oppressed groups. It was at this time that the foundation of the financial power of the Rothschilds was laid. Mayer Amschel, the son of Amschel Moses, a modest money changer from the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main, is considered the ancestor of the dynasty.

The father wanted the bright boy to become a rabbi, but Mayer showed a penchant for worldly affairs. For a time he practiced at the Oppenheimer banking house in Hannover. Then he worked in his father's changing shop under a red sign (in German it sounds like Rot Schild, later this phrase became a surname). “Catching the trends”, Mayer Amschel started buying old coins and medals. The German nobility of that time was fond of collecting various antiquities, so the courteous and neat young man quickly made useful contacts with the powers that be, and the changer shop was transformed into a bank.

The career rise of the son of a money changer from the ghetto occurred after meeting the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm. Traditionally, Jewish bankers handled various financial transactions for the German princes. For example, the court bankers of the Habsburgs in Vienna were representatives of the House of Oppenheimer, the King of Prussia, Frederick II the Great, used the services of the Berlin company Ephraim and Sons. Bypassing competitors with the help of patronage and gifts to patrons, Mayer Amschel became the main court financier of Wilhelm.

All in the house

The well-being of the family went uphill sharply, the growing children were actively involved in the family business. Like fairy-tale characters throwing arrows in search of happiness, Mayer's sons went to the largest cities in Europe: Solomon - to Vienna, Nathan - to Manchester (later he moved to London), Kalman - to Naples, Jacob - to Paris. The eldest son remained in Frankfurt am Main. In memory of this, five arrows and the motto in Latin are depicted on the Rothschild coat of arms: Concordia, Integritas, Industria - Consent, Honesty, Diligence.

Thus, an international financial network was founded, covering the most developed European countries. Formally competing, the brothers supported each other in every possible way and exchanged news using correspondence coded in Yiddish. Subsequently, the most viable branches of the family tree turned out to be English (from Nathan) and French (from Jacob) - they still flourish.

The court financier approached the marriages of children very seriously: the sons brought daughters-in-law with a solid dowry into the family, the spouses of the daughters were also members of the clan, but worked in lower positions. In any case, the sons-in-law did not shine at the helm of the family business. The wealth of the clan could only be controlled by a descendant of Mayer Amschel in the male line. The money acquired had to remain in the family, so Mayer's descendants married first cousins ​​and second cousins.

However, so did the entire elite. For example, by the end of the 19th century, the Austrian imperial family turned out to be so branched out that marriages between relatives belonging to different branches of the Habsburg family became more and more frequent, write Andrei Shary and Yaroslav Shimov in their book "Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire." Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, who became heir to the throne in 1895, was indignant about this: “If someone from our family falls in love on the side, there will certainly be some nonsense in the pedigree that prevents such a marriage. So it turns out that we have a husband and wife, all twenty-fold relatives. As a result, half of the children are fools or complete idiots.

The Rothschilds entered into marriages exclusively with adherents of Judaism and won the glory of the "Jewish royal family." The rules established by Mayer Amschel remained unchanged for 200 years, only in the 1970s, David Rene, a representative of the French branch of the Rothschilds, married a Catholic, Italian aristocrat Olimpia Aldobrandini. They raised their daughters in the Catholic faith, but their only son Alexander - the future heir to the family business - in Judaism. Also in 2010, the Rothschilds for the first time appointed a non-native Briton, Nigel Higgins, as the chief executive of investment bank NM Rothschild. True, Higgins was not a complete stranger - by this time he had worked for the family for a quarter of a century.

To whom war

The Rothschilds could have remained at the level of the small-town rich, if not for the war. In 1806, French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Germany. Landgrave Wilhelm fled the country, leaving his affairs in the care of his court banker. It was then that Mayer came in handy with his arrow, shot in the direction of Foggy Albion. Son Nathan instantly quit trading in textiles in Manchester and retrained as a stock exchange tycoon in London.

The French confiscated part of Wilhelm's gold, but Rothschild Sr., thanks to Nathan's securities transactions, managed to transfer the main capital of his boss to England. To celebrate, the landgrave signed off to the court bankers for a symbolic commission all the rights to manage his papers, and Nathan started buying and selling British government bonds. So the Rothschilds became the first European millionaires and financed the wars of Great Britain against Napoleon. One of their most notable operations is ferrying gold for Wellington's army in Spain.

On September 19, 1812, the Russian army, exhausted by battles, under the command of Field Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov, retreated to Podolsk. On the same day, the founder of the Rothschild house, Mayer Amschel, died in the house on the Jewish street of Frankfurt am Main at the age of seventieth, but his business lived and grew - the wealth and influence of the Rothschild brothers increased along with the amounts of loans they provided.

Frame: yorktheatre / YouTube

There is a legend that Nathan learned about the victory over Napoleon at Waterloo a day earlier than anyone in London, but he came to the stock exchange with a sad face and began to sell government bonds. Seeing this, the stockbrokers decided that the British and their allies were defeated, and rushed to get rid of the papers for next to nothing. Having waited for the collapse, the agents of the cunning Nathan bought up cheaper government bonds. As a result, the London Rothschild earned £40 million from this operation. However, some researchers refuse this story to be true - Nathan bought up securities against the backdrop of defeatist sentiments before the Battle of Waterloo, they say.

The peace established in Europe after Napoleonic Wars, also contributed to the growth of the family's well-being - war-torn countries needed loans to restore. The grateful victorious monarchs bestowed the nobility on the banker brothers, and the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. Napoleon tried to conquer Europe with guns and cannons, but lost. The Old World submitted to the bills and loans of the banking family.

World behind the scenes

The nineteenth century was the golden age of the Rothschilds. Europe, and with it the whole world, was changing rapidly, the Rothschild banking network financed the construction of industrial enterprises, railways, the British purchase of the Suez Canal, the development of oil fields in Russian Empire(on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan).

The Rothschilds partnered with De Beers in the search for diamonds and gold in South Africa. They are accused of helping to unleash military conflicts, for example, the devastating war of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with Paraguay. Numerous descendants of Mayer Amschel were fond of luxury and art, the construction of palaces and charity. But by the end of the century, the glory of the family began to fade. Perhaps they themselves wanted this, because money, as you know, loves silence, and left and right publicists blamed bankers for all the troubles of mankind.

In the twentieth century, Rothschild structures began to specialize in large-scale mergers and acquisitions. Conspiracy theorists consider the Rothschilds to be the ideological inspirers of the First Bank of the United States - the prototype of the Federal Reserve System (FRS). The dynasty is considered to be among the real masters of the system. Officially, the Fed owns 12 federal reserve banks, approved but organized as private companies.

The Rothschilds have raised a new financial tycoon. You will soon learn about it.

On May 17, the investment bank Rothschild & Co will be headed by the seventh generation of the famous Rothschild dynasty, 37-year-old Alexander de Rothschild. For two hundred years, the family has strictly observed the precepts of the patriarch and the founder of the clan, who ordered the descendants to always act as a unit, entrust the management of the family business only to male relatives and maintain secrecy in business. The famous banking house has been involved in transactions of historic proportions for centuries. The image of all-powerful behind-the-scenes puppeteers was formed under the impression of their activities. Conspiracy theorists believe that the famous family, whose branches are widely spread in Europe and the United States, controls the world's finances with the help of the Federal Reserve System. The origins and change of generations in the famous banking clan are in this material.

Bench under a red sign

The end of the eighteenth century is an era of gigantic change for Western Europe: the revolution and overthrow of the monarchy in France, the birth of industrial production, a series of large-scale wars, the gradual loss of political influence by aristocratic landowners, and the emancipation of oppressed groups. It was at this time that the foundation of the financial power of the Rothschilds was laid. Mayer Amschel, the son of Amschel Moses, a modest money changer from the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main, is considered the ancestor of the dynasty.

Mayer Rothschild, founder of the dynasty.

The father wanted the bright boy to become a rabbi, but Mayer showed a penchant for worldly affairs. For a time he practiced at the Oppenheimer banking house in Hannover. Then he worked in his father's changing shop under a red sign (in German it sounds like Rot Schild, later this phrase became a surname).

“Catching the trends”, Mayer Amschel started buying old coins and medals. The German nobility of that time was fond of collecting various antiquities, so the courteous and neat young man quickly made useful contacts with the powers that be, and the changer shop was transformed into a bank.

The career rise of the son of a money changer from the ghetto occurred after meeting the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm. Traditionally, Jewish bankers handled various financial transactions for the German princes. For example, the court bankers of the Habsburgs in Vienna were representatives of the House of Oppenheimer, the King of Prussia, Frederick II the Great, used the services of the Berlin company Ephraim and Sons. Bypassing competitors with the help of patronage and gifts to patrons, Mayer Amschel became the main court financier of Wilhelm.

All in the house

The well-being of the family went uphill sharply, the growing children were actively involved in the family business. Like fairy-tale characters throwing arrows in search of happiness, Mayer's sons dispersed to the largest cities of Europe: Solomon - to Vienna, Nathan - to Manchester (later he moved to London), Kalman - to Naples, Jacob - to Paris. The eldest son remained in Frankfurt am Main.

In memory of this, five arrows and the motto in Latin are depicted on the Rothschild coat of arms: Concordia, Integritas, Industria - Consent, Honesty, Diligence.

Coat of arms of the Rothschild family

Thus, an international financial network was founded, covering the most developed European countries. Formally competing, the brothers supported each other in every possible way and exchanged news using correspondence coded in Yiddish. Subsequently, the most viable branches of the family tree turned out to be English (from Nathan) and French (from Jacob) - they still flourish.

The court financier approached the marriages of children very seriously: the sons brought daughters-in-law with a solid dowry into the family, the spouses of the daughters were also members of the clan, but worked in lower positions. In any case, the sons-in-law did not shine at the helm of the family business. The wealth of the clan could only be controlled by a descendant of Mayer Amschel in the male line. The money acquired had to remain in the family, so Mayer's descendants married first cousins ​​and second cousins.

However, so did the entire elite. For example, by the end of the 19th century, the Austrian imperial family turned out to be so branched out that marriages between relatives belonging to different branches of the Habsburg family became more and more frequent, write Andrei Shary and Yaroslav Shimov in their book "Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire." Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, who became heir to the throne in 1895, was indignant about this:

If someone from our family falls in love on the side, there will certainly be some nonsense in the pedigree that prevents such a marriage. So it turns out that we have a husband and wife, all twenty-fold relatives. As a result, half of the children are fools or complete idiots.

The Rothschilds entered into marriages exclusively with adherents of Judaism and won the glory of the "Jewish royal family." The rules established by Mayer Amschel remained unchanged for 200 years, only in the 1970s, David Rene, a representative of the French branch of the Rothschilds, married a Catholic, Italian aristocrat Olimpia Aldobrandini.

They raised their daughters in the Catholic faith, but their only son Alexander, the future heir to the family business, was in Judaism.

Also in 2010, the Rothschilds for the first time appointed a non-native Briton, Nigel Higgins, as the chief executive of investment bank NM Rothschild. True, Higgins was not a complete stranger - by this time he had worked for the family for a quarter of a century.

To whom war

The Rothschilds could have remained at the level of the small-town rich, if not for the war. In 1806, French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Germany. Landgrave Wilhelm fled the country, leaving his affairs in the care of his court banker. It was then that Mayer came in handy with his arrow, shot in the direction of Foggy Albion. Son Nathan instantly quit trading in textiles in Manchester and retrained as a stock exchange tycoon in London.

The French confiscated part of Wilhelm's gold, but Rothschild Sr., thanks to Nathan's securities transactions, managed to transfer the main capital of his boss to England. To celebrate, the landgrave signed off to the court bankers for a symbolic commission all the rights to manage his papers, and Nathan started buying and selling British government bonds. So the Rothschilds became the first European millionaires and financed the wars of Great Britain against Napoleon. One of their most notable operations is to smuggle gold for Wellington's army in Spain.

On September 19, 1812, the Russian army, exhausted by battles, under the command of Field Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov, retreated to Podolsk. On the same day, the founder of the Rothschild house, Mayer Amschel, died in the house on the Jewish Street of Frankfurt am Main at the age of seventieth, but his business lived and grew - the wealth and influence of the Rothschild brothers increased along with the amounts of loans they provided.

There is a legend that Nathan learned about the victory over Napoleon at Waterloo a day earlier than anyone in London, but he came to the stock exchange with a sad face and began to sell government bonds. Seeing this, the stockbrokers decided that the British and their allies were defeated, and rushed to get rid of the papers for next to nothing.

Having waited for the collapse, the agents of the cunning Nathan bought up cheaper government bonds. As a result, the London Rothschild earned £40 million from this operation.

However, some researchers deny this story's credibility - Nathan bought up securities against the backdrop of defeatist sentiment before the Battle of Waterloo, they say.

The peace established in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars also contributed to the growth of the family's well-being - the countries devastated by the war needed loans to restore. The grateful victorious monarchs bestowed the nobility on the banker brothers, and the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. Napoleon tried to conquer Europe with guns and cannons, but lost. The Old World submitted to the bills and loans of the banking family.

World behind the scenes

The nineteenth century was the golden age of the Rothschilds. Europe, and with it the whole world, was changing rapidly, the Rothschild banking network financed the construction of industrial enterprises, railways, the purchase of the Suez Canal by Great Britain, and the development of oil fields in the Russian Empire (on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan).

The Rothschilds partnered with De Beers in their search for diamonds and gold in South Africa. They are accused of helping to unleash military conflicts, for example, the devastating war of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with Paraguay. Numerous descendants of Mayer Amschel were fond of luxury and art, the construction of palaces and charity. But by the end of the century, the glory of the family began to fade. Perhaps they themselves wanted this, because money, as you know, loves silence, and left and right publicists blamed bankers for all the troubles of mankind.

In the twentieth century, Rothschild structures began to specialize in large-scale mergers and acquisitions. Conspiracy theorists consider the Rothschilds to be the mastermind behind the First Bank of the United States, the prototype of the Federal Reserve System (FRS). The dynasty is considered to be among the real masters of the system. Officially, the Fed owns 12 Federal Reserve Banks approved by the US Congress but organized as private companies.

Fulfilling covenants

Alexander Rothschild, the only son of the current head of Rothschild & Co, 75-year-old David Rene, is a direct descendant of the founder of the French branch of the Rothschilds, Jacob. After graduation high school foreign trade (ESCE International business school) in Paris, Alexander gained experience at the New York bank Bear Stearns, as well as at Argan Capital investment company in London.

He joined the family business in 2008, four years ago he became the second person of Rothschild & Co - vice chairman of the board of directors, that is, his father David. According to media reports, Alexander is fond of equestrian sports and riding.

After Alexander officially takes the helm of the company, David will look after him - he will take the position of chairman of the supervisory board. Rothschild commented on the change of generations to the Le Monde newspaper as follows:

Luck, a bit of knowledge and what has always been the main thing in the family: towards the end of a career, each Rothschild always put a family member in his place, usually choosing the best. If there was none, the worst was not chosen. The ability to do the job must be taken into account.

David René Rothschild managed the family business for over 40 years, under his leadership the Rothschilds united the British and French branches of the clan in 2007. Now more than 3.5 thousand financiers in 40 countries of the world work for the family, providing services in wealth management, consulting and commercial banking. Members of the Rothschild families own 48 percent of the Rothschild & Co. financial holding, another 10.3 percent of the shares are owned by families or partners close to the Rothschilds, and the rest of the shares are traded on the stock exchange. The capitalization of the company is 2.4 billion euros, revenue in 2017 - 1.9 billion euros, net profit - 247 million euros.

Father David Rothschild and son Alexander Rothschild. |

Frankfurt am Main. Two branches of the Rothschilds - English (from Nathan) and French (from James) - lead their history to our time. Amschel Mayer, who lived in Frankfurt, died childless in 1855, the Neapolitan branch died out in the male line in 1901, in the female line in 1935, the Austrian branch died out in the male line in 1980, and the female line of the Austrian branch still exists.

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Subtitles

remember we told you about one of the main nominees for our behind the scenes award against humanity today we decided to tell you about the next and no less successful person in this direction and his clan as a whole, and it seems to the Rothschild that this clan is so powerful and its influence is so great that it can even extinguish this screen and then crack slides on it, but before moving on to the story of the actions of this family and their ancestor, a little background information Mayer am target was born in Frankfurt in 1744 his first bank, which was an antique shop where you could change money he founded in Frankfurt at the age of 27, the major married at the age of 17 only to a feast and subsequently five of their sons, namely Ansel salamon Nathan pocket Jacob continued his business in the largest financial centers of that time Frankfurt Vienna Paris Naples and London it was this five that put down their tenacious roots all over the world, the major also had five daughters, Jeanette Iza bella babeta julie and henrietta whose husbands had no right to participate in the family business and could only act as a labor force, further speaking the Rothschild myriam chile and his criminal acts against humanity, it is worth talking about the actions of a whole clan consisting of more than one hundred people for family values ​​and missions hundreds of relatives of this kind unite to this day into a single whole by the word the Rothschild clan comes from the Khazars who worshiped the golden calf and seized key economic levers of control in Europe for a long time today we want to show you the top 5 Messi Rothschilds who changed history in favor of the Antichrist and let you this religious term does not frighten, because this is the only way to name the plans that realize this family, it is so great that all the names and family ties that they deliberately and by the way carefully concealed and hide are extremely difficult to remember, but the essence is one they are Rothschilds and they have a common mission to create a Jewish state, you know Do you that it was the Rothschilds who invested millions of pounds in the colonization of Palestine Baron Fraud Yes Rothschild a member of the French branch of the Rothschilds actively bought up land in Palestine or provided powerful financial support to the first Jewish settlers in these parts Rothschild money and the religious and political idea of ​​Zionism of the world domination of the Jews proclaimed by the founder of the world Zionist organization Theodor Herzl subsequently decided the fate of the creation of the future Jewish state in the twentieth century with this mission are closely related and the support of Hitler, we have already reported that the Rockefellers supported Hitler and the Rothschilds were also the financial force that stood behind the back of the Nazi leader though they had their own plans Hitler came to power under financial assistance through bank accounts in the UK, as well as through other banking organizations in England and America, for example, through the Kuhn Life and Bank, which was led by Paul Warburg, a representative of the Rothschild dynasty, it is also worth pointing out that with the heart of the Nazi military power was the association of chemical concerns by germany lg farben in america this conglomerate had its own branch one of the rectors of which was max warburg brother of paul warburg and accordingly again a representative of the rothschild dynasty during the two world wars the largest news agency in germany was owned by the rothschilds with their help they controlled the information flows from Germany to other countries, it turned out to be surprising that, against the background of the almost completely destroyed industrial enterprises in Germany, the factories of the Orban conglomerates did not suffer from the massive air raids of they were just lucky as a result, Baron Rothschild financed both the Jewish colony in Palestine and the adobe election campaign to spread the world to which the banking system is no secret to anyone that the Rothschild family since the time of Mayer am sewed for centuries slowly but surely established their central banks in every country in the world give them incredible amount of wealth and power around 1815 this family conquered an English bank and expanded their control over banks in all countries of the world gia method was and is to this day to force the corrupt politicians of the country to get huge loans that they can never repay therefore not permanent clients are debtors of the Rothschilds, another unpleasant moment is that when the head of state refuses to accept a loan, he often either deprives him of power or kills about one hundred and seventy-four banks of this family in our time, the only countries remaining in 2017 without a central bank owned or controlled by the Rothschild family were Cuba north korea iran syria and now remember what the current political financial situation in these countries is a coincidence i don’t think after instigating their unrest in the arab countries the rothschilds finally opened the way for the creation of central banks and destroyed a lot of politics

Origin

The Rothschild dynasty traces its history back to Mayer Amshel Rothschild. Mayer Amschel was born in 1744 in the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main (Germany) in the family of money changer and jeweler Amschel Moses Bauer, a trading partner of the Hessian house. Mayer Amschel built a large banking business and built his empire by sending his five sons to European capitals.

Another important component of Mayer Rothschild's strategy, which became the key to future success, was the preservation of complete control over the business in the hands of family members. In 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: “The practice initiated by Rothschild of establishing several branches of the firm, managed by brothers, in various financial centers was adopted by other Jewish financiers, such as Bischoffsheims, Pereires (Pereires (English) ), Seligmans (Seligmans (English)) , Lazards (Lazard (English) ) and others, and these financiers, thanks to their reliability and financial experience, have gained the trust of not only their Jewish brethren, but of the entire financial community as a whole. Thus, in the middle and last quarter of the 19th century, Jewish financiers began to own a predominant share in international finance. This practice, similar to royal marriages, where members of the same royal family marry members of another royal family, was later used by other dynasties of entrepreneurs, for example, the Du Pont (Du Pont family (English)).

Mayer Rothschild carefully arranged marriages of convenience, including marriages between first cousins ​​and second cousins, so that the accumulated wealth remained within the family and served the common cause. It was only at the end of the 19th century that almost all Rothschilds began to marry outside the family. For more than two hundred years, the Rothschilds have intermarried with many financial families in Europe (mostly Jewish). Among them: Warburgs, Goldsmiths, Coens, Raphaels, Sassoons, Salomons and others.

Sons of Mayer Rothschild:

• Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773-1855): Frankfurt am Main, eldest son, born 12 June 1773, 16 November 1793 married Eva Hanau. The coincidence of the names of father and son - Mayer Amschel and Amschel Mayer - was the cause of frequent confusion and created difficulties in studying documents. Amschel died on 6 December 1855 childless.
• Solomon Mayer Rothschild (1774-1855): Vienna, second son, born September 9, 1774. On November 26, 1800, he married Caroline Stern, died on July 27, 1855.
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836): London, third son, born September 16, 1777. He was married to Ganna Cohen. Nathan was considered the most talented of the Frankfurt Five, but died before brothers, July 28, 1836.
• Kalman Mayer Rothschild (1788-1855): Naples, fourth son, born April 24, 1788. On September 16, 1818 he married Adelheid Hertz. Died March 10, 1855.
• Jacob (James Mayer Rothschild) (1792-1868): Paris, youngest son, born 15 May 1792, 11 July 1824 he married his niece, Betty Rothschild. Died November 15, 1868.

International large financial transactions

The elevation to the nobility occurred at the request of the Minister of Finance, Count Stadion. First, the title was given to Amschel, then Solomon. By this time, the brothers were at the head of the Frankfurt bill bank in Schönbrun. This happened on September 25, 1816, and on October 21, the brothers Jacob and Karl received the title. On March 25, 1817, a diploma of a nobleman was made for everyone. At the request of the adviser to the government of Lower Austria and the court agent Sonleitner, a confidant of the four brothers, the diploma was awarded to each separately, since the brothers lived in four different countries. Nathan, who lives in England, was not mentioned in these documents.

Notable for evaluating the activities of the Rothschilds was the fact that they, as Jews, were recorded in the diploma as money changers, while financiers Christian faith called bankers. Usually, court financiers soon after receiving the nobility sought the title of baron, so the Rothschilds also petitioned for this title. On September 29, 1822, their request was granted. Now, some members of the dynasty used the family prefix "de" or "von" (in the German version) Rothschild as an indication of aristocratic origin. Now Nathan was also included in the documents, who immediately became a baron. This time the five brothers were directly named as bankers. They were Austrian barons, "considering the merits rendered to the state", "with a respectful word, Your Honor." Once again, each of the five brothers received their own baronial diploma. Their coat of arms was adorned with the motto: Concordia, Integritas, Industria. (Consent. Honesty. Diligence.).

This motto fully expressed the unity of the brothers, their honesty and tireless zeal. But receiving the title of baron hardly meant for the five brothers an increase in their authority. There was no way Nathan could use this title in England. This was contrary to the English constitution, which did not allow the granting of titles of nobility to foreigners. But still, the elevation to the nobility changed the lifestyle of the Rothschilds. They acquired luxurious palaces, began to give magnificent dinners, which were attended by representatives of the aristocratic circles of many countries.

In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (Eng.)) (1840-1915), eldest son of Lionel de Rothschild (Eng.) ) (in turn, son of Nathan Rothschild), also known how Nathaniel, a member of the London branch of the dynasty, a hereditary baron, first became a lord. He was the first Jew to enter the House of Lords. It is generally accepted that from that moment on, the descendants of Nathan completely merged with the English elite.

The Rothschild family banking business was the founder of major international financial transactions during the industrialization of Europe, contributed to the construction of the railway network in France, Belgium and Austria, contributed to the financing of projects of great political significance, such as the Suez Canal (only the Rothschild banking house was able within a few hours to provide many tens of millions in cash to purchase shares in the Suez Canal).

The dynasty bought a huge piece of property in Mayfair, London. The main activities in which the Rothschilds invested include: Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance (English)); Chemin de Fer du Nord (English) (1845); Rio Tinto Group (1873); Société Le Nickel (1880) (now Eramet); and Imétal (1962) (now Imerys (English)). The Rothschilds financed the founding of De Beers, as well as Cecil Rhodes' expedition to Africa and the establishment of a colony in Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family controlled the Rio Tinto mining operation. The Japanese government approached the London and Paris offices for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium issued Japanese war bonds worth £11.5 million (at 1907 prices).

After an impressive huge success, the Rothschild name became synonymous with wealth. The family became famous for its art collections, family palaces, and philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or built, at the very least, more than 41 palaces, comparable or even superior in luxury to the richest royal families. In 1909, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George claimed that Lord Nathan Mayer Rothschild II was the most powerful man in Britain. In 1901, due to the absence of a male heir, the Frankfurt House closed its doors after more than a century of operation. Only in 1989 did the Rothschilds return to Frankfurt, when N M Rothschild & Sons(British Investment Branch) and Bank Rothschild AG (Swiss Branch) opened a representative office there.

Rothschild dynasty in France

There are two French branches of the Rothschild dynasty. The first branch was founded by Mayer Amschel Rothschild's youngest son, James Mayer Rothschild, who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris. An adherent of the Napoleonic wars, he played leading role in financing the construction of railways and mining enterprises, which helped to establish France as an industrial power. James' sons, Gustave de Rothschild and Alphonse James de Rothschild, continued the banking tradition and became guarantors of the $5 billion reparations demanded by the occupying Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870s.

Subsequent generations of this branch of the Rothschild dynasty became a major force in international investment banking. Another son of James Mayer Rothschild, Edmond de Rothschild (1845-1934) was a great fan of charity and the arts, a prominent supporter of Zionism. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank, in 1953. Since 1997 it has been headed by Baron Benjamin de Rothschild. The group has assets of €100 billion and many wineries in France (Château Clarke (English) , Château des Laurets (English) ), Australia and South Africa.

The second French branch of the dynasty was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812-1870). Born in London, he was the fourth son of the founder of the British branch of the dynasty, Nathan Mayer Rothschild. In 1850 Nathaniel moved to Paris, apparently to work with his uncle, James Mayer. However, in 1853 Nathaniel purchased Château Brane Mouton, a Pauillac vineyard in the Gironde department. Nathaniel renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild and the name became one of the most famous brands in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer Rothschild, purchased the nearby Chateau Lafite vineyard.

Solomon Mayer Rothschild founded his bank in Vienna in 1820. Austrian banker Albert von Salomon Rothschild bought the right to name the asteroid (250) Bettina, discovered on September 3, 1885 by the Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory in honor of his wife, Baroness Bettina von Rothschild, for £50. However, the crisis of 1929 brought problems. Baron Ludwig von Rothschild Louis von Rothschild tried to save Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank. But at the beginning of the Second World War, the Rothschilds were forced to emigrate to the United States, avoiding the Holocaust. All the palaces of the Rothschilds, distinguished by their exceptional size, huge collections of paintings, armor, tapestries and statues, were confiscated and looted by the Nazis. After the end of World War II, the Rothschilds returned to Europe. In 1999, the Austrian government agreed to return to the Rothschilds a number of palaces and 250 art objects confiscated by the Nazis and donated to a state museum.

Rothschild dynasty in Naples

Bank C M de Rothschild & Figli lent money to the Papal Provinces, various kings of Naples, the Dukes of Parma and the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. The Rothschild family worked not far from. However, in 1830, Naples, following Spain, gradually moved away from issuing traditional bonds, which began to affect the growth of banks and profitability. The political unification of Italy (Risorgimento) in 1861, followed by the decline of the Italian aristocracy, who were the main clients of the Rothschilds, eventually led to the closure of the Bank of Naples, due to falling profits, lack of growth and their forecast for sustainable development in the long term.

Jewish identity and attitude towards Zionism

Only a few Rothschilds supported Zionism and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Most of the Rothschilds were skeptical about this idea and even believed that the establishment of a Jewish state would lead to an increase in anti-Semitism in Europe. In 1917, Walter Rothschild received the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation (Zionist Federation (English)), which stated the commitment of the British government to create in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people. Later, Lord Victor Rothschild was against giving asylum or even helping Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.

After the death of James Jacob Rothschild in 1868, Alphonse, his eldest son, who took over the family bank, was most active in supporting the issue of the Land of Israel. family archives The Rothschilds say that during the 1870s the family donated about 500,000 francs annually on behalf of the Eastern Jews to the World Jewish Union. Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, the youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was the head of the first settlement in Palestine at Rishon LeZion and bought from the Ottoman landowner the parts of the land that currently constitute Israel. In 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonization Society (PICA) in Palestine, which acquired over 125,000 acres (22.36 km²) of land, and founded ventures. Tel Aviv has a street named after him, Rothschild Boulevard, as well as many other areas in Israel where he helped with construction, such as Metula, Zikhron Yaakov, Rishon Lezion, and Rosh Pinna. Boulogne-Billancourt Park in Paris, Edmond Rothschild Park (Parc Edmond de Rothschild) is also named after him. The Rothschilds also played a significant role in establishing the infrastructure of the Israeli government. James funded the construction of the Knesset as a gift to the Jewish State, and the Israeli Supreme Court building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild. Outside the Presidential Room, a letter from Mr. Rothschild to the then Prime Minister Shimon Peres is displayed, in which he expressed his desire to sponsor the construction of a new building of the Supreme Court.

Baron Benjamin da Rothschild, representative of the Swiss branch of the dynasty, was interviewed by Ga-Aretz in 2010, in which he said that he supported the peace process: "I understand that this is a difficult matter, mainly because of fanatics and extremists - and I have mean both sides. I think there are fanatics in Israel... Usually I don't talk to politicians. One day I spoke with Netanyahu and another time I met with the Israeli finance minister. But the less I interact with politicians, the better I feel.” Regarding his religious affiliation, he stated that he tries to be impartial: “We do business with many countries, including Arab ... My eldest daughter's lover is from Saudi Arabia. He's a good guy and if she wants to marry him, I won't mind."

Modern business

Since the end of the 19th century, the Rothschild dynasty has maintained a low profile, donating many of their famous estates, as well as a large amount of art, to charity, while maintaining anonymity regarding the size of their wealth, and avoiding display of conspicuous luxury. The Rothschild dynasty once had the largest private collection of art in the world, and much of the art in the world's public museums donated by the Rothschilds is, in family tradition, donated anonymously.

Since 2003, Rothschild investment banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss registered holding company (chaired by Baron David René de Rothschild), which in turn is controlled by Concordia BV, a German registered parent holding company. Rothschild et Cie Banque controls the Rothschild banking business in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons in London. 20% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. (English) in Hong Kong. In November 2008 Rabobank Group, a leading investment and commercial Bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG and Rabobank, and the Rothschilds came to an agreement to cooperate in the M&A advisory area and Equity Capital Markets in the food and agribusiness sectors. It is believed that these actions are aimed at helping Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG access a wider pool of capital, increasing their presence in East Asian markets.

Paris Orleans S.A., an investment banking and holding company founded in 1838 and registered in France, has over 2,000 employees. The company has offices in France, UK, Channel Islands, Switzerland, North America, Asia, Australia. The company's board of directors includes Eric and Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay. London-based investment bank N M Rothschild &Sons makes a significant share of the business as M&A (mergers and acquisitions) advisors. 2006 it was ranked second in the UK M&A (mergers and acquisitions) with a total turnover of US$104.9 billion. .

One member of the Paris (non-wine) branch, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded the Geneva-based LCF Rothschild Group with assets of €100 billion, which has now spread to 15 countries around the world. Although this group is primarily involved in finance, specializes in asset management and banking for the wealthy (private banking), it is also involved in agriculture, luxury hotels and yacht racing. The LCF Rothschild Group's Committee is currently chaired by Benjamin de Rothschild, son of Baron Edmond. Among others, the banks of the Rothschild dynasty include, Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (English) , RIT Capital Partners , St James's Place Capital, Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild (English) , La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild S.A. and COGIFRANCE.

Throughout the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled Rio Tinto, and to this day, the Rothschilds and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship. The Rothschild family also owns many vineyards: they have properties in France including Château Clarke, Château de Ferrières, Château des Fontaines, Château Lafite, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers, Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt, also in North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.

Rothschilds in culture

In France, the word "Rothschild" during the 19th and 20th centuries became a household word. So they called the rich, prone to luxury, but not active in business.

He is also repeatedly mentioned in Fyodor Dostoevsky's book "Teenager", where the main character Arkady cherishes the main "idea" of his whole life - to become richer than the named descendant of Rothschild.

The Rothschild story has been featured in a number of films. In 1934, the film "The House of Rothschild" ("The House of Rothschild") was filmed in Hollywood, telling about the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Excerpts from this film were included in the documentary propaganda film "Der ewige Jude" ("Eternal Jew") and another German film "Die Rothschilds" ("Rothschilds"), also known as "Aktien auf Waterloo" ("Action at Waterloo" ), taken by Eric Vasniek in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled "The Rothschilds", showing the history of the family before 1818 to the Illuminati, controls all the world's wealth and financial institutions, or encourages wars between governments. Considering these and similar views, the historian Niall Ferguson wrote: "As we have seen, however, wars tend to negatively affect the price of existing bonds, due to the increased risk that the debtor state may not repay the debt in the event of the conquest or loss of territory. . By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had moved from trading to wealth management, carefully looking after their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now, having made money, they are more likely to lose money than to earn in the event of a conflict ... "

Under the new name, the Rothschilds would make their first major international deal in 1804, when the Danish treasury would be completely empty. Solomon Rothschild was the Privy Commercial Councilor of this country, and he will hold the same high position in Prussia as the founder of S M von Rothschild in Austria. Nathan in England, Kalman's bank "C M de Rothschild & Figli" in Italy, and Jacob and his "De Rothschild Frères" in France, and Amschel son will become the Minister of Finance of the German Confederation, an Austrian baron, a royal consul of Bavaria, a Prussian Privy Councilor and court banker and privy councilor to the Grand Duke of Hesse.

The main business of the Elector of Hesse, whose “privileged Jews” were both sons of Amschel the father, was, as they would say now, private military companies, which brought him a very, very substantial income. Great Britain paid $40 million for the use of 16,800 Hessian soldiers during the American Revolution.

By the way, this is how the ancestor of the Rockefellers came to the USA, as the Hessian mercenary Roggenfelder, which in German means “rye field”. The Duke of Brunswick, the Landgraves of Waldeck, Hanau, Anspach and other petty German monarchs were engaged in a similar business. IN in large numbers German soldiers were bought by the English East India Company, using them in the conquest of India, so the Rothschilds were pragmatic about making money in wars as a very profitable business.

Once, horrified by the number of military casualties, Nathan Rothschild remarked to Major Martins: "If they had not all died, Major, you would still go to lieutenants." The Rothschilds themselves would have remained the bank clerks of the Oppenheimers, because it was the wars that emptied the royal coffers and filled the bank reserves of the "court factors". The family became treasurers of one of the main creditors of Europe, and started with a loan to Prussia, and by the mid-1830s, one American had already described their position as follows: “The Rothschilds rule Christendom ... Not a single cabinet of ministers can move without their advice. .. Baron Rothschild holds in his hands the keys to peace and war.”

Prince Metternich remarked that "the house of Rothschild plays a much greater role in the life of France than any foreign government." The fortune of James Rothschild was 150 million francs higher than the fortunes of all the other financiers of France combined, he and his brother Louis XVIII, “was right hand regime that controls all financial transactions "of Charles X. His debtor in the amount of 25 million francs was the king of Portugal, he also managed the finances of the king of Belgium. Similar success was achieved by the Privy Commercial Councilor of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Palma and Sardinia "Italian Rothschild"

Using the war only as a means of speculation, the "factors" in ethnic conflicts or civil conflicts did not sympathize with any particular side and were not interested in any political ideas.

It is a remarkable fact that the Paris Commune destroyed all archives containing details of the early Rothschild deals.

The key moment in the history of their formation was the decision on the fate of the war debt of France in the amount of 270 million francs, as well as 1.5 billion francs of indemnity, which was made at the congress of the victorious countries in Aachen in 1818. The rejected were, as creditors, the Rothschilds organized a sharp the rate of fall of the French government bonds of the loan of 1817, which began to threaten the collapse of the Paris and other major stock exchanges in Europe. So France, which has come to its senses, also became the debtor of the Rothschilds.

“I am a simple person ... I do things without leaving the cash register,” said the “English Rothschild”. One of these cases was an unsuccessful attempt to cash out a nominal bill, in which the bank referred to the fact that it cashed only the securities of the National Bank itself. Then Nathan Rothschild began to “nightmare the business” of the National Bank of England by daily redemption of its gold reserve, the directors of which, after an urgent consultation, yielded, deciding to save the bank from ruin. Now the Rothschild bills have acquired equal status to the bills of the National Bank of England.

Nathan pioneered the technique of issuing international loans. His London banking house for ninety years since its opening placed foreign loans in the amount of 6500 million dollars, from 1776 to 1814 English subsidies amounted to 19 million 56 thousand 778 thalers in Hesse, in 1815 the Bavarian subsidies of Arnold von Aichthal amounted to 608 thousand £695, from 1811 to 1816 almost half of the British subsidies to the countries of the Continent passed through their Rothschild hands.

Between 1818 and 1832, loans were issued in the amount of 21 million pounds, which gave Edrikhin-Vandam reason to call the English "Rothschild people." The interest on eighteen loans to foreign governments alone amounted to $700 million. In fact, the history of the Central Bank of England began as early as 1694, when another war siphoned off almost all the silver from England, and bankers, including the Rothschilds, persuaded William to take out a loan of 1.2 million pounds and establish a new financial structure for the war with France.

The rise to dominance in the financial sphere is replete with stories of fierce competition, which is not consistent with the theory of a "single Jewish conspiracy", "observers" as Anna Harendt put it "made the very wrong conclusion that the Jewish people are a relic of the Middle Ages, and did not see that this a new caste of very recent origin. Her education was completed only in the 19th century, and she included in quantitatively, probably no more than a hundred families. But since they were in plain sight, the entire Jewish people began to be considered a caste.

Perhaps they were prompted to such conclusions by the fact that this new caste primarily used fellow tribesmen to achieve their goals, which is logical and does not carry elements of a “conspiracy theory”, but gave rise to such as the French writer Louis Ferdinand Celine to assert that “ Jews prevented the evolution of Europe towards political unity, served as the cause of all European wars since 843 and plotted to destroy both France and Germany, inciting their mutual enmity.

But at the same time, it should be noted that the path to a financial monopoly led to the ruin, first of all, of the competing financial structures of the tribesmen of the English Abraham Goldsmith, the French Achilles Fuld, David Parish, and other Austrian usurers. The description of these economic battles is beyond the scope of this chapter, but their essence was as follows: in order to work with the Rothschilds, it was necessary to get under the "red roof".

The confrontation in the competitive struggle of factors gave rise not just to a “single caste within fellow believers”, but to a much more cohesive “international caste system” of relatives, between whom half of the 59 marriages entered into by the Rothschilds in the 19th century were performed.

The daughter of the royal court banker of Bavaria and Prussia, the Sicilian and Austrian Consul General Karl Rothschild, married Maximilian Goldschmit, a native of the Frankfurt banking family, who became Baron Goldschmit-Rothschild.

The representative of the oldest English family, the “flower of the Jewish aristocracy” Abraham Montefiori, who was related to the daughter of Amschel Rothschild, was asked to change his surname to Rothschild in order to be admitted to financial affairs. Later, Australia became Montefiori's almost monopoly. The marriage of Kalman with Adelheid Hertz, the future favorite of the Neapolitan king, provided Rothschild with not only business, but also indirect family ties with the Oppenheimers, while each of the marriages increased their aristocratic status, which was a deliberate policy.

They raised their status once again in 1814 when they became related to the Warburgs, a family whose interests are closely connected with the creation of the US Federal Reserve System, its first head was Paul Warburg. Representatives of the Italian Jewish dynasty in the 16th century became Warburgs, having arrived in the Westphalian town of Warburg from Bologna.

In 1798, the brothers Moses-Mark and Gerson Warburg founded the M. M. Warburg & Co., to this day the largest private financial institution in Germany. After the sons of Mayer Amschel settled in different countries to create a future empire, the eldest son moved with his father to a five-story Frankfurt mansion, which he shared with the family of another banker, Schiff, who was one of Rothschild's brokers.

In 1873, the Rothschilds accompanied Schiff's acquisition of Kuhn's interest in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., made possible by the fact that the new owner married the eldest daughter of the co-owner of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Solomon Leib, Teresa. Felix Warburg married his daughter, Frieda Schiff. And his brother, Paul Warburg, married Nina, the youngest daughter of Solomon Leib, whose father was a supplier of wheat and wine from the aforementioned Hessian city of Worms and entered the USA only in 1849.

The "American" interests of the Rothschilds do not end there: August Schonberg, another distant relative of the Rothschilds through his grandmother, served as the personal secretary of Amsheld von Rothschild from the age of 18, and in 1837 opened a branch of his bank in Cuba. As a result of the crisis, his own company "August Belmont & Co." on Wall Street bought up bankrupt American businesses. Having grown rich, Schonberg became "Belmont" for the sake of prestige, which went down in history as the chairman of the US Democratic National Committee, who financed the northerners during the Civil War.

According to Bismarck's candid admission, "the division of the United States into federations of equal strength was decided long before the Civil War. The bankers feared that the United States ... would overturn their financial dominance of the world and the voice of the Rothschilds prevailed in this.

In this war, the Rothschilds made money on both sides: the London bank financed the northerners, and the Paris bank financed the southerners, as a result of which the national debt rose from $64,844,000 in 1860 to $2,755,764,000 in 1866. Pay off debts without losing sovereignty was not so easy, as the 19th-century English publicist Dunning wrote about capital: “... at 300 percent, there is no such crime that he would not risk, at least under pain of the gallows”:

According to biographer Ferguson, the rivals of the American Civil War also did not forget to carefully destroy the Rothschild correspondence from 1854-1860. Only an oral statement by Baron Jacob Rothschild to the US representative in Belgium, Henry Sanford, about those killed in civil war: "When a patient is desperately ill, you take any measures, up to bloodletting."

A new round of "recovery of the American economy" gave a loan of $150 million. The issuance of most of which was suspended with the requirement for Lincoln to reduce the cost of government papers by 25%. On February 33, 1862, the House of Representatives passed a law on a state loan of 150 million dollars in the form of state papers independent of creditors, mandatory for acceptance as a means of payment. By March 1863, the circulation of such papers began to reduce the turnover of gold settlements controlled by the Rothschilds. The move away from gold ran counter to the requirement that Treasuries be issued as interest-bearing bonds, which were issued at 35 cents on the dollar and converted at 100 cents after the war ended.

The future Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, before whose eyes the events described were unfolding, was a close friend of Lionel Rothschild, "whom he traditionally visited at the end of the week," and apparently heard enough at the dinner table that, holding a pen, wrote two novels, in one "Jewish money determine the rise and fall of courts and empires and reign supreme in the realm of diplomacy", and in another he "devised a plan for a Jewish empire in which the Jews would rule as strictly separate class”, only to isolate it during the period of widespread assimilation will become a separate task for the Rothschilds.

There are few people on the globe who have not heard anything about the Rothschilds. Today, this surname has become a symbol of wealth. Where did these Rothschilds come from?

Descendants of a Jewish money changer

Mayer Amschel Rothschild, who was born in 1744 in Frankfurt am Main (Germany), is considered the ancestor of the dynasty of famous Jewish bankers Rothschilds. His father, money changer and jeweler Amschel Moses Bauer, was a trading partner of the House of Hesse. The emblem of his jewelry workshop depicted a golden Roman eagle on a red shield, so the workshop began to be called the "Red Shield" (in German - Rothschield). Mayer Amschel took this name as his surname.

The first Rothschild entered the banking business and succeeded in doing so. Paul Johnson in The History of the Jews writes that he managed to create a new type of international company that survived a series of Jewish pogroms, wars and revolutions.

Mayer Amschel's five sons - Amschel Mayer, Solomon Mayer, Nathan Mayer, Kalman Mayer and James Mayer - founded banks in five largest cities Europe: Paris, London, Vienna, Naples and Frankfurt am Main.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Nathan Mayer Rothschild financed the transportation of gold bars for the army of the Duke of Wellington, and also subsidized Britain's continental allies. In 1816, the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. The family has its own coat of arms, which depicts five arrows, symbolizing the five offspring of Amschel Mayer, by analogy with the text of the 126th biblical psalm: "As arrows in the hand of a strong man, then young sons." Below is the family motto in Latin: Concordia, Integritas, Industria ("Consent, Honesty, Diligence"). The British Rothschilds were received at the court of Queen Victoria.

The Rothschilds tried to keep the fortune within the family. They entered into marriages only for convenience and until the end of the 19th century entered into marriage alliances between distant relatives. Subsequently, they began to marry representatives of influential financial families in Europe, mostly of Jewish origin: Warburgs, Goldsmiths, Coens, Raphaels, Sassoons, Salomons.

The Rothschilds are walking the world

The Rothschild family made a significant contribution to the industrialization of Europe. It contributed to the construction of a network of railways in France, Belgium and Austria and the Suez Canal, financed the foundation of the De Beers concern, the Rio Tinto mining enterprise. During Russo-Japanese War The London consortium issued Japanese war bonds worth 11.5 million (at 1907 prices).

By the beginning of the 20th century, the name Rothschild had become synonymous with wealth. The Rothschilds owned more than 40 family palaces, superior in luxury to the royal castles of Europe, and extensive collections of works of art. Among other things, the Rothschilds were actively involved in charity work.

At the beginning of World War II, the Rothschilds were forced to emigrate to the United States, as the persecution of Jews began. All their property was confiscated and looted by the Nazis. In 1999, the Austrian government returned a number of palaces to the family, as well as 250 pieces of art that ended up in the state museum.

Secret rulers of the world?

Since 2003, the Rothschild investment banks have been controlled by the Swiss-registered company Rothschild Continuation Holdings, headed by Baron David René de Rothschild. The family owns numerous vineyards, it has property not only in Europe but also in North and South America, South Africa and Australia.

At the end of 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild issued a statement that the Rothschild clan was not affected by

global financial crisis thanks to conservative business practices. “We got through it because our investment executives didn't want to invest in crazy things. The client knows that we will not speculate with his money,” the banker said.

It is believed that the Rothschilds are the richest people in the world. In 2012, their total wealth was estimated at 1.7 trillion US dollars (other estimates say more than 3.2 trillion).

Conspiracy theorists periodically show interest in the Rothschilds. For example, conspiracy theorists claim that representatives of this clan belong to the secret society of the Illuminati and control all the finances of the world, and are also the organizers of military conflicts between various powers.