II. The history of the verb "shuffle"<…>In our literature there is one word: "to be in the dark", used by everyone, although it was not born yesterday, but it is also quite recent, existing for no more than three decades; under Pushkin, it was not known at all and was not used by anyone.

Fairy tales are told to us from early childhood. The child lives in a world of magic, fantasy, trying to understand where is good and where is evil. Do we even need fairy tales? Do we understand and interpret them correctly? Maybe some knowledge is encrypted in fairy tales that we have yet to learn? Svetlana Kuryachaya, a teacher of the highest category, a teacher of the "History of the Culture of Russia", tells about this. - Unfortunately, we have a traditional approach to listening to fairy tales, as to watching a television program: listened, had fun - left and forgot. At the very...

Debate with Jehovah's Witnesses.

Dispute with Jehovah's Witnesses The proposed work of the famous missionary, Priest Oleg Stenyaev, is unique for our time. This is a literal record of a series of disputes he had with the elders of Jehovah's Witnesses. Similar meetings were held in recent times repeatedly, but the transcripts of such meetings have not yet been published.

The categories of gender and number are uncharacteristic of the grammatical structure of the verb. Only certain forms of the verb have a gender category: the past tense (came, came, came), subjunctive (would come, would come) and participles (come, come, come) (moreover, the gender category is expressed only in the singular form). The singular and plural forms differ in all forms of the verb, with the exception of the indefinite form and the gerund.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are those that express actions and states that occur on their own, without their producer (subject). With such verbs, the use of the subject is impossible: it is getting dark, it is dawning. Impersonal verbs in their own way lexical meaning can express: 1) natural phenomena; freezes, evening; 2) the physical and mental state of a person: fever, do not feel like it; 3) the modal meaning of duty: should, follows, befits, etc., 4) the action of an unknown force: leads, wears, carries, etc.; 5) the action of elemental force (in combination with instrumental): The paths were clogged, tightly covered with snow (Furm.).

By education, impersonal verbs can be irrevocable and reflexive forms: it is getting light, it is getting dark. The irrevocable form of impersonal verbs has varieties: 1) proper-impersonal verbs: And it dawns a long time ago (Barat.); 2) personal verbs in impersonal use; cf .: There is a Russian spirit, there it smells of Russia (P.). - How strongly the wormwood smells on the borders! (T.). The reflexive form of impersonal verbs in most cases is formed from personal verbs (often intransitive) through the affix -sya; not sleeping - not sleeping. There are such varieties of the reflexive form of impersonal verbs: 1) verbs with an impersonal meaning that do not have correspondences in the group of personal verbs: To tell the truth, it was great on this sofa (T.); 2) impersonal verbs, coinciding in form with personal ones: One came true (cf. the prediction came true), the other dreamed (cf. happiness dreamed) (pog.).

Compared to personal, impersonal verbs do not change in person and number, as well as in gender. They are only used in the 3rd person singular. hours of present and future tense and in the form of units. h. past tense of the neuter gender.

These forms of impersonal verbs, unlike the corresponding personal forms, are not determined by agreement with the subject, as they are used in impersonal sentences. Impersonal verbs have the form of the subjunctive mood of the neuter gender singular. hours and indefinite form; they have no imperative form.

The meanings of the grammatical category of number and the means of its expression in different forms verbs

Number category- This inflectional category verb that expresses the ratio of an action to the number of its subjects. All forms of the verb have the category of number, except for the infinitive and gerunds.

Depending on the number of subjects, the actions of verbs differ the meaning of the only and plural. Singular forms refer the action to one subject, and plural forms refer to two or more.

In different verb forms, grammatical the meaning of a number is expressed by different grammatical means.

In forms present time imperfective verbs and future tense verbs perfect form, the meaning of the number is expressed by endings that simultaneously indicate the person:

write at (form of the 1st person singular of the present tense) -

write eat (form of the 1st person plural present tense).

In forms past tense and subjunctive mood, the meaning of the singular is expressed by generic endings:

read, would read(the null ending is indicative of singular and masculine values), read, would read (the ending - a indicates singular and feminine values); read, would read (the ending - about is an indicator of the singular and the neuter gender).

The meaning of the plural is expressed by the ending - and :

Read, would read.

The verbal forms of the third person plural of the present (future) tense, as well as the plural forms of the past tense and the subjunctive mood, can express an indefinite personal meaning. In this meaning, verb forms are used without a subject:

Latest news recognize from the Internet.

Last week on TV showed interesting transmission.

If he came, he would meet with honour.

Note: forms second person plural present and future tenses and forms past plural and subjunctive are also used when polite address to one interlocutor(usually with the pronoun you ):

you long me waiting? You are already talking about it spoke. You we could bring this book?

1) points to grammatical gender of a noun naming the subject of the action. This is especially important when the noun is indeclinable:

coffee already cooled down. Coat hung on a hanger;

2) points to gender of the person - the subject of the action, if this subject is called a common noun, personal pronoun I or you , as well as indeclinable noun or a masculine noun with the meaning of position, profession, qualification:

Warden announced

Warden announced that classes are rescheduled to Saturday.

I came.

You came.

Referee raised winner's hand.

Lady came out from the car.

Dean came.

Dean came .

This function is performed only by forms male and female.

3) represents the action as impersonal. In this case, are used only neuter forms:

sick shivered.

Outside the window it dawned.

Note: in the present and future tenses, the impersonal meaning is expressed in the forms of the third person singular ( sick shivering ).

In addition to the forms of the past tense of the indicative mood and the forms of the subjunctive mood, only participles have the category of gender.

Basic terms

Questions

3. How many subjects perform the action indicated by the singular verb form?

4. How many subjects perform the action indicated by the plural form?

5. What plural forms of verbs can express an indefinite personal meaning?

6. What plural forms of verbs are used when politely addressing one interlocutor?

7. What conjugated forms of verbs have the gender category?

9. What kind of form can express an impersonal meaning?

IV. PARTICIPLES AND GENERAL PARTICIPLES AS MIXED FORMS OF THE VERB

In addition to conjugated forms and the infinitive, the verb lexeme includes two more non-conjugated forms - participle and gerund. These forms of the verb are sometimes called hybrid(mixed) because they have grammatical categories and verbs, and other parts of speech.

PARTICIPLE AND ITS PLACE IN THE VERB LEXME

1. Participle as a mixed form of the verb, its grammatical categories.

2. Real and passive participles, their grammatical properties.

3. Similarities and differences between participles and adjectives.

4. Rules for the formation of participles

5. The meaning, formation and use of participles with a postfix - Xia .

6. Transition of participles into adjectives (adjectivation).

by the most general meaning verb is the value of the process, it includes private values: actions ( read), states ( turn pale), process ( melt), movements ( fly).

Permanent grammatical features: view, pledge, recurrence, transitivity (manifested in the context). These features are characteristic of all forms of the verb and are actually verbal (as well as the categories of mood and tense). The conjugation type of the verb is also constant.

Non-permanent grammatical features: inclination, and also (if any) time, person, number, gender. These features are not present in all forms of the verb and are manifested differently in different forms. For example, in the past tense, personal forms of the verb do not have a person meaning, but have a category of gender; only participles have a case category. The categories of person, gender and number are not proper-verbal.

All verb forms (infinitive, personal forms, gerunds, participles) have the characteristics of aspect, voice, reflexivity, transitivity. Personal forms can change by moods, tenses, persons, numbers, in the past tense by gender. The participle (verb-nominal form) can also change by case and gender.

View- a grammatical category that expresses the way an action proceeds. Imperfect verbs indicate actions that occur without indicating their completeness: think, understand, swim, blush. Perfect verbs indicate the limit, limitation of action by the beginning or end. For example, an action with a start symbol: sing, scream, start; completion actions: decide, commit, turn green. Most perfective verbs have prefixes.

The view category is related to the time category. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense: present, past and future compound: I draw, I draw, I will draw. Perfective verbs have two forms of tense: the future simple and the past: draw, painted.

Groups of verbs by aspect

Most verbs can form species pairs, differing not lexically, but only grammatical meaning kind. Species pairs are formed using: 1) attachments: did - did; 2) suffixes -yva- / -iva-, -va-, -a-, -nu-, etc.: sow - sow, raise - raise, dry up - dry up; 3) moving the accent: bunkezat - rifling a be , rassspat - scatteringabe; 4) in a suppletive way: take - take, put - put, catch - catch.

Monospective verbs- these are verbs that form only one form, either perfect or only imperfective. They can be prefixed and non-prefixed. Verbs only imperfective form denote repetition, duration, discontinuity, etc.: touch, fight, regret, talk, row. Perfective verbs only denote actions that have a mandatory completion, proceed instantly and have a result: rise, rush, wake up, pass, come to your senses. The reason for the inability to form an aspect pair is the semantics of verbs or morphological structure.

Two aspect verbs- verbs that, with the same graphic shell, in the context can become either perfective verbs or imperfective verbs, without changing their form. Wed: The detachment for a long time and unsuccessfully (what did it do?) Attacked the height. Yesterday the detachment (what did it do?) attacked and captured the height. The following verbs are two-part verbs: injure, execute, marry, marry, say, promise, start, bestow, borrow, telegraph and etc.

transitive verbs called an action directed at an object (object, person). These are the verbs of creation create, weave), destruction ( break, burn), perceptions ( see, feel), emotional attitude to the subject ( be in love, charm), verbs of speech and thought ( to ask, ponder).

There are direct-transitive (proper-transitive) and indirect-transitive verbs. Direct transitional have an addition in the form of the accusative case without a preposition: read a book, build a house or genitive (when denoting a part or when negating, with verbs want, desire): drank tea, bring water, did not read the new newspaper. indirect transitional verbs denote actions directed at an object, but the object can be in the indirect case with a preposition: take care of a sister, help a neighbor, run a business.

Intransitive verbs denote actions that do not go to the subject. Intransitive verbs include verbs denoting: 1) being, existence: to be, to be; 2) moving: walk, swim, ride; 3) physical and mental condition: get sick, get angry, stand; 4) type of activity: to teach, carpentry; 5) demeanor: to be brave, to be young; 6) auditory and visual perception: sparkle, rattle etc. Additions with such verbs can be with prepositions and without prepositions and stand in oblique cases, except for the accusative: flash knowledge, burn in the fire, take off the shelf.

Verbs with the postfix -s / -sya are intransitive.

Among the intransitive verbs, there are special kind verbs with the postfix -sya (-s). (Postfix -sya is used after a consonant, postfix -sya is used after a vowel). Such verbs have the category of reflexivity, which conveys special semantic meanings. Depending on the value reflexive verbs represented by several groups:

1) self-recurrent: the action of the subject is directed at himself: wash, comb, tune in, humiliate; these verbs usually can be rebuilt into a construction with a pronoun myself;

2) mutually reciprocal: the actions of several subjects directed at each other, each of which is both the subject and the object of a similar action: make up, meet, kiss;

3) indirectly recurrent: the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build up(build a house for yourself) fit(pack your things) it is possible to rebuild in constructions with words for yourself, yourself;

4) general return: the action of the subject, closed in the sphere of his state: worry, rejoice, be angry, have fun; worry and some others.

Most reflexive verbs can form a correlative pair without the -sya postfix: knock - knock, smoke - smoke. However, in Russian there are verbs that do not have such correlative pairs, are “only reflexive” and are not used without the postfix -sya: to be afraid, to be proud, to be lazy, to hope, to try etc.

The voice category expresses the relationship between the subject, the action and the object on which the action is performed. Active voice verb indicates that the subject names the subject, who himself performs the action. The student writes a summary. I will spend time on you. Passive voice indicates that the subject names an object that is acted upon by another object, a person: The abstract is written by the student. Time wasted on you.

The passive voice can be expressed: 1) by the postfix -s / -sya: The consequences of the hurricane are being eliminated; 2) forms of passive participles: Problem solved.

They do not have voice forms: 1) all intransitive verbs: go, run etc.; 2) verbs with the postfix -sya that do not have a pair without this postfix: to be afraid to wake up; 3) personal verbs in an impersonal meaning with the postfix -sya: I didn't sleep, I can breathe easily.

Indicative denotes an actual action that has taken place, is taking place or will take place. Verbs in the indicative mood change by tense (they have the forms of the present, past and future tenses).

Subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes an surreal action that can occur under certain conditions or is expected, desired. The forms of the subjunctive mood change only by gender and number: would play in the yard, fix a car, read memoirs.

Imperative mood expresses a request, a wish, an order and is expressed by verbs outside the tense forms. Forms of the imperative mood are formed, as a rule, from the basis of the present tense (for imperfective verbs) or the future tense (for perfective verbs). There is no first person singular in imperative mood verbs, plural forms with a call to perform a joint action - read or let's read are homonymous with the present tense forms. The most common are verbs in the form of the 2nd and 3rd person, singular and plural. The 2nd person singular forms have two types of endings: -i or null ending: write and readØ. Forms of the 2nd person plural are formed by adding the postfix -te to the singular form: write-and-those, read-Ø-te. When forming forms of the imperative mood, some verbs have an alternation in the root: in and t - in e y, sh and t - w e th. Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are formed with the help of particles let, let: let them read, let them read. Special analytic form The imperative mood is formed using the particle let's (let's) and the imperfect infinitive with the meaning of a call to joint action: let's read, let's decide.

A number of verbs in the formation of forms of the imperative mood have features: 1) alternation and / e in the roots of verbs like beat, drink, sew – beat, drink, shay; 2) preservation of the suffix -va-, which is absent in the present tense, but is in the infinitive: give - give - come on, get up - get up - get up; 3) at the verb lie down imperative form lie down; 4) at the verb drive suppletive imperative go.

In some verbs, the imperative mood forms are either not formed at all or are not used: see, hear, want, feel sick.

In Russian, the forms of some moods can be used in the meaning of others: Would you work today(subjunctive in the imperative sense). Come back on time - nothing would happen(imperative mood in the meaning of the subjunctive). In the meaning of the subjunctive mood, the infinitive can be used: Learn you.

Time category – This is an inflectional category denoting the correlation of the action to the moment of speech. The present tense is the action at the moment of speech, the past tense is the action preceding the moment of speech, the future tense is the action that will take place after the moment of speech. The forms of the present and future tense do not have a special grammatical design, the forms of the past tense are expressed by the suffix -l- or a zero suffix in the same meaning: read-l , brought-Ø . Only imperfective verbs have the present tense. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to be: I will read, you will read, will read(complex form). If there are several future tense verbs in a sentence, then the auxiliary verb is usually used once: I will sing and dance. For perfective verbs - simple form future tense: read, read, read.

In speech, verbs of one tense can be used in the meaning of another : Let's go to sea tomorrow(form of the present tense in the meaning of the future). So I believed you(form of the past tense in the meaning of the future).

Person category indicates the producer of the action in relation to the speaker. The first person singular (I) shows that the speaker is the subject of the action; first person plural (we) – speaker and others. The second person singular (you) shows that the subject of the action is the interlocutor; in the plural (you) - the interlocutor and others. The third person singular (he, she, it) shows that the subject of the action is someone not participating in the dialogue; in the plural (they) - someone not participating in the dialogue, and others.

Except specified values personal forms, in modern Russian the following are used: 1) forms of the 1st person plural in the meaning of "author's we" instead of "I" in a scientific style: we consider this fact, we have made an experiment; 2) forms of the 1st person plural in the meaning of the 2nd person to express complicity in emotionally expressive speech: how do we feel?; 3) forms of the 2nd person plural are used to express politeness: you told us.

Formal indicators of the category of a person are personal endings: -u (-u), -em (-im), -esh (-ish), -ete (-ite), -ut (-yut), -at (-yat).

The category of face is related to the categories of tense and mood. Only present and future verbs of the indicative and imperative mood have forms of the face. The category of person is absent for past tense verbs and subjunctive verbs.

Some verbs in Russian do not have all forms of the person, i.e. are insufficient. Verbs do not have 1st person forms to dare, to win, to find oneself, to be weird. There are no forms of the 1st and 2nd person of verbs calve, foal, grow, bud, get closer, appear. Along with “insufficient” verbs in Russian, there are verbs that have not one, but two systems of personal forms, i.e. are redundant: squirt - splatter / squirt, torment - torment / torment, squirt - squirt / squirt. There is usually either a semantic or stylistic difference between these forms. You splatter - you squirt, splatter; spray - spray. Curling (colloquial); cooing (neutral).

Impersonal verbs

Verbs that do not have face forms and denote actions or states that occur on their own, without a subject, are called impersonal. Impersonal verbs do not change by person, number, or gender. They can be used in the infinitive, indicative (past, present and future) and subjunctive. Can be with postfix -sya and without postfix. With impersonal verbs, it is impossible to use the subject: Soon it will start to light up. It's getting dark. It was evening. It would chill.

Some personal verbs in Russian can be used in the meaning of impersonal ones: The forest is getting dark(personal verb). It gets dark early in winter(personal verb in impersonal meaning). Impersonal verbs and personal verbs in an impersonal meaning denote: 1) natural phenomena: rains, it's getting dark; 2) human condition: feverish, chill; 3) sensations, feelings: I'm out of luck; 4) being: there was no time; 5) duty: do not be sad.

Genus category denotes the characteristic of the gender of the noun or pronoun with which the verb coordinates or agrees. In the absence of a subject of action, the gender form indicates the gender of a possible subject of action: The sun was shining. The grass was green. The cloud floated. Would come today. The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb: It was evening.

Not all verb forms have a gender category. The masculine, feminine, or neuter genders are present in the singular past tense of the indicative mood, in the singular of the conditional mood, and in all participial forms.

Number indicates the singularity or plurality of the subject performing the actions, while the meaning of the action does not change: The student has arrived. The students came. This morphological characteristic is inherent in all personal verb forms. There are no number forms for the infinitive and participle. Plural verb in one-part sentence indicates the uncertainty of the subject: There's a knock on the door. Singular may indicate impersonality: I'm shivering.

The relationship of verb categories

1. Appearance and tense: perfective verbs have two tense forms (there are no present tense forms), the future tense form is simple. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms (there is a present tense form), the future tense form is complex.

2. Time and mood: verbs change in tense only in the indicative mood, and in the imperative and conditional moods there is no morphological characteristic of time.

3. Person and gender: these categories of the verb are mutually exclusive and cannot be represented in the same form. The category of the person is in the forms of the verb in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the forms of the verb of the imperative mood, and the gender is in the forms of the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the forms of the conditional mood.

4. Transitivity and reflexivity: reflexive verbs are intransitive.

5. Transitivity and voice: passive constructions are formed only from direct transitive verbs. Transitive verbs are generally capable of forming passive voice forms.