Brief summary of any work. All works of the school curriculum in a summary. Russian literature. Have you tried talking to them?

This application will be useful to anyone who wants to plunge into the world of literature, but lack of time does not allow it. Thanks to the offline mode and about 1500 works, you can always set aside 5-10 minutes to read an interesting novel or other book.

Introduction:

Reading books is very interesting activity, which is not very popular in our time, as it was before. The eternal lack of free time, and in most cases laziness, does not allow us to take and master a book of at least 500 pages. In such cases, a brief retelling of a work can be very helpful. At least you will know what in question and you might even want to read full version books. The application “Literature. Summary”, which contains approximately 1500 works of world literature, from 670 writers and poets. In general, the choice is huge and you can choose.

Interface:

The application interface is quite simple and made in Holo style. The main screen is occupied by a list of authors, which are arranged alphabetically. Under the surname of the author, his initials and years of life are indicated. There is a Favorites button on the top panel, where you can always find your favorite summaries and delete those that are already boring. Click on an author to view available works. Under the title of the work, the type summary(novel, collection, etc.), as well as the approximate time in which you can read the works (if you read more than 150 words per minute, then you will fit within this time). The most important thing is that you will read a book, for example, of 500 pages in just 10 minutes. And at the same time you will be aware of all the events that took place in it. Of course, maybe not in such accuracy and detail as we would like, but then, how much time saved. Brief contents can even be called overview per book (if you really round this concept very much), and after reading you can understand whether it is worth reading the full version of the book or it will be a waste of precious time.

Reading window:

M.:1999. - 616 p.

In this book you will find a summary and detailed analysis of all the works included in the school curriculum in literature, biographical information about the authors, abstracts of critical articles. The book is an indispensable assistant for schoolchildren and applicants during classes and when entering a university. The book will be very useful in preparing for the exam in literature, writing essays, as well as for general development. What is especially valuable in this book is that it contains brief biographical information about the authors (Born., Studied., What and when he wrote., Where and when he died.). Also in the book is given the theory of literature (kinds of literature, genres, currents, etc.).

Format: pdf

The size: 9 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
THEORY OF LITERATURE
Types of Literature 3
Epic genres 3
Lyric genres 4
Drama genres 5
Literary trends and currents 8
Classicism 9
Romanticism 10
Sentimentalism 13
Naturalism 14
Realism. . fifteen
Symbolism 17
Literary trends in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries.
Natural School 18
Acmeism 19
Futurism 19
Imagism 21
OBERIU (Association of real art). 21
Structure artwork
Artwork idea 22
The plot of a work of art 22
Artwork Composition 22
Poetics of a work of art, figures of speech 23
Features of poetic speech and versification
Stanza 25
Rhyme. 25
Foot 25
Disyllabic measures 25
Trisyllabic poetic sizes 26
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign, Igor Svyatoslavich, the grandson of Olegov"
Summary. 28
"The words..." . 29
M.V. LOMONOSOV
Brief biographical information. thirty
Ode "On the day of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna",
1747 31
"Evening meditation on the majesty of God on occasion
great northern lights. 32
G. R. DERZHAVIN
Brief biographical information 33
The ideological and artistic content of od Derzhavin 33
"To Rulers and Judges" .34
I.A. KRYLOV
Brief biographical information 35
Quartet 35
"Swan, Pike and Cancer" .36
"Dragonfly and Ant" 37
"Crow and Fox" 38
V. A. ZHUKOVSKY
Brief biographical information 38
"Forest King" 39
"Svetlana" (excerpt) 40
A. S. GRIBOEDOV
Brief biographical information 42
"Woe from Wit"
Summary 43
I. A. Goncharov. "Million Torment" 55
A. S. PUSHKIN
Brief biographical information. 56
Prose
"Tales of Belkin"
Summary:
"Station Master" 58
"Young lady-peasant" .59
Ideological and artistic originality of Belkin's Tales 60
"Dubrovsky"
Summary.61

"Dubrovsky". 65
"Captain's daughter"
Summary 66
Ideological and artistic originality of the story
"The Captain's Daughter" 71
Dramaturgy
"Little Tragedies"
Summary:
"The Miserly Knight" 72
"Mozart and Salieri". 75
"Stone Guest" 78
"Feast in time of plague" 83
Ideological and artistic originality
"Little Tragedies" 85
Lyrics
Genres of Pushkin's lyrics 87
The theme of the poet and poetry in the work of Pushkin 88
Reflection of the ideas of "poetry of reality"
in Pushkin's lyrics (according to Belinsky) 93
The theme of love in the lyrics of Pushkin 94
Philosophical lyrics 96
"Eugene Onegin"
Summary 97
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel in verse
"Eugene Onegin" . 111
Belinsky on Pushkin's novel (Articles 8 and 9) 112
Author's digressions and the image of the author in the novel
"Eugene Onegin" 116
M. Yu. LERMONTOV
Brief biographical information 126
"Hero of our time"
Summary 127
V. G. Belinsky about the novel "A Hero of Our Time" 137
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"Hero of Our Time" 139
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov ..."
Summary 140
Ideological and artistic originality of "Songs ..." .141
Belinsky about "The Song...". 142
"Mtsyri"
Summary 142
. 144
Belinsky about the poem "Mtsyri" 144
The main motives in the lyrics of Lermontov 145
N.V. GOGOL
Brief biographical information.155
"Inspector"
Summary 156
Ideological and artistic originality of the comedy "The Government Inspector". . 163
"Overcoat"
Summary 166
Ideological and artistic originality of the story "The Overcoat". . 168
"Dead Souls"
Summary 168
The ideological and artistic originality of the poem
Dead Souls 183
About the second volume of "Dead Souls" 185
I. S. TURGENEV
Brief biographical information 186
"Fathers and Sons"
Summary 186
D. I. Pisarev. Bazarov 200
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"Fathers and Sons" 204
N. A. Nekrasov
Brief biographical information 206
"Who in Russia to live well"
Summary 207
The ideological and artistic originality of the poem
“Who in Russia should live well” 236
Lyrics
Periodization of creativity 237
"Yesterday at one o'clock at six..." 238
"Reflections at the front door" 238
"In memory of Dobrolyubov". 241
"Elegy" 242
A.N.OSTROVSKY
Brief biographical information 243
"Thunderstorm"
Summary 243
Ideological and artistic originality of the drama "Thunderstorm" 252
A. I. GONCHAROV
Brief biographical information. 256
"Oblomov"
Summary 257
N. A. Dobrolyubov. "What is Oblomovism?" 274
F.I.TYUTCHEV
Brief biographical information 278
"Spring Thunderstorm" 279
"Spring Waters" 279
"There is in the autumn of the original ..." 280
“Russia cannot be understood with the mind...” 280
"When decrepit forces..." 280
A.A. FET
Brief biographical information 281
"I came to you with greetings..." 282
"Whisper, timid breath...". . 282
A. K. TOLSTOY
Brief biographical information 283
"My bells..." 284
"In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance..." 284
From the works of Kozma Prutkov. "From Heine" 285
M.E. SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN
Brief biographical information 285
"Gentlemen Golovlevs"
Summary 286
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel
"Gentlemen Golovlevs" 293
Fairy tales
Summary:
"The story of how one man of two generals
fed." 294
"Wise scribbler" 295
Ideological and artistic originality
Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin 296
F.M.DOSTOYEVSKY
Brief biographical information 297
"White Nights"
Required information 298
Summary 299
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 300
"Crime and Punishment"
Required information 300
Summary 300
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel 317
L.N.TOLSTOY
Brief biographical information ..... 319
"War and Peace"
Summary 320
Ideological and artistic originality of the epic novel
"War and Peace" 416
"War and Peace" as an Artistic Whole 416
"People's Thought". . 416
"Family Thought" 420
Female images in the novel 422
Spiritual quest of Tolstoy's heroes (Andrey Bolkonsky
and Pierre Bezukhov) 424
"War and Peace" - epic novel (genre originality) 426
"Dialectics of the soul" (features of psychologism
Tolstoy) 427
"After the ball"
Summary. 428
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 429
A. P. CHEKHOV
Brief biographical information 430
"Ward number 6"
Summary 430
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 435
"Ionych"
Summary 436
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 438
"The Cherry Orchard"
Summary. 438
Ideological and artistic originality of the play 443
A.M. GORKY
Brief biographical information 445
"Old Isergil"
Summary 447
Ideological and artistic originality 450
"Chel Kash"
Summary 450
Ideological and artistic originality" 453
"Song of the Petrel" 453
"Song of the Falcon" 454
The ideological and artistic originality of "Songs
about the Petrel" and "Songs about the Falcon" 456
"At the bottom"
Summary 457
Ideological and artistic originality of the song "At the bottom" 464
A.I. KUPRIN
Brief biographical information 465
"Duel"
Summary 465
Ideological and artistic originality of the story 473
I. A. Bunin
Brief biographical information 474
stories
Summary:
"Antonov apples" 476
Lirnik Rodion 477
"Chang's Dreams". 478
Sukhodol 479
The originality of realism I. A. Bunina, I. A. Bunin
and A.P. Chekhov. 481
Genres and styles of works by I. A. Bunin; 482
"Eternal themes" in the work of I. A. Bunin 482
Works of I. A. Bunin about the village. Problem
national character, 483
"Cursed Days"
Ideological and artistic originality 484
L.N. ANDREEV
Brief biographical information 484
Stories Summary:
"Bargamot and Garaska". . 485
"Petka in the country" 486
Grand Slam 486
"The Story of Sergei Petrovich" 487
The theme of loneliness in the stories of L. Andreev 488
"Judas Iscariot"
Summary 489
Ideological and artistic, venous originality of the story
"Judas Iscariot" 491
S. A. ESENIN
Brief biographical information 492
"Anna Snegina"
Summary 492
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem. . 49 7
Lyrics
"Mother's letter" 498
"Uncomfortable liquid moonlight..." 499
“The feather grass is sleeping. Expensive plain...” 501
A. A. BLOCK
Brief biographical information.....; 502
Lyrics
"Factory" 502
"Stranger" 503
"Russia" 505
"On the railway» * . . . . 506
"Twelve"
Summary 508
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem 512
V. V. MAYAKOVSKY
Brief biographical information 514
Lyrics
Satire in the lyrics of V. V. Mayakovsky 515
The theme of the poet and poetry in the work of V. V. Mayakovsky 516
"Out loud" 518
"Good!"
Summary 524
Ideological and artistic originality of the poem 533
"Silver Age" of Russian poetry
Symbolists
K. D. BALMONT
Brief biographical information 534
"Fantasy" 535
"I dreamed of catching the departing shadows..." 536
"Reeds". 536
V.Ya.BRUSOV
Brief biographical information 537
"To the young poet" 538
"Creativity" "538
"Shadows" 539
ANDREY BELY
Brief biographical information 539
"On the mountains". 540
Futurists
V. V. MAYAKOVSKY
"Could you?" 541
"Violin and a little nervous" 542
V. V. KHLEBNIKOV
Brief biographical information 543
"Freedom comes naked..." 544
"Don't be naughty!" . 544
IGOR SEVERYANIN
Brief biographical information .... ". 545
"It was by the sea" 546
"Overture". 546
"Igor Severyanin". . 546
"Classic Roses". . . 547
Acmeists
N. S. GUMILEV
Brief biographical information. 547
"Giraffe" 548
"Worker" 549
O. E. MANDELSHTAM
Brief biographical information 550
"I was given a body - what should I do with it..." 551
"The cloudy air is damp and booming..." 551
"Bread is poisoned and the air is drunk...", 552
"Leningrad". 553
"We'll sit in the kitchen with you..." 553
"I'll tell you with the last..." 553
"For the explosive valor of the coming centuries..." 554
“Armed with the vision of narrow os...” 554
“We live without feeling the country under us...” 555
A. A. AKHMATOVA
Brief biographical information 555
"I have learned to live simply, wisely...". . . 556
“I had a voice. He called consolingly...» .556
"Twenty first. Night. Monday..." 557
From "Requiem" * 557
B.L. PASTERNAK
Brief biographical information. . 561
"February. Get ink and cry ... ". 562
"Winter Night" 562
“In everything I want to reach ...” 563
M. A. SHOLOHOV
Brief biographical information 564
"Virgin Soil Upturned"
Summary. 565
Ideological and artistic originality of the novel 597

Starting with De tranquillitate animi (“On Peace of Mind” or “On Peace of Mind” by Seneca), people have written about self-development and how to be better. But since the time of Seneca, only the form in which people write about it has changed, the essence remains the same and it is quite easy to convey it in several pictures, which is what skitalets did in his LiveJournal.

1. This is about ikigai, finding yourself instead of working, the meaning of life and how to do what you like.

2. The further you move, the more discomfort in life will arise as you expand the zone of contact with the unknown. This picture was drawn by Socrates when he was explaining to his student why he does not know more things than his student does. It's just that his circle of knowledge is larger, so he is more in contact with the unknown.

3. The picture explains why we have the 10,000 hour rule and why it's harder to finish something than it is to start. Anyone can learn to drive a car, but getting better at it is hard. The better you understand the topic, the more expert and professional you are of those who quit and could not get specific skills.

4. Development occurs after some events, when your skills improve or you notice it. Athletes note this after the competition, in terms of life, it works after some shocks or difficulties.

5. When you have enough knowledge and skills, there is a chance to catch the “flow” state when the work will be high. Flow is when you respond to complex challenges with high professionalism. That is, you will not be able to achieve it if you do not know how.

6. All time management and a bunch of life hacks in terms of time management in one picture.

7. “In order to do more, the 80/20 rule already known to many helps: we spend 20% of our efforts to achieve 80% of the result. If you follow it within reasonable limits, then you can do five times more than the rest in 100% of the time. But we must not forget then to bring the result in at least one of the projects to 100%.”

In addition, we must remember that the more you work in principle, the more you do. The person who follows the 80/20 principle and works 10 hours will do more than the one who follows this principle and works 5 hours.

8. A very important lesson that the author of the original post brings in this picture is the importance of communication and expressing one's position. If you are very smart, but an introvert, you will be used. First you start talking in meetings, and then you get promoted. With no exceptions.

9. Among the officials there are honest efficient professionals who do not take bribes and work conscientiously. In any group of people there are quick-tempered and unrestrained. There is nothing discrete in life - black and white - there is a very large middle and very few “ends”. But there are often very interesting things hidden in these distribution tails.

10. In mathematics there is the concept of "Markov process". The main idea is that the state this moment time for him is accidental and does not depend on the past. If it rains today, it does not guarantee that it will rain or shine tomorrow.

In life, the past does not directly affect the future, and every moment called "the present" is a potential point of change in life's trajectory. Which direction it will go tomorrow is your own choice.

To fully understand this picture, you need to imagine the past and the future not as a line that goes from left to right, but as if you are walking along the road. The past is what you have passed and is behind you, and the future is that part of the road that you have to go through.

Try walking down the street, constantly looking back, to understand how stupid it is to live in the past.

11. Beyond that, it's never too late to start. A popular picture is circulating on the Internet about people who founded big companies. The story of Colonel Sanders and KFC and other companies. This infographic was originally drawn as a result of research by the Founders Institute, now it has an interactive

Aleksey Skripnik is 27 years old, his site "Brifli" is 13. This is the largest library of summaries in Russian. Basically, "Brifli" is used by schoolchildren and students of philological universities who do not have enough time or desire to read the given works in full. Does Aleksey feel guilty for popularizing short retellings, what does he think about literature lessons in schools and how does he see education in the future?

Aleksey Skrypnik, founder of the briefs library "Brifli"

- You now have the most major project with brief contents in Runet?

- Yes, if you take only brief contents, then the largest. Now Brifli has an average of 2-3 million unique visitors per month, most of them schoolchildren. Less in summer. But there are also sites that, in addition to summaries, provide ready-made essays, biographies, other useful information. They will be larger, for example, Litra.ru more than twice.

— When you created Briefly, did you count on such a scale?

No, it happened by accident. I created Briefly when I was in the 10th grade, in 2003. Then I was just practicing how to make websites. It seemed to me that all the existing sites with summaries were done wrong, and I will do it well and cool. But then I approached it purely from the technical and aesthetic side.

- What audience were you targeting?

- In the 10th grade, I did this primarily for myself. I was a schoolboy who didn't always want to read the books required by the program. Then I had one goal - to make life easier for people like me.

- Your site indicates the time for reading the original and the summary. Do you encourage people to go read the original if it only takes, say, half an hour?

- I'm just honestly writing that the retelling will take so much, and the original so much. Sometimes this shows how much time can be saved. In fact, the retelling is not always much shorter. Sometimes, if you have half an hour, you can read the original. I have statistics on how people click on the "original" link, many do it - about 3 thousand clicks per day. And in total, about 150-200 thousand unique visitors per day. But what people do next - they immediately close it or really read it - I don't know.

- Are you worried that you are preventing schoolchildren from studying literature? Are you accused?

“I blame myself more than anyone else blames me. Of course, I'm most pleased with the "read the summary to see if the original is worth reading" scenario. I want to develop Briefli in this direction, to be a guide through the world of literature.

But there are students who are not interested in literature at school at all. Perhaps because the teacher is bad or the person himself is interested in something else. And when he is forced to read what he does not want to read, when this reading will not give him pleasure, when there is no reason to read, except for a deuce in a magazine - in this case, a summary can really help out.

And it helps out, judging by what schoolchildren write in the comments: “I read it, and they gave me five”, “I read and wrote an essay.” Here the question is not for me, but for the teacher: it will not be difficult for an experienced teacher to understand what a person has read - the original or a summary.

What is your attitude towards teaching literature at school?

— It seems to me that these lessons should be taught not by literary critics, but by psychologists. People who can communicate. Now, if you ask a typical parent why literature is needed, he will most likely say that children learn to communicate, express thoughts, structure writing ...

Main page "Brifli"

- Many still talk about the educational function.

Yes, moral education. But if you look at the first few USE tasks in literature, then students are required to know the theory, it is necessary to distinguish iambic from trochaic, roughly speaking. I believe that literature should become a discussion club, so that people discuss books more than form, currents and history. A teenager at the age of 14-15 is interested in relationships with parents, with peers,. All these topics are interesting, and they can be discussed on the example of masterpieces of literature and classics. The main goal of literature lessons should be precisely in the discussion, in the discussion.

- Do you think that the principles of teaching literature are outdated?

- Yes. Since I am a technical person, I tried to find some government sites for schoolchildren, for example, a library. What if I want to read "Mumu" and I have a phone at hand? I enter Mumu, there is a private site on the works of Turgenev, then Briefly, then another private site, and I don’t see any initiatives like a colorful convenient library for schoolchildren.

From a technical point of view, teaching is outdated for sure. For example, there are many gaming applications about learning in English, but about the study of the Russian language or literature, I have not seen such. This area has already accumulated great amount coups and tricks, and they could be used to teach literature.

- Notice spikes in attendance during USE time?

- Yes, there was also a surge on December 2, the Single Composition Day. My website is down because too many people came. As for whether it is possible to write an essay well with the help of summaries ... If so, it turns out that you have read a summary and you can think it up yourself, understand the conflict, compare it with other works ... Then that's great, you're good learned the skills of critical judgment, your head works well. I only envy such people.

- That is, you consider the site not only a magic wand for those who do not want to do anything, but also a tool for those who understand and know how to do something.

“It seems to me that most visitors use the Briefly so as not to do something that is a pity for time. The number of students on the site is growing every year. On the one hand, this is due to the penetration of the Internet.

On the other hand, there is also a cultural reason - the competition for human attention is becoming more and more. Now you can take any free time as interesting as possible, thousands of resources, jokes, memes, scandals, investigations are fighting for your attention, and every year this tangle only grows.

- Someone thinks that such clip thinking should be fought, and someone thinks that this is a natural way to adapt to the flow of information. Whose side are you on?

“We need to adapt to this, it is part of our life. There will only be more information, and less and less effort to obtain it. Maybe the information will go directly to the brain. You need to get used to acting in this reality.

— Doesn't the fact that knowledge is too easy to acquire devalue it?

The true value of knowledge is if you can use it to your advantage. Sometimes it's easy: you learned how to make coffee, you went and made it, roughly speaking. Sometimes it’s more difficult: if a book teaches that you shouldn’t kill and that you need to treat people with respect, then this is not a practical skill, but a moral attitude. And you need to spend time mastering it, in order to understand difficult situation. That's what you need to spend time on, not searching for information or discussing how iambic differs from chorea.

— What is the role of the teacher in the information society? Can he recommend services like yours?

“It seems to me that there are very few teachers from God. Most are not able to ignite the desire to read in people. But they can help students get through the course with summaries, film adaptations, audiobooks. There should be many ways to study this or that work, and the teacher should choose the right one depending on what class he has. Maybe one student is visual, and it will be easier for him to watch the film, and the other is auditory, he needs to listen to an audio book to understand the meaning. There are also videos.

It would be great to get together with the teachers and think: if the student has already entered the Briefly, what can we do to get him interested in reading?

Unlike other sites, I provide a link to the original on the summary page. Sometimes I give an excerpt from an audiobook, sometimes a film adaptation. I am ready to develop it further, but I do not know in what ways. You can add tests. It would be great to team up with literature teachers and methodologists and think about how to do more good than harm.

Have you tried talking to them?

No, I didn't try. I now want to develop the site towards a more adult audience. There is a huge area of non-fiction literature that interests me. Now we are preparing the first experiment of this kind, we have retold a book about GMOs. Maybe there will be more political books, we are writing a retelling of "All the Kremlin's rati."

In general, it seems to me that there are people who grow up with "Brifli". They started reading from the 5th grade, then went to a liberal arts university and continued to use Briefly. And I want them to graduate from high school and also go to Briefly to find out how to raise children, what's new in science. I want it to be a universal encyclopedia with which you can live your whole life.

- At the beginning of the interview, you said that you often blame yourself. But from your words one gets the impression that the fault educational institutions there is.

- The fault of education is that it does not interest people, and they enter the request "summary" and not "read in full." Curiously, in the past, most of the requests that come to me were like “summary of the title of the book.” But now my site has come up and is in the first place if you just enter the title of some books.

On the one hand, I feel guilty if a student enters "Crime and Punishment" and sees my site first. He hadn't formulated the request yet, maybe he wanted to read it in full, but here is the Briefly. But on the other hand, it’s not me who does this, but people - they themselves often choose the summary instead of the original, so the site is in the first place in the search results.

No one seriously fights for these positions - to go first on the request "Crime and Punishment". Now, if there was a site that positioned itself as "we free library, it is convenient and interesting to read with us, we have a wide range of functions. There is only Bookmate and Litres for adults. But there is no such site about the originals for schoolchildren, which someone would constantly be engaged in.

"Didn't you think of doing it yourself?"

- Thought. It's not that difficult, but you can't post books once. You need to support, fix typos, add works, spend money on support. And now I want to get away from the school theme and do what interests me now. I have a selfish goal.

- You consider yourself more an entrepreneur and a technical person, and not someone who should save our education and literature. But they wouldn't mind helping.

Exactly so.

Interview

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