Municipal educational institution
secondary school № 105
Voroshilovsky district of Volgograd
"Secret dice»
The team of students 1 "A" class
under the direction of
Ternovoy E.V. and Karnova T.I.
Volgograd
2016
1. Preparatory
Relevance and formulation of the problem.
World of Mathematics at all not boring, as it seems to many.With the right approach,figures can become magician's tools. Such f ocuses can not only entertain a person who is experienced in exact sciences, but also to attract attention and develop interest in the "queen of sciences" among those who are just getting to know her. It is well known that lTricks are best suited for children of 8 years old, since it is at this age that a child is able to appreciate them. He will most likely want to know.and myselffocus secret.It is especially useful to learn tricks for shy, insecure kids. Indeed, in order to show a prepared trick, you need to go, if not on stage, then at least to the center of the room where you gathered for the performance spectators . A storm of applause and the surprise of friends will be the best cure for low self-esteem. Unfortunately, f ocuses, as teaching aids, are rarely used in the educational process, although theyapplicationin mathematics lessons and in extracurricular activitiescontributedevelopmentYulogical thinking, spatial imagination, the ability to think outside the box, and also increase interest in the subject. It is clear that m athematic tricks are a kind of demonstration of mathematical patterns. If in educational presentation they strive for the greatest possible disclosure of ideas, then here, in order to achieve efficiency and entertainment, on the contrary, they mask the essence of the matter as cunningly as possible. That is why instead of abstract numbers, various objects or sets of objects associated with numbers are so often used.M We decided to consider this topic and created a project from which we highlighted:
Hypothesis: Tricks with dice are based on mathematical patterns.
Name: Mystery of dice.
2. Main stage
Focus is a skillful trick based on deceiving the eye with clever and quick tricks.However, mathematic tricks are observable experiments based on mathematics, on the properties of figures and numbers, denounced in a somewhat extravagant form. They combine the elegance of mathematical constructions with amusement.From the audience, the focus is always half hidden: they know about the existence of that secret half, but imagine it as something unreal, incomprehensible. This downside of the trick relies either on manual dexterity or on a variety of assistive devices. The amazing is not born in a void. It, driven by the imagination of a person, always grows out of what is already known.Therefore, we decided that our
Target: To study the mathematical patterns of tricks with dice.
Tasks: Learn to demonstrate tricks with dice.
Analyze the mathematical properties of dice, which make it possible to demonstrate tricks with them.
Engage viewers with mathematical tricks.
In the beginning, we looked at all possible tricks with dice in books and on the Internet. It turned out that there are not very many of them (Appendix No. 1). Some of them were based on the obvious "deception" of the audience, that is, the use of manual dexterity, and not the mathematical properties of the dice. Therefore, we selected only those tricks where it was required to make calculations. Then we abandoned those tricks where it was required to multiply or divide, since first graders still do not know how to do this. As a result, we have only two tricks at our disposal:"Dice Arrangement" and "Tower of Cubes" (Appendix No. 1).
Project participants (1st grade students) tried these tricks with regular board game dice. They managed to carry out the second trick (“Tower of Cubes”) without any problems, but there were difficulties with the first one, because due to their age, they could not remember the order of the trick's mathematical operations. Therefore, we settled on a demonstration of the "Tower of Cubes" trick. However, to demonstrate tricks to the public, large cubes were required, that is, there was a need formaking props.EthenIt was fascinatingcreative activity.Tuh whereguysnotcouldcopebxia myselfand, them help from parents and teachers. During the assembly of the cubes, the guys did not pay attention to the location of the values on the faces, and the attempt to demonstrate the trick failed. This made the participants think that the cubes must meet certain mathematical laws. Having carefully examined the factory dice, we came to the conclusion that the sum of the opposite faces of the dice is 7 (1 and 6, 3 and 4, 2 and 5). And that is why, in the above tricks, the magician could predict the result. Having arranged the values of the faces on the cubes in accordance with the assumption received, we tried to demonstrate tricks and ... we succeeded (Appendix No. 2).
Having understood the pattern underlying these tricks, we assumed that these tricks can be demonstrated with other cubes in which the sum of opposite faces will have different, but equal values. We made cubes whose sum of opposite faces was equal to 33 (these cubes contained two-digit numbers) (Appendix No. 3). In addition, we came up with another trick of our own - we covered three adjacent faces of the cube with paper and could write the values of the faces hidden under them.
We well understood thatThe success of each trick depends on good preparation and training, on the ease of performing the number, accurate calculation, and skillful possession of the techniques necessary for performing the trick. Such tricks make a great impression on the audience and captivate them.Even the most amazing "magic" will be boring if the "wizard" silently waves his wand. It is quite another thing when an artist smiles and jokes with the audience.The participants of the project triedteachbXia not only speak naturally during the performance,but also respond appropriately difficult situations (this isshould havehelp develop a sense of humor), which were created by adult viewers. As a result, we found out thatfocuswith dicewill be successful only if the audience does not make a mistake in the calculations. Therefore, if there are several viewers, then it is best to focus not one, but several or allXspectators. Let only one roll the dice, but each of the spectators counts the amount in his mindor do it in unison.
We devoted a lot of time to practicing tricks. We compiled a script for the performance, taking the pirate theme as a basis (pirates often played dice) (Appendix No. 4), developed words, diligently rehearsed the performance of tricks in front of the mirror (this helpedunderstand what the audience will see and correct possible errors) (Appendix No. 5).
In addition, to demonstrate tricks, it was necessary to hone the ability to add one-digit and two-digit numbers, as well as the high-speed subtraction of numbers from 8 and 9:
four ordinary dice give a sum of hidden faces equal to 28 minus the top face (1,2,3,4,5 or 6);
three dice with a sum of opposite faces equal to 33 gives a sum of 99 minus any number up to 32 (32+1=33);
finding the sum of the faces is a demonstration of the magician's "superpowers".
results implementation of the "Mystery of Dice" project were:
The mathematical patterns of playing dice are determined - the sum of the opposite faces of the dice must be equal.
Created props for demonstrating tricks.
Developed own tricks based on the patterns obtained.
A scenario for the performance of magicians has been developed.
The skills of quick addition of numbers up to 99 and subtraction of numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8 from 8 and 9 have been worked out.
Information sources used
Wilson M. Complete pocket encyclopedia. Focuses and tricks. - M: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003
Postolaty V.K. Focuses at school and at home. - M.: TC "Sphere", 2000
Postolaty V.K. Leisure focus. - M.: TC "Sphere", 2000
Kordemsky B.A. Mathematical ingenuity. - M.: "Science", 1965
Minskin E.M. Games and entertainment in the extended day group: A guide for the teacher. - 3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985
Nikitin B.P. Steps of creativity, or educational games. - 3rd ed., add. - M.: Enlightenment, 1990
Video recordings of the "School of Focuses" programs (Carousel channel) on the Internet.
Application No. 1
1. Focus "Guessing the amount"
Focus: The demonstrator turns his back to the audience, and at this time one of them throws three dice on the table. The spectator is then asked to add up the three numbers rolled, take any dice, and add the number on the bottom face to the amount just received. Then again throw the same die and add the number that has fallen out to the sum again. The demonstrator draws the attention of the audience to the fact that he can by no means know which of the three dice was thrown twice, then collects the dice, shakes them in his hand and immediately correctly names the final amount.
Explanation. Before collecting the dice, the showing adds up the numbers facing up. Adding seven to the amount received, he finds the final amount.
2. Focus "Cube and handkerchief"
Focus: The performer takes out in his hands a cube 10 × 10 × 10 cm in size, glued from cardboard, and shows it from all sides to the audience. And they see that five points are drawn in black ink on one of its faces, and the rest of the faces are clean. The magician covers this cube with an opaque handkerchief, pulls off the handkerchief and shows the cube again. Now six points are drawn on one of its faces in black ink, and the remaining five faces are clean.
Explanation: The secret to doing this trick is from the drawing - on two adjacent faces of this cube, a five and a six are drawn in black ink, and a cardboard flap made of the same material as the cube is glued to the edge of the cube, located between these two faces. It certainly closes one or the other side. Of course, if the performer masters the technique of turning the cube well enough, then the trick can be performed without a scarf. Then the focus looks more efficient, but it is more difficult to perform.
3. Focus "Dice Arrangement"
Focus: The magician gives three cubes, paper, a pen and offers, by arbitrarily placing the cubes in a row, to make a three-digit number from the number of points on the top face of each cube. Then three digits must be assigned to this number, indicating the number of points on the corresponding lower faces of the dice. The resulting six-digit number must be divided by 111 and reported to the "magician" the result.
It tells you very quickly what order the cubes were in.
Explanation : Subtract 7 from the declared quotient, divide the difference by 9. The numbers of the resulting quotient will show the initial arrangement of the cubes.
4. Focus "Tower of cubes"
Focus : The magician asks any of the spectators to place several cubes on top of each other. Then he asks them if he can see the hidden faces of the cubes. Having received a negative answer, he declares that he can name the sum of these hidden edges and ... successfully does this.
Explanation: The sum of the opposite faces of the cubes is 7. So the sum of the hidden faces of the cubes is 7 times the number of cubes minus the value of the top face.
5. Focus "Turn a black die into white"
Focus: At the bottom of a plastic container with a black wide lid is a black cube. The magician shakes the jar sharply and a white one appears in place of the black cube.
Explanation: The black die has no bottom face and a white die is embedded in it. A magnet is fixed on the upper face of the cube-case, and metal is fixed on the lid. With a sharp shake, the black cube sticks to the lid, and the white one falls into the container.
6. Focus "Same values on dice - easy!"
Focus: The magician shows a box of dice. All cubes have different values. Then he closes the box, shakes it and shows all the cubes with the same value on the faces.
Explanation: The magician pre-arranges the dice in such a way that they have the same face values on one side. Then he moves them with this side to the wall of the box. After shaking, he flips the box and the cubes are the "prepared" side up.
7. Focus "Different Facets"
Focus: The magician demonstrates two cubes sandwiched between his fingers. Their edge values are the same. He turns the dice, and the audience sees different values, then again equal, and then again different from the previous ones.
Explanation: When turning, the magician rotates the cubes differently, but the viewer does not notice this.
Application No. 2
Trick rehearsal with homemade dice
Application No. 3
Can you get a trick with such cubes?
Focus is obtained. The law is in effect.
Application No. 4
The scenario of the performance of magicians with dice
"Pirates"
Materials and equipment:
table and tablecloth,
phonogram of D. Bodelt's music for the film "Pirates of the Caribbean",
opaque glass, 4 regular dice,
4 large (imitating ordinary) dice,
3 dice, the sum of opposite sides of which is 33, 2 markers, a folder, sheets of paper or a board and chalk,
a paper funnel that covers three adjacent faces of the cube, a marker,
3 pirate costumes.
Event progress:
On the stage, an impromptu barrel (disguised stool) or a table covered with a tablecloth. Two pirates come out to the music of D. Bodelt for the movie "Pirates of the Caribbean". They take out dice and a glass and begin to "play". At the change of the musical rhythm, the Captain comes out.
captain (menacingly): What are you doing here?
Pirates (chorus): We play dice.
captain: Is it bones? Here are the bones!
Snaps his fingers, the pirates take out 4 large dice from under the table and put them on the table.
Captain: Here, play it!
1st pirate: Easily!
Demonstrates the "Tower of Cubes" trick. The second pirate goes backstage.
Captain: Indeed, it is easy. Come on, bring in my special cubes.
To the music, the 2nd pirate brings in 3 dice with the sum of opposite sides equal to 33. The captain demonstrates the complicated trick "Tower of dice".
2nd pirate: Ah, I think I get it. And now, personally, I can predict the number of points on three hidden faces of one cube at once.
A paper corner funnel is obtained that covers three adjacent faces of the cube. A trick with guessing hidden faces is demonstrated.
captain: Well done!
1st pirate: Talent!
2nd pirate: No, I just love math!
Captain and 1st Pirate (chorus): And so are we!
They bow to the music and leave the stage.
Application No. 5
And what will the audience see? Costume rehearsal.
Featured on this page project topics on mathematical fairy tales, as well as puzzle project topics, quite interesting, develop logic, instill student interest in mathematics, develop logical thinking. Interesting crossword project topics very well develop the memory and erudition of children.
Below are topics of research papers on mathematical games, crosswords, rebuses, puzzles, riddles, paradoxes, tricks, fairy tales and magic.
These topics of research papers and projects on mathematical fairy tales, rebuses and crossword puzzles are the most popular among schoolchildren in general. educational institutions, perfect for working with both elementary school children and older children.
Math games and puzzles
Topics of research papers and projects on mathematical games and puzzles:
Games and tricks with matches
Games with numbers and numbers that make up their record
Games of the countries of the world
Games that are played without interruption
Puzzle games of the peoples of the North
Intellectual games on the table prime numbers up to 1000
Rubik's Cube - gymnastics of the mind!
Rubik's cube and its relatives
Rubik's Cube is not just fun
labyrinths
Labyrinths are fun!
Labyrinths: search for an exit
Math in games
Math Quiz
Mathematical game "Tic-tac-toe"
Mathematical game "The Adventures of the Three Little Pigs"
Mathematical game "Tangram"
Mathematical game "What? Where? When?"
Math game for junior school age"The Way to King Arthur's Castle"
Math fun
Math Games
Math games and puzzles
Math lotto
Imaginary mystery in the behavior of dice
My favorite pastime is chess
Mosaic is just a game?
Math board game
The role of games and drawings in mathematics
Mathematics in chess
Mathematics in chess
Mathematics on a chessboard
Fancy Chess
Chess math
Chess pieces on the coordinate plane
Chess and mathematics
Chess teaches you to think
From game to knowledge
Solution of chess problems. World of chess.
Tangram - an invention of ancient times
Tangram is not just a game, but mathematical entertainment.
Flexagons and flexors
Flexagons, flexmans, flexors
Amazing puzzles - flexagons.
Mathematics in crosswords and puzzles
Topics of research papers and projects on crosswords and puzzles:
Math Crosswords
Crossword puzzles on cubes
Math in puzzles
Math crosswords
Mathematical crossword puzzles for younger students.
Math puzzles
Mathematical puzzles and crossword puzzles.
Mathematical terms in puzzles
Mathematical crossword on the topic "Actions with natural numbers".
Sudoku
Stereometry in crosswords
Rebus
puzzles
Rebuses in mathematics
Rebuses on famous mathematicians
Solving math crosswords
Solving digital puzzles.
Math riddles and puzzles
Topics of research papers on Mathematical riddles and puzzles
Mathematical riddles
Mathematical riddles "Around the world"
Mathematical riddles in the works of Lewis Carroll
Mathematical riddles, charades, puzzles
Math puzzles
Puzzle examples.
Paradoxes and sophisms in mathematics
Topics of research papers on Paradoxes and Sophisms in Mathematics
Mathematical paradoxes
Mathematical sophisms
Math Tricks
Paradox... Trick... Focus
Paradoxes in mathematics
Paradoxes and sophisms in mathematics
Optical illusions and their applications
origametry
Topics of research papers on Origametry:
Origami and Origametry
origametry
Origami
Origami + geometry = origametry
Origami and geometry
Origami helps math
Origami - paper sheet geometry
Ornament
Features of construction on checkered paper
Mathematical tales
Topics of research papers on Mathematical Tales:
Mathematics in fairy tales
Mathematical fairy tale "In the land of unlearned lessons"
Mathematical fairy tale "How Division learned to divide"
Mathematical fairy tale "Kolobok"
Mathematical fairy tale "Legend of the chessboard"
Mathematical fairy tale "Adventures of Fedya Plyushkin visiting the Queen of Mathematics"
Mathematical fairy tale "Ice Box"
Mathematical tales
Mathematical tales on the topic "Time"
Mathematical tales on the topic "Addition. Subtraction"
Mathematical tales, poems, riddles, jokes, songs, rebuses. Numbers and counting
Math tricks
Topics of research papers on Mathematical Focuses:
Games and tricks with matches
Exploring the Essence of Mathematical Tricks
Math tricks
The Unusual in the Ordinary, or Tricks of Mathematics
Tricks in mathematics
Tricks and Curiosities of Mathematics
Focuses. What is their secret?
Task 2. Research work. GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
Research work should include a description of the methodology by which the student conducts experimental (experimental, analytical, comparative) work.
In the abstract work, the student is required to conduct experimental work and analyze the statistical reliability of the data obtained.
The object of study in the research work must be really existing in nature or society.
The purpose of the design work should be aimed at obtaining new information (quantitative, qualitative) about the selected object.
The tasks of the research work should include the development of criteria for the practical significance of the results that are expected to be obtained in the work.
Task 3. In What sections of the Federal State Standard for Basic General Education mention educational and research activities?
The program for the development of universal educational activities and the program of education and socialization.
Subject results of the study subject area"Natural science subjects" and conditions for the implementation of the main educational program.
Subject results of studying the subject area "Technology" and the program for the development of universal educational activities.
Conditions for the implementation of the main educational program and the program of correctional work.
Description of personal educational results of mastering the main educational program and the target section of the main educational program.
Objective 4: The objective of the UUD GEF development program. Design and research activities. All classes.
The main task of the program for the development of universal educational activities is:
Pre-professional training of students in the field of professions in demand on the labor market.
Achievement by the school of high averages for passing the Unified State Exam.
Preparing students for participation in the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren.
Formation in students of the foundations of a culture of research and project activities and skills in the development, implementation and public presentation of research results by students.
Task 5: GEF universal learning activities. Design and research activities. All classes.
Universal learning activities do NOT include the following types:
- Regulatory, communicative, interpersonal.
- Scientific, motivational, personal.
- Communicative, motivational, regulatory.
Regulatory, communicative, cognitive.
- Abrasive, gender, cognitive.
Task 6: The concept of development of DO GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
Development concept additional education suggests:
Increasing funding for additional education organizations.
- Increasing the coverage of children with additional general education programs.
Compliance with fire and electrical safety requirements.
- Development of partnerships with organizations of science, business, sports, etc.
Development of a standard for additional education.
Task 7: Evaluation of the GEF research work. Design and research activities. All classes.
When evaluating the research work of senior students, the following should be taken into account:
- Relevance (interest) of the work for the author .
- The author's knowledge of the terminological apparatus of the chosen field .
Prospects for the application of the results of work in science and industry.
The practical significance of the work.
The relevance of the work for the development of the chosen field of scientific knowledge.
Task 8: Extracurricular activities FG0S. Design and research activities. All classes.
Extracurricular activities are organized:
- In the areas of personality development (spiritual and moral, physical culture, sports and health, social, general intellectual, general cultural)
Only for additional general developmental programs
Only for the purpose of improving student achievement in subjects and working on mistakes made during execution control works
- In the following forms: circles, art studios, sports clubs and sections, youth organizations, local history work, scientific and practical conferences, school scientific societies, olympiads.
- In administrative and other premises equipped with the necessary equipment, including for organizing educational process with children with disabilities and children with handicapped health.
Task 9: Formation of GEF abilities. Design and research activities. All classes.
The formation of the student's abilities of understanding, thinking, communication, action, reflection in the process of implementing various types of activities refers to:
Subject educational outcomes
- meta-subject educational results
Personal educational outcomes
Subject and personal educational results
Task 10: Object-subject of GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
Choose correct object-subject pairs.
- Object: Reserve " Tula notches". Subject: Features of adaptation of bison in the reserve "Tula Zasaki".
Object: Baroque architecture. Subject: Resurrection Cathedral of the New Jerusalem Monastery.
Object: Unidentified flying objects. Subject: Life in the Universe.
- Object: Russian-speaking population of Alaska. Subject: Peculiarities of the existence of Old Believer rites in the Russian-speaking settlements of Alaska.
Task 11: Research hypotheses of FG0S. Design and research activities. All classes.
Mark correctly formulated (from a methodological point of view) research hypotheses that are not obvious and can be confirmed or refuted in the course of independent student research.
- Fertilizing the surface of the earth with nitroammophos leads to the accelerated development of mycelium mushrooms.
An unlimited increase in the frying time of cutlets in a pan leads to their burning.
An increase in the number of road transport leads to an increase in air pollution with exhaust gases.
- If classical music is turned on during the germination of pea seeds, then their germination is faster than if rock music is turned on.
A manned flight to Saturn is possible with the invention of a photon engine.
- Aging involves a slowdown in a person's response to external stimuli.
Task 12: Management of research memory and design work of the Federal State Educational Standard. Design and research activities. All classes.
The teacher supervising the research and project work of schoolchildren must:
Independently develop a plan for the implementation of research and / or project work for each student and gradually monitor its implementation.
Be a member of a scientific organization.
- Together with the student, discuss each further step in the implementation of the work and initiate the student to make their own decisions.
Have a qualification in the field of providing and controlling the financing of educational institutions of general education.
- Constantly raise the issue of the development of research and project activities at teachers' councils and methodological associations.
Have a full study load (at least 18 hours)
Task 13: Goals of the GEF research organization. Design and research activities. All classes.
The goals of organizing educational research in a general education school are:
- Professional orientation of gifted students in the field of intellectual professions.
- Development of research abilities of students.
Development of state-public management in education.
Task 14: Structure of GEF project work. Design and research activities. All classes.
The structure of the project work of an elementary school student must include:
Business plan for project implementation.
- Description of the result.
- Description of own practical work for project implementation.
project hypothesis.
Task 15: Object-subject-goal-hypothesis GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
The work determines the influence of the talk show "Evening Urgant" on the political views and value preferences of students in grades 10-11 of the city of Kolifeevka by the method of questioning and included pedagogical observation.
1. Object: TV LG 42LB677V.
Subject: features of the color scheme of displaying Ivan Andreevich Urgant on a TV of this type.
Purpose: to determine the mechanisms of the psychological impact of Ivan Andreevich Urgant on the audience.
Hypothesis: if you do not watch TV, but do your homework, then the results of passing the Unified State Test will be better.
Methodology: TV screen photometry.
2. Object: Ivan Andreevich Urgant.
Subject: students in grades 10-11 living in the city of Kolifeevka.
Purpose: to identify preferences in spending evening time in the families of the city of Kolifeevka.
Hypothesis: The Evening Urgant talk show will be closed within one year. Methodology: sociological survey 7th grade students.
3. Object: students of grades 10-11 living in the city of Kolifeevka.
Subject: worldview of students in grades 10-11.
Purpose: to identify the influence of the "Evening Urgant" program on the value orientations of students.
Hypothesis: viewing the program leads to a dispersion of motivational attitudes to continue education and get a profession in the field of intellectual professions.
Methodology: survey of students in grades 10-11.
4. Object: value attitudes of students in grades 10-11 of the city of Kolifeevka. Subject: the dynamics of preferences of students in grades 10-11 as a result of regular viewing of the Evening Urgant program for 3 months.
Hypothesis: as a result of watching the program, students are disturbed in their sleep.
Methodology: longitudinal test studies of students.
Choose from the proposed options the object-subject-goal-hypothesis chains that are correct from the point of view of the methodology of science, characteristic of the research work
3
Task 16: The main functions of the UUD GEF. Design and research activities. All classes
Match the main functions of educational and research activities for children of different ages.
Preservation and development of exploratory behavior as a means of establishing motivation for learning activities - Primary School.
- The formation of research skills as a way to set and achieve goals in educational activities -basic school
Formation of the ability to carry out a full cycle of research activities as the basis of research competence -old school
Task 17: Evaluation of the work of the Federal State Educational Standard. Design and research activities. All classes.
Read the text of work 1 at the link.
Mark the correct answers
Project work, with research elements
- Research work
Abstract work
- The tasks of the work do not fully correspond to the goal
- In conclusion, there are assertions that do not follow from the experimental part of the work.
The methodology of the experimental part is correct and allows you to establish a real picture of pollution
Experiments on the determination of pollutants were performed qualitatively, the rules of statistical processing of the data obtained were observed
Problem 18: Mysteriousness in the behavior of three dice. GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
Read the text of work 2 at the link.
Also check out the seven reviews of this work: #1. No. 2. Number 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7.
Availability general characteristics work
- Review #1
- Review #2
- Review #3
- Review #4
- Review #5
- Review #6
Review #7
The presence of a meaningful analysis of the main sections of the work
- Review #1
Review #2
Review #3
- Review #4
Review #5
- Review #6
Review #7
The presence of a personal appeal to the author, his motivation to continue the work
- Review #1
- Review #2
- Review #3
- Review #4
- Review #5
- Review #6
- Review #7
- Review #1
Review #2
Review #3
Review #4
- Review #5
- Review #6
Review #7
The presence of speech, stylistic errors, violation of the logic of constructing sentences
Review #1
- Review #2
Review #3
Review #4
- Review #5
Review #6
Review #7
Excessive attention to formal parameters of work
Review #1
Review #2
- Review #3
Review #4
Review #5
Review #6
Review #7
The work is not a review, but an abstract of the work
Review #1
Review #2
- Review #3
Review #4
Review #5
Review #6
Review #7
Task 19: The quality of GEF work. Design and research activities. All classes.
Read the texts of eight works: №1. No. 2. Number 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8.
Study
- Job #1
- Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Job #5
Job #6
- Job #7
Job #8
abstract
Job #1
Job #2
Job #3
Job #4
Job #5
- Job #6
Job #7
Job #8
Project
Job #1
Job #2
Job #3
Job #4
Job #5
Job #6
Job #7
- Job #8
The presence of a substantiation of the topic, an introduction to the problems of the study
- Job #1
- Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Job #5
- Job #6
Job #7
- Job #8
The presence of an established work structure (introduction, purpose and objectives, methods, obtaining own data, their analysis, conclusion (conclusions)
- Job #1
Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Job #5
- Job #6
Job #7
- Job #8
Compliance with the goal, objectives, work plan, results
- Job #1
- Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Work No. 5
- Work No. 6
- Work No. 7
- Work No. 8
Availability of a methodology for conducting independent work
- Job #1
- Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Work No. 5
Job #6
- Job #7
Job #8
Availability of self-generated data
- Job #1
- Job #2
- Job #3
- Job #4
- Work No. 5
Job #6
- Job #7
Job #8
Task 20: Goals of the GEF conference. Design and research activities. All classes.
Align the organizers and goals of the conference.
Scientific institution -Popularization of the scientific industry among young people.
Smart products companyTraining of qualified users who will provide the necessary demand for products in the future.
university -Attracting applicants, promoting the activities of the university.
Educational institution -Inclusion of their students in the system of interregional and interdepartmental relations.
Educational authorities -The fact of participation in the system of events of a higher level.
Task 21: The structure of the research and project work of the Federal State Educational Standard. Design and research activities. All classes.
Present the structures of research and project work in the correct order.Research work
substantiation of the topic - 1
technique - 4
hypothesis - 3
setting goals and objectives - 2
analysis and conclusions - 6
own data - 5
determination of available resources - 4
implementation of the plan and adjustment - 6
problem statement - 1
execution plan - 5
definition of performance criteria - 2
evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness - 7
creating a concept and predicting the consequences - 3
Task 22: Method of GEF projects. Design and research activities. All classes.
The founder of the project method in education is:
Aristotle
S.T. Shatsky
A.S. Makarenko
J. Dewey
J.J.Russ
Task 23: Actions of the GEF psychologist. Design and research activities. All classes.
Which of the following actions of a psychologist are related to such a direction of work as “designing and diagnosing the effectiveness of quality educational process based on the research activities of students”?
Psychological consultation on issues of adaptation in the team
- Participation in the examination of the process of implementing educational activities and its productivity (result)
Group forms of work to support the effectiveness of student participation in the educational process.
Task 24: Psychological mechanisms of GEF. Design and research activities. All classes.
The psychological mechanisms that allow students to carry out research activities include:
- Divergent and convergent thinking
Creative thinking
- Search activity
Phlegmatic temperament
“The trembling nuts from the huge tree make me drunk.
Born by a hurricane, they roll along the groove.
Like a soma drink from the Mujavat Mountain,
I saw a waking dice"
Rig Veda "Player's Hymn"
If a person tells you that he has never held dice in his hands, this is most likely not true. Everything starts…. since childhood. Each of us had board games, where, in addition to multi-colored chips, a “special die” was attached, but few people think that these are also dice.
History of occurrence dice.
Their history is one of the richest and most interesting among the games, and its origins lie in more than ancient times, because, according to archaeologists, it is the bones that start the path of gambling in the world. Bones are the basis of the Game and its philosophy, it is no coincidence that the word “excitement” itself comes from the Arabic name for this game. When the task of man was to survive in the harsh conditions of the cave and the lack of mammoths, Pithecanthropes and others like them used the prototypes of dice for magic and divination. So, when you roll the dice during the game, remember that this is an echo of those ancient rituals about calling the gods to help.
Later, when the bones passed into the category of "pleasant pastime", the Greeks, at the suggestion of Sophocles, tried to "appropriate" their invention: talking about the legendary Troy, he mentioned a certain Palamedes who invented the game during the siege. But even the Greeks could not agree on the discoverer of the "cubes" and Herodotus in his chronicles told about King Atis, about the Lydians who played this game. During the Crusades, the version about her Palestinian origin was popular. Thanks to the archaeologists who proved that the zaras (and this is another name for them) are, perhaps, one of the oldest game “artifacts”, known long before the Greeks and even more so the Romans.
Many scientists have repeatedly tried to prove that our ancestors, living on different continents, communicated with each other, while usually showing photographs of the pyramids of Cambodia, Peru and Tenerife, Indian and Indian art, household utensils of the tribes of the Black Continent and Australia. But few people compare the bones. But the Aztecs, and the Mayans, and the Papuans of New Guinea, and the cannibals who lived in Central Africa, and the peoples of the North, who lived thousands of years ago, were no strangers to excitement, and the dawns helped them a lot in this, but they were made from materials characteristic for a particular area, the “dots” (more correctly, markings) were very different, but the principle was the same - the Game and rituals (which is also a kind of game, only for the elite). All over the world, modern Indiana Jones find bones made from fruit seeds and nut shells, from bones, teeth and horns of animals, from stones, and sometimes they are real works of art - the further human civilization developed, the more sophisticated they seemed to become. would be banal cubes that can tell a lot about the culture of the people who made them: ivory, bronze, precious and semiprecious stones, crystal and amber, and even porcelain were used. It is assumed that they were originally widespread due to the cheapness and ease of manufacture, as well as the fact that it is quite convenient to learn to count from one to six.
The ways of playing dice were carved on stones by the Egyptians and written by the Hindus in the Mahabharata 2000 years ago: the legends of Prince Nala and the Pandava brothers tell about the game of dice, its secrets, losing and winning - this is the most cited of the ancient monuments dedicated to bones.
But much more interesting are several works about the player from the Rigveda, dedicated specifically to zaras. In the "Complaints of the Gambler" where God Savitri gives instruction: "Do not play dice, but plow your harrow! Find pleasure in your property and its prices are high! Look after your cattle and your wife, worthless gambler. In ancient India, the vibhidaka game was widespread, which is described in the "Player's Hymn": a lot of bones "a flock of them frolic, three times fifty" were thrown out of the vessel, and sometimes they were simply snatched from the heap, and if they could be divided into four, then the player he won, and if there were extra dice, he lost.
“Because the bones are studded with thorns and hooks,
They enslave, they torture, incinerate,
They bestow, like a child, the winner, they again deprive him of victory.
(per. T. Elizarenkova)
The game of dice deprived not only money, but also personal freedom, in particular, the ancient Germans, after material bets, could put themselves on the line, in case of a loss, becoming the slave of the winner.
And what is characteristic, for some reason it was the Zariki who disliked those in power. Although Julius Caesar was a big fan of them: his phrase “The die is cast” when crossing the Rubicon is directly related to this game, so he was a great admirer of bones, believed in their mystical ability to predict the future, the palm here belongs to the Romans. It was they who issued the first known law on gambling Lex aleatoria (alea (lat.) - a dice). And this despite the fact that in Rome the dice were one of the most popular games: Pompey played them at his triumphs, Juvenal, at the suggestion of which the law was passed, complained about the too great popularity of the dice, as games of unnecessarily gambling; it was especially fashionable to play them during the Saturnalia. They played even and odd, threw dice into a hole in the board or a drawn circle. Various combinations of points on the rolled dice bore the names of gods, heroes, hetaerae (the minimum roll of 4 points was called "dog", the maximum - "Aphrodite"), they were happy and unhappy. This law regulated the holding of gladiator fights, sports competitions, social events and games. Alea were banned not only as a game, but also for storage.
Since Roman law was taken as a basis in medieval Europe, it is not surprising that dice were banned until the end of the 14th century: laws 1291, 1319 banned this game. According to historians, here, again, the Holy Inquisition could not do without: according to the New Testament, Roman soldiers at the foot of the Holy Cross (the place of execution of Jesus Christ on Calvary) played exactly in them. Although here one can trace the illogicality of the ban: bones are prohibited by Rome for storage, but Roman soldiers play in front of people.
In 1396, an amnesty was declared for the Zarams - only the distribution and production of fake bones were banned. In wealthy houses, they loved this game very much. Three dice, denoting the present, past and future, were thrown onto the board, or the dice were used as a fortune-telling game, for example, the Christmas game “In the Goose” was very popular in France - the dice were thrown onto the board with the image of a clawed bird.
In the Middle Ages, the Church, an ardent opponent of the zar, suddenly discovered that not only the nobles played them, but the clergy were not alien to the excitement. Measures were urgently required and the Bishop of Cambresia, Witold, popularized the game "Virtue". Instead of numbers, virtues were symbolically indicated on the faces of the cubes: 1.1.1 - love, 1.1.2 - faith, 1.2.4 - chastity, etc. The victorious priest had the right to instruct other monks in the virtues. And Pope Sylvester P came up with rhythmomachy - a game based on chess, only instead of figures there were bones with numerical designations on the edges. But nevertheless, in the church and near-religious books of that time, the bones were described only as the creation of the devil, in order to win the souls of mortals. The designations on the edges of the zariks are the main enemies of the devil in the Christian religion, against whom Satan acts: one - the devil acts against God, two - against God and the Virgin, three - against the Trinity. But again, the apostle Peter, having come to Hell, must beat the juggler in the dice, who guards sinners, beats - saves suffering souls. And even despite the new games, and the "story" of the origin of the game, the popularity of dice grew among secular people and clergymen. There were even schools for teaching the intricacies of the game. Usually they played with two or three bones, which were thrown onto the table from a barrel, a hand, and even a knight's glove. The most popular was the game for the highest score.
But the Slavs played bones and roes, and, unlike the Europeans, the poor strata of the population mostly played. The most popular game was “grain”: before the start of the game, the rivals agreed on which faces of the cubes would be considered winning. After that, small white and black zariks rushed to the table, the one who guessed the color won. Like cards, dice games were condemned and severely punished. But Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich allowed to play cards and grain in Siberia, however, the permission lasted exactly a year and was canceled. As usual, the most popular places for games were taverns, taverns and secret tavern baths. The game of grain was more than popular, it had its fans and professional players and card sharpers. And in the north of Russia at the end of the 19th century, dice, or in the local dialect " ankles"Played at Christmas time, the cubes were painted in red, black and yellow and were stored for decades, as they were used as a payment for forfeits or in card games at Christmas time.
Types of dice
And in Russian prisons and prisons, they used a pair of zar with “bulls” for the game - this was the name of the points on the edges, while each combination of points had its own name: 1-1 - goal, 1-2 - troika, 2-2 - chikva, 2 -3 - rooster, 5-6 - with a pood, 6-6 - half a dozen. And by the way, with the help of bones, Russian peasants divided land plots and agricultural work, and also litigated - in all these cases, only lot played its role.
And the most ancient bones were found on the territory of the southern part of modern Iraq: tetrahedral pyramids of lapis lazuli and Ivory adorned with semi-precious stones in two corners, they date back to about 3 thousand years BC. By the way, we owe our usual “cube-shaped cubes” with dotted markings or, to be precise, six-sided cubes with slightly rounded corners, on which the sum of opposite faces always equals seven, we owe, as archaeologists say to the Chinese - they used such cubes in 600 BC. BC. The ancient Egyptians, instead of dots, depicted a "bird's eye" - one of the most famous symbols of Egypt. The Greeks used both cubes and astragalus. Astragalus is a dice with four sides and markings in the form of recesses 1, 3, 4 and 6, four astragalus were taken for the game. AT Ancient Greece there were two types of dice: cubes, identical to modern dice (called "barrels", played with three, later with two) and astragalus.
By the way, even now the game uses not only cubes with dotted markings that are familiar to us. For poker, they take dice with card symbols from ace to nine, and for the game "Crown and Anchor" they take dice with a crown, an anchor and symbols of four card suits on six sides.
In Europe and the Americas, machine-made dice, or "imperfect" dice with rounded corners at the edges, are bought to play at home. And in gambling houses and casinos, you will see only perfect dice on the tables: they are made by hand, according to very strict standards, with an error of no more than 0.013 mm. And such clarity is explained quite simply: even the ancients proved that if the bone does not have an ideal cubic shape, then the laws of probability will be violated - after all, the loss of various faces does not equiprobably. It is no coincidence that the most famous cheating technique is the use of irregularly shaped dice, of which there are only three types: dice with a displaced center of gravity, dice with beveled planes, and dice with broken markings. The latter will not allow you to roll certain sums of points, for example, 2 dice marked 3-3-4-4-5-5 and 1-1-5-5-6-6 will never roll 2, 3, 7 or 12.
And some RPG games use dice with 4, 6, 8, 12, 20, etc. faces. There are even dice with 100 faces - zocchiedrainvented by Lowe Zocchi. In role-playing games, the type of die is indicated by the letter "d" (dices) or "k", (bones), after which the number of sides is indicated: for example, d4, d8, d20 dice. There is also d% - percentage cube in the form of two decahedrons, one of which defines tens and the other defines units.
In the 21st century, when talking about dice, they mean either the dice used to play dice and board games directly, or they mean games related to dice.
The most famous games that use dice
Dice games are different and they differ in inventory (the number of charges, the possibility of using chips, different ways of recording results), the goals of the game (the one who scores the maximum or minimum number of points wins, or who throws out certain combinations of numbers together or in order, or, as option that has collected all the cubes or vice versa, left without them), there are games with a strict number of players - in general, there are a lot of options and they all have one or another historical roots.
The earliest sign of victory in the history of the game is the most points rolled. Now you can feel like a distant descendant of the Roman patricians playing Pig, Chicago, Lay Off the Dead. And if you believe in the absolute favor of Fortune, then you can take a chance in "Indian Dice", "Bayburt" or "General" - here your winnings will depend only on the successful combination of the dropped faces. Do you love roulette? You can play Crown and Anchor, Grand Azar, or Under and Over the Family - these games are based on the principle of betting. Are you going to a big company of gambling friends for the weekend? Offer them Azar or Craps - time is important here, since the sequence of the combinations that have fallen is important for victory. And for fans of the exact count, lotto and sudoku, Martinetti will do - the numbers that have fallen will need to be checked against the table and “Help your neighbor” - here you will need to check the numbers assigned to the players.
Games are now gaining more and more popularity, where not only dice are used, but also special chips, checkers that move along the board in accordance with the dropped faces. These are well-known backgammon with varieties: backgammon short and long, khachapuri and gulbar, and of course, children's board games and lotto with dice, where the promotion of chips depends on the number of points on the edge. And the game "Aces" is notable for the fact that the dice in it are both dice and chips at the same time.
Craps
In any case, all games have the same principle: the roll of the die determines the winner or the loser.
In world casinos, craps, which is played with six-sided dice, is the most popular. This game has been known since about the 18th century and, according to one version, was invented in New Orleans. African Americans.
The number of craps players, as well as their entry into and exit from the game, is not limited by the rules. At the same time, the order of throwing is clearly regulated: two dice must be thrown so that, having hit the opposite edge of the table, they stop on the table. At the first stage of the game (there are two in total), the player must make one throw, and according to the results of "crepe" (points): if he rolled 2, 3 or 12, he is considered a loser, with 7 or 11 points - a winner, and all other combinations ( 4 - 6 and 8 - 10) indicate that the player must repeat the dropped points on the second round. In the next step, the player rolls the dice until they repeat their points, which means a win, or until a 7 rolls, which means a loss.
In craps, bets are made between players on any combination of dice rolls, and there are also many betting options.
Dice Poker
Classical poker served as the ancestor of a number of dice games, and for some games you need standard dice, for others - special poker dice, where images of nine, tens, figures and ace are applied on six sides of the dice, and in others a combination of both is used. . Dice poker is closest to card poker, it requires not only luck, but also the ability to quickly calculate the situation, combine solutions.
Bets are placed before the game, the pot belongs to the winner. Players throw five zariks and, according to the rules of poker, count the combination that has fallen out: four of a kind, straight, full, etc. The rules allow an additional roll by prior agreement between the players (similar to the ability to discard unnecessary cards in poker and buy new ones instead): the player can, leaving the bones he needs in the same position, transfer the rest. Each of the players after the roll can either be satisfied with the results, or roll from one to five dice. After the second throw, it is possible to reroll all the dice, except for those that remained on the table during the first reroll. The final third roll does not give the right to reroll. The winner will be the owner of the highest combination (as in poker): poker, four of a kind, full house, three of a kind, two pair, a pair, or, if there are none, the player with the most points. The points scored are also taken into account when the opponents have the same combinations (they count the points at the dawns included in it), while the combinations can be polysyllabic: a full house of 3 fives and 2 twos (3x5 + 2x2-19) is older than a full house 3 threes and 2 sixes (3x3+2x6=21). With an absolute match of combinations and points, an additional batch of players is announced, whose results matched.
The player who threw second in the previous game, or sitting to the left of the starter, starts the next game. It is forbidden to interrupt the game in the middle of the circle, when the right of the first move returns to the one who started the whole game.
Zarah game - Sic-bo (Sic Vo)
The ancient Chinese game Sic-bo (Sic Bo), its other name Grand Azar (Grand Hazard) is also popular in the casino.
They play with three dice, bets are placed on the numbers of the faces that will fall out in the game. The number of players is limited by the size of the gaming table and the space around it. Like other casino games, Sic-bo is played with perfect zarami: a perfectly regular cubic shape with dotted markings. The principle of placing bets is similar to roulette: players place chips on the sectors of the playing field according to the types of bets. The dealer launches a popper (from the English pop - clap), a special device that throws the dice. The name arose due to the fact that, due to electrical impulses, the bones are thrown up on a round membrane, while hitting the dome, characteristic pops are heard. The device is turned off after the announcement of the end of the acceptance of bets, the dome is removed and the players see the numbers that have fallen out. Additionally, the dealer calls them out loud. Then winnings are paid, chips are removed and bets are accepted for a new game.
As a rule, the casino administration sets the bet sizes on its own, which can be seen on the table where they play Sic Bo: a special plate indicates the minimum and maximum bets for all types of bets.
In Sic Bo (Sic Bo) there are 7 types of bets. A bet on one number, with a payout ratio of 1:1. In this case, if the number you bet on landed on two dice at once, then your bet will be paid out twice, but if on all three dice, it will be paid out twelve times. Domino bet - implies 15 combinations of numbers, two selected different numbers will be winning. Payment of the rate 6:1. A bet on a combination of two numbers or a bet on a specific doublet. If your bet wins, then you will receive a payout in the ratio of 11:1, if your number falls on 3 dice, the bet will already be paid thirty times. A bet on a combination of three identical numbers or on a certain triplet will be paid at a ratio of 180:1 if all three dice show the same number. A bet on an arbitrary triplet means that any triplet that has fallen out will be the winning one, but the player does not choose the number, the payout will be in the ratio of 31:1. The next bet, on more or less, is divided into two subspecies: either the player bets on the "large amount" from 11 to 17 or on the "small amount" from 4 to 10. If the sum of the points of the three dice falls within the player's range, then his winnings will be calculated in the ratio is 1:1, the main thing is that a triplet does not fall out, in which the bet loses. And finally, a bet on a certain amount of numbers. There are 14 of them for all amounts from 4 to 17. The amount you specify must match the sum of the numbers on all the dice, the winnings are determined by the selected amount.
Backgammon is the most famous and respected game that uses dice.
One of the most popular dice games is backgammon. It was from them that another name for the cubes came - “ zary”. It is approximately known that backgammon has been played for more than 5000 years, an analogue of this game was found in the tomb of Tutankhamen, and the oldest backgammon board dates back to about 3000 BC. The Persians considered this game to be mystical, predicted fates based on it, correlated the game board with the sky, and the movement of checkers with the movement of the stars. Everything on the board is a multiple of six and is related to the passage of time: 12 months - 12 points of the board, 24 hours in a day - 23 points, 4 seasons - 4 parts of the board, 30 checkers - the number of moonless and moonless nights in a month. The sum of points on opposite sides of the die is seven - the number of planets known at that time that influenced everything good and bad in the world.
Historians argue about the progenitor country of this game. According to one of the legends, the Indian ruler sent chess to the Persian ruler, believing that no one would understand how to play this complex game. In response, the Persian sage Byuzurkmehr, who immediately unraveled the secret of chess, sent them Nard takh “The Battle on a Wooden Board”, the principle of which the Hindus had been unraveling for 12 years. Another version of the origin of the name is from the Indian "nard" - a plant from which incense and fragrant oils were made. Backgammon is also called a special board that serves as a playing field.
Backgammon is a game with many names: in Spain - tablero, in Italy - tavola reale, in Ottoman Empire- tavla - all these words mean "board game". But the Greeks, the French and the British gave backgammon their own names, διαγραμισμος, trick-track and backgammon, respectively.
The spread of backgammon, then called Backgammon (presumably due to the sound of bones hitting a wooden board), in Western Europe begins with the end crusades HP century. In the Middle Ages, only the game of kings was called backgammon - it was a privilege of the highest aristocracy.
The original rules of this game have almost faded into history, we mainly play backgammon now, the rules of which were established in the middle of the 18th century by Edmond Hoyle in Great Britain, known as "Short Backgammon". This name arose as a contrast to the eastern "Long Backgammon". Another name for short backgammon is Backgammon, again, it does not have an exact explanation, but the most popular versions are that this name comes from the English “back” and “game”, and contained the basic principle of the game: the beaten opponent’s checker comes back. Another version of the origin of this name is associated with the Gaulish language: "Baec" (small) and "Gammit" (battle).
Backgammon is played on a special board - a playing field - of a rectangular shape. The board consists of 24 points, 12 on each of two opposite sides. Outwardly, it is usually narrow isosceles triangles, the base of which lies on the side, and the height reaches the middle of the board. The points are numbered from 1 to 24 for each player, most often the even points are colored in one color, and the odd ones in another. The player's house consists of six consecutive points in one of the corners of the board, its location is determined by the rules. Some boards have special areas on the sides for placing checkers off the board. From the sides of the board, areas intended for placing checkers over the board can be allocated. In the middle of the board is a bar - a vertical strip that separates the board. If the game goes according to the rules, where you can beat the opponent's checkers, then they are placed on the bar.
Each player has his own set of checkers of the same color - usually 15 of them (maybe less, depending on the rules). And actually the dawns themselves. At least one pair, but maybe two, for each player, as well as kegs for shuffling the bones. If the game is played on a bet, then the “doubling cube” can also be located on the playing field, on the sides of which the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 are applied - it is convenient to take into account the increase in rates with it.
Regardless of the many options for playing backgammon, which differ from each other in the rules of moves, bets, and the initial position of the chips, backgammon unites the general rules of the game. Players move in turns, the checkers move in a circle, the direction of their movement is fixed in a particular game, but may vary in its other variants. The first move is determined by lot: each player throws one die, the winner starts the game.
Before each turn, the player rolls two zaras. The dice are thrown to an empty space on the board on one side of the bar - thus the possible moves are determined. Throws are strictly limited by the rules: if at least one of the dice flies off the board, the dice are on different sides from the bar, the bone falls on the checker or stands on the edge (on the edge of the board or on the checker), then the throw is not counted and is repeated. For one throw, from 1 to 4 checker movements are possible. In each of them, the player moves the checker by the number of points that fell on one of the dice. If a double falls out, the points will be doubled and the player will make 4 moves, while he must use the maximum possible number of points. Each movement of the checker is done for the full number of points that fell on the dice. In this case, if there are no available moves for the dropped number of points, then the player skips the move, but if it is possible to move the checker, then the player must do this, even if this worsens his playing position. If there are two options for a move, where one involves using the points of only one of the dice, and the other - both, the player must choose the last option. In the event that it is possible to move one of the two checkers, when the move of one checker excludes the possibility of moving the other, the player must make a move by more points.
After all the player's checkers have hit their home, making a circle around the board, the player begins to put them behind the board. A checker is placed off the board when the number of the point on which it stands coincides with the number of points that fell on one of the charges. If all the checkers being placed are closer than the dropped number, then the checker from the point with the highest number is put on the board.
In backgammon there is always a winner - the one who first put his checkers off the board. He gets one point. In the case of mars, when the winner has put all the checkers overboard, and the loser has none, then the first one gets two points. Three points are given to the winner who has removed all the checkers from the board, while his opponent has not removed any and one of his checkers is in the winner's house or on board - this is called coke. If the game is played on a bet, then one bet is paid for a regular win, doubled for mars, and tripled for coke. Bets in backgammon can be increased at the request of the player before his turn. Before the first move, each player has this right. Refusing to raise rates entails admitting a loss. When a player raises the bet, he takes the doubling cube for himself and sets it up with a face that shows the coefficient of the increase in the bet. Today, backgammon is so popular that international tournaments are held on it.
Less popular dice games
Another game using Under and Over the Seven dice is a variant of Sic-bo, which is played with six-sided dice. There are three fields on the gaming table where bets are placed. The game is against the bank. The banker throws two dice and the winner is immediately determined. The winner receives a payout of 1:1 for the winning bet in the "Under 7" and "Over 7" fields, and 5:1 for winning in the "7" field.
Under 7 7 Over 7
2-3-4-5-6 7 8-9-10-11-12
1 to 1 5 to 1 1 to 1
Types of fraud and illegal manipulation of dice
Naturally, such an ancient game could not fail to attract the attention of scammers: in the tombs of Ancient Egypt, zaras were found, over which cheaters obviously worked, archaeologists found fraudulent bones in the burial places of the Middle East and the American continents.
If the edges are deviated from the correct shape, then the nature of the game will change, the probability of an equal loss of numbers will disappear. Dishonest players use dice with beveled planes, a displaced center of gravity, incorrect marking, magnets, and mercury in the game. If you hold the cube in the right position for a few moments, the mercury will move and the cube will fall on the side it was held on.
The numbers appearing on the marked dice do not correspond to the correct probability distribution. The most common among scammers are sawn bones. Usually one or more sides of such bones are filed, which means that the cube will more often fall on the wide sides. Equipped bones are zara, regular in shape, but on one side a hole is drilled near the surface, into which a lead sinker is placed. The hole is sealed, and the die is more likely to fall on the opposite side of the weighted one.
It happens that the bones change shape: two faces are made slightly concave, and two are convex. When thrown, such a die will fall on even faces. You can make the bone slightly elongated, then it will fall on the longer side. Another change to the charge is to round off the edges of some of the faces, which will prevent it from falling on them, and by making the edges of the face protrude, this will prevent the bone from rolling.
Another option for cheating is to repeat the numbers on the opposite side, professional cheaters introduce them into the game during the game, and since it is impossible to see all the faces of the die at the same time, novice players may not notice this.
Even in a dishonest game, magnetic dice can be used. They contain a thin steel wire grille or steel discs that are inserted into holes that represent goggles. Usually 4 faces are stuffed with metal, which are opposite to those that should fall out according to the plan of the scammers. An electromagnet is inserted into the table, and when it is turned on, the metal faces are attracted.
There are many stories about the “lucky Fortune” who can throw any combination, but in reality, professional dice players with a long training can bring the throwing technique to the ideal one, which can significantly increase the likelihood of a given combination.
If, during a throw, a rotational impulse is given to the bone parallel to the table, at the moment of the throw the cube is with the right side up, falling, it will continue to rotate, preventing it from turning over. You can "roll" the bone in given plane- two faces located on the side will then get less chance of falling out. If the game is played on a sufficiently slippery surface, then you can make the dice slide in the right direction: one of the dice is lightly held with the little finger, as a result, it will slide, not roll, and keep a pre-selected number on the upper face.
Exposing scammers with the ABILITY to roll the dice is very difficult. So, the "Greek" throw, when the lower bone is pressed in the right direction by the upper one, is almost imperceptible, and the most talented cheaters can change the bones in less than a second during the throw, hiding the false bones inside the palms.
Absolute confidence that the game is fair cannot be experienced even by a superprofessional. If a player doubts the decency of his opponents, then you need to pay attention to: the numbering of the faces of the cube; that the sum of points on opposite sides is always equal to 7; all faces are equal in area and identical in shape, texture, plane, the vertices and edges of the zar have the correct shape, there are roundness, then they are the same at all corners; the gaps between two cubes pressed against each other should be the same; the markings on the cubes are made at the same distance from each other and at the same depth. Bones with a displaced center of gravity will help to identify the rotation test between the fingers (or, if conditions permit, when immersed in a liquid).
The most reliable way not to get at the same table with scammers is to choose a company and place to play wisely. The integrity of the partners and the reliable reputation of the gambling establishment guarantees you higher security than if you examine the dice with a magnifying glass after each roll.
Dice in astrology
And it will be interesting for lovers of zar to know that astrologers advise picking up bones in accordance with the sign of the zodiac. Aries are recommended classic colors - black and white, for a change, you can take bright red, orange, blue, lilac, crimson and all shiny. Cubes of the colors of nature are suitable for Taurus: green grass, pink sunset, blue sky, brown gobies. And, of course, no red! The twins are lucky with purple dice, but it doesn’t fit to use light yellow and gray cubes. Cancers are lucky with pale golden and silver, light green and purple, lilac. Luxurious Leos will appreciate purple, gold, orange, scarlet and black dice. And unpretentious Virgos will be enriched by gray, beige, dark blue zaras, as well as any shades of green. Balanced Libra needs dark blue, sea waves and pastel colors, and bright Scorpions are promised victory and bright cubes: rich yellow, dark red, scarlet, crimson. Sagittarians will be lucky with blue, blue, purple, crimson bones, and Capricorns should never choose light bones, for them the best dark green, black, ash gray, blue, pale yellow, dark brown and all dark colors . Aquarius will be enriched when playing with dark blue, sapphire, purple, blue-green and purple dice, unless, of course, he is opposed by Pisces with white, emerald, light lilac, purple, purple, blue, purple or steel dice.
If you love tattoos, then dice are a symbol of good luck and success in all matters, because the number of union and balance is strongly associated with them - 6.
Buying dice and criteria to pay attention to
The main part of dice games is based on the calculation of the mathematical probability of the appearance of any sum of numbers on the faces of the die when throwing the dice, while the theory of probability always leaves a chance for a huge jackpot. Total probability obeys the law of combinations and permutations, but now it is determined by simple mathematics.
Bones were thrown and thrown into a circle, played and guessed at them. They evoke a reverent attitude towards themselves, as connecting with higher powers - and no wonder, with such a history! It is in the bones that the inconstancy of Fortune is visible, which instantly withholds its favor, and then elevates and enriches. Despite numerous prohibitions, dice games have survived to this day and are popular both in ordinary houses and in casinos.
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1 Final examination for Foxford courses: Design and research activities. GEF 2. Mark the correct judgments. 1. Research work should include an introduction, which provides basic information from the field of knowledge chosen by the author; the introduction can be an independent abstract work. 2. In the abstract work, the student is required comparative analysis selected literary sources, their origin and reliability. 3. The purpose of the design work should be aimed at obtaining new information (quantitative, qualitative) about the selected object. 4. The tasks of the research work should include the development of criteria for the practical significance of the results that are expected to be obtained in the work. 5. The object of study is really existing in reality, the subject of study is a property (feature, feature) of the object. 3. In what sections of the Federal State Standard for Basic General Education is teaching and research activity mentioned? 1. The program for the development of universal educational activities and the program of education and socialization. 2. Subject results of the study of the subject area "Science subjects" and the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program. 3. Subject results of studying the subject area "Technology" and the program for the development of universal educational activities. 4. Conditions for the implementation of the main educational program and the program of corrective work. 5. Description of personal educational results of mastering the main educational program and the target section of the main educational program. 4. Universal learning activities include the following types: regulatory, reflexive, activity 2. operational, motivational, personal 3. regulatory, communicative, cognitive, personal 4. communicative, motivational, regulatory 5. abrasive, gender, cognitive
2 5. The concept for the development of additional education involves: 1. Expanding the range of additional general education programs 2. Increasing funding for additional education organizations 3. Compliance with fire and electrical safety requirements 4. Development of partnerships with organizations of science, business, sports, etc. 5. Development standard of additional education 6. The main task of the program for the development of universal educational activities is: 1. Achievement by students of high meta-subject and personal results of education 2. Improving the quality of educational work; effectiveness of socialization and development of communication skills of students 3. Professional orientation of students in the field of professions in demand on the labor market 4. Ensuring the dynamics of individual achievements of students in the process of mastering the main general education program of basic general education 7. Criteria for evaluating the research work of senior students should include: 1. Scientific the novelty of the work 2. The practical significance of the work 3. The relevance (interest) of the work for the author 4. The relevance of the work for the development of the chosen field of scientific knowledge 5. The author's knowledge of the terminological apparatus of the chosen field 8. Extracurricular activities are organized: 1. In the areas of personality development (spiritual and moral , physical culture, sports and health, social, general intellectual, general cultural) 2. Only for additional general developmental programs 3. Only in order to improve student performance in subjects and work on mistakes made during the implementation i tests
3 4. In the following forms: circles, art studios, sports clubs and sections, youth organizations, local history work, scientific and practical conferences, school scientific societies, olympiads 5. In administrative and other premises equipped with the necessary equipment, including for organizing educational process with children with disabilities and children with disabilities 9. Choose the correct pairs of object - subject of study. 1. Object: Spruce growing in Bitsevsky Park. Subject: The value of the annual growth of spruce, depending on the year. 2. Object: Baroque architecture. Subject: Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. 3. Object: Volga river basin. Subject: Rybinsk reservoir. 4. Object: Islamic state banned in Russia. Subject: Methods of recruiting supporters of the Islamic State. 5. Object: Creation of a model of the T-70 tank Subject: Ways of gluing the details of the model. 6. Object: Ecological situation in Sokolniki. Subject: Establishment of environmental teams to clean up the area. 10. Mark correctly formulated (from a methodological point of view) research hypotheses that are not obvious and can be confirmed or refuted in the course of independent student research. 1. The air temperature in the surface layer of the atmosphere decreases at night and rises during the day. 2. An increase in the number of road transport leads to an increase in air pollution from exhaust gases. 3. An increase in the number of tests in physics in the 10th grade leads to an increase in academic performance. 4. If classical music is turned on during the germination of pea seeds, then their germination occurs faster than if rock music is turned on. 5. A manned flight to Saturn is possible subject to the invention of a photon engine. 6. Sociological surveys of 7th grade students do not provide objective information about their level of knowledge.
4 11. The work determines the influence of the talk show "Evening Urgant" on the political views and value preferences of students in the classes of the city of Kolifeevka by the method of questioning and included pedagogical observation. 1. Object: TV LG 42LB677V. Subject: features of the color scheme of displaying Ivan Andreevich Urgant on a TV of this type. Purpose: to determine the mechanisms of the psychological impact of Ivan Andreevich Urgant on the audience. Hypothesis: if you do not watch TV, but do your homework, then the results passing the exam will be better. Methodology: TV screen photometry. 2. Object: Ivan Andreevich Urgant. Subject: students in the classes of the Zyablikovo district. Purpose: to identify preferences in spending evening time in the families of the Zyablikovo district. Hypothesis: The Evening Urgant talk show will be closed within one year. Methodology: sociological survey of 7th grade students. 3. Object: students of classes living in the Zyablikovo area. Subject: worldview of class students. Purpose: to identify the influence of the "Evening Urgant" program on the value orientations of students. Hypothesis: viewing the program leads to a dispersion of motivational attitudes to continue education and get a profession in the field of intellectual professions. Methodology: questioning of class students. 4. Object: value orientations of students in the classes of the Zyablikovo district. Subject: the dynamics of class students' preferences as a result of regular viewing of the program "Evening Urgant" for 3 months. Hypothesis: as a result of watching the program, students are disturbed in their sleep.
5 Methodology: longitudinal test studies of students. 12. Find a Soldier Read the text of work 1 at the link. Mark the correct answers 1. Project work, with elements of research 2. Research work 3. Abstract work 4. In the conclusion, conclusions are presented that do not fully correspond to the tasks set 5. References to literary sources 1-2 are formatted correctly, and 7 and 12 are incorrect 6. The content of the work does not fully meet the set goals and objectives 13. Read the text of work 2 at the link. Also check out the seven reviews of this work: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Evaluate the quality of reviews of the work "The mystery in the behavior of three dice" and note the presence of the following characteristics in 7 submitted reviews: The presence of a common characteristics of the work Review 1 Review 2 Review 3 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 Substantive analysis of the main sections of the work Review 1 Review 2 Review 3
6 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 The presence of a personal appeal to the author, his motivation to continue the work Review 1 Review 2 Review 3 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 Substantive recommendations for continuing the work Review 1 Review 3 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 The presence of speech, stylistic errors, violation of the logic of constructing sentences Review 1 Review 2 Review 3
7 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 Excessive attention to the formal parameters of the work Review 1 Review 2 Review 3 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review 7 The work is not a review, but an abstract of the work Review 1 Review 2 Review 3 Review 4 Review 5 Review 6 Review Read the texts of eight papers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Evaluate the quality of the papers and note the presence of the following characteristics in the 8 submitted papers: Research
8 Work 2 Work 5 Abstract Work 2 Work 5 Project Work 2 Work 5
9 Existence of substantiation of the topic, introduction to research issues Work 2 Work 5 Availability of the established structure of work (introduction, purpose and tasks, methods, obtaining own data, their analysis, conclusion (conclusions) Work 2 Work 5 Compliance with the goal, objectives, work plan, results Job 2
10 Work 5 Availability of a methodology for conducting independent work Work 2 Work 5 Availability of independently obtained data Work 2 Work Match the organizers and the objectives of the conference. Scientific institution - Popularization of the scientific industry among young people
11 A company that produces intellectual products - Training of qualified users who will provide the necessary demand for university products in the future Higher education institution - Attracting applicants, popularizing activities Educational institution - Inclusion of their students in the system of interregional and interdepartmental relations Level 16. Present the structures of research and project work in the correct order. Research work 1 Substantiation of the topic 2 Statement of goals and objectives 3 Hypothesis 4 Methods
12 5 - own data 6 analysis and conclusions Project work 1 statement of the problem 2 definition of performance criteria 3 creation of a concept and forecasting of consequences 4 - determination of available resources 5 implementation plan 6 implementation of the plan and adjustment 7 evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness 17. The founder of the method of projects in education is : 1. L.N. Tolstoy
13 2. J. Dewey 3. S.T. Shatsky 4. N.K. Krupskaya 5. K.D. Ushinsky 6. J. J. Rousseau 7. Ya.A. enjoy: 1. Winners and prize-winners of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren. 2. Winners of events included in the List of Olympiads and other intellectual and (or) creative competitions, events aimed at developing intellectual and creative abilities, abilities for physical culture and sports, interest in scientific (research), creative, physical culture and sports activities, as well as to promote scientific knowledge, creative and sporting achievements of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. 3. Winners of Olympiads included in the list of Olympiads for schoolchildren of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. 4. Laureates of Government Prizes Russian Federation to support talented youth. 19. Which of the following actions of a psychologist are related to such a direction of work as "designing and diagnosing the effectiveness of the quality of the educational process based on the research activities of students"? 1. Diagnostics of the internal development of students (psychological portrait of the student) 2. Participation in the examination of the process of implementing educational activities and its productivity (result) 3. Group forms of work to support the effectiveness of student participation in the educational process 20. In order to diagnose the professional position of teachers - implementers of educational -research approach, it is advisable to use the following methods: 1. Methodology for evaluating design and research work (FOPIR) CPS. (D.Treffinger) 2. BASE technique (A.L. Wenger and co-authors)
14 3. Questionnaire "Personal motivation of the head of research activities of students" (A.S. Obukhov, A.V. Leontovich) 4. Test of creativity (Torrance Test of Creative Thinking) 21. The psychological mechanisms that allow students to carry out research activities include: 1. Divergent and convergent thinking 2. Search activity 3. Situation of uncertainty
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