Construction of the Smolensk nuclear power plant. Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant

Smolensk NPP is located in the south of the Smolensk region, 3 km from the city of Desnogorsk. On the this moment its total installed capacity is 3,000 MW, and its thermal capacity is 9,600 MW. At the same time, it accounts for more than 80% of the total amount of energy produced in the region. For example, last year it generated 24,182.2 million kWh of electricity. Like other nuclear power plants in our country (there are ten in total), it operates as part of Rosenergoatom Concern JSC, and accounts for about 13% of the concern's total energy output. So the station is not small, but how interesting it is, I'll show you now.

I like to start my acquaintance with any enterprise with history, because it's no secret whoever remembers it has a future. In this regard, nuclear scientists are great, in each region of their presence they built large, spacious, beautiful and very informative information centers. Here, visitors can get acquainted in great detail with the history, and with the present, and even the future of the power plant, as well as understand how everything works and is arranged there. Here in the city of Desnogorsk, of course, there is one, and the first thing we do is go there.

And it all started like this. On September 26, 1966, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 800/252 on the construction of the Smolensk NPP. In 1971, its construction began. Thanks to the nuclear power plant, the village of Desnogorsk first appeared on the map of our country, which then grew into a city. By the way, it was on February 24, 1974 that it was officially registered as a settlement, and according to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 31, 1989, it became a city.

Moving on, 1978 was marked by the blocking of the Desna River, after which the filling of the Desnogorsk reservoir began. On December 25, 1982, an act was signed on the acceptance of power unit No. 1 of the Smolensk NPP for commercial operation. From May 31, 1985, power unit No. 2 began to help him. In our country, the trinity is always held in high esteem, and here we went along this path, putting power unit No. 3 into operation on January 30, 1990. True, they also planned to build a fourth one, the construction of which was started in the fall of 1984, but in December 1993 it was stopped.

Nothing lasts forever and our safety comes first. No matter how good our Smolensk NPP is, and it has a certain service life, therefore, power engineers are already thinking about the next generations today. In December 2012, the Director General of Rosatom State Corporation Sergey Kiriyenko signed an order to start work on the construction of the second stage of the Smolensk NPP (Smolensk NPP-2). She will become a replacement station. At Smolensk NPP-2, the project will install two power units of a new generation with improved reactor plants of the V-510 type (Project VVER-TOI), with an electric capacity of 1255 MW each and a thermal one of 3312 MW. These new reactors will be an order of magnitude more reliable in terms of all safety standards and meet the most insane IAEA requirements. And their service life will be already 60 years. In November 2014, survey work for the construction of Smolensk NPP-2 was completed. Now the first two power units are being designed, which should be put into operation in 2024 and 2026, respectively. As they are commissioned, most likely by 2027, the operating power unit No. 1 of the Smolensk NPP will be decommissioned. But let's not get ahead of ourselves. If they ever call me to this construction site, I will definitely show and tell you everything in detail.

10. Hurray, here she is a beauty, immediately awe is everywhere, in short, she got it :)

Smolensk NPP operates three power units with RBMK-1000 single-loop uranium-graphite channel reactors. The electrical capacity of each such power unit is 1 GW, and the thermal capacity is 3.2 GW.

Smolensk NPP sends all the generated energy to the unified energy system of Russia, with which it is connected by six power lines with voltage electric current 330 kV (Roslavl-1, 2), 500 kV (Kaluga, Mikhailov), 750 kV (Novo-Bryansk, Belorusskaya).

13. Lenin is alive here too, and the panel is really cool

14. And here are those who need to be equal

15. I will not repeat how we went through everything here. We were dressed, special socks, boots, bathrobes, caps, gloves, ear plugs and helmets, everything was as it should be. We went through various security systems. Control at all stages at Rosatom is severe and the same everywhere. But what I really liked and what I was really pleasantly surprised with was the fact that here we were shown and allowed much more. It is not for nothing that Smolensk NPP was repeatedly recognized among the winners in various competitions among energy enterprises of the nuclear industry, even the world, for example, in 2011 according to the OSART version of the IAEA. In fact, before my eyes, the information transparency of the company as a whole is being transformed, and this is very cool, I’m afraid to jinx it, we’ll check it at the next nuclear power plant.

16. Block control panel. It is from here that control and management of all processes at the station is carried out.

21. More than 4,000 people work at SNPP.

23. Central hall of RBMK-1000 Smolensk NPP

For fans of statistics I fix. The first power unit with an RBMK-1000 type reactor was launched in 1973 at the Leningrad NPP (we were there last time). Its thermal power is 3200 MW, electric power is 1000 MW. The moderator here is graphite, and the coolant is water. The reactor itself is located in a reinforced concrete shaft and is a system of channels with fuel assemblies installed in them. The number of technological channels is 1661, the number of control and protection rods is 211. The reactor is loaded with 200 tons of uranium. And the average fuel burnup is 22.6 MW*day/kg.

25. Unloading machine, which reloads the fuel cartridges.

27. Well, I again got to the next dose of radiation :)

29. Fuel ready for loading into the reactor

32. One fuel assembly weighs about 130 kg, its length is 7 meters. It serves for 1.5-2 years.

39. Main circulation pumps designed to create coolant circulation in the NPP primary circuit.

40. And this is the machine room of the Smolensk NPP, its length is 600 m.

41. Each power unit has two turbine generators. Here they are located for all three power units. The power of one such turbogenerator is 500 MW, and it weighs as much as 1,200 tons.

Actually, the process of obtaining the necessary energy is as follows. There is a controlled chain reaction that takes place in the reactor core: fuel - uranium dioxide U235 - is divided by thermal neutrons. As a result, a great amount heat, which is converted into electricity with the help of separators, steam generators and turbines. That is, at first, nuclear energy passes into thermal energy, thermal energy at the next stage into mechanical energy, and that energy already into electrical energy.

44. At the end of our program, we looked into the Laboratory of External radiation control, the sensation did not happen, we will live and live happily ever after!

45. Thanks a lot to the entire press office Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC and personally to Artyom aoshpakov Shpakov for organizing this trip!

August 14, 2013 was a new milestone in the history of nuclear energy for the Smolensk region. It was on this day that the first exploration well for the future was drilled near the village of Bogdanovo in the Roslavl district, the construction of which the residents of the region have been talking about in recent years.

The order to start work on the construction of the second Smolensk nuclear power plant was the general director of the corporation "ROSATOM" Sergey Kiriyenko. The site of the proposed construction of the station is located seven kilometers from the current Smolensk nuclear power plant.

Double edged stick

Residents of the Smolensk region, to be honest, are still wary of new construction, as well as the fact that the power units of the current nuclear power plant are already exhausting their resources. This, of course, cannot but disturb the population; the so-called "double-edged sword" is emerging. Recall that also in December 2012 Rostekhnadzor of Russia issued a license to extend the life of power unit No. 1 with the declared technical parameters until December 25, 2022.

In order to work beyond the stipulated time, this power unit was reconstructed and modernized. And in 2011, it was carefully examined by IAEA experts, who, in turn, confirmed its operational safety. At the moment, of the three power units of the Smolensk NPP, power units No. 1, with an extended service life, and No. 3, whose service life expires in 2020, are in operation. Power unit No. 2 is under scheduled overhaul. True, there are no comments on the operation of the equipment.

Without magic

It should be noted that other specific sites for the construction of Smolensk NPP-2 are also being considered at this stage. Among them: Kholmets in the Roslavl region and Podmostki in the Pochinkovsky region. The construction of the new nuclear power plant itself should begin in three years, in 2016. Before this period, it is just necessary to carry out both survey and all design work.

The launch of the first power unit of Smolensk NPP-2 is scheduled for 2022. “We have been waiting for this event for a long time. The drilling of the first exploration well is in fact the first peg on the site where Smolensk NPP-2 will be located,” the director of the nuclear power plant Andrey Petrov, employees of the public information center of Smolensk NPP, convey the words.

In turn, as Evgeny Romanov, General Director of Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC, noted during his visit to the Smolensk NPP, there should certainly be a NPP-2, but the construction itself “does not begin by magic”. “As three units of the Smolensk NPP are retired, we must introduce an adequate amount of replacement capacities,” the general director noted then. - All work of the preparatory period must be carried out. Therefore, by the time we decide that construction should start, we should be in high readiness so that we can do it almost instantly.”

By the way

The Smolensk region itself is “tied” to the construction of NPP-2 on its territory, because even now the operating nuclear power plant accounts for about 80 percent of the installed capacity of all power plants in our region. In addition, it is one of the main sources of tax revenues for the budget revenues of the Smolensk region and Desnogorsk itself.

NPP comment

Ivan Navnychko, Deputy Manager of the Desnogorsk Design and Survey Branch of OJSC Atomenergoproekt:

“The construction of Smolensk NPP-2 is necessary so that over time it will replace the existing nuclear power plant. After all, the first has already worked out its resource, but, as you know, the necessary license was obtained to extend its service life. The same applies to the other two power units of the nuclear power plant.

At this stage, work on the Smolensk NPP-2 is reduced to finally determining the location of the future facility. Of all the points under consideration, Pyatidvorok is the most suitable, since, so to speak, the place here is drier and its location is most convenient - only seven kilometers from the current nuclear power plant. At subsequent stages, the next issues will be resolved, including those related to the project of the station. For now we are talking about the VVER-TOI project, as well as at the Novovoronezh NPP. But, apparently, it will be its improved version.

For the Smolensk region as a whole, the construction of the Smolensk NPP-2 is an important project. Firstly, these are new jobs for people, because it is no secret that now many local residents are leaving Desnogorsk and nearby settlements in search of earnings in the same Moscow. It's tax deductions."

"I'm not saying that everything will explode, but how will it work..."

Andrey Ozharovsky, engineer-physicist, expert of the ecological association "Bellona":

“It is clear that we need to prepare and do something, because the power units of the Smolensk NPP are already reaching their 30-year expected service life. I think it is wrong that other options were not analyzed, and the construction of NPP-2 was proposed as a non-alternative project.

Indeed, in the same Europe, a number of countries have already abandoned nuclear energy. I was wondering when the public hearings on this project and I was told that it should be in September. Public hearings are good, but not when it turns out that the decision has essentially already been made. Citizens should receive all necessary information.

The second thing that is interesting in this story is what will actually be built. There is an option that this is VVER-1200, which was abandoned at the Kaliningrad NPP at one time. In the Smolensk region, I think, they will offer an even more interesting option, the so-called VVER-TOI. I can say that neither one nor the second project has been implemented in practice before and they did not exist in nature. As an engineer, I can't help but worry about how this will all work. It turns out that the Smolensk region will become a kind of testing ground for an untested project in practice. I'm not saying that everything will explode, but it's not clear how it will work and whether it will be.

Two hands for!

Vladimir Tsyganok, Associate Professor, Department of Ecology, Smolensky state university, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, specialist in man-made systems and environmental risks, expert of the Federal Industrial Safety Expertise System:

“The construction of a new nuclear power plant will only benefit the Smolensk region: more energy will be sold - more deductions will go to the budget, new jobs will appear. The impact on the environment is only thermal. So I - with both hands "for"!

There are no deviations from the normal radiation background in the Smolensk region. There is not a single fact that would indicate some kind of radiation hazard. In addition to rumors and speculation of the townsfolk. Roshydromet official data are published regularly and have a high level of reliability. , and after that they rechecked everything again, all approaches to security, made sure that everything was fine, but also tightened control even more. The monitoring system in the observation zone around the NPP continuously forms a data stream and sends it not only to the plant itself, but also to Rosatom and the IAEA - online, to the international level. Nobody is hiding anything, and there is nothing to be afraid of.

In fact, in the Smolensk region, in the foreground, completely different ecological problems- the problem of domestic waste disposal and deterioration of water treatment facilities. And the construction of a nuclear power plant is better to build five nuclear power plants in the region than one waste incineration plant. I can say this with complete, 100% certainty and knowledge of the matter.

The only one real risk associated with a nuclear power plant is the threat of large-scale military operations: that is, roughly speaking, if a war breaks out and the plant is bombed. But this is beyond the horizon of assessed risks, no one is insured against this.”

Management and IT consulting services. An information management system based on the TRIM-Technical Management solution has been implemented.

Solution structure:

TRIM-M/W/P/B/DOC/D/C/A/SP

Project description:

Implementation information system support for the management of the operation of the Desna-2 nuclear power plant.

Stage 1

Subdivisions covered by the system - NPP management, shops - reactor, turbine, chemical, electrical, centralized repair, adjustment and testing of equipment, departments - operation of buildings and structures, radiation safety, metal and welding control, preparation and repairs. Service organizations are connected to work in the system, including JSC Atomenergoremont, JSC Smolenskenergoremont. The number of users is 540.

Stage 2

Expansion of the functionality of the system in terms of maintenance and repair management, warehouse management. Integration with the CE-2 accounting system and the BOSS-Kadrovik personnel management system. The customer has purchased additional TRIM licenses. Increasing the number of jobs in departments. The number of users is 900.

Stage 3

Implementation of a logistics subsystem (MTS). The customer has purchased additional TRIM licenses. Increasing the number of jobs, connecting the departments that are part of the management of production and technical equipment - departments of supply, supply, contracts, warehouses, AHO and others. The number of users is 1550.

Beginning of work:

Stage 1 - October 2002

Stage 2 - May 2005

Stage 3 - December 2007

Project status:

Stage 1 - the system was put into commercial operation in April 2005.

Stage 2 - work completed in December 2007

Stage 3 - the MTS system was put into operation in December 2009.

Customer feedback

Chief Engineer of Smolensk NPP

"With the commissioning of the system, the system has become vital for the station, since it has taken on some of the functions directly related to assessing the technical condition of the equipment and maintaining it at the required level. In addition, there is a real opportunity to account for all the work performed at the station, for an objective taking into account and planning the needs of all types of resources in the operation of the plant. In today's conditions, this is no less important than ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants."

On Friday, I went on a press tour at the Smolensk NPP. We were shown the operation of the station, taken to all the main premises of the nuclear power plant and given a look at the holy of holies - a nuclear reactor. Such excursions are held regularly, but filming there is strictly prohibited. We filmed almost everything that is possible and even some of what is impossible.

Some background information:

Smolensk NPP is the largest energy enterprise in the northwestern region of the country's unified energy system with a capacity of 3,000 MW. In the period from 1982 to 1990, three power units were put into operation at the Smolensk NPP (1st - 12/25/82, 2nd - 05/30/85 and 3rd - 01/30/90) with improved design RMBC-1000 reactors with a number of advanced systems that ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants. To date, over 283 billion kWh have been generated at three power units over 18 years. electricity. During operation, each power unit proved to be reliable, safe and competitive. Smolensk power plant has been repeatedly recognized as the best among nuclear power plants in Russia and was noted by the operating Energoatom Concern OJSC for good results in terms of safety, operational stability and production efficiency. For 17 years of operation, the SPP has practically not changed the state of environment, radiation background in the area of the station for the entire time of operation of the power units remains at the natural level.

Roman Petrov, an employee of the press service, carried out safety procedures on the bus.

Electrical substation next to the nuclear power plant.

First, they held a small press conference.

We were taken further. They made me take off my socks and shoes, and gave me disposable beige socks and flip-flops. They were dressed in white coats and bonnets, and put on helmets over them. After ten meters, the flip-flops were asked to be removed and dressed in the same beige slippers.

The first sightseeing object was the machine room.

Nuclear lift. There are no floors here, only heights above sea level :)

General view of the SNPP power unit.

At every corner there is a radiation control rack. Everyone passing by is obliged to put their hands on it and find out their radiation "purity".

And this is the "heart" of the nuclear power plant - the central hall. Under these cubes is the RBMK-1000 nuclear reactor (exactly the same as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).
The high-power reactor (channel) is located in a reinforced concrete shaft and is a system of channels with fuel assemblies installed in it. The channels pass through a graphite stack that serves as a neutron moderator. Inlet and outlet communications, circulation pumps and large diameter pipelines form a circuit for removing heat from the channels. Chemically demineralized water is used as a heat carrier.

To regulate and maintain the power of the reactor, there are 211 control and protection rods (CPS). CPS rods are made of neutron-absorbing materials, and their number and rate of introduction into the core are guaranteed to ensure nuclear safety requirements during start-up, operation at power, and shutdown of the reactor.

This is the BCR - Block Control Panel. It is from here that the entire nuclear power plant is controlled. Here you can shut down the reactor or blow everything to hell if the specialist makes a mistake. Fortunately, the Simpson Homers are not kept at the Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant.

Smoking is prohibited throughout the station, there are no smoking rooms. And although this violates the Tobacco Control Act, it seems to me that such a decision is correct. Moreover, all employees of the station undergo daily medical control before starting work.

Before leaving - the same mandatory radiation control.

A parting shot, and we leave the nuclear power plant itself. Our next stop is the disaster simulation training center.

They show us the control room simulator and work out several emergency situations with us.

The instructor tells some things, but I don’t understand anything - I taught physics badly at school.

I'm more interested in sensors and buttons. There will be a whole bunch of them!

Buttons interested not only me, but also Leo Kaganov.

Then we were taken to a trout farm.

Russia. The annual electricity generation exceeds the planned 20,099 million kWh, which indicates the reliability of the station.

Station power

The capacity of three power units, each 1000 MW, provides 8% of electricity generation in the Central region. Their share in the Smolensk region is overwhelming - over 80%. Utilization rate (2010) - 79.26%. Six high-voltage lines fan out from the SPP:

Belarusian and Bryansk with a capacity of 750 kV.
Mikhailovskaya and Kaluga - 500 kV each.
Roslavl 1 and 2 - 330 kV.

In fact, the nuclear power plant of the same name is 150 km away from Smolensk. It is located in the southeastern part of the region, not far from Roslavl. The city of power engineers - Desnogorsk - is three kilometers from the station. The distance to the capital is 350 km, to neighboring Bryansk - 180 km.

Security

Smolensk NPP is quite safe. A well-established technical process, well-chosen personnel, the strictest observance of the work schedule, and multi-stage control do their job: no major or minor accidents have been recorded at the SNPP in two decades. Full compliance with ISO 14001-2007.

Every year, large volumes of preventive scheduled work are carried out to extend the life of power units. The all-Russian production system "Rosatom" is being introduced: which started at repair sites and in the warehouse, it was developed in the "Efficient Office" project. It is aimed at improving office and management processes, eliminating existing temporary, qualitative, and financial losses. One of the directions of the project is "Organization of workplaces for office workers according to the 5C system".

SNPP subdivisions are constantly improving their work. In 2010, the station was recognized as the best nuclear power plant in the Russian Federation at the end of the year, in 2007 - the enterprise with the best physical protection. The staff has repeatedly been recognized as the best in safety culture, environmental protection, and accounting. Enterprise security criteria:

Formation of the correct behavior of personnel in order to prevent errors.
Ensuring the integrity of defense in depth.
Conscious use of error prevention tools.

When implementing the policy in the field of the human factor, the management of Smolensk NPP implements the following principles:

Managers of all levels of the station personally demonstrate high standards correct behavior as an example for all personnel of the Smolensk NPP.

Story

The Smolensk NPP, whose photo looks impressive against the backdrop of the reservoir, has been history since 1976. The first power unit was commissioned on 12/09/1982, the second - on 05/31/1985, the third - on 01/17/1990. Perestroika fever prevented the construction of the originally planned fourth unit.

The project of power units RMBK-1000 was adopted as the base one. However, their design has been improved in the direction of increased safety. The experience of Chernobyl proved the correctness of this position.

Recycling radioactive waste - the most important problem nuclear energy. In 2001 a processing complex was built. The liquid waste storage facility accepts radioactive waste, temporarily stores and releases the distillation residue for further processing.

prospects

Smolensk NPP is approaching the threshold of operation. Already obsolete single-loop blocks RBMK-1000 are less and less meeting the requirements of economic efficiency. During 2020-30, the reactors are planned to be decommissioned one by one. However, Smolensk NPP does not intend to give up its position as an energy leader. The official website pleases with information that the competent authorities have decided to build three modern reactors instead of the decommissioned capacities.

To maintain competitiveness, the nuclear power industry needs a deep modernization. The state corporation recognizes that a lot needs to be changed, but it will not work out all at once. Growth points are needed to show the direction for change and serve as beacons for others. One of these beacons will be the Smolensk NPP. Having perfectly mastered the tools of the Rosatom production system, she must create a standard for high-quality, efficient work with maximum savings in effort.

According to official data, on January 24, 2012, the General Director of the Rosenergoatom Concern, E. Romanov, approved a long-term plan for the construction of the second SNPP. On October 10, 2012, the Governor of the Smolensk region gave his consent to the deployment of two new power units in the region. The State Corporation Rosatom has signed an order to start organizing work on the construction of Smolensk NPP-2. Construction is scheduled for 2016.

According to the General Director of SNPP, moving forward at a given pace can be ensured by the coordinated work of all project participants. A very tight schedule of upcoming events will require the utmost concentration of the existing potential and the organization of a clear interaction between the specialists involved in the implementation of the project to prepare for the construction of new power units.

At the site of the future SNPP-2 (the former village of Pyatidvorka in the Roslavl district), the Desnogorsk branch of Atomenergoproekt is completing the field work on engineering surveys required for the development of project documentation.

The expanded Smolensk NPP is also beneficial for the Roslavl region. Large investors come, new production - new jobs.