Basic rules of behavior in a crowd. Rules of behavior in the crowd: how to survive during the stampede. Reference. Shoes and clothing for public events

Avoid large gatherings of people.

Do not join the crowd, no matter how you want to look at the ongoing events.

If you find yourself in a crowd, let her carry Bas, but try to get out of it.

Inhale deeply and spread your arms bent at the elbows slightly to the sides so that the chest is not squeezed.

Strive to be away from tall and large people, people with bulky items and large bags.

By any means, try to stay on your feet.

Don't keep your hands in your pockets.

When moving, raise your legs as high as possible, put your foot on a full foot, do not change, do not rise on tiptoe.

If the crush has taken on a threatening character, immediately, without hesitation, free yourself from any burden, first of all from a bag with a long belt and a scarf.

If something is dropped, in no case do not bend down to pick it up.

Actions in case of a crush

If the crush becomes threatening, you need to free yourself from any burden (if any).

When falling, you need to get back on your feet as quickly as possible so as not to be crushed by the crowd. In this case, you should not lean on your hands, it is better to try to stand on your toes for a moment and, abruptly pushing off the ground, “emerge”. If you can’t get up, the rules of conduct in case of a threat of a terrorist act recommend curling up in a ball, protecting your head with your forearms and covering the back of your head with your palms.

An unruly crowd is often capable of generating more victims than the catastrophe itself, which caused unrest. Crush can form in just a matter of seconds, regardless of what served as a catalyst - a loud sound, someone's scream or a deliberate provocation. In an uncontrollable human mass, no one ever cares about the safety and well-being of a single individual, so getting out of the flea market unscathed is not as easy as we would like. The following recommendations will how to behave in a crowd in order to survive in a crush.

1. Prepare in advance

Before you go to crowded places, pay attention to some points:

Cloth. You have to choose the one that does not restrict movement. Refuse loose clothes: raincoats, dresses, jackets with a hood are not the best decoration for being in a crowd;

Shoes. Do not wear laced - untied shoelaces in a crush can cost you your life. Girls better forget about heels and stilettos;

Accessories. Do not take with you scarves, chains, medallions, bags and other wardrobe items for which you can grab and pull;

emergency exits. If you are in a closed room, identify possible escape routes in advance. This applies to both the main exits and emergency exits, which are most often indicated by green signs.

In case you did not take care of the above in advance, and found yourself in the epicenter of an uncontrollable human mass, without delay get rid of dangerous items. This also includes small objects such as pens, keys, key chains, combs: with strong pressure, such objects can cause incredible damage.

Fact . 5 3 people died (of which 40 were girls) and more than 150 were injured in a stampede at a beer festival in Minsk. On May 30, 1999, during a concert, hail suddenly began with a thunderstorm. More than 2,000 teenagers rushed to the subway underpass to escape the bad weather. Some of the fallen were literally stabbed to death with women's stiletto sandals.

2. Panic in the crowd

So, something spontaneous happened, and panic seized the crowd around you. First of all, it is necessary, if possible, soberly assess the situation around and understand how obvious the danger is. If with a cursory glance you did not see anything clearly threatening, then perhaps it would be more reasonable skip main stream forward. Try to reason sensibly and do not let everyone get infected.
The following anti-panic techniques will help you:

take a couple of deep breaths in and out. Even breathing favorably affects the clarity of thoughts;
look at something blue, or imagine the background of a saturated blue color. One second is enough for this;
keep asking yourself questions: “What do I see?”, “What am I doing?”, “What do I feel?”;
bring down the fear with a paradoxical thought or a pleasant memory. Smile through strength

3. How to get out of the crush

If the crowd is static or does not move very zealously, then you can try to get out of it pretending to be sick, drunk or crazy. Most likely, the road will be automatically cleared in front of you.
If the human mass is a moving stream:

never try to move against the crowd. You will be knocked down and most likely trampled on;
it is necessary to move in the same direction as the main stream, gradually moving diagonally from the center to the edge of the movement;
BUT don't be at the very edge of the crowd, otherwise you may be crushed against the walls;
do not lower your arms and do not raise them above your head. They should be bent at the elbows and pressed to the chest.
Separate at the first opportunity from the main stream to nearby streets, lanes, cafes and shops.

Fact . IN During the festivities on the occasion of the coronation of Nicholas II, 1389 people died as a result of the stampede. The pandemonium was provoked by a rumor spread through the crowd about free gifts that the bartenders distribute only among “their own”. Fearing that there would not be enough for everyone, the crowd rushed to the stalls with free gifts.

4. If you fell

Staying on your feet is the most important task. Even if you have dropped something important, even your passport, do not try to pick it up - you will be knocked down and trampled on. However, if you are still on the ground, do not despair. Try to get up as soon as possible, and you need to get up in the direction of the crowd, not embarrassed to grab people. Do not use your hands for support, they will crush or break them. If you can't get up, curl into a fetal position: knees to the chest, forearms protect the head, the back of the head is closed by the palms. Having seized the moment, again make an attempt to rise, making a jerk with the body, while leaning on the knee.

5. Danger all around

Beware of everything that is still- Trees, poles, fences. Being in the crowd, various metal bars are especially dangerous. Stay as far away from shop windows, walls, and ledges as possible.

6. If you are not alone

If you are with a child, then the safest place for him is on your shoulders. If your companion is a woman, then it is better to lead it in front of you. So you can prevent sharp jolts in her back. In addition, it will always remain in your field of vision and in case of a fall, you can help faster.

Following these rules of behavior in the crowd, you manage to survive in a crush with minimal damage to your health. And remember, it's much easier to avoid a crowd than it is to get out of one. Take care of yourself.

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FGAOUVPO "Kazan Federal University"

Institute of Geology and Oil and Gas Technologies

abstract

on the topic:" The psychology of the crowd. Rules of behavior in the crowd"

Completed by a 2nd year student:

Kashafutdinov Rashid Kamilevich

Checked:

Biktemirova Raisa Gabdullovna

Kazan - 2014

Introduction
1. The concept of the crowd. The mechanism of its formation
2. Crowd classification
3. The main characteristics of the crowd
4. Rules safe behavior in crowd
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Being in modern society living in big city, it is not so difficult to be in a place of mass congestion of people. A lot of the public often gathers for parades and processions, for concerts and performances of pop stars, during various actions and political speeches, in clubs, the subway, at public transport stops. The danger of the crowd does not always manifest itself immediately. People love to get together, push around, shout slogans, bawl songs. But not always a cheerful, noisy company or a mass gathering has a favorable mood. The danger of the crowd lies in its spontaneity and the power of influence on each individual individually.

The purpose of this work is to study the psychological characteristics of the crowd.

Tasks - to determine how the crowd is formed, what types of it can be distinguished, what are the features and characteristics of the crowd, and what affects the behavior of the crowd; understand the basic principles of safe behavior in the crowd.

1. The concept of the crowd. The mechanism of its formation

People and the individual, not even experiencing psychic pressure from others, but only perceiving the pressure of these others, become infected with their behavior, obey and follow it. Of course, insubordination is also possible, but the individual, as a rule, rationally explains it to himself. Without this clarification, "insubordination" inevitably causes inner unrest in the individual.

The idea of a crowd is usually born from personal experience of people. Almost everyone has either been in the crowd, or seen her behavior from the side. Sometimes, succumbing to simple human curiosity, people join a group considering or discussing some event. Growing in numbers, charged with a general mood and interest, people gradually turn into an unorganized cluster or crowd.

A crowd is an unstructured accumulation of people, devoid of a clearly perceived goal, but mutually connected by the similarity of their emotional state and a common object of attention.

The term "crowd" entered social psychology during the powerful revolutionary upsurge of the masses in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Psychologists at that time understood the mob mainly as poorly organized protests of the working people against the exploiters.

A very figurative definition of the crowd was given by G. Lebon: "The crowd is like leaves raised by a hurricane and carried in different sides and then falling to the ground."

When individuals are combined into groups that are indignant about a certain reason, the likelihood of spontaneous behavior increases dramatically. The latter can be aimed at expressing the feelings experienced by people, or at changing the situation through action. Very often the crowd turns out to be the subject of such spontaneous behavior.

The main mechanisms for the formation of a crowd and the development of its specific qualities are a circular reaction, i.e. growing mutually directed emotional "charging", as well as rumors.

Even the main stages of crowd formation are defined:

1. The formation of the core of the crowd.

The initial core of the crowd can be formed under the influence of clear considerations and set quite definite goals for themselves. But in the future, the core grows like an avalanche and spontaneously. The crowd is growing, absorbing people who, it would seem, had nothing in common with each other before. Spontaneously, a crowd is formed as a result of some incident that attracts the attention of people and gives rise to interest in them. Being agitated by this event, the individual who has joined those already gathered is ready to lose some of his usual self-control and receive exciting information from the object of interest. A circular reaction begins, prompting the audience to share similar emotions and meet new emotional needs through psychic interaction.

2. The process of whirling.

In the process of whirling, feelings become even more aggravated, and there is a readiness to respond to information coming from those present. The internal whirling on the basis of the continuing circular reaction increases. And the excitement grows. People are predisposed not only to joint, but also to immediate action.

3. The emergence of a common object of attention.

At this stage, a new common object of attention appears, on which the impulses, feelings and imagination of people are focused. If initially the general object of interest was an exciting event that gathered people around it, then at this stage the image created in the process of whirling in the conversations of a crowd participant becomes a new object of attention. This image is the result of the "creativity" of the participants themselves. The appearance of such an imaginary object becomes a factor that unites the crowd into a single whole.

4. Activation of individuals into a single whole.

The last stage in the formation of the crowd is the activation of individuals by additional stimulation of excitation corresponding to an imaginary object. Most often, such stimulation occurs as a result of the leadership of the leader. It awakens the crowd to take concrete, often aggressive action. Among the crowd, instigators usually stand out, who develop vigorous activity and gradually direct the behavior of this crowd. The crowd members, for the most part, are not instigators, but they find themselves in the sphere of influence of the crowd and actively participate in its actions. Among them are aggressive individuals who want to release their emotions, and ordinary people who join the crowd simply out of interest. Crowd members are also just curious, watching from the sidelines. They do not interfere in the course of events, but their presence increases the mass character and enhances the influence of the elements of the crowd on the behavior of its participants.

2. Crowd classification

crowd individual elemental emotion

Like any other social phenomenon, the crowd can be classified on various grounds. If we take such a feature as controllability as the basis for the classification, then we can distinguish the following types of crowds:

spontaneous crowd. It is formed and manifested without any organizing principle on the part of a particular individual.

driven crowd. It is formed and manifested under the influence, influence from the very beginning or subsequently of a specific individual who is its leader in this crowd.

Organized crowd. This variety is introduced by G. Lebon, considering as a crowd both a collection of individuals who have embarked on the path of organization, and an organized crowd. It can be said that he sometimes makes no difference between an organized crowd and an unorganized one. Although it is difficult to agree with this approach. If some community of people is organized, therefore, it has structures of control and subordination. This is no longer a crowd, but a formation. Even a squad of soldiers, as long as there is a commander in it, is no longer a crowd.

If we take the nature of the behavior of people in it as the basis for the classification of the crowd, then several of its types and subtypes can be distinguished:

occasional crowd. It is formed on the basis of curiosity about an unexpected incident (traffic accident, fire, fight, etc.).

Conventional crowd. It is formed on the basis of interest in some pre-announced mass entertainment, spectacle or other socially significant specific occasion. Ready only temporarily to follow rather diffuse norms of behavior.

expressive crowd. Formed - like a conventional crowd. It jointly expresses a general attitude towards an event (joy, enthusiasm, indignation, protest, etc.)

Ecstatic crowd. Represents an extreme form of expressive crowd. It is characterized by a state of general ecstasy based on mutual, rhythmically growing infection (mass religious rituals, carnivals, rock concerts, etc.).

acting crowd. Formed - like conventional; performs actions on a specific object. The current crowd includes the following subspecies.

1. Aggressive crowd. United by blind hatred for a specific object (any religious or political movement, structure). Usually accompanied by beatings, pogroms, arson, etc.

2. panic crowd. Spontaneously escaping from a real or imagined source of danger.

3. Grassroots crowd. Enters into an unordered direct conflict for the possession of any values. It is provoked by the authorities, ignoring the vital interests of citizens or encroaching on them (taking by storm places in outgoing transport, rush grab products in trade enterprises, destroying food warehouses, depositing financial (for example, banking) institutions, manifests itself in small quantities in places of major disasters with significant human victims, etc.).

4. Rebel mob. It is formed on the basis of general just indignation at the actions of the authorities. The timely introduction of an organizing principle into it is capable of elevating spontaneous mass action to a conscious act of political struggle.

3. The main characteristics of the crowd

Studying the works of Gustave Lebon ("Psychology of the Masses and Peoples", 1998 and "Crowd Creation", 1999), one can single out some characteristics of the crowd. In many ways, one can find similarities with the opinions of such an Austrian psychologist as Sigmund Freud and the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde.

1) Impulsiveness

The crowd is unable to restrain their attraction. They are so strong that even the instinct of self-preservation cannot suppress them, as we have already said. The crowd tends to suddenly move from bloodthirstiness to generosity and vice versa, because it is too dependent on the change of "exciters" and drives. Lebon notes that these properties of the crowd are observed in "... beings belonging to the lower forms of evolution ...". It is difficult to lead the crowd because of its frivolity, even more difficult if part of the power is in the crowd itself.

However, there is still a natural regulator of the desires of the masses: everyday needs, which at least somewhat stabilize the crowd. Since she cannot restrain her instincts, and the number of individuals gives rise to a sense of power in them, the crowd has no idea of \u200b\u200bbarriers, of something impossible. An isolated individual (with the exception of the criminal) himself will not go to rob a store, even if he feels the desire to do so. In the crowd, it is enough to inspire this idea so that it is realized relatively quickly. Objective obstacles infuriate the crowd.

The degree of impulsiveness of the crowd depends on the race. The "Anglo-Saxon" crowd is much more moderate than the "Latin", for example - in the latter, the features of the emotional female character are expressed in full force.

2) Suggestibility

The crowd is most often in a state of expectant attention, which makes it susceptible to suggestion. With the help of mental "contagion" suggestion is transmitted to all individuals. Since the crowd is deprived critical thinking She is extremely gullible. The crowd does not distinguish between objective and subjective. Often there are collective hallucinations, and their appearance is not affected by the degree of education of each individual, if he belongs to the crowd and is under its influence.

After giving a number of examples, Lebon draws a practical conclusion for historical science: "Collective observations are the most erroneous of all, and most often represent nothing more than an illusion that has spread through the "infection" and suggestion of one individual to another." Therefore, those who believe that the mass presence of witnesses fully certifies any fact are acting completely wrong. "The most dubious events are precisely those that were observed by the largest number of people." Equally unreliable are the testimonies of children. They may not lie consciously, but due to their impressionability, they often give completely unreliable information. As paradoxical as it sounds, but more often than not, it is better to decide the fate of a person by lot than on the basis of the testimony of the crowd.

3) Maximalism

The crowd does not know shades, sees everything mainly in black and white. Suspicion immediately acquires the quality of evidence. Unfortunately, exaggeration is most often found in the negative feelings of the crowd, this can be associated with the atavism of primitive man, which is suppressed in the isolated individual by fear of punishment. Hence the aggressiveness of the crowd, resulting in violence.

Since the crowd constantly goes to extremes, it can either accept the idea as a whole, and treat it as absolute truth, or completely refute it, i.e. the crowd does not analyze, but believes, doubts are not peculiar to it. Therefore, the crowd is authoritarian and intolerant. The slightest disagreement of the speaker causes rage and entails his exile.

5) Moral spontaneity

The crowd is irresponsible and windy, so if morality is associated with constant adherence to the relevant norms, then the crowd should rather be called morally indifferent - it is capable of both any heroism and base villainy. But if the last characteristic of the crowd was noted even before Le Bon (for example, by G. Tarde), then his merit can be considered an emphasis on the ability of the crowd to moral impulses. "Only the crowd is capable of displaying the greatest disinterestedness and the greatest devotion. How many times the crowd has heroically died for some belief, words and ideas that they themselves barely understood." Lebon gives many examples of the heroism of the crowd. For example, the mob that took possession of the Tuileries Palace during the revolution of 1848 did not take anything of value, although many of the rebels had nothing to eat. Jewels found on the dead were brought to the committees, although it would have been easy to steal the loot. Perhaps, if it were not for the heroism of the crowd, then civilization would not have arisen on our planet in the versatility in which it exists.

4. Rules for safe behavior in the crowd

The occurrence of panic or general spontaneous aggression, the cause of which may be general hysteria provoked by a mass protest, or fear caused by a fire or other disaster; or an overly emotional football match and much more, can turn a large number of ordinary people into a crowd that can sweep away and destroy everything in its path. Any mass event is a source of increased danger. About this, for example, Lately right on the entrance tickets, the organizers of most rock concerts warn.

Social psychologists highlight a few simple recommendations on how not to become a victim of the crowd: do not go against the crowd; if necessary, cross the crowd (cross it tangentially or diagonally, while following the movement of the checkered piece); not look into the eyes of people in the crowd and not move with your eyes down to the ground (moving with eyes down? this is the movement of the victim). The gaze should be directed just below the face with the inclusion of the so-called peripheral vision. This view will allow you to keep track of the whole situation without fixing on individual details.

Experts distinguish between two types of behavior in the crowd: on the street and indoors. In many ways they converge, but there are nuances. In a confined space (at a concert or other mass event), when danger arises, people suddenly start looking for salvation all at the same time, that is, they want to get out of this room. In the vast majority of cases, this happens randomly. Especially active are people who are far from the exits. They begin to press with all their might on those in front, and as a result, most of the "front" are pressed against the walls. There is a stampede, as a result of which, in the most direct sense, very many people can be (and are) crushed between a stone wall and a wall of human bodies.

Experts advise remembering exit points and ways to them, because those who know where the nearest exit is are more likely to escape. It is especially important to rush to him before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most Negative consequences. Experts believe that the most reasonable thing is to wait until the main stream subsides. In their opinion, rushing into narrow aisles when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in the event of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of the extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall.

Beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you need to try:

Getting into the "main stream", which, however, is also unsafe;

Go back a little, where it’s still freer;

Try to lie down on top of the human stream and, rolling or crawling in a plastunsky way, make your way to a less crowded place. This is especially true when saving children: often this technique is the only hope. A child simply will not be able to survive in a distraught crowd of adults, if only because of his height. Therefore, if you have the strength, it is better to put the child on your shoulders and move on like this. Or two adults can, facing each other, create a kind of protective capsule for a child from their bodies and hands.

If it is impossible to wait, then rush into the crowd, but at the same time, you must empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely), since almost any object with enormous pressure in the middle of the crowd can cause serious injury not only to yourself, but also to any of those around you of people.

It is necessary to remove from oneself long, too loose clothes, moreover, equipped with metal parts, as well as everything that can squeeze the neck, i.e. jacket lacing, tie, medallion on a cord, pectoral cross on a chain, any jewelry and bijouterie. Hands should not be pressed to the body, they should be bent at the elbows, fists pointing up, then the hands can protect the chest. You can also clasp your palms in front of your chest.

The street crowd is considered to be not as dangerous as in a confined space. However, psychologists do not agree with this, believing that the street crowd more often acts as a carrier of aggressive moods and that the street crowd surpasses the crowd in a confined space in terms of the number of deliberate victims.

In general, the rules of conduct during mass street gatherings do not differ much from those given above, but still have their own characteristics. The first rule is: do not join the crowd, no matter how much you want to see the events taking place. If you find yourself in a crowd, let it carry you, but try to get out of it. When the crowd approaches, it is necessary to retreat to the side streets and alleys, also using the passage yards. Some survival manuals also recommend that, if it is impossible to escape to neighboring streets, use entrances as shelters through which you can climb onto the roofs of houses. But the entrances can be closed (which most often happens recently).

Once in a moving crowd, you need to stay away from any walls and ledges. All kinds of metal gratings are especially dangerous in these cases. If the crush has become threatening, immediately, without hesitation, get rid of any burden, especially a bag with a long belt and a scarf. Clothing should be comfortable, tight-fitting, preferably sporty (the same applies to shoes, which should be tightly laced). On the street, you should stay on the edge of the crowd, and not strive into the thick of things.

If knowing the location of the nearest emergency exits can be useful in an enclosed area, knowing the topography of the area in an open area will be just as useful. No need to try to resist the spontaneous movement of the crowd, cling to walls or lampposts.

You can not stop and try to pick up anything. Also, no injury should cause a stop. If you fall, try to get back on your feet as quickly as possible. At the same time, do not lean on your hands (they will be crushed or broken). Try to stand on your soles or on your toes at least for a moment. It is necessary to get up exactly in the direction of the movement of the crowd. If you can’t get up, curl up in a ball, protect your head with your forearms, and cover the back of your head with your palms.

If there are still people in the crowd who have not lost their heads and are able to protect children and women, then it is quite possible to organize joint actions and sooner or later get out of the dense crowd. To do this, line up in a wedge, inside which you place children and women, after which, pushing the scattered people around, drift to the side.

You can drift through the crowd like a ship on a river. Evaluate the direction in advance and purposefully move along it.

The appearance of the crowd is possible in crowded places. As a rule, this happens at holidays, concerts, festivities, near stadiums after the end of sports matches.

As long as thousands of people follow the established order of behavior or move evenly along the allotted routes, the situation is relatively safe. But in the event of an incident or an obstacle on the way, the crowd turns into a source of increased danger to human health and life. It is very difficult to stop excited people or control their actions. Sometimes this is almost impossible.

According to psychologists, the crowd is one of the most dangerous phenomena of urban life. Tellingly, it does not take into account the interests of individual people, including the safety of their lives.

A large crowd of people depersonalizes. The person behaves like everyone else. And it is difficult to resist the influence of the crowd. The paradox is that normal law-abiding people in the crowd can behave aggressively and destructively, completely out of control of their actions and deeds. After all, the crowd gives rise to a feeling of impunity in a person. And this is fraught with the fact that it is far from being the best, but its hidden vices spill out, representing a danger to others.

To avoid possible troubles, everyone needs to know the basic rules of behavior in crowded places.

Once at the venue of a mass cultural, entertainment or sports event, do not try to get into the most dense crowd of people in a limited space. Remember, no spectacle compensates for possible inconvenience, injury, squeezing in the crowd.

If you have to deal with crowded aisles in the venue of a mass spectacle, violation of fire safety rules and public order, the correct action is to leave this event.

Study in advance the ways of possible evacuation when visiting the place of the alleged congestion of people. It's in your best interest. At the same time, do not disregard fences, stairs, courtyards, windows, emergency exits and routes.

What to do if you find yourself in a moving crowd when leaving a concert or stadium?

First of all, it is necessary to adhere to the general speed of the flow of traffic, do not push, do not push on those in front. Pushes from behind and from the side must be restrained with arms bent at the elbows and pressed to the body. Ask the most restless neighbors to keep order or skip ahead.

How to deal with strong pressure?

Do not grab onto protruding objects, try to get around them, stay away from glass windows, mesh fences, turnstiles, stages. Umbrella, bag, press tightly to the body. It is better to move a long scarf from the neck to the lower back, turning this source of suffocation danger into a means of protection. When moving in a crowd, never bend down for anything, do not pick up fallen things, money, and do not even tie an untied shoelace. The main task is to stand on your feet at any cost. Caution: Falling inside a moving crowd is life-threatening. But if this does happen, remember important recommendations: when you fall, do not think about your clothes or bag, bend your arms and legs, protect your head with your hands, and your stomach by bending and pulling your legs to the body. Then quickly try to put your hands and one foot on the ground and straighten up sharply in the direction of people's movement. If it doesn't work right away, don't despair and try again.

In order for a large number of ordinary people to turn into a crowd with all the ensuing consequences, panic or general spontaneous aggression must arise.

However, these two factors are often closely related.

At the same time, thousands, hundreds or even dozens of people (it's not about the number) suddenly lose their individuality and turn into one many-headed beast that is capable of sweeping away and destroying everything in its path.

In order for the human mass to become "explosive", a kind of psychological detonator is needed, which can be general hysteria provoked by a mass protest or, on the contrary, a demonstration of loyal feelings; fear caused by fire or other disaster; An unprofessional rock concert or an overly emotional football match...

The list of reasons that can turn a crowd into a crowd, unfortunately, can go on and on.

Too often, people who succumb to mass psychosis later themselves could not figure out why this happened. The explanation here should be sought at the level of primitive instincts. It was they who, in ancient times, helped people survive together, when much, it would seem, beings that were much stronger and adapted to cruel conditions, disappeared without a trace.

But today, like any atavism, herd instinct represents an undoubted danger to the human collective. The only thing that a truly intelligent person can oppose to such an instinct is reason. Try, finding yourself in an aggressive crowd, not to succumb to the general feeling, this kind of "negative charm".

But remember: the crowd does not accept "apostates" and is able to deal with anyone who disagrees with general psychosis (for the mere fact of demonstrated disagreement) in the most cruel way.

It's not so easy to take and keep your individuality when the human sea carries you nowhere. However, there is no choice: if you do not preserve your individuality, you can lose not only your human appearance, but life itself. After all, the crowd is merciless not only in relation to those who disagree, but also to its ordinary members.

Conclusion

As statistics show, the largest number of victims in the event of riots and terrorist acts is observed in crowded places. People, being in a crowd, in the event of an extreme situation, endanger their health, and in an extreme situation, their lives. Therefore, it is very important to know the following basic rules of safe behavior in the crowd:

Be in the safest place of the crowd: away from stands, garbage containers, boxes, packages, bags, from the center of the crowd, from glass showcases and metal fences;

Take off your tie, scarf, free your hands, bend them at the elbows, press them to the body, covering the vital important organs, fasten all buttons and zippers, do not grab onto trees, poles, fences;

The main thing is to stay on your feet, in case of a fall, you should curl up on your side, protecting your head, sharply pull your legs under you, rise in the direction of the crowd;

Do not draw attention to yourself with statements of political, religious and other sympathies, attitudes towards what is happening;

Do not approach groups of people behaving aggressively;

Do not react to ongoing skirmishes.

Try to leave the crowd.

List of used literature

1. http://xrl.ru/ru/faq/crowd.htm

2. http://ria.ru/spravka/20080804/150102236.html

3. http://psyfactor.org/lib/tolpa.htm

4. http://www.grandars.ru/college/psihologiya/tolpa.html

5. http://psyera.ru/2839/ponyatie-tolpy

6. Lebon G. Psychology of peoples and masses. - St. Petersburg, 1996

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Crowd and Mass as a Social and Psychological Phenomenon: comparative analysis. Natural and social factors of mass consciousness and mass behavior. Study of a multi-agent model of crowd behavior. The study of the ways of establishing contact in the crowd.

term paper, added 04/23/2014

The mechanism of crowd formation and its composition. The formation of the core of the crowd, the process of whirling and the emergence of a new common object of attention. Cognitive, emotional-volitional, temperamental and moral sphere. Peculiarities of crowd behavior and factors influencing it.

term paper, added 05/05/2009

Subjects of spontaneous mass behavior: the public and the masses, the crowd. The special psychological mechanisms for the existence of the acting crowd are panic and rumors. Psychology of the masses, rumors as a condition for the existence of the crowd. Social control, human management.

abstract, added 08/01/2010

Subjects and signs of mass forms of non-collective behavior. The crowd as an extra-collective form of mass behavior. Features of the formation and behavior of the crowd. The mechanism of panic as a socio-psychological phenomenon, its occurrence and termination.

term paper, added 12/01/2014

The main ideas of Le Bon's theory about the causes of antisocial behavior of a person in a crowd. The influence of ideology and politics on the behavior of large groups according to the theory of Stephen Riker. Freud's opinion about this phenomenon. The main features that characterize a person in a crowd.

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

1. Rules for safe behavior in the crowd

The occurrence of panic or general spontaneous aggression, the cause of which may be general hysteria provoked by a mass protest, or fear caused by a fire or other disaster; or an overly emotional football match and much more, can turn a large number of ordinary people into a crowd that can sweep away and destroy everything in its path. Any mass event is a source of increased danger. This, for example, has recently been warned by the organizers of most rock concerts right on the entrance tickets.

Social psychologists highlight a few simple recommendations on how not to become a victim of the crowd: do not go against the crowd; if necessary, cross the crowd (cross it tangentially or diagonally, while following the movement of the checkered piece); do not look into the eyes of people in the crowd and do not move with your eyes down to the ground (moving with your eyes down is the movement of the victim). The gaze should be directed just below the face with the inclusion of the so-called peripheral vision. This view will allow you to keep track of the whole situation without fixing on individual details.

Experts advise remembering exit points and ways to them, because those who know where the nearest exit is are more likely to escape. It is especially important to rush to him before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most negative consequences. Experts believe that the most reasonable thing is to wait until the main stream subsides. In their opinion, rushing into narrow passages when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in the event of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of the extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall.

Beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you need to try:

Getting into the "mainstream", which, however, is also unsafe;

Go back a little, where it’s still freer;

If it is impossible to wait, then rush into the crowd, but with your head, but at the same time, you must empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely), since almost any object with enormous pressure in the middle of the crowd can cause serious injury not only to yourself, but and any of the people around.

In general, the rules of conduct during mass street gatherings do not differ much from those given above, but still have their own characteristics. The first rule is: Don't join the crowd, no matter how much you want to see what's going on. If you find yourself in a crowd, let it carry you, but try to get out of it. When the crowd approaches, it is necessary to retreat to the side streets and alleys, also using the passage yards. Some survival manuals also recommend that, if it is impossible to escape to neighboring streets, use entrances as shelters through which you can climb onto the roofs of houses. But the entrances can be closed (which most often happens recently). Then, in the same manuals, it is recommended to break the windows of apartments located on the first floors, and through them to penetrate into the entrances.

You can drift through the crowd like a ship on a river. Evaluate the direction in advance and purposefully move along it.

The appearance of the crowd is possible in crowded places. As a rule, this happens at holidays, concerts, festivities, near stadiums after the end of sports matches.

To avoid possible troubles, everyone needs to know the basic rules of behavior in crowded places.

If you have to deal with crowded aisles in the venue of a mass spectacle, violation of fire safety rules and public order, the correct action is to leave this event.

What to do if you find yourself in a moving crowd when leaving a concert or stadium?

How to deal with strong pressure?

In order for a large number of ordinary people to turn into a crowd with all the ensuing consequences, panic or general spontaneous aggression must arise.

However, these two factors are often closely related.

In order for the human mass to become "explosive", a kind of psychological detonator is needed, which can be a general hysteria provoked by a mass protest or, on the contrary, a demonstration of loyal feelings; fear caused by fire or other disaster; An unprofessional rock concert or an overly emotional football match...

The list of reasons that can turn a crowd into a crowd, unfortunately, can go on and on.

But today, like any atavism, the herd instinct is an undoubted danger to the human collective. The only thing that a truly intelligent person can oppose to such an instinct is reason. Try, being in an aggressive crowd, not to succumb to the general feeling, this kind of “negative charm”.

But remember: the crowd does not accept "apostates" and is able to deal with anyone who disagrees with general psychosis (for the mere fact of demonstrated disagreement) in the most cruel way.

It's not so easy to take and keep your individuality when the human sea carries you nowhere. However, there is no choice: if you do not preserve your individuality, then you can lose not only your human appearance, but life itself. After all, the crowd is merciless not only in relation to those who disagree, but also to its ordinary members.

2. Behavior of the crowd and safe behavior in it

In the behavior of the crowd, both ideological influences are manifested, with the help of which certain actions are prepared, and changes in mental states that occur under the influence of any specific events or information about them. In the actions of the crowd, there is a docking and practical implementation of both ideological and socio-psychological influences, their interpenetration into the real behavior of people.

Joint feelings, will, moods turn out to be emotionally and ideologically colored and repeatedly strengthened.

The situation of mass hysteria serves as a backdrop against which the most tragic actions often unfold.

As already mentioned, one of the types of crowd behavior is panic. Panic is an emotional state that occurs as a result of either a lack of information about some frightening or incomprehensible situation, or its excessive excess and manifests itself in impulsive actions.

There are many factors that can cause panic. Their nature can be physiological, psychological and socio-psychological. There are known cases of panic in everyday life as a result of catastrophes and natural disasters. In panic, people are driven by unaccountable fear. They lose self-control, solidarity, rush about, do not see a way out of the situation.

The factors that have a particularly strong influence on the behavior of the crowd are as follows.

Superstition is a fixed false opinion that arises under the influence of fear experienced by a person. However, there may be a superstitious fear, the causes of which are not recognized. Many superstitions are associated with belief in something. They are subject to the most different people regardless of the level of education and culture. For the most part, superstition is based on fear, and it is magnified many times over in a crowd.

Illusion - a kind of false knowledge, entrenched in public opinion. It may be the result of a deception of the sense organ. In the same context we are talking about illusions related to the perception of social reality. A social illusion is a kind of ersatz-likeness of reality, created in the imagination of a person instead of genuine knowledge, which for some reason does not accept. Ultimately, the basis of the illusion is ignorance, which can produce the most unexpected and undesirable effects when manifested in a crowd.

Prejudice is false knowledge that has turned into a belief, more precisely, into a prejudice. Prejudices are active, aggressive, assertive, and desperately resist true knowledge. This resistance is so blind that the crowd will not accept any arguments that contradict prejudice.

The psychological nature of prejudice lies in the fact that a person's memory captures not just an opinion (knowledge), it also retains the feeling, emotion, attitude that accompanies this knowledge. As a result, memory is highly selective. Facts and events that contradict a certain opinion are not always analyzed at the level of consciousness. And, of course, they are discarded under the influence of emotions, which usually overwhelm, overwhelm the crowd.

In cases where the widespread stereotypes of public opinion are oversaturated with emotions, a mass psychosis may occur, during which people are able to commit the most reckless acts, cease to be aware of all the consequences of their actions.

The factors that determine the character of the opinions and beliefs of the crowd are of two kinds: immediate factors and distant factors. The immediate factors influencing the crowd act on the ground already prepared by distant factors - without this they would not have caused such crushing results, which often strike a raging crowd. Factors capable of impressing the crowd itself always appeal to their feelings, and not to reason.

A number of researchers believe that the crowd is a special biological organism. It operates according to its own laws and does not always take into account the interests of individual components, including their safety.

Very often the crowd becomes more dangerous natural disaster or the accidents that created it. However, she does not look for alternative solutions and does not see the consequences of her decision, sometimes the main ones, as in a case typical of fires: a jump from a doomedly high height.

Categorical commands, an ardent conviction that there is no danger and even the threat of execution of alarmists, as well as the strongest emotional brake or miracle, can stop the crowd. It is to miracles that cases should be attributed when a strong-willed person, who enjoys the confidence of the audience, managed to prevent a dramatic development of events.

The leader immediately needs to find assistants who should "cut the crowd", sometimes literally - holding hands and chanting.

The main psychological picture of the crowd looks like this:

Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.

· A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability to think individually.

· The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred. She will gladly obey or smash. The crowd is capable of both terrible cruelty and self-sacrifice, including in relation to the leader himself.

· The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something. Divided into groups, people quickly come to their senses and change their behavior and assessment of what is happening.

· In the life of a street (especially political and social) crowd, such elements as the first stone in the window and the first blood are very important. These steps can lead the crowd to a fundamentally different level of danger, where collective irresponsibility turns each member of the crowd into a criminal. From such a crowd you need to leave immediately.

How to survive in the crowd? The best rule is to avoid it far!!! If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd has carried you away, try to avoid both its center and its edge. Dodge everything that is stationary on the way, otherwise you can simply be crushed, smeared. Do not cling to anything with your hands, they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High heels can cost you your life, as can an untied shoelace. Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc.

If something has fallen (anything), in no case do not try to pick it up - life is more expensive. In a dense crowd, with the right behavior, the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of squeezing. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Pushes from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.

The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still - fell, then you need to protect your head with your hands and immediately get up. This is very difficult, but it can be done if you use this technique: quickly pull your legs up to you, group up and try to stand up with a jerk. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be constantly knocked down. Therefore, with one foot you need to rest (with a full sole) on the ground and straighten up sharply, using the movement of the crowd. But, nevertheless, it is very difficult to get up, preliminary protection measures are always more effective.

This universal rule, by the way, fully applies to the beginning of the “crowd” situation itself. At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be near the stage, locker rooms, etc. - in the center of events. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. The tragedy at the stadium in Sheffield (England) showed that most of the dead were crushed by the crowd on the barrier walls.

If the panic started due to a terrorist act, do not rush to exacerbate the disorder with your movement: do not deprive yourself of the opportunity to assess the situation and make the right decision.

To do this, use the techniques of auto-training and express relaxation. Here simple tricks, from which you need to choose the closest for yourself.

Regular breathing helps to maintain even demeanor. Take a few breaths in and out.

· Look at something blue or imagine a rich blue background. Think about it for a second.

In order to bring down the beginning emotional confusion, you can turn to yourself by name (better out loud), for example: “Kolya, are you here?”. And confidently answer yourself: "Yes, I'm here !!!".

· Imagine yourself as a television camera that looks at everything from a little side and from a height. Assess your situation as an outsider: what would you do in this person's place?

· Change the sense of scale. Take a look at the eternal clouds. Smile through force, bring down fear with an unexpected thought or memory.

If the crowd is dense but motionless, you can try to get out of it using psychosocial tricks, for example, pretending to be sick, drunk, crazy, pretending to be sick, and so on. In short, you have to force yourself to keep your composure, be informed, and improvise.

Let's move on to specific examples. Suppose you are among many other people at a concert or other mass event, albeit in a fairly large, but still closed room. And suddenly there was a heart-rending cry: “Fire!!!” The whole point here is a sudden change in the general (including yours) mood. After all, you came here with everyone else in order to enjoy the concert of your favorite artist or watching a movie about which you heard favorable reviews. And suddenly - "Fire!!!". That is, a positive mood diametrically changes to a negative one. There is a lot of stress. And now the people who have gathered in a closed room suddenly begin all at the same time to seek salvation, that is, they want to get out of this room. Of course, everything happens chaotically, there can be no talk of any organization. Unfortunately, this is the case in the vast majority of cases. Especially active are people who are far from the exits. They begin to press with all their might on those in front, and as a result, most of the "front" are pressed against the walls. There is a stampede, as a result of which, in the most direct sense, many people can be (and are!) Crushed between a stone wall and a wall of human bodies. Of course, those who have not lost their heads, who know where the nearest exit is, are more likely to be saved. It is especially important to rush to him before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most negative consequences. By the way, having gone to such a mass event, before it starts, do not be lazy, pay attention to where the dimly glowing inscription "Emergency Exit" is located. Do it just like that, just in case. After all, there may not be another opportunity. Suppose you did not have time to be in the forefront of the fleeing. Then, in some cases, it makes sense to wait until the main stream of fugitives subsides. True, this requires considerable restraint and composure, as well as the ability to realistically assess the situation. After all, often the danger that you do not see with your own eyes can seem more formidable than the real danger. And this, by the way, also explains the mechanism of mass panic in the crowd. In general, experts believe that rushing into narrow passages when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in the event of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall. But, rushing into the crowd, be sure to empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely!)! After all, almost any object with huge pressure in the middle of the crowd is capable of causing serious injury to both yourself and any of the people around you. Be sure to get rid of pencils and pens, wallet, calculator or notebook ... In general, from everything that has at least some rigidity. For paper money, you can make an exception (just make sure that they are not rolled up into a tube), but get rid of coins completely. Drop greed: life is more precious than any material assets ! With long, too loose, moreover, clothes equipped with metal parts, also part without regret. Anything that can squeeze the neck, i.e. jacket lacing, tie, medallion on a lace, pectoral cross on a chain, discard as soon as possible. This is the case when an amulet designed to bring good luck can cause death. And in general, any jewelry and costume jewelry, no matter how expensive they are for you, throw them on the floor as soon as possible. Of course, glasses in such a situation should also be absent on the face. Never let your shoelaces come loose. While there is still time, tighten them with a dead knot! An untied lace is fraught with a fall in the crowd, and no one has yet been able to rise in such a situation. In any case, your hands should not be pressed to the body. Let them be bent at the elbows, fists pointing up, then the hands will be able to protect the chest. You can also clasp your palms in front of your chest. After all, the most dangerous thing in a crowd is to lose the ability to breathe as a result of squeezing from all sides. Try to take precautionary measures in advance before the crowd gets too dense. And this will inevitably happen, since when a large mass of people exits through narrow doors, a “funnel effect” inevitably occurs. In general, places of constriction, and hence the greatest pressure, dead ends and ledges should be avoided. In the middle of the crowd is definitely dangerous. But even more dangerous is to be near the wall. Indeed, in this case, a person can be seriously injured not only by a nail that is not completely hammered, but even by an electrical outlet that is quite harmless under other circumstances. Therefore, beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you can try to: - get into the "main stream", which, however, is also unsafe; - go back a little, where it is still more free; - no matter how paradoxical it sounds, try to lie on top of the human flow. Here, of course, difficulties may arise, but it is better to experience the pokes of comrades in misfortune on your ribs than to be trampled under their own feet or to be tightly ground to the wall by some kind of ledge. Only to go over the heads (yes, that's right - over the heads!) It is necessary, rolling or crawling in a plastunsky way. We urge you to use this last trick in all cases when it comes to children! After all, a child simply cannot survive in a distraught crowd of adults, and none of the adults accompanying him alone can protect him! Two adults can still try, facing each other, to create from their bodies and hands a kind of "protective capsule" for the child. If an adult has sufficient physical data, it can also be advised to put the child on his shoulders and in this position move along with the crowd. In general, when going to some mass event, from the very beginning, do not forget that it is a source of increased danger. This, for example, has recently been warned by the organizers of most rock concerts right on the entrance tickets.

Conclusion

Be in the safest place of the crowd: away from stands, garbage containers, boxes, packages, bags, from the center of the crowd, from glass showcases and metal fences;

In the event of unrest, panic, take off your tie, scarf, free your hands, bend them at the elbows, press them to the body, covering vital organs, fasten all buttons and zippers, do not grab onto trees, poles, fences;

The main thing is to stay on your feet, in case of a fall, you should curl up on your side, protecting your head, sharply pull your legs under you and rise in the direction of the crowd;

Do not draw attention to yourself with statements of political, religious and other sympathies, attitudes towards what is happening;

Do not approach groups of people behaving aggressively;

Do not react to ongoing skirmishes.

Try to leave the crowd.

Bibliography

1. American sociological thought. - M., 1994.

2. Lebon G. Psychology of peoples and masses. - St. Petersburg, 1996.

3. Mitrokhin S. Treatise on the crowd // XX century and the world. - 1990. No. 11.

4. Moskovichi S. Age of crowds. - M., 1996.

5. Criminal mob. - M., 1998.

6. Psychology of domination and submission: Reader. - Minsk, 1998.

7. Psychology of the masses: Reader. - Samara, 1998.

8. Psychology of crowds. - M., 1998.

9. Rutkevich A.M. The Man and the Crowd // Dialogue. - 1990. - No. 12.

10. Freud 3. "I" and "It". - Tbilisi, 1991.

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Every year there are about a hundred shark attacks on humans; about 10% of these cases are fatal. How to avoid the attack of a marine predator? Yes, it’s as easy as shelling pears - do not swim in prohibited places. The human crowd is the same sharks. Over the past hundred years, more than thirty episodes of mass stampede have been recorded, in which from thirty to one and a half thousand people died at a time. Do you want to survive in the crowd? Just stay away.

It is easy to give advice, but it is almost impossible to follow the advice. We do not live in the steppe or the forest, but in the city and, willy-nilly, we get into the crowd every day at least twice - in the morning and evening rush hours. A subway platform, a bus stop, a street, any concert or sports match - we are constantly surrounded by many people united by one goal - to be right here and right now.

By itself, the crowd - static, waiting for something or dynamic, moving in a certain direction - in principle, is not very dangerous. But any threat (real or just loudly voiced - “Fire!”, “Bomb!”, “They are coming!”, “There won’t be enough for everyone!”) Can instantly change the situation. A calm crowd instantly becomes aggressive, a static crowd becomes panicked, and a deliberately expressive one becomes almost revolutionary.

Between 1809 and 2015, there were about forty stampedes worldwide with more than 100 deaths and four with close to 1,000 casualties. 1. May 18, 1896: stampede on the Khodynka field (Moscow). Killed: from 1389 to 2000 people. During the festivities on the occasion of the coronation of Nicholas II, more than 500,000 people gathered. When a rumor spread in the crowd that there would not be enough royal gifts (gingerbread, mugs, sweets) for everyone, a stampede began; distributors, fearing for their stalls, began to throw gifts into the crowd, which only aggravated the situation.

crowd architecture

Before moving on to the dangers that threaten the crowd, let's deal with its architecture and psychology. When looking at a crowd from a bird's eye view - for example, from a camera on a quadcopter - there are three main elements:

1) the core of the crowd is the place where the number of people per square meter reaches its maximum. Most often, there is only one core - the concert stage, the political platform, the edge of the platform; sometimes there are several cores in the crowd - multiple narrow passages, stadium ticket offices, checkpoints;

2) the middle lane is already a crowd, but not yet so dense as to be dangerous; the movement of people in the middle lane mainly occurs towards the core;

3) the periphery, the outskirts of the crowd, where people are just going to join it - or trying to get out of the crowd.

This division, of course, is arbitrary - in a closed space, for example, during a fire in a nightclub, the core can occupy the entire available area.

2. March 6, 1953: stampede at Stalin's funeral (Moscow). Killed: from 100 to 2000 people. The stampede happened during a funeral near Trubnaya Square. All information about her is still strictly classified, so it is impossible to establish the exact number of dead.

It would seem that the safest place is the periphery, but this is partly a delusion. If the crowd is limited by buildings, cars, fences, landscape features, then people located in a relatively rarefied periphery can instantly be crushed by all of the above. The core of the crowd is able to move at a fairly high speed; here you were calmly standing at the wall, but now you are already pressed against this wall by a couple of thousand people at once. Therefore, if you have already managed to find yourself in the crowd, keep to the middle lane - there is more room for maneuver.

Principles of Survival

When moving in a crowd, do not go against the flow of people, this is a pointless undertaking. Keeping to the general direction of movement, take a little to the side, towards the exit, if there is one. Do not push people, they have nowhere to move. It is better to change places with them. While the crowd is relatively calm, use verbal means: "excuse me, please let me through." If this does not help, go to the manual, grab the person by the clothes and pull them towards you, at the same time taking his place, while not forgetting to apologize intensively.

3. October 20, 1982: the tragedy at Luzhniki (Moscow). Killed: 66 people. The largest sports crush in the USSR occurred at the 1/16 UEFA Cup match between Spartak and the Dutch Haarlem. The tragedy happened at the end of the match due to poor organization of the exit from the overcrowded stadium.

If you are not alone in the crowd - but, for example, with a child, a woman, a friend - there is an unpleasant prospect of being torn apart from each other. No "give me your hand" will help. A small child in your arms. If he is old enough - in the “reserve parachute” position: we put him on his chest, let him wrap his arms around your neck, and legs around your waist. We press an adult to the back, with one hand he holds you by the belt buckle or clothes in the abdomen, you control and strengthen this grip with one hand. Equality when leaving the crowd is canceled, one leads, the second follows him, clinging close. So the bodyguards evacuate the protected person. If there is no way to send a friend behind your back, at least grapple with your elbows.

Before you try to get out of the crowd, and even better before you get into it, button up your outerwear and all pockets, tuck a scarf under your jacket, remove the hood, lace up your boots. Hide anything that you can grab onto or get caught on.

4. July 2, 1990: tragedy in a pedestrian tunnel in Mecca. Killed: 1425 people. The largest crush during the traditional Hajj. No hajj is complete without casualties, but 1990 broke all records. In the 45-degree heat, several thousand pilgrims rushed into the cooled tunnel connecting Mecca with the tent camp of pilgrims in Mina. The capacity of the tunnel was exceeded by five times, in addition, many suffocated due to the stopping of the fans.

The main thing - in no case raise a panic, they will do it without your participation. While possible, try to be as polite as possible, do not escalate the situation. In the crowd, a change in mood towards the worse - hit-run-be saved! - happens very quickly. It is not architecture that works here, but psychology.

Psychological effect

All researchers, beginning with Gustave Lebon, the author of the fundamental works “Psychology of Peoples and Masses” and “Psychology of Crowds”, reduce the psychology of the crowd to three phenomena: homogeneity, emotionality and irrationality.

As soon as many people gather in one place, there is a contagion effect - the mood or aspirations of a few people are very quickly transmitted to everyone else, like an infectious disease. The mechanical spread of mood is also found in everyday life - start yawning, and those around you will pick up. In a crowd it happens much faster and stronger. Best of all, the effect of infection is formulated by the phrase "everyone ran - and I ran." Man is a pack animal, and the “follow all” algorithm is evolutionarily embedded in our survival instincts.

Sometimes this can work in your favor. Here is how it describes rational use effect of infection Hakob Nazaretyan in the book “Psychology of Spontaneous Mass Behavior”: “Here is a textbook case from the pre-war life of Europe. In 1938, a small fire broke out in the stands of the Paris National Velodrome after the end of the competition. The staff managed to quickly contain the fire, but ten thousand spectators with excessive energy already moved to the only exit. The situation was threatening to become deadly. By a lucky chance, two psychologists were in the crowd, who were able to orient themselves in time and began to chant loudly: “Ne-pousse-pas!” (“Ne-pus-pa!” - Don’t-talk-kay!). The rhythm was picked up by those around him, he waved through the crowd. A few minutes later, thousands of people chanted this phrase in unison; the crowd turned into an expressive crowd, fear and fuss were replaced by general enthusiasm, and everyone safely left the stands.

5. May 30, 1999: tragedy on Nemiga (Minsk). Killed: 53 people. During the Minsk beer festival, it began to rain heavily with hail, and the crowd rushed into a narrow underground passage. There was a crush on the descent; most of the dead are young people between 14 and 20 years old.

Alas, but most people are infected with fear and anger. As soon as someone yelled "Run!" - everyone will run, not quite realizing where and why. Therefore, it is very dangerous in the crowd to try to climb somewhere higher - on a lamppost or the roof of a car. Almost certainly others will immediately climb after you, there will not be enough space for everyone, and you will fall. But getting under the truck is a good idea, they won't push you out.

Unfortunately, the crowd as a single organism does not possess intelligence, and herd behavior can easily lead people to death. When the crowd panics or shows aggression, the masses of people start moving, which most resembles the flow of water - fast and along the path of least resistance. Encountering an obstacle, the crowd either splits up, bending around it, or tries to overflow over it, as a result of which a stampede begins.

6. November 22, 2010: stampede in Phnom Penh. Killed: 456 people. During the closing of the traditional Cambodian holiday, Water Day, several thousand people gathered on a narrow bridge over the Tonle Sap River. Most of the dead drowned after being thrown off the bridge in the mass stampede.

Don't fall!

There are two main dangers in the crowd - to be crushed or trampled. Both of these threats involve bodily injury of varying severity - from concussion and multiple bruises to spinal fracture, pneumothorax and internal hemorrhages leading to exitus letalis.

The first danger - crushed! - in the language of medicine is called compression asphyxia, or, simply put, suffocation from compression. Unlike classical suffocation associated with damage to the respiratory tract, with strong compression from all sides, blood circulation is disturbed in a person, venous blood does not enter the lungs, the walls of blood vessels become thinner, and pulmonary edema begins; fractures of the ribs, ruptures of internal organs are also possible. According to statistics, in the crowd dies from compression strangulation more people than from all other injuries.

7. January 1, 2013: stampede at the Houphouet-Boigny stadium (Abidjan). Killed: 61 people. Crush arose at the exit from the stadium, where New Year's celebrations and fireworks were launched. Most of the dead are children.

How to be saved from this? If you are squeezed from all sides so tightly that it became difficult to breathe, do not try to push those around you and win back your living space - it will not work out anyway. It is better to take yourself with your left hand by the right lapel (or vice versa, this is unprincipled) and put your elbow forward. Now ten centimeters of free space has formed in front of your chest, you can calmly breathe and look for ways to get out of here as soon as possible.

The second danger - they will trample! - associated, of course, with a fall in the crowd. Falling into a running crowd is the worst thing that can happen. Panicked or aggressive people will run right over you, trampling into the ground. Even if someone decides to stop, he will not succeed, the crowd is stronger.

Fall into a fetal position. They rolled over on their backs, hid the spine and kidneys. The chin is tightly pressed to the chest so as not to hit the back of the head on the asphalt. Hands folded in front of the face, knees pulled up to the elbows, legs tightly clenched to cover the groin. It won’t work for a long time, so you need to get up.

In order to stand in a crowd, you need to grab the nearest leg of any person walking on or near you and begin to climb very quickly and aggressively up this leg, taking into account attempts to shake you back. Climb up like a monkey on a tree. It is possible that this person will fall in the process. Let's hope that he, too, read this article and will be able to stand up.

Swim with sharks

If you know that you are about to get into the crowd, and suspect that this will not end well, prepare in advance. Let someone know where you are going and when you plan to return; specify the time after which you should start looking. Take your passport or a photocopy with you. On a separate piece of paper enclosed in your passport, indicate the phone numbers of your next of kin, your blood type, and any drug allergies. After the mass stampede, emergency hospitals will be overloaded, and you will make the work of doctors a little easier. Before entering the crowd, thoroughly study the area. Where will everyone run? Where could the danger come from? Where can you hide and sit out? Where should you go?

And - most importantly - once in the crowd, do not become part of it. Don't get caught up in the general mood. Avoid the effect of infection. Do not chant or sing. Observe the hygiene of the mind. Picking up mass hysteria is as easy as picking up a haunting song. Constantly repeat to yourself - you need to get out of here, it's too dangerous here!

Remember: the crowd is a place of increased danger. And what does a real ninja do when he feels danger? A real ninja doesn't leave the house. Take care of yourself!