The spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule that is checked during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grades. In spite of a large number of hours allotted by the school curriculum to the study of this topic, many students continue to make annoying spelling mistakes. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.

Some theory about verbs

The words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group is formed by verbs that change in tense, person and mood. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, participle, since they do not have grammatical category faces, inclinations.

The personal endings of the verbs included in the first group can be unstressed and stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress is not difficult. The rule says that you should write the letter that is heard. For example, they shout, weave, they say, they burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written on the basis of the infinitive.

In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.

Correct spelling algorithm

To avoid mistakes, you should act according to the following plan:

1. Put the word in the initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same form: perfect or imperfect.
2. Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
3. Choose an ending depending on the person and number.

Reasoning pattern

1. In the sentence “A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window”, a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be done on the basis of conjugation.

2. A person (what is he doing?) is hiding .. hiding. This is an imperfective verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question "what to do?". The initial form is hiding.

3. The word ends in -at and is not among the exceptions, therefore "to hide" is a verb of the first conjugation.

4. Personal endings of the verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the form of the 3rd person singular, this word will have the ending -et: A person is hiding behind a curtain at a far window.

Conjugation

There are two conjugations in Russian.

The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, sinking, bargaining, getting dark, stabbing, wrestling, picking, tickling, hanging, rushing, shooting, weeding, blackening.

The second conjugation includes all verbs in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, injure, paint, argue, spoil, cut.

However, as is often the case in Russian, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and they need to be memorized.

On a note

It is important to remember that the words that are formed prefixed way from exceptions will have the same constant morphological trait, which is their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, consider, hold, drive - to the second.

Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to an erroneous spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon can be the dragging of the accent by the prefix itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by their non-prefixed form.

Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their generators. For example, shave-shave, cut-cut, dig-dig, drive-chase, look-look, throw-throw away.

Some words may have forms of both conjugations. The word "honor", for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.

Comparative table of conjugation of verbs with the prefix you- and without it

face	I		II
	pick	pick out	raise	grow
1	poking, poking	dig out, rip out	grow, grow	grow, grow
2	poking, poking	dig out, dig out	grow, grow	grow up, grow up
3	poking, poking	dig out, rip out	grows, grows	grow up, grow up

Vowel spelling

Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel and.

Difficulties can arise with different conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by the words want, run, honor. Verbs to give, there is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have distinct endings when modified in persons and numbers.

The spelling of personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should correctly place the accents, remembering a few nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of conjugation, the algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.

Spelling: spelling of personal endings of verbs. Personal verb endings- endings of the forms of the present and simple future tenses of the verb, as well as verbs in the imperative mood. The spelling of personal endings of verbs in the forms of the present and simple future tenses differs depending on the type of verb conjugation:

Algorithm for determining the end of verbs

1 stage. To determine the conjugation of a verb, you need to know stressed or unstressed is its personal ending. Exist two ways:

1. Put the verb in the third person singular (he, she, it) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If a vowel is clearly heard Yo, is a verb I conjugations: swim - swim, drink - drink . If a vowel is clearly heard And, then it is a verb II conjugations: fly - flies .
2. Put the verb in the third person plural(they) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If you hear -UT, -UT, is a verb I conjugations: swim - float . If you hear -AT, -YAT, then it is a verb II conjugations: fly - fly.
3. If both methods did not help, then we have a verb with an unstressed personal ending, go to the 2nd stage.

Stage 2. If the verb ended up with unaccented personal ending , then its conjugation is determined by infinitive . When determining the infinitive: do not change the form of the verb, do not discard -СЯ, discard the prefix YOU! Eliminate conjugated verbs: WANT, RUN, as well as special conjugated GIVE, HAVE(however, the latter should not get to this stage, since they have shock endings)

• II conjugation: verbs ending in the initial form with -IT(except for the verbs SHAVING, CUTTING, SHAVING - they belong to the I conjugation), as well as exception verbs DRIVE, KEEP, BREATHE, DEPEND, HATE and OFFEND, and also ENDURE, TURN, HEAR, SEE and LOOK (including all verbs formed from exception verbs).
• I conjugation: all other verbs, plus exception verbs SHAVING, SHAVING, SHAVING.

You should remember the spelling of some verbs in the infinitive!

• winnow, bleat, smell, bark, hover, melt, sow, hope and hope, cherish, cough, repent, stand - they must be written in the initial form only through -Yat.
• to glue, to dry, to build, to sting, to mark, to say and beckon, to worry, to overpower, to ride, to throw, to win - they must be written in the initial form only through -It.

What personal ending should be written for this or that part of speech? This question often arises among schoolchildren, but only if the last syllable of a word is in an unstressed position. After all, it is in such situations that it is very difficult to hear the letter that should be written at the end. This is especially true for verbs.

General information

This or that personal ending of verbs depends entirely on which conjugation it refers to. given word. Knowing how to correctly identify it, you will never ask such a question again.

Personal standing in shock position

With percussive endings(personal) verbs are always clear. After all, a letter in this position is heard as clearly as possible and is a test. Here are some examples: follow, boil, create etc. As you can see, all the endings of these words are stressed, that is, they are written in exactly the same way as they are heard (pronounced).

Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings

In the event that the endings of the verbs are in an unstressed position, then determine correct writing this or that letter becomes problematic. That is why you need to refer to the relevant rule. It says that all verbs in Russian belong either to the first conjugation or to the second.

Conjugation one

All verbs in the infinitive form ending in -ot, -at, -et, -yat, -yt and -ut belong to the 1st conjugation: melt, dig, wet etc. The personal ending of these words, standing in an unstressed position, has the letter "e".

Here's an example: melt, melt, wet, wet, wet, wet, melt etc. However, in the 3rd person pl. number verbs of the 1st conjugation have the following endings: -ut or -yut. For example, dig, get wet, melt etc.

Second conjugation

All verbs in the infinitive and ending in -it should be assigned to the 2nd conjugation: to saw, to be proud, to pray etc. The personal endings of these words, standing in an unstressed position, have the letter "and".

Here's an example: sawing, sawing, sawing, sawing, proud, proud, pray, pray, pray etc. However, in the 3rd person pl. number verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the following endings: -at or -yat. For example: sawing, proud, praying etc.

Exceptions to the rules

Now you know which vowels in the personal endings of verbs should be written if they are in an unstressed position. To do this, you only need to determine the conjugation by putting this part of speech in an indefinite form. However, this rule has its exceptions. Let's consider them in more detail:

• Shave, lay. that these words have -it at the end, they should still be attributed to the 1st conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel "e" (-yut, -ut). Here's an example: lay, lay, lay, lay etc.
• Tolerate, offend, see, depend, look, twirl, hate, breathe, hear, drive, hold. Despite the fact that these words have -et and -at at the end, they still belong to the second conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel "i" (-yat, -at). Here's an example: offend, see, depend, watch, twirl, hate, breathe, drive, hold etc.

Exception words should be memorized and remembered, since so many students make mistakes in them.

Conjugated words

Knowing the spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs, you can quickly and easily compose a competent text. However, it should be noted that in school curriculum discipline "Russian language" pays special attention not only to conjugations and exception words, but also to such lexical items, which are heterogeneous. These include the following: want to run. Why are they so called? The fact is that in different persons these words can have both the ending of the first conjugation and the second:

• he runs, he wants;
• you run, you want;
• I run, I want;
• they run, they want;
• you run, you want;
• we run, we want.

Summing up

To determine one or another spelling of personal endings of verbs, it is recommended to follow the scheme described below:

1. Determine in what position the ending of the verb is (stressed or unstressed). If in shock, then it should not be checked. If unstressed, it is necessary to continue the analysis.
2. Put the verb in the infinitive (or the so-called indefinite form), and then check its ending. If the word ends in -it, then conjugation. Therefore, it is necessary to write the letter “i” at the end (in the 3rd person plural - -at or -yat). Otherwise, it is necessary to continue the discussion.
3. It is required to check if the given verb is included in the list of exclusion words for -at or -et. If it is included, then it also belongs to the second conjugation, that is, “and” should be written at the end. If not included, then the first conjugation. At its end, you should write “e” (in the 3rd person plural we write -yut or -ut).

Spelling of verb endings

1. Depending on personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: into verbs of I and II conjugations.

II conjugation includes:

· verbs in -it (except for verbs shave, lay, build, which belong to the I conjugation),

· 7 verbs per -et (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),

· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:

2. There are several conjugated verbs , not related to any of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .

unit 1 person read, take 2 person read, take Z face reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2 person read, take 3 person read, take

want want wants want want to want

running running running run run run

eat eat are eating

create create create create create create create

give will give let's give give me will give

3. If a verb with a prefix obes- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs discourage (someone)) and to debilitate (oneself).

4. In verbs of I conjugation in the form of the future tense, the ending is written -et , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document immediately.)

b ( soft sign) in verb forms.

1. b (soft sign) is written:

· in infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),

· in endings 2 person singular choose, wash, do, wash ),

· in imperative mood (fix, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,

· in return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned, come back );

2. b (soft sign) is not written:

· in 3rd person singular present or simple future tense ( washes, done ).

Spelling of verb suffixes

1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -a- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (see, offend); -and- (baby, drink).

Remember: 1) after the vowels of the root in the infinitive, a suffix is ​​never written -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -and- (to stand, to drink, to milk). Unstressed suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, sow, sow, melt, cherish, smell, and the suffix -and- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;

2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, frost;

3) in the suffixes of verbal forms of the past tense, the same vowel is preserved as in the infinitive. For example: recoverede t - recovere l, laI t - laI l, glueand t - glueand l.

2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).

In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed) having imperfective meaning (sometimes also multiple actions), written before in the letters s or and , For example: roll up, smear, see; to overwhelm, to talk, to jump, to hear, to twist, to beg, to insist .

Verbs with suffix -ywa- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). The verbs of these two types form the forms of the present tense in different ways: verbs in -ovate (-evate ) have the form of the 1st person on th (-yuyu ) (with absence -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - talk, head - manage, envy - envy, confess - confess, preach - preach, scourge - scourge, mourn - grieve; for verbs - yvat (-ive ) 1st person form ends in -I am (-Ivayu) (with preservation -yv -, -willows- ), For example: inspect - inspect, deploy - deploy, reconnoiter - reconnoiter, visit - visit .

3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -wow , unstressed vowels before in are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), obsolete(obsolete), wash down(write down), sing(record), sow (sow), undertaking (venture), congeal (freeze), outpost (stop).

However, in the following verbs - wat b(in 1st person -va-yu) a special suffix is ​​written -Eve- with a letter e in place of an unchecked unstressed vowel: eclipse, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, grow), stuck, stuck(get stuck, get stuck); to overwhelm, to exhort, to intend, to doubt .

4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs are different -et and -it b. Verbs on -et (in 1st person -her ) - intransitive I conjugations - have the meaning of ‘become something, acquire a sign’, for example: to weaken, to weaken‘become powerless, lose strength’, numb, sour‘become harsh’. Verbs on - it (in 1st person and absent) - transitive II conjugations - have the meaning ‘to make something, endow with a sign’, for example: enervate, enervate‘make someone powerless, deprive of strength’, numb, numb, numb, numb. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( on)whiteness and ( on)whiteness, (about)weaker , (once)have fun.

5. -ene (t), - eni (t). The acquisition of some feature, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the I conjugation in -ene-be , in which the unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : to freeze, to ossify, to become stiff, to stiffen, to become travenous, to peat, to become bloody, to glaze over, to become frenzied, to be dumbfounded, to numb. Correlative transitive verbs of II conjugation in -eni-t, denoting the endowment with a sign, are also written with a letter e : to freeze, to stiffen, to ossify, to bloody, to frenzy, to numb etc.

Writing verbs in - enet and -marry inconsistent with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, herbal, wooden etc.

Exception: in verbs crimson and crimson(option: scarlet thread) a letter is written I as in adjective scarlet.

The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of the endings of verbs in an unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a thing as conjugation.

What is conjugation?

Conjugation is linguistic term denoting a change in the person and number of the verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that the word acquires when the person and number change. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in Russian. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed, it will acquire inflections:

• U / Yu, EAT, ET in singular and EM, ETE, UT/UT in the plural.
• U / Yu, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, ITE, AT / YAT in the plural.

Conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word is live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a verb of the first conjugation.

Prefix you- and verb conjugation

Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as non-prefix verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix you-, which has the property of "pulling" the stress on itself. For example, to determine the conjugation of the word fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get the verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which belongs to the second conjugation.

Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate belonging to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the stress is not the ending, but the basis of the word? Indeed, in this case, the desired letter is not clearly heard, it is in a weak position, and you can make a mistake. The rule comes to the rescue.

How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?

To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language the verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called the infinitive and you can ask questions to it. what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect species). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed endings Verbs can only be spelled correctly if their conjugation is determined.

The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.

The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in an unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letter except -it. It could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.

For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the basis of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends in - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the appropriate endings.

You saw. We form the initial form - to nag. At the end of a word it, therefore, it is a verb of the second conjugation, and a set of personal endings would be appropriate.

So, in order to correctly write vowels in the endings of verbs in an unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. Everything seems to be simple. But if in Russian there were not a dozen exceptions for each rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn. And in simple rule there are also insidious exceptions about conjugation.

Exception verbs

Exceptions are those words that do not follow the general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that you need to remember in order to avoid spelling mistakes.

There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in persons and numbers, take the endings of verbs 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirl,see. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I endure, we endure, you endure, you endure, he endures, they endure.

4 verbs in - at, which also conjugate not in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.

And finally, 3 verbs in - it - lay,shave and be based- have personal endings of verbs of the 1st conjugation: I lay, we lay, you lay, you lay, he lays, they lay.

The endings of these 14 verbs must be known by heart, because they do not follow the general rule.

Opposite conjugated verbs

It is noteworthy that there are 2 interesting verbs in the Russian language, which are called heterogeneous, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no mistakes in their spelling. But still they need to be remembered. These are verbs to want and run away. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.

Want: I WANT, we WANT, you WANT, you WANT, he WANTS, they WANT(in the singular, the verb changes according to type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to the type of the second). Run: I run, we run, you run, you run, he runs, they run(in the form of the 3rd person plural, the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).

Verb Ending Selection Algorithm

So, the spelling of verb endings is subject to a fairly simple and logical rule, it is important to just understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you must be able to determine their conjugation. For this, a clear algorithm should be used.

1. See where the stress falls: on the ending or on the basis of the word (do not forget about the insidious prefix you: if it is, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by a non-prefixed synonym).

2. If the stress falls on a personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.

3. If the stem is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.

• The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. We also include 7 verbs ending in - et, and 4 verbs -at.
• The verb in its initial form ends with any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means that it is conjugated like the first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.

4. Verbs to want and run away- heterogeneous, they cannot be attributed to either the first conjugation or the second, and this feature just needs to be remembered.

Summing up

Spelling the endings of verbs requires knowledge of the rules and the use of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and, depending on this, write desired letter in an unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions who do not want to obey general rules, but attention to the word and the application of a simple rule will help to avoid many mistakes!