On the ancient Sumerian tablets, there is often a mention of the eleventh planet solar system. According to researchers Noah Kramer and George Smith (British museum), and later the Russian archaeologist Zecharia Sitchin, the Sumerians called it Nibiru. The period of its revolution in a very wide elliptical orbit is 3600 years. A planet located on an inclined axis moved along its orbit in the direction opposite to the movement of other planets. Nibiru crossed the entire solar system and once came close to the Earth.
Let's leave the astronomical inconsistencies to the ancients, now we need another part of the amazing legends. The Sumerians believed that on Nibiru there is extraterrestrial civilization, the Anunnaki people live there, which in Sumerian means "descended from heaven". On the tablets there are records that they are very tall, from three to four meters, and their life expectancy is several centuries. But 400,000 years ago, the Anunnaki felt approaching weather disaster, threatening a terrible cold snap.
The Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the "cataclysm", but also indicate the causes of that dramatic period! True, the matter is small - in deciphering figurative turns and allegories! One thing is clear, the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young,” is information transmitted by someone! By whom?
Local scientists have proposed spraying gold dust into upper layers their atmosphere to create a protective cloud, but Nibiru did not have enough of this metal.
When Nibiru got close enough to Earth, the Anunnaki got into their spaceships, which looked like long capsules tapering in front, spewing flames from the back, and under the command of Captain Enki landed in the area of Sumer. There they created an astroport named Eridu. The description of this astroport surprisingly resembles appearance Nazca plateau.
But finding no gold there, they began to explore all over the planet and finally found what they were looking for in one valley on
southeast Africa, in the center of the region opposite the island of Madagascar. First the Anunnaki workers under Enlil, younger brother Enki, built and developed mines.
Archaeological studies confirm that in South Africa during the Stone Age, mining operations were carried out. Back in 1970, in Swaziland, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines, up to 20 meters deep. An international group of physicists in 1988 determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years. Zulu legends say that flesh-and-blood slaves, artificially created, worked in these mines. "first people".
But they soon rebelled, and the alien scientists, led by Enki, decided to genetically engineer servants using hybrids based on Earth's primates. So 300,000 years ago, a man appeared whose only purpose was to serve aliens.
According to the Old Testament, God created Eve in such a peculiar way, namely from the rib of Adam. After all, God had plenty of clay from which he could fashion a woman, as he fashioned a man. Cuneiform tablets excavated from the ruins of Babylon provided a sensational explanation of this riddle. It turns out that this whole story is based on a very funny misunderstanding. Namely: in the Sumerian myth, the god Enki had a rib. In the Sumerian language, the word "rib" corresponds to the word "ti". The goddess who was called to heal the rib of the god Enki is called Ninti, i.e. "woman from the rib". But "ninti" also means "to give life." Thus, Ninti can equally mean "a woman from the rib" and "a woman who gives life." And here lies the source of the misunderstanding. The ancient Hebrew tribes replaced Ninti with Eva, since Eve was for them the legendary foremother of mankind, that is, "the woman who gives life." However, the second meaning of Ninti (“a woman from the rib”) was somehow preserved in the memory of the Jews. In this regard, the folk tales turned out to be embarrassing. Ever since Mesopotamian times, it has been remembered that there is something in common between Eve and a rib, and thanks to this, a strange version was born that Eve was created from Adam's rib.
The Sumerian texts say that the Anunnaki quickly made people respect themselves, because they had "an eye located very high, which sees through the whole Earth" (satellites?), and "a fiery beam that pierces through any substance" (laser?). After extracting the gold and finishing the work, Enlil was ordered to destroy the human race so that the genetic experiment would not disturb the natural course of events on the planet. But Enki saved a few people (Noah's Ark?) and said that the man had earned the right to live on.
Enlil became angry with his brother (probably this story is retold in Egyptian myth- the role of Enki went to Osiris, and Enlil became Seth) and demanded to convene a council of the wisest, who decided to allow humanity to stay on Earth. And 100,000 years ago, the Anunnaki first began to marry human daughters. They began to transfer their knowledge to people drop by drop. In order to maintain communication between the two worlds, they created a kingdom on Earth, the ruler of which was a messenger from Nibiru. It was his duty to relay messages received from the Anunnaki. Many consider the pyramids to be energy relays, too many amazing properties at these buildings. In order to awaken the extraterrestrial component in themselves, the kings had to consume a sacred product, which seems to be the menstrual flow of the Anunnaki queens, containing alien hormones. In the rituals of many religions, the symbolism of this strange rite is still found.
The oldest joke of mankind, which has come down to us in writing, dates back to 1900 BC and belongs again to this people. The ancient Sumerians laughed at this: “But what never happened: the young wife did not fart on her husband’s lap”.
Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of history has the right to exist. 4 - billion years old!
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This is a system of planets, in the center of which is a bright star, the source of energy, heat and light - the Sun.
According to one theory, the Sun was formed along with the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of the explosion of one or more supernovae. Initially, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which, in motion and under the influence of their mass, formed a disk in which arose new star The sun and our entire solar system.
At the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which nine large planets revolve in orbits. Since the Sun is displaced from the center of the planetary orbits, then during the cycle of revolution around the Sun, the planets either approach or move away in their orbits.
There are two groups of planets:
planets terrestrial group: and . These planets are small in size with a rocky surface, they are closer than others to the Sun.
Giant planets: and . These are large planets, consisting mainly of gas, and they are characterized by the presence of rings consisting of ice dust and many rocky pieces.
And here does not fall into any group, because, despite its location in the solar system, it is located too far from the Sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is half the diameter of Mercury.
Planets of the solar system
Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the solar system in order of their location from the Sun, and also consider their main satellites and some other space objects (comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the gigantic expanses of our planetary system.
Rings and moons of Jupiter: Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto and others...
The planet Jupiter is surrounded by a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features ...
Rings and moons of Saturn: Titan, Enceladus and more...
Not only the planet Saturn has characteristic rings, but also on other giant planets. Around Saturn, the rings are especially clearly visible, because they consist of billions of small particles that revolve around the planet, in addition to several rings, Saturn has 18 satellites, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000 km, which makes it the largest satellite in the solar system ...
Rings and moons of Uranus: Titania, Oberon and others...
The planet Uranus has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, thin rings encircling the planet, which practically do not have the ability to reflect light, therefore they were discovered not so long ago in 1977 quite by accident ...
Rings and moons of Neptune: 
Triton, Nereid and others...
Initially, before the exploration of Neptune by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, it was known about two satellites of the planet - Triton and Nerida. Interesting fact that the Triton satellite has a reverse direction of orbital motion, strange volcanoes were also discovered on the satellite that erupted nitrogen gas like geysers, spreading a dark mass (from liquid to vapor) for many kilometers into the atmosphere. During its mission, Voyager 2 discovered six more satellites of the planet Neptune...
solar system- these are 8 planets and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their clear directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all the bodies in the solar system combined. The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star around which planets revolve in orbits. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are currently 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system. Briefly, in order of distance from the sun, we list them all. And now some definitions.
Planet- this is a celestial body that must satisfy four conditions:
1. the body must revolve around a star (for example, around the Sun);
2. the body must have sufficient gravity to have a spherical or close to it shape;
3. the body should not have other large bodies near its orbit;
4. the body should not be a star
Planet satellites. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which all of them have, except for Mercury and Venus. More than 60 satellites are known. Most satellites outer planets discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest moon, Leda, is only 10 km across.
is a star, without which life on Earth could not exist. It gives us energy and warmth. According to the classification of stars, the Sun is a yellow dwarf. The age is about 5 billion years. It has a diameter at the equator equal to 1,392,000 km, 109 times larger than the earth. The rotation period at the equator is 25.4 days and 34 days at the poles. The mass of the Sun is 2x10 to the 27th power of tons, approximately 332950 times the mass of the Earth. The temperature inside the core is about 15 million degrees Celsius. The surface temperature is about 5500 degrees Celsius. By chemical composition The sun is made up of 75% hydrogen, and the other 25% of the elements has the most helium. Now let's figure out in order how many planets revolve around the sun, in the solar system and the characteristics of the planets.
Four inner planets(nearest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night.
Period of revolution around the Sun: 87.97 days. Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: 350 during the day and -170 at night.
Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
More like the Earth in size and brightness. Observation of it is difficult because of the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust, colliding, gradually "raised" the planet. The temperature on the surface reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled down and became covered with a hard stone crust. But the temperature in the depths is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the bowels are molten and pour out to the surface during volcanic eruptions. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough away so as not to burn out.
Period of revolution around the Sun: 365.3 days. Diameter at the equator: 12756 km.
The period of rotation of the planet (rotation around the axis): 23 hours 56 minutes.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly nitrogen and oxygen.
Number of satellites: 1.
The main satellites of the planet: the Moon.
Due to the similarity with the Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But descended on the surface of Mars spacecraft found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (rotation around the axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: -23 degrees (average).
Atmosphere of the planet: rarefied, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
Main moons in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are made up of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter is more than 10 times larger than Earth in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined. How much planet Jupiter does it take to become a star? It is necessary to increase its mass by 75 times!
The period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 9 hours 55 minutes.
Surface temperature of the planet: -150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
This is the number 2 largest of the planets in the solar system. Saturn draws attention to itself thanks to a system of rings formed from ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120536 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.
unique planet solar system. Its peculiarity is that it revolves around the Sun not like everyone else, but "lying on its side." Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager 2 flew 64,000 km and had six hours of photography, which it successfully completed.
Orbital period: 84 years 4 days. Diameter at the equator: 51118 km.
The period of rotation of the planet (rotation around the axis): 17 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
How many satellites: 15 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titania, Oberon.
On the this moment, Neptune is considered the last planet of the solar system. Its discovery took place by the method of mathematical calculations, and then they saw it through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by. He took amazing photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50538 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: -220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main moons: Triton.
On August 24, 2006, Pluto lost planetary status. The International Astronomical Union has decided which celestial body should be considered a planet. Pluto does not meet the requirements of the new formulation and loses its "planetary status", at the same time, Pluto passes into a new quality and becomes the prototype of a separate class dwarf planets.
How did the planets appear? Approximately 5–6 billion years ago, one of the gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy ( milky way), shaped like a disk, began to shrink towards the center, gradually forming the current Sun. Further, according to one of the theories, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles rotating around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. According to another theory, the gas and dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which compressed and condensed, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the sun constantly.
The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun - and all the natural objects of space revolving around it. It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas and dust cloud about 4.57 billion years ago. We will find out which planets are part of the solar system, how they are located in relation to the Sun and their brief description.
Brief information about the planets of the solar system
The number of planets in the solar system is 8, and they are classified in order of distance from the Sun:
- Inner planets or terrestrial planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They consist mainly of silicates and metals.
- outer planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the so-called gas giants. They are much more massive than the terrestrial planets. The largest planets in the solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; smaller gas giants, Uranus and Neptune, in addition to hydrogen and helium, contain methane and carbon monoxide in their atmospheres.
Rice. 1. Planets of the solar system.
The list of planets in the solar system in order from the sun is as follows: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. By listing the planets from largest to smallest, this order changes. most major planet is Jupiter, followed by Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars and finally Mercury.
All planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the Sun's rotation (counterclockwise when viewed from the side). north pole sun).
the biggest angular velocity Mercury possesses - it manages to make a complete revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days. And for the most distant planet - Neptune - the period of revolution is 165 Earth years.
Most of the planets rotate around their axis in the same direction as they revolve around the Sun. The exceptions are Venus and Uranus, and Uranus rotates almost "lying on its side" (axis tilt is about 90 degrees).
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Table. The sequence of the planets in the solar system and their features.
|
Planet |
Distance from the Sun |
Period of circulation |
Rotation period |
Diameter, km. |
Number of satellites |
Density g / cu. cm. |
|
Mercury |
||||||
Terrestrial planets (inner planets)
The four planets closest to the Sun are made up primarily of heavy elements, have a small number of satellites, they do not have rings. They are largely composed of refractory minerals such as silicates that form their mantle and crust, and metals such as iron and nickel that form their core. Three of these planets - Venus, Earth and Mars - have an atmosphere.
- Mercury- is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the system. The planet has no satellites.
- Venus- is close in size to the Earth and, like the Earth, has a thick silicate shell around the iron core and atmosphere (because of this, Venus is often called the "sister" of the Earth). However, the amount of water on Venus is much less than on Earth, and its atmosphere is 90 times denser. Venus has no satellites.
Venus is the most hot planet our system, its surface temperature exceeds 400 degrees Celsius. The most likely reason for such a high temperature is the greenhouse effect due to the dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide.
Rice. 2. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system
- Earth- is the largest and densest of the terrestrial planets. The question of whether life exists anywhere other than Earth remains open. Among the terrestrial planets, the Earth is unique (primarily due to the hydrosphere). Earth's atmosphere is radically different from the atmospheres of other planets - it contains free oxygen. The earth has one natural satellite The Moon is the only large satellite of the terrestrial planets in the solar system.
- Mars smaller than Earth and Venus. It has an atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide. On its surface there are volcanoes, the largest of which, Olympus, exceeds the size of all terrestrial volcanoes, reaching a height of 21.2 km.
Outer region of the solar system
The outer region of the solar system is the location of the gas giants and their satellites.
- Jupiter- has a mass of 318 times more than the earth, and 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined. It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter has 67 moons.
- Saturn- known for its extensive ring system, it is the least dense planet in the solar system (its average density less density water). Saturn has 62 moons.
Rice. 3. Planet Saturn.
- Uranus- the seventh planet from the Sun is the lightest of the giant planets. What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates "lying on its side": the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98 degrees. Uranus has 27 moons.
- Neptune is the last planet in the solar system. Although slightly smaller than Uranus, it is more massive and therefore denser. Neptune has 14 known moons.
What have we learned?
One of the interesting topics of astronomy is the structure of the solar system. We learned what names of the planets of the solar system are, in what order they are located in relation to the Sun, what are their distinctive features and brief characteristics. This information so interesting and informative that it will be useful even for children in grade 4.
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Planets of the solar system
According to the official position of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), an organization that assigns names to astronomical objects, there are only 8 planets.
Pluto was removed from the category of planets in 2006. because in the Kuiper belt are objects that are larger / or equal in size to Pluto. Therefore, even if it is taken as a full-fledged celestial body, then it is necessary to add Eris to this category, which has almost the same size with Pluto.
As defined by MAC, there are 8 known planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
All planets are divided into two categories depending on their physical characteristics: terrestrial and gas giants.
Schematic representation of the location of the planets
terrestrial planets
Mercury
The smallest planet in the solar system has a radius of only 2440 km. The period of revolution around the Sun, for ease of understanding, equated to the earth's year, is 88 days, while Mercury has time to complete a revolution around its own axis only one and a half times. Thus, its day lasts approximately 59 Earth days. For a long time it was believed that this planet is always turned to the Sun by the same side, since the periods of its visibility from the Earth were repeated with a frequency approximately equal to four Mercury days. This misconception was dispelled with the advent of the possibility of using radar research and conducting constant observations using space stations. The orbit of Mercury is one of the most unstable; not only the speed of movement and its distance from the Sun change, but also the position itself. Anyone interested can observe this effect.
Mercury in color, as seen by the MESSENGER spacecraft
Mercury's proximity to the Sun has caused it to experience the largest temperature fluctuations of any of the planets in our system. The average daytime temperature is about 350 degrees Celsius, and the nighttime temperature is -170 °C. Sodium, oxygen, helium, potassium, hydrogen and argon have been identified in the atmosphere. There is a theory that it was previously a satellite of Venus, but so far this remains unproven. It has no satellites of its own.
Venus
The second planet from the Sun, the atmosphere of which is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide. She is often called morning star and the Evening Star, because it is the first of the stars to become visible after sunset, just as before dawn it continues to be visible even when all the other stars have disappeared from view. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 96%, there is relatively little nitrogen in it - almost 4%, and water vapor and oxygen are present in very small amounts.
Venus in the UV spectrum
Such an atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect, the temperature on the surface because of this is even higher than that of Mercury and reaches 475 ° C. Considered the slowest, the Venusian day lasts 243 Earth days, which is almost equal to a year on Venus - 225 Earth days. Many call her the sister of the Earth because of the mass and radius, the values of which are very close to the earth's indicators. The radius of Venus is 6052 km (0.85% of the earth). There are no satellites, like Mercury.
The third planet from the Sun and the only one in our system where there is liquid water, without which life on the planet could not develop. At least life as we know it. The radius of the Earth is 6371 km and, unlike the rest celestial bodies of our system, more than 70% of its surface is covered with water. The rest of the space is occupied by the continents. Another feature of the Earth is the tectonic plates hidden under the planet's mantle. At the same time, they are able to move, albeit at a very low speed, which over time causes a change in the landscape. The speed of the planet moving along it is 29-30 km / s.
Our planet from space
One revolution around its axis takes almost 24 hours, and full walkthrough the orbit lasts 365 days, which is much longer in comparison with the nearest neighboring planets. The Earth day and year are also taken as a standard, but this is done only for the convenience of perceiving time intervals on other planets. The Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon.
Mars
The fourth planet from the Sun, known for its rarefied atmosphere. Since 1960, Mars has been actively explored by scientists from several countries, including the USSR and the USA. Not all research programs have been successful, but water found in some areas suggests that primitive life exists on Mars, or existed in the past.
The brightness of this planet allows you to see it from Earth without any instruments. And once every 15-17 years, during the Opposition, it becomes the brightest object in the sky, eclipsing even Jupiter and Venus.
The radius is almost half that of the earth and is 3390 km, but the year is much longer - 687 days. He has 2 satellites - Phobos and Deimos .
Visual model of the solar system
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The sun
The sun is a star, which is a hot ball of hot gases at the center of our solar system. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. Without the Sun and its intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. There are billions of stars, like our Sun, scattered throughout the Milky Way galaxy.
Mercury
Sun-scorched Mercury is only slightly larger than Earth's moon. Like the Moon, Mercury is practically devoid of an atmosphere and cannot smooth out the traces of impact from the fall of meteorites, therefore, like the Moon, it is covered with craters. The day side of Mercury gets very hot on the Sun, while on the night side the temperature drops hundreds of degrees below zero. In the craters of Mercury, which are located at the poles, there is ice. Mercury makes one revolution around the Sun in 88 days.
Venus
Venus is a world of monstrous heat (even more than on Mercury) and volcanic activity. Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus is covered in a thick and toxic atmosphere that creates a strong greenhouse effect. This scorched world is hot enough to melt lead. Radar images through the mighty atmosphere revealed volcanoes and deformed mountains. Venus rotates in the opposite direction from the rotation of most planets.
Earth is an ocean planet. Our home, with its abundance of water and life, makes it unique in our solar system. Other planets, including several moons, also have ice deposits, atmospheres, seasons, and even weather, but only on Earth did all these components come together in such a way that life became possible.
Mars
Although details of the surface of Mars are difficult to see from Earth, telescope observations show that Mars has seasons and white spots at the poles. For decades, people have assumed that the bright and dark areas on Mars are patches of vegetation and that Mars might be a suitable place for life, and that water exists in the polar caps. When the Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars in 1965, many of the scientists were shocked to see pictures of the bleak, cratered planet. Mars turned out to be a dead planet. More recent missions, however, have shown that Mars holds many mysteries that have yet to be solved.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, has four large moons and many small moons. Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. To turn into a full-fledged star, Jupiter had to become 80 times more massive.
Saturn
Saturn is the most distant of the five planets that were known before the invention of the telescope. Like Jupiter, Saturn is made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 755 times that of the Earth. Winds in its atmosphere reach speeds of 500 meters per second. These fast winds, combined with heat rising from the planet's interior, cause the yellow and gold stripes we see in the atmosphere.
Uranus
The first planet found with a telescope, Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. The seventh planet is so far from the Sun that one revolution around the Sun takes 84 years.
Neptune
Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers from the Sun, distant Neptune rotates. It takes 165 years to complete one revolution around the Sun. It is invisible to the naked eye due to its vast distance from Earth. Interestingly, his unusual elliptical orbit, intersects with the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto, which is why Pluto is inside the orbit of Neptune for about 20 years out of 248 during which it makes one revolution around the Sun.
Pluto
Tiny, cold and incredibly distant, Pluto was discovered in 1930 and has long been considered the ninth planet. But after the discovery of Pluto-like worlds even further away, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
The planets are giants
There are four gas giants located beyond the orbit of Mars: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are in the outer solar system. They differ in their massiveness and gas composition.
Planets of the solar system, not to scale
Jupiter
The fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in our system. Its radius is 69912 km, it is 19 times more earth and only 10 times smaller than the Sun. A year on Jupiter is not the longest in the solar system, lasting 4333 Earth days (incomplete 12 years). His own day has a duration of about 10 Earth hours. The exact composition of the planet's surface has not yet been determined, but it is known that krypton, argon and xenon are present on Jupiter in much larger quantities than on the Sun.
There is an opinion that one of the four gas giants is actually a failed star. This theory is also supported by the largest number of satellites, of which Jupiter has many - as many as 67. To imagine their behavior in the orbit of the planet, a fairly accurate and clear model of the solar system is needed. The largest of them are Callisto, Ganymede, Io and Europa. At the same time, Ganymede is the largest satellite of the planets in the entire solar system, its radius is 2634 km, which is 8% larger than the size of Mercury, the smallest planet in our system. Io has the distinction of being one of only three moons with an atmosphere.
Saturn
The second largest planet and the sixth largest in the solar system. In comparison with other planets, the composition is most similar to the Sun chemical elements. The surface radius is 57,350 km, the year is 10,759 days (almost 30 Earth years). A day here lasts a little longer than on Jupiter - 10.5 Earth hours. In terms of the number of satellites, it is not far behind its neighbor - 62 versus 67. The largest satellite of Saturn is Titan, just like Io, which is distinguished by the presence of an atmosphere. Slightly smaller than it, but no less famous for this - Enceladus, Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Iapetus and Mimas. It is these satellites that are the objects for the most frequent observation, and therefore we can say that they are the most studied in comparison with the rest.
For a long time, the rings on Saturn were considered a unique phenomenon, inherent only to him. It has only recently been established that all gas giants have rings, but they are not so clearly visible in the rest. Their origin has not yet been established, although there are several hypotheses about how they appeared. In addition, it was recently discovered that Rhea, one of the satellites of the sixth planet, also has some kind of rings.
