Instruction
Venus has a similar mass to the Earth and is only 108.2 million km away, but its average temperature is 470°C, while on Earth it is only 7.2°C. The fact is that Venus has a greenhouse effect.
Unlike Earth, this planet has a very dense atmosphere, almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide, because of this, its temperature rises by about 500 ° C. Scientists suggest that a few million years ago, the atmosphere of Venus was not so dense, there were vast oceans on the planet.
The greenhouse effect on Venus gradually dried up its oceans, the water turned into steam, which led to the greenhouse effect. As the temperature rose, carbon dioxide came out of the rocks on the surface of the planet, so overheating began. It is believed that this process could continue for about two million years.
On Venus, dense clouds of sulfur dioxide, sometimes composed of sulfuric acid, move across the sky. It is believed that it is formed from sulfur dioxide, the source of which is the volcanoes of Venus. The sky of the planet has a bright yellow-green color. The surface rocks of Venus are close in composition to those of the earth.
The surface of the planet resembles a desert with many craters and volcanoes. There are several very large volcanic objects here, the size of which exceeds 100 km. The total number of volcanoes is 1600, the outpouring of lava on Venus takes much longer than on Earth.
The surface layer of the planet is very thin and weakened by high temperatures, it provides many opportunities for molten lava to break out, so constant tectonic activity does not stop on Venus.
Venus has no satellites and its orbit is almost completely circular. In this case, the planet rotates in the direction opposite to its orbital motion. This leads to the fact that the Venusian day lasts 116.8 Earth days, and the day and night are 58.4 times longer than on our planet.
Seeing Venus in the sky is easier than any other planet, the dense atmosphere perfectly reflects the sun's rays and makes it bright. Venus is the third brightest object in our sky. Its distinguishing feature is an even white light. Every 7 months it becomes the brightest object in the western sky for several weeks, and after another three and a half months after that, Venus begins to rise before the Sun and looks like a bright sparkling star.
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- The hottest planet in the solar system
- Planets of the solar system. Venus
At present, the "possibilities" of the cosmos have not yet been fully explored, so it is difficult to say which of the planets of the Universe is the coldest. However, scientists already know for certain that the lowest temperatures in the solar system are found on Uranus. But what is she?
Instruction
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, which was discovered on March 13, 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. It became the first of the celestial bodies found with the help of a telescope in the so-called Newest time, and at the end of the 18th century it was an important step in expanding ideas about the boundaries of the solar system in the eyes of mankind. Previously, astronomers mistook Uranus, seen at certain times of the year with the naked eye, for a dim star. The basis of this planet is a combination of hydrogen and helium. A large amount of ice on the surface and in the bowels of Uranus also became the reason for classifying it among the so-called "ice giants".
The distance separating Uranus from the Sun is 2,870.4 million kilometers, and the lowest temperature that was recorded on the surface of the planet is minus 224 degrees Celsius. In this case, the average is - 208-212 degrees Celsius.
It is logical that the temperature of Uranus is due to its remoteness from the Sun, which is why Uranus receives much less than Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the amount of solar energy. But beyond the seventh planet is an even more distant Neptune. So why isn't it colder? The thing is that the rest of the bodies of the solar system have more or less hot cores, and the temperature of the center of Uranus is only 4,737 degrees Celsius, which, for example, is five times less than that of Jupiter. With Neptune, the situation is largely similar: it is also quite cold, but with a maximum mark of minus 218 degrees Celsius at a core temperature of 7,000 degrees.
This planet is about 2.3 times larger than the Earth, which, in principle, does not mean that it is very large. In size, it can be called a "mini-Neptune". Nevertheless, the planet is 17 times the mass of the Earth, much more than one might think.
The density of the planet shows that it is made up of rocks and other solids, and this is important. Typically, a planet of this size is a gas giant like Jupiter or Saturn, because its gravity holds a lot of hydrogen and helium.
Wettest planet
GJ 1214b
This planet is also much larger than Earth. However, the mass of this planet does not depend on rocks, but on water. Scientists have calculated that most of GJ 1214b, discovered in 2009, is entirely composed of water, although the surface temperature of this world is much higher than ours.
Scientists analyzed the atmosphere of the planet by observing its passage against the background of a star. They found that the planet's atmosphere is made up mostly of water, and therefore the surface is most likely watery. However, this is no ordinary water. Due to the high temperature and pressure, this water could be called rather "hot ice" and "superfluid" water.
This planet appears to have been created away from its sun, in places where ice and water predominate. Over time, she gradually approached the star. Scientists plan to begin an in-depth study of the planet in 2018.
The youngest planet
BD+20 1790b
Keep in mind that hardly any planet can be called "young". Here, for example, the planet is 35 million years old. Compared to the Earth, it's practically a baby - the Earth is about 100 times older. The planet, which will be discussed, slightly broke the record of the previous "youngest" planet - that was only 100 million years old.
Scientists hope this discovery will give us a better understanding of how planets evolve, especially since finding a young planet is incredibly difficult. Younger planets are still more active than older ones, causing intense magnetic fields that generate sunspots and flares. All these phenomena bring down indicators, so it is difficult to determine whether we are seeing one planet or, for example, two. Until now, scientists do not know for sure whether BD + 20 1790b has a twin or not.
The oldest planet
Kapteyn B
The oldest known planet that could theoretically support life formed just two billion years after the Big Bang. This world is close enough to its star, Kapteyn, to support the existence of liquid water on the surface, unlike its twin, which is too far away and completely frozen.
The Kapteyn system itself is quite interesting. First, it is close to our own system. The system and its planets once belonged to a very different mini-galaxy. Scientists suggest that our own galaxy swallowed this galaxy and destroyed it, scattering its systems around the outskirts. The remnants of this devoured galaxy lie in Omega Centauri, a galaxy 16,000 light-years away with planets not much younger than Kapteyn B.
The fastest planet
COROT-Exo-7b
This world weighs almost eight times more than the Earth, but less than half in diameter. In addition, this planet has one of the fastest orbits that scientists have observed.
While our planet completes an orbit around the Sun in almost 8766 hours, this nimble planet orbits its star in 20 hours. Although it is not the hottest planet of all (we'll talk about this one later), it is one of them. Scientists believe that the lava that covers the surface of the planet is hot up to 1000 - 1500 degrees Celsius.
Also this planet is unique in the way it was found. It is the first planet discovered using the transit method, which is the way scientists usually measure planetary masses and radii.
coldest planet
OGLE-2005-BLG-390L B
The coldest planet ever found is so far from its star that it takes 10 years to orbit it, and the star itself is tiny compared to ours. The average temperature of this barren world is about -200 degrees Celsius.
It also breaks the record for the most distant exoplanet from our world. It is more than 28,000 light years from Earth.
hottest planet
Kepler 70-B breaks not one, but several records at once. It is not only the hottest exoplanet with a surface temperature of over 7,000 degrees Celsius, but also the one with the closest orbit to its star. The distance between Mercury and the Sun, by comparison, is 65 times the distance from Kepler 70-B to its star. The planet is also moving at incredible speeds and is one of the smallest exoplanets.
The star of this planet is also very interesting. Usually, when a star becomes a red giant, it explodes. However, this star stabilized and returned to its average size. In the process, planets - gas giants - formed from its atmosphere.
The lightest planet
KOI-314c
This planet sets the record for the lightest exoplanet (dimensions relative to mass). Although its mass is equal to Earth's, its huge puffy atmosphere of hydrogen and helium makes it 60% larger than our world. In fact, its atmosphere may have once been even larger, but the red dwarf burned up most of it.
To analyze the planet, the scientists compared KOI-314c with its neighbor. The two worlds pull each other with their own gravity, which results in small changes in transit time through the star. The second planet - KOI-314b - is much denser and weighs more than four times the Earth.
darkest planet
TrES-2b, despite its relative proximity to its star, is the darkest exoplanet ever discovered. In our own system, Mercury is also considered to be a very dark planet, reflecting only 10% of the sunlight. This "darkness" prevents scientists from discovering the world - only as a result of chance. TrES-2b reflects less than 1% of its star's light, making it nearly as dark as charcoal or black acrylic paint.
Scientists are unsure as to why the planet's atmosphere is so dark. Some believe that this may be due to the huge amount of sodium or titanium oxide in gas form.
The planet with the strangest orbit
Fomalhaut B, Zombie Planet
This planet got its creepy nickname when it seemed to rise from the dead. In 2008, the planet looked like a simple cloud of dust, but then it returned to normal again. And in the literal sense - this planet also moves like a zombie.
This planet has one of the strangest orbits among the planets, zigzag, and it is not clear why. At the closest point in its orbit to the star, it approaches 7.5 billion kilometers, but sometimes the orbit lies 45 billion kilometers from the star.
Perhaps the planet was pulled out of its original position by a large planet. Mixed in with this suspicion is a large tear in the cloud of dust and ice surrounding the star, so it's possible this other planet is there.
Sourced from listverse.com
From childhood, we memorize elementary truths about the structure of the Universe: all the planets are round, there is nothing in space, the sun burns. Meanwhile, this is not true. No wonder the new Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva recently announced that it is necessary to return astronomy lessons to school. Editorial medialeaks fully supports this initiative and invites readers to update their understanding of the planets and stars.
1. The earth is a flat ball
The real shape of the Earth is somewhat different from the globe from the store. Many people know that our planet is slightly flattened from the poles. But besides this, different points of the earth's surface are removed from the center of the core at different distances. It's not just the terrain, it's just that the whole Earth is uneven. For clarity, use such a slightly exaggerated illustration.
Closer to the equator, the planet generally has a kind of ledge. Therefore, for example, the most distant point on the earth's surface from the center of the planet is not Everest (8848 m), but the Chimborazo volcano (6268 m) - its peak is 2.5 km further. This is not visible on the pictures from space, since the deviation from the ideal ball is no more than 0.5% of the radius, in addition, the atmosphere smooths out the flaws in the appearance of our beloved planet. The correct name for the shape of the Earth is the geoid.
2. The sun is burning
We are used to thinking that the Sun is a huge fireball, so it seems to us that it is burning, there is a flame on its surface. In fact, combustion is a chemical reaction that requires an oxidizing agent and fuel, and an atmosphere. (By the way, this is why explosions in outer space are almost impossible).
The sun is a huge piece of plasma in a state of thermonuclear reaction, it does not burn, but glows, emitting a stream of photons and charged particles. That is, the Sun is not fire, it is a large and very, very warm light.
3. The Earth rotates on its axis in exactly 24 hours.
It often seems that some days go by faster than others. Oddly enough, this is true. A sunny day, that is, the time during which the Sun returns to the same position in the sky, varies within plus or minus about 8 minutes at different times of the year in different parts of the planet. This is due to the fact that the linear velocity of movement and the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around the Sun are constantly changing as it moves along an elliptical orbit. Days either increase slightly, or decrease slightly.
In addition to solar, there is also a sidereal day - the time during which the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in relation to distant stars. They are more constant, their duration is 23 hours 56 minutes 04 seconds.
4. Complete weightlessness in orbit
It is customary to think that the astronaut on the space station is in a state of complete weightlessness and his weight is zero. Yes, the influence of the Earth's gravity at an altitude of 100-200 km from its surface is less noticeable, but it remains just as powerful: that is why the ISS and the people in it remain in orbit, and do not fly away in a straight line into outer space.
In simple terms, both the station and the astronauts in it are in endless free fall (only they do not fall down, but forward), but the very rotation of the station around the planet maintains the soaring. It would be more correct to call it microgravity. A state close to total weightlessness can only be experienced outside the Earth's gravitational field.
5. Instant death in space without a spacesuit
Oddly enough, for a man who fell out of the hatch of a spaceship without a spacesuit, death is not so inevitable. It will not turn into an icicle: yes, the temperature in outer space is -270 ° C, but heat transfer in a vacuum is impossible, so the body, on the contrary, will begin to heat up. Internal pressure is also not enough to blow up a person from the inside.
The main danger is explosive decompression: gas bubbles in the blood will begin to expand, but theoretically this can be survived. In addition, in space conditions there is not enough pressure to maintain the liquid state of matter, therefore, water will begin to evaporate very quickly from the mucous membranes of the body (tongue, eyes, lungs). In Earth orbit under direct sunlight, instantaneous burns of unprotected skin areas are inevitable (by the way, here the temperature will be like in a sauna - about 100 ° C). All this is very unpleasant, but not fatal. It is very important to be in space on an exhalation (holding air will lead to barotrauma).
As a result, according to NASA scientists, under certain conditions, there is a chance that 30-60 seconds of being in outer space will not cause damage to the human body that is incompatible with life. Death will eventually come from suffocation.
6 The Asteroid Belt Is A Dangerous Place For Starships
Science fiction films have taught us that asteroid clusters are a pile of space debris that fly in close proximity to each other. On maps of the solar system, the asteroid belt also usually looks like a serious obstacle. Yes, there is a very high density of celestial bodies in this place, but only by cosmic standards: half-kilometer blocks fly at a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from each other.
Mankind has launched about a dozen probes that went beyond the orbit of Mars and flew to the orbit of Jupiter without the slightest problem. Impenetrable clumps of space rocks and rocks, like those shown in Star Wars, can result from the collision of two massive celestial bodies. And then - not for long.
7. We see millions of stars
The expression "myriad stars" until recently was nothing more than a rhetorical exaggeration. With the naked eye from the Earth in the clearest weather, you can see no more than 2-3 thousand celestial bodies at the same time. In total, in both hemispheres - about 6 thousand. But in the photographs of modern telescopes, you can really find hundreds of millions, if not billions of stars (no one has counted yet).
A recent Hubble Ultra Deep Field image captured about 10,000 galaxies, the most distant of which are about 13.5 billion light-years away. According to scientists, these ultra-distant star clusters appeared "only" 400-800 million years after the Big Bang.
8. The stars are fixed
It is not the stars that move across the sky, but the Earth rotates - until the 18th century, scientists were sure that, with the exception of planets and comets, most of the celestial bodies remained motionless. However, over time, it was proved that all stars and galaxies without exception are in motion. If we went back several tens of thousands of years ago, we would not recognize the starry sky above our heads (as well as the moral law, by the way).
Of course, this happens slowly, but individual stars change their position in outer space in such a way that it becomes noticeable after just a few years of observations. Bernard's star "flies" the fastest - its speed is 110 km / s. Galaxies are also moving.
For example, the Andromeda Nebula, visible to the naked eye from Earth, is approaching the Milky Way at a speed of about 140 km/s. In about 5 billion years, we will collide.
9. The moon has a dark side
The Moon always faces the Earth on one side, because its rotation around its own axis and around our planet is synchronized. However, this does not mean that the rays of the Sun never fall on the half invisible to us.
On a new moon, when the side facing the Earth is completely in shadow, the reverse is completely illuminated. However, on the natural satellite of the Earth, the day changes at night somewhat more slowly. A full lunar day lasts approximately two weeks.
10 Mercury Is The Hottest Planet In The Solar System
It is quite logical to assume that the planet closest to the Sun is also the hottest in our system. Also not true. The maximum temperature on the surface of Mercury is 427 °C. This is less than on Venus, where an indicator of 477 ° C is recorded. The second planet is almost 50 million km farther from the Sun than the first, but Venus has a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which, due to the greenhouse effect, retains and accumulates temperature, while Mercury has practically no atmosphere.
There is one more moment. Mercury completes a full revolution around its axis in 58 Earth days. A two-month night cools the surface to -173 °C, which means that the average temperature at the equator of Mercury is about 300 °C. And at the poles of the planet, which always remain in the shadows, there is even ice.
11. The solar system is made up of nine planets.
Since childhood, we have been accustomed to thinking that the solar system has nine planets. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and for more than 70 years he remained a full member of the planetary pantheon. However, after much discussion, in 2006 Pluto was downgraded to the rank of the largest dwarf planet in our system. The fact is that this celestial body does not correspond to one of the three definitions of a planet, according to which such an object must clear the neighborhood of its orbit with its mass. Pluto's mass is only 7% of the combined mass of all Kuiper belt objects. For example, another planetoid from this region, Eris, is only 40 km smaller than Pluto in diameter, but noticeably heavier. For comparison, the mass of the Earth is 1.7 million times greater than that of all other bodies in the vicinity of its orbit. That is, there are still eight full-fledged planets in the solar system.
12 Exoplanets Are Like Earth
Almost every month, astronomers delight us with reports that they have discovered another exoplanet on which life could theoretically exist. Imagination immediately draws a green-blue ball somewhere near Proxima Centauri, where it will be possible to dump when our Earth finally breaks. In fact, scientists have no idea what exoplanets look like and what conditions they have. The fact is that they are so far away that we cannot yet calculate their actual size, composition of the atmosphere and temperature on the surface with modern methods.
As a rule, only the estimated distance between such a planet and its star is known. Of the hundreds of exoplanets found that are inside the habitable zone, potentially suitable for supporting Earth-like life, only a few could potentially be similar to our home planet.
13. Jupiter and Saturn - balls of gas
We all know that the largest planets in the solar system are gas giants, but this does not mean at all that once in the gravitational zone of these planets, the body will fall through them until it reaches the solid core.
Jupiter and Saturn are mostly made up of hydrogen and helium. Under the clouds, at a depth of several thousand kilometers, a layer begins in which hydrogen, under the influence of monstrous pressure, gradually passes from gaseous to the state of liquid boiling metal. The temperature of this substance reaches 6 thousand ° C. Interestingly, Saturn radiates into space 2.5 times more energy that the planet receives from the Sun, while it is not entirely clear why.
14. In the solar system, life can only exist on Earth
If something similar to terrestrial life existed somewhere else in the solar system, we would notice it ... Right? For example, the first organics appeared on Earth more than 4 billion years ago, but for hundreds of millions of years not a single external observer would have seen any clear signs of life, and the first multicellular organisms appeared only after 3 billion years. In fact, in addition to Mars, there are at least two other places in our system where life could well exist: these are the satellites of Saturn - Titan and Enceladus.
Titan has a dense atmosphere, as well as seas, lakes and rivers - though not from water, but from liquid methane. But in 2010, NASA scientists said they found signs of the possible existence of the simplest life forms on this satellite of Saturn, using methane and hydrogen instead of water and oxygen.
Enceladus is covered with a thick layer of ice, it would seem, what kind of life is there? However, under the surface at a depth of 30-40 km, as planetologists are sure, there is an ocean of liquid water about 10 km thick. The core of Enceladus is hot, and in this ocean there may be hydrothermal vents like the terrestrial "black smokers". According to one hypothesis, life on Earth appeared precisely due to this phenomenon, so why not the same thing happen on Enceladus. By the way, water breaks through the ice in some places and erupts outward in fountains up to 250 km high. Recent data confirm that this water contains organic compounds.
15. Space - empty
There is nothing in interplanetary and interstellar space, many have been sure since childhood. In fact, the vacuum of space is not absolute: there are atoms and molecules in microscopic quantities, the cosmic microwave background radiation that remains from the Big Bang, and cosmic rays, which contain ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles.
Moreover, scientists have recently suggested that the cosmic void is actually composed of matter that we cannot yet detect. Physicists have called this hypothetical phenomenon dark energy and dark matter. Presumably, our Universe is 76% dark energy, 22% dark matter, 3.6% interstellar gas. Our usual baryonic matter: stars, planets, and so on - is only 0.4% of the total mass of the universe.
There is an assumption that it is the increase in the amount of dark energy that causes the Universe to expand. Sooner or later, this alternative entity, in theory, will tear the atoms of our reality into pieces of individual bosons and quarks. However, by that time, neither Olga Vasilyeva, nor the lessons of astronomy, nor mankind, nor the Earth, nor the Sun will exist for several billion years.
Surely, many people know from school that eight planets revolve around the heavenly body, one of which is the hottest planet in the solar system. And this is not Mercury at all, located close to the Sun. The hottest planet is Venus, which is located second from our heavenly body.
What is the temperature on Venus?
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system due to its surface temperature, which can range from 460 to 480 degrees. On average, it turns out that the temperature on this planet is 475 degrees (enough to easily melt lead or tin). Moreover, on Mercury, which is closer to the celestial body, the average temperature is only 426 degrees. Since there is no atmosphere on the surface of this planet, the temperature regime there can deviate by hundreds of degrees.
To maintain a more or less average temperature on the surface of Venus allows carbon dioxide. The dense atmosphere of the planet allows the surface temperature to be five hundred degrees higher than if such an atmosphere was absent.
How was Venus discovered?
In ancient times, people thought that this planet was two stars that appeared in the morning and in the evening. However, then it became clear that it is one planet revolving around our heavenly body. When the Sun was not yet so bright, Venus was not too hot either. It even had oceans of liquid. However, the life-giving moisture evaporated, contributing to the greenhouse effect. This is now facilitated by solar radiation and carbon dioxide. At present, Venus is very strongly overheated due to this effect, and the process of heating continues. Today, everyone knows that there is no life on the planet, because in the absence of oxygen it is impossible to live.
What does the name of the planet mean?
This planet was named after the ancient Roman goddess of love. Quite curious is the fact that this is the only planet that was named after a woman. Perhaps Venus was named so because it shone much brighter than all the planets known to astronomers at that time. Translated from Latin, the name "Venus" means "Evening Star" or "Lucifer" (Satan in Christianity).
What are the features of the planet?
The second planet Venus in terms of location to the Sun is quite a bit smaller than our planet Earth. Because of the almost identical size, density, mass and composition, these planets are even called twins. However, this is where the similarity ends.
The hottest planet in the solar system is one hundred and eight million kilometers from the sun. There are no satellites around it. A day here lasts approximately 243 Earth days. For 225 such days, the planet makes a revolution around the heavenly body. The surface of Venus is characterized by hardness, a large number of craters and volcanic landscapes. It rotates in the opposite direction, from which it follows that the sunrise occurs in the west, and the sunset in the east.
The atmosphere of Venus is very heavy and even "hellish". The pressure on it exceeds ninety times the pressure present on Earth. The surface of Venus does not have any liquid, but everything is explained by the highest temperature, which causes the process of boiling and evaporation. The planet also has mountain ranges and valleys, which, according to scientists, were formed when hot materials were raised to the surface, which led to surface deformation.
Planet exploration
Since Venus is a hot planet, it may be thought that it is almost impossible to explore it. However, scientists managed to obtain information about the planet - more than forty spacecraft explored Venus. Interesting pictures managed to "get" the Soviet spacecraft, which had the same name with the planet. The device "Venera13" was able to stay on the planet for 127 minutes (this was in 1981). It was used to make color images of the surface of Venus.
All devices that were sent to study Venus could stay on the surface for no more than two hours. After this time, the probes were destroyed by the highest temperature. The idea of 98 percent of the surface of Venus was obtained in the nineties. But even today, the planet creates considerable interest for scientists who continue to explore large objects in the solar system.
If you are going to take a vacation on another planet, then it is important to know about possible climate changes :) But seriously, many people know that most planets in our solar system have extreme temperatures that are not suitable for a quiet life. But what exactly are the temperatures on the surface of these planets? Below I offer a small overview of the temperatures of the planets in the solar system.
Mercury
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so one might assume that it is constantly burning like a furnace. However, while the temperature on Mercury can reach 427°C, it can also drop as low as -173°C. Mercury has such a large temperature difference because it has no atmosphere.
Venus
Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun, has the highest average temperatures of any planet in our solar system, regularly reaching 460°C. Venus is so hot because of its proximity to the Sun and its dense atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus consists of dense clouds containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps the sun's heat in the atmosphere and turns the planet into a furnace.
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and so far the only planet known for its ability to support life. The average temperature on Earth is 7.2°C, but it varies by large deviations from this indicator. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 70.7°C in Iran. The lowest temperature was , and it reaches -91.2°C.
Mars
Mars is cold because, firstly, it does not have an atmosphere to maintain high temperature, and secondly, it is relatively far from the Sun. Since Mars has an elliptical orbit (it gets much closer to the Sun at some points in its orbit), during the summer its temperature can deviate up to 30°C from the norm in the northern and southern hemispheres. The minimum temperature on Mars is approximately -140°C and the highest is 20°C.
Jupiter
Jupiter doesn't have any solid surface, since it's a gas giant, so it doesn't have any surface temperature either. At the top of Jupiter's clouds, temperatures are around -145°C. As you descend closer to the center of the planet, the temperature increases. At a point where the atmospheric pressure is ten times that of Earth, the temperature is 21°C, which some scientists jokingly refer to as "room temperature." In the core of the planet, the temperature is much higher and reaches approximately 24,000°C. For comparison, it is worth noting that the core of Jupiter is hotter than the surface of the Sun.
Saturn
As with Jupiter, the temperature in Saturn's upper atmosphere remains very low - down to about -175°C - and increases as you get closer to the center of the planet (up to 11,700°C at the core). Saturn, in fact, generates heat itself. It generates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.
Uranus
Uranus is the coldest planet with the lowest recorded temperature of -224°C. Although Uranus is far from the Sun, this is not the only reason for its low temperature. All other gas giants in our solar system emit more heat from their cores than they receive from the Sun. Uranus has a core with a temperature of approximately 4737°C, which is only one-fifth the temperature of Jupiter's core.
Neptune
With temperatures as low as -218°C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, this planet is one of the coldest in our solar system. Like the gas giants, Neptune has a much hotter core that is around 7000°C.
Below is a graph showing planetary temperatures in both Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C). Please note that Pluto has not been classified as a planet since 2006 (see below).
