Secret societies in Russia: truth and myths. Conspiracy in the name of Russia. Eight secret societies that tried to change the country Secret societies and orders of ancient Russia

The history of the emergence of secret communities and "clubs of interest" goes back centuries. Everything unknown traditionally causes a lot of conflicting facts and conjectures. However, many goals, principles and statutes of secret societies have come down to us in an undistorted form.

Secret societies in Russia

Circle of sixteen

This opposition group included the young aristocrats of St. Petersburg. Years of activity 1838-1840. The members of this secret society of radicals and secret revolutionaries were such famous people like Mikhail Lermontov, Pyotr Valuev, the Dolgorukov brothers and other prominent people of their time.

Young people professed the ideas of the philosopher Chaadaev, who pointed to the "spiritual stagnation" of Russia, and therefore was outside the law. After the “circle” was discovered by the authorities, most of its members fled to the Caucasus, following Lermontov.

Black redistribution

A secret society with populist tendencies. It was formed in 1879 in St. Petersburg. Its members did not attach much importance to politics and relied on the economic struggle. The basis of their ideas was the Russian community, in which the "Chernopredel" saw the origins of socialist development.

Welfare Union

Decembrist secret organization. It was founded in 1818. It had about 200 members. Its participants set as their goals the moral education of the people, enlightenment and alleviation of the fate of the serfs. However, this society also had hidden ideas: the elimination of serfdom, the overthrow of the king and the establishment of its own political system.


In 1821, in the wake of the persecution of any secret societies, the Welfare Union was dissolved.

European secret societies

Illuminati

The most replicated by the media, cinema and literature is the secret society of Europe. Now this order is perceived by many as mythical. However, historical evidence states that such a secret organization existed in Germany at the end of the 18th century. The members of this society were distinguished by radical views. Human rumor ascribes to them the incitement of the French Revolution and the October Revolution in Russia. Also, there are rumors that the Illuminati created the USA. At various times, Goethe, Ferdinand of Brunswick, Winston Churchill, Barack Obama, the Bush family and other famous people were called members of the order.


Based historical facts, this secret society did not last long. However, rumor has it that the Illuminati simply went into the shadows and decide the fate of the world to this day.

Order of the Oriental Templars

The founder of this secret mystical society is the famous Satanist and occultist Aleister Crowley in the 20th century. Members of this order widely used esoteric practices to change the state of consciousness and transitions to other levels of existence.

With the growing popularity of the "father" of the organization, Crowley, the Order of the Oriental Templars conquered more and more new followers around the world. So, the organization almost ceased to be a secret, however, according to rumors, this is just a tactical move to attract new members of society. The Order of the Oriental Templars continues to use forbidden satanic practices in their rituals.

bilderberg club

It is difficult to name the founder of this secret organization, but there are more than enough known members. According to rumors, the club includes representatives of the royal families of Spain, the Netherlands, European and American magnates, representatives of the world's largest corporations. You can get into this, no doubt, an elite club only by receiving an invitation. This practice has existed since 1954.


The initial goals of the club were to fight the dominance of American culture in Europe, however, over time, radical ideas were replaced by peaceful ones. At least that's what the official version sounds like. And since the club is strictly confidential, and the meetings of its members are held under high security conditions, ideas about a worldwide conspiracy are constantly heard about the Bilderberg Club. Sometimes, the club is even called the One World Government.

Thule Society

One of the most famous German occult societies. There are versions that Rudolf Hess, Arthur Rosenberg and Adolf Hitler were its members. This society was created after the end of the First World War. The idea of ​​the "club" is consonant with the idea of ​​the Third Reich - the superiority of the Aryan race. This is not surprising, because over time, at the suggestion of this society, the German Workers' Party was created. It later evolved into the National Socialist Party, which gave birth to Nazism.


Thule is a mythical land where the origins of the Aryan race are located. According to legend, it existed in the area North Pole. This is what the followers of the society were looking for.

The most famous secret society in the world is the Masonic lodge.

The Masonic lodge is one of the most famous and controversial societies in world history. According to various sources, the Freemasons were Winston Churchill, Henry Ford, Benjamin Franklin, Mark Twain and many, many others. powers of the world this."


According to official information, the Masonic lodge appeared in 1717. However, there is circumstantial evidence that the society existed as early as the 14th century. To date, there are about 5 million members of the order in the world.

Many accuse Freemasons of the occult and a worldwide conspiracy. Especially fiercely against the Masons was, and still is, the church.


As in many other secret societies, one can become a member of the Masonic lodge only by invitation and by passing special rites of passage.

Surprising are not only secret societies, but also other facts. .
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Did the “Secret Society of the Invisibles” really exist in the 18th century in St. Petersburg, which I conditionally called the “Slavic Union”, which aimed to “merge together all the disparate branches of the great Slavic root and raise them against the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon races, conquer the East and part West to Constantinople! And lead the Slavic race to world domination? ... "...

The historian Vogel pointed to this future role of the Slavs. “On the day when the Slavic kingdom turns the small Danube principalities into its vassals, it will not only destroy their autonomy, but also the security of all of Europe, upset its balance and seize not only all of Hungary and the Empire, but also Constantinople ... Becoming the mistress of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles , Russia will not cost anything to turn Marble and Black Sea to a huge military port ... ".

The propaganda of this grandiose idea of ​​Vogel "about the future role of Russia is carried out by the Society of the Invisibles, so called because none of its members knows another, except for the one who recruited him."

The historian Vogel, in this story about the "Petersburg gang", is a real figure, but I read the history of the "Society of the Invisibles" in the book "The Fire Eaters" by the famous French writer-diplomat and traveler of the 19th century Louis Jacolliot, who was admitted to many secret documents and left behind him a library of the rarest books on the greatest mysteries of mankind.

It was Jacollio who leaked information about the Union of Nine Unknowns, who ruled the entire civilized world, who for 22 centuries recorded all the most valuable knowledge in nine books stored .... in the south of the Samara province and in the Orenburg steppes. Exactly as he stated in his book "The Fire Eaters" ("Union of Nine Unknowns"). And since in the same book Jacolliot speaks of the "Society of the Invisibles", the question arises: does the "Society of the Invisibles" coincide with the "Council of Nine Unknowns" or not.

It is clear that a writer who lived 100 years before our days could not write about today's "Petersburg", unless these plans were made a century ago, which is quite realistic for a society that has ruled the world for almost 22 centuries.

According to my estimates, this story too closely reproduces today's reality, making one think that the St. Petersburg "Society of the Invisibles" continues to move towards its goal even today ...

Particularly visible are the analogies, in part, of the "Real Invisibles" and the "Imaginary Invisibles", who use the propaganda of the ideas of the Invisibles for their own ambitious purposes.

According to Louis Jacolliot, “several young people belonging to the best families of Russia, ambitious, energetic, enterprising, but ruined, dreamed of restoring the former splendor of their coat of arms and their former position, exploiting this political idea. Taking advantage of this predisposition of their compatriots and their natural inclination towards secret societies, they decided to exploit the popularity and power of the society of the Invisibles in their favor, acting on its behalf.

... One of these people is Ivan Yaroslavov, a member of the Supreme Council of the Invisibles, who wants to enter into an advantageous marriage in order to buy himself the status of Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Invisibles, or, at least, the ruler of the Far East. The events of this book are developing on the territory of St. Petersburg, Paris, Australia, the USA, the Orenburg province and the Urals.

The main characters and rivals: Ivan Yaroslavov, aka Colonel Ivanovich, member of the Supreme Council of the Society of the Invisibles, No. 222 (!) And Count from France Olivier Lorague d "Entrague, whom his associates called Count Swan.

So, Count Swan against Colonel Yaroslavov! Symbolically, in the context of the name of my site “Rus and Swans”, its website address and the article “How America rules the World with the sacred number 22: Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22 and the Lighthouse of Alexandria”, which was inspired by my date of birth February 22, i. e. 22nd of the 2nd month. And these - 222, I reproduce all my life in my officialdom.

This is Group 222 of the Financial Academy, where Mikhail Prokhorov studied. Andryusha Kozlov studied here - the former first deputy. Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Khloponin Sasha - Governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kiselev Misha - Deputy. Chairman of the Board of OJSC AKB Rosbank ... Andrey Kazmin, who headed Sberbank for 12 years. Further in this interview about 10 more, of a similar level, figures of the financial world are named.

It can be said without exaggeration that this group of Financiers 222 has a significant influence on contemporary Russian politics.

Even before this “revelation” by M. Prokhorov about his Group 222, I published an article about my student group No. , 27.06.-4.07.2002).

Perhaps this "Society of the Invisibles" gives such numbers as 222, 77 and unites in one group those who, thereby, are intended to influence the fate of the Slavic world ...

However, let's get back to our hero 222 - Ivan Yaroslavov - Member of the Supreme Council of the Invisibles, with whom I feel kinship, and Count Swan, who is very sympathetic to me.

Both of them achieve the hand of Princess Vasilchikova, heiress of a huge fortune, which included rich mines in the Urals and Orenburg. According to the secret obligation of the father of Princess Vasilchikova to the "Society of the Invisible", the wealth of the princess should go to society and serve the idea of ​​world domination of the Slavic race. Only marriage to one of the Invisibles can save the princess from the fate of a dowry. Count Lebed is in love and he is ready to take the princess as his wife, even if she is deprived of her fortune. But with such a version of the development of events, the plan of one of the Invisibles, Colonel Ivanovich, who has views on the capital and raw material deposits of the princess, collapses. Those. if the Society of the Invisibles receives the fortune of the princess in any case, then for Colonel Ivan Yaroslavov, marriage to Princess Vasilchikova is fateful.

Strange, but in St. Petersburg, during the first months of my life in it, a woman named Vasilchikova provided me with invaluable help ...

And here history again “grows” into modernity, already in the case of another “oligarch Mikhail”, but Khodorkovsky.

In the 19th century, the "Yaroslavov Estate" was owned by the Vasilchikov princes, represented by the director of the St. Petersburg "Hermitage" Alexander Alekseevich Vasilchikov and Princess Anna Alekseevna Vasilchikova. And after them - Grabbe. A.V. Bobrinsky was a frequent visitor to the estate. Such unique family estates were sold, as a rule, only in good hands and, as a rule, to relatives. Thus, between the Yaroslavovs and the Vasilchikovs there could well be a relationship or a hint of it, which corresponds to the plot of the book by Louis Jacollio.

But at present, the Koralovo estate is owned by the family of Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The history of the smooth transition of the Koralovo estate into the ownership of Khodorkovsky is described in the article “Did Karl steal Koralovo from Clara?” , where, in particular, it says: “What is Koralovo, few clearly represent. Firstly, this is the fertile and most expensive land of the near Moscow region - 40 kilometers from the Moscow Ring Road, Odintsovo district, directly adjacent to the Rublevo-Uspenskoye highway. Showcase of the Novorussian nobility. The new owners did not get tired of repeating that they had preserved and increased this county-princely corner, mentioned in the annals since the 14th century ... "

Like this! Thanks to the mysterious French diplomat Zhakolio, I learn that M. Khodorkovsky organized his boarding school Podmoskovny in Yaroslavov's Estate. This is one of the projects Open Russia”, in whose board: Lord Jacob Rothschild, Henry Kissinger, Senator Bill Bradley, Professor, Director of the State Hermitage Museum Mikhail Piotrovsky.

And again the Hermitage... And again Rothschild... And again Kissinger...

Stalin took a fancy to "Yaroslavova's mansion". And Khodorkovsky's Yaroslavov's Estate.

And from the nest of this "Estate of Yaroslavov", which passed into the hands of Khodorkovsky, some "chicks" began to fly and try to "run into" me! ("Split in SPS")

Sitting in the estate, saturated with the "Spirit of the Yaroslavovs" and making plans against the nee Yaroslavova! This is dashing…

I cannot say that Khodorkovsky made plans against me, but that he was "used", just as the "Imaginary Invisibles" used the influence of the "True Invisibles", that's for sure.

Was it not in what happened later with M. Khodorkovsky, "God's Providence" ..., as Catherine II would say.

Meanwhile, Alexei Mikhailovich Yaroslavov, who created the Manor in Koralovo, which M. Khodorkovsky liked so much, and Ivan Mikhailovich Yaroslavov had a sister, Maria Mikhailovna Yaroslavova - the main character of my article “Remember your name: Phantom of the Yaroslavovs and Cherevins in the Malaya Tretyakov Gallery "Neronovo's estates...". By the way, the article contains her portrait and a portrait of their father Mikhail Yaroslavov, who loved to write diaries in secret writing. The offspring of Maria Mikhailovna Yaroslava to this day is represented on the Rodovid website. Here is the secret of "Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky" ...

So this Maria Mikhailovna Yaroslavova loved to go to Paris, just in those years that Louis Jacolliot describes. And she had relatives there. Why did V.A. Chudinov conclude that the connections of secret societies in St. Petersburg and Paris were practically not interrupted. And they probably still exist.

Therefore, we will return to Paris again to the heroes of the book "The Fire Eaters": Ivan Yaroslavov and Count Lorague, who are too similar to real historical prototypes.

The desire to remove Count Lebed from his path for Ivan Yaroslavov becomes a matter of life. This is a personal revenge that the “Masked Man” (Colonel Ivanovich) implements, relying on the resource of the Invisible society, chasing Count Swan around the planet, like Captain Ahab chasing Moby Dick. Colonel Ivanovich deprives Count Lebed of all his income in order to weaken his competitor. And he goes to Australia, in search of gold mines and new wealth. He's lucky. The gold mine gets the name "Swan mine". "Swan" is also the name of the ultra-modern vehicle on water, land and air, which helps Count Loragüe in his rivalry with the "Masked Man".

Ivan Yaroslavov is rich. Membership in the Supreme Council of the Unseen allows him to sign checks for unimaginably large sums with one stroke of the pen, which even one carriage cannot take away. But the fortune of Princess Vasilchikova, apparently, is a multiple more, as long as he goes to such expenses.

Despite such convincing arguments by the author of The Fire Eaters regarding the motives of Ivan Yaroslavov, the question still remains open: What other prospects did the marriage with Princess Vasilchikova open up, besides the money that the colonel had enough without it. It seems that the key was what was stored in the Urals and in Orenburg.

One day, Count Lorague - Swan receives the following letter

"To Count Olivier Lorague d" Antrague!

Hey! May God receive you in His mercy!

We, members of the society of the Invisibles, delegates of the Supreme Council, authorized to carry out his decrees, sentences and prescriptions, notify Count Olivier Lorague d "Entrague that by the sentence of March 20 of this year, approved by the Great Invisible, head of all the Invisibles, he is sentenced to death This sentence must be carried out within three days from the moment of its announcement.

Sergei Chernyaev, Petr Artamonov, Ivan Yaroslavov.

This is a story from a book.

But, I will note that the Dukes of Loragüe are a real dynasty of France, mentioned in the study “Jews in the History of France” (E. Drumont).

The Yaroslavovs are also a real dynasty. I have been studying the history of this kind, as a nee Yaroslavova, for more than 10 years. Here it should be noted that on one of the pages of the book, its author Louis Jacollio makes a reservation that the "Man in the Mask" could well be presented by the name of the Member of the Supreme Council Ivan Yaroslavov, without being him, but thereby using his power and influence . But anyway. it turns out that Ivan Yaroslavov was a member of the governing structure of the "Society of the Invisible"

Prince Urusov also acts on the side of the "Invisible" Ivan Yaroslavov. Also a very real figure for the history of Russia. It is symbolic that my first friend in Tyumen, where we moved when I was 12 years old, was Vera Urusova. Still, there is an attraction of surnames ...

Historians involved in contemporary politics and "resting" on linguistics, they like to pay attention to the series: Urusov, Urus, Ursus (Ursus) - Medved, Medvedev. Thus, the idea is carried out that Russia is a country that has the Bear as its symbol. This symbolism was clearly known to the French writer Louis Jacolliot. And he chose the name Urusov for one of his heroes as a connoisseur. It is not at all accidental, and the protagonist bears the surname Yaroslavov, because she is often associated with the militancy of Yarri, with Yar-strength, which partly corresponds to the characteristics of the "Masked Man".

The author of the book is a Frenchman, and Jacolliot, of course, has the Frenchman Loragüe as a positive hero. Whereas Ivan Yaroslavov is the embodiment of deceit and treachery. Well, and, accordingly, from this whole plan of “World Slavic domination”, to which the “Society of the Invisible” leads the planet, the book breathes with the same features: Bear, Ursus, Veles, Perun, Thunder and Lightning.

In principle, if Yara is not understood correctly, i.e. if it is not taken into account that this is a refracted, softened, blessed fire that gives fertility to all living things, then such an interpretation is common.

As I have written more than once, almost 90% of those who turn to the topic of Yar see only a military incarnation in him. It seems that this is the result of some kind of special propaganda (“Europe, illuminated by Sophia of the Russian Yaroslavna, and Yar, as “foreign technologies” of Masons for Russia”).

It must be admitted that similar internal conflict Yaroslavov, I observed repeatedly. If their ambitions and energy are not balanced by innate humanism and the time for wisdom has not yet come, then they are able to show the qualities that Ivan Yaroslavov is endowed with - the hero of the book "The Fire Eaters", or the one who chose his name for cover.

Taking into account everything that has been read, as well as those symbols that the author chose quite deliberately and unmistakably (222, Lebed, Yaroslavov, Urusov), as well as how they “sprouted” in the present, I have reason to believe that Louis Jacolliot was doing a deliberate LEAKAGE OF INFORMATION ABOUT real history 22 centuries.

One of the birthplaces of Ivan Yaroslavov, along with St. Petersburg, is Orenburg. And Ivan Yaroslavov is a retired Cossack colonel.

Were the real Yaroslavovs connected by Orenburg and the Cossacks, where one of the main actions takes place?

In the 17th century, Mikhail Yaroslavov, a Cossack Yesaul under Stepan Razin, arrived in this region. This is one of the heroes of the book by V. Shukshin "I came to give you freedom!". He could leave offspring on the Volga and on the Kama, along with offspring in those places from where he was forced to leave in the Time of Troubles, when the Yaroslavovs fell into disgrace, were deprived of power and wealth. And the “Petersburg Group” was just organized by those representatives of noble families who, under the Romanovs, lost their fortunes and wanted to return the signs and regalia appropriate to them on their coats of arms. The princes of Yaroslavov and their descendants fit this definition quite well.

I do not exclude that the Cossack - Yesaul Mikhail Yaroslavov could be related to the boyars of the Yaroslavl province Tikhon Mikhailovich Yaroslavov and Ivan Mikhailovich Yaroslavov. The grandchildren of the latter were precisely Alexei Mikhailovich Yaroslavov - the owner of Koralovo, Maria Mikhailovna Yaroslavova, a lover of Paris - who knew the secret legend about the ancestor of the Yaroslavov family, who saved our family, as well as Ivan Mikhailovich Yaroslavov, the namesake of Ivan Yaroslavov - the hero of the book by Louis Jacollio.

In the years about which in question(18th century), in the Orenburg province, the governor was P.D. Aksakov, after Voeikov. Both surnames were related to the Yaroslavovs:

“At the end of 1739, by personal decree of Empress Anna, instead of the governor, the Ufa province was ordered “to be under the control of the vice-governor of the brigadier rank with his subordination to the Orenburg General.” On October 1, 1740, a decree was issued in the Senate, according to which “Major General and the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Second Major Pyotr Voeikov, who was appointed vice-governor in Ufa, should still be in the Life Guards, and for determination in Ufa in vice-governors to the king of arms, having chosen, to present candidates worthy people. The choice among the three candidates was made, and on November 7, 1740, "the Senate decided to appoint Aksakov as vice-governor in Ufa with his promotion to the rank of brigadier." (“From the Aksakov family”). Right next to it, in Samara, was Urusov.

With the Aksakov family in question, the Yaroslavov branch "crossed" twice. Nowadays, in the village of Nikolo-Berezovka, where the "Aksakov Fund", created by the descendants of Aksakov, restored the church of St. Nicholas Zakamsky. This is the place of my birth and the place of birth of my father, which I wrote about in the article “Second Life with the Berezovskaya Miraculous Icon of Nikola Zakamsky”

And in the 18th century, when Anna Nikolaevna Aksakova married Nikolai Yaroslavov. Her father, subsequently, became the Yaroslavl governor. And the son Alexander Nikolaevich Yaroslavov - the leader of the Vologda nobility

I devoted two articles to these mysterious stories:

  • “Why did the Yaroslavovs under Paul I defend the Maltese Cross (Order of St. John of Jerusalem)?”)
  • “Descendants of Yaroslav and the female line: Cilicia, the Cilician Cross, Van-“ the sea ”and the Church of the Holy Cross”

So, Ufa in those years was formally subordinate to Orenburg (after the subordination of Kazan), where, according to the "leaks" by Louis Jacollio about the "Nine Unknowns" that have ruled the entire civilized world for the 22nd century, 9 books were kept, in which all the secrets were painstakingly collected for the 22nd century. knowledge.

9 books - 9 Invisible.

One book - for one Manager of the world. Now these books are somewhere distributed in different parts of the world. This is not surprising, because the “Invisible” Ivan Yaroslavov also “had no borders” and the consuls of many countries who also belonged to the “Society of the Invisibles” obeyed him, according to the plot of Louis Jacolliot.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the Cossacks of Ufa, Birsk and Orenburg still maintain the same unity that was in the 18th century. In December 2009, Yevgeny Alekseevich Yaroslavov was re-elected as the chieftain of the Cossacks of the Orenburg Cossack Army of the Union of Cossacks of Russia (OKV TFR) ("News of the OKV TFR"). This site of the Orenburg Cossack Army of the Union of Cossacks of Russia did not do without Maltese symbols. The inscription on this site’s photograph reads: “Yuri Petrovich Belkov, a well-known businessman in Orenburg, the head of the Slavyansky Bazaar shopping complex, recently became a knight of honor of the oldest Orthodox order of hospitallers on the planet, founded in honor of John of Jerusalem back in the 11th century.” ("Knight of Our Time")

I can’t say what kind of “branch” of the Order of Malta this is. The one that B. Yeltsin recognized.? Or the one recognized by Patriarch Alexy II? Or are there other sources?

I cited this information only to show the echoes in our time of the series: "Yaroslavov, Yesaul, Cossacks, Orenburg-Ufa, Order of Malta (Orthodox Order of the Hospitallers of John of Jerusalem)".

In the 18th century, a secret "Society of United Slavs" operated in Stavropol and up to Orenburg: M. Orlov - the son of Yaroslavova, Raevsky, Lunin, Obolensky ... All relatives

Whether this secret “Society of United Slavs” was the “Society of the Invisibles”, which had as its goal the unification of the Slavic root on planet earth, I do not know.

But it is obvious to me that Louis Jacolliot “wrote us the future”, which often happens in politics ...

For example, before Obama became President, literature first appeared about the first black president of the United States ...

Society was accustomed to thought... Some secret society organized preventive propaganda...

I quote below the 14th chapter from the book “FIRE EATERS”, in order to make it clear that the above was read by me from the French diplomat of the 19th century Louis Jacollio and filled with evidence of the 18th-20th centuries, which became known to me in connection with the study of the history of the Yaroslavov family "according to my father's will "Find your roots: Boris Yaroslavov's testament"

Society of the Invisibles.

We already know the bold plan of Count d "Antrague and his friends - to take possession of the Supreme Council of the Invisibles and the Great Invisible himself during the first general meeting, which should take place somewhere on Russian territory. Red Captain, as a born Yankee who did not recognize any obstacles, and a Canadian Dick undertook to recruit a sufficient number of adventurers ready to take part in this dangerous enterprise.

It was far from an easy task for Luce to escort this whole company to the appointed place at the appointed time - a company of at least a hundred people - and do it in such a way that not only from among the Unseelie, but also from the police, the Russian police, the most suspicious in the whole world.

But before continuing the story of this struggle between the Count and the Invisibles, it is necessary to say a few more explanatory words about their society.

... It, as we have already said, has as its task the delivery of world domination to the Slavic race. The historian Vogel pointed to this future role of the Slavs. “On the day when the Slavic kingdom turns the small Danubian principalities into its vassals, it will not only destroy their autonomy, but also the security of all Europe, upset its balance and seize not only all of Hungary and the Empire, but also Constantinople, the original object of his dreams, this incomparable capital, thanks to the position of which the Greek Empire could outlive for ten centuries the Roman Western Empire. Having taken possession of Constantinople, it will be difficult for Russia to prevent it from settling also in the Adriatic; then, having become the mistress of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, it will cost nothing to Russia to turn the Sea of ​​​​Marmara and the Black Sea into a huge military port, and with the help of the Greeks create the most powerful fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, which will be a threat to all of Europe, and flaunt, without risking, the second Crimean campaign . Considering Russia to be the head of the entire Slavic world, the upper classes of this country, whose aspirations extend far beyond the borders of their vast fatherland, dream of making Russia the main center of the Slavs and gradually subjugating all the still independent southern and western Slavic peoples, not embarrassed by the strife of religions and traditions. These tendencies are quite clearly seen in the press and are supported by people of high social position, they even influence the government itself, not to mention active propaganda in Austria-Hungary, German Poland, the Czech Republic, right up to the borders of Italy. The Austro-German Union is the first dam blocking the path of this stream for the time being ... "

Such is the opinion of a well-informed German historian.

This grandiose idea of ​​Russia's future role is propagated by the society of the Invisibles, so called because none of its members knows anyone else but the one who recruited him.

About seventy years ago, several young people belonging to the best families of Russia, ambitious, energetic, enterprising, but ruined, dreamed of restoring their former splendor to their coat of arms and their former position, exploiting this political idea. Taking advantage of this predisposition of their compatriots and their natural inclination towards secret societies, they decided to exploit the popularity and power of the society of the Invisibles in their favor, acting on its behalf. They dealt with such skill and such dexterity that only later, when some of their crimes, especially bold and desperate ones, finally opened the eyes of the third department, which is responsible for the protection of the internal peace of the state, their true role became clear.

But all the same, they could not get to the leaders, and even if they guessed about the means to which they resorted, it was impossible to obtain any indisputable evidence that would allow laying hands on the real culprits. As a result, the case had to be shut down. And a dozen daredevils continued to exploit for several more years the actual members of the society of the Invisibles for their own personal purposes and to satisfy their ambition and their thirst for luxury.

... When it was necessary to carry out some decision of this company, each of its members outlined one of the most fanatical members of society, and the latter received an order to do this or that; being sure that the injunction is coming from higher authorities society, he fulfilled it unquestioningly, without delving into the motives, but considering it undoubtedly necessary for some higher goals of society. So, for example, one fine day the State Bank received an order to immediately transfer two million rubles to Orenburg to pay salaries to the troops and for other administrative expenses.

Only a few Cossacks accompanied the money transport. In one of the gorges Ural mountains transport suddenly came across a hundred well-armed people. The Cossacks, realizing their small numbers, retreated, and the boxes of money were immediately transferred to other wagons and disappeared without a trace in a few minutes. Then the expropriators immediately rushed in all directions and dispersed to different villages and cities; as the investigation later proved, not one of them knew why they were forced to gather in this gorge, nor to whom and for what this money was needed; they did not even know that the boxes they stole were with money; on the contrary, they were assured that it was necessary to steal some kind of German proclamations, with the aim of rousing some newly subjugated Asiatic tribes against the tsar; contributing to the theft of public money, they innocently believed that they were serving the political interests of their fatherland.

Even high officials and people of the highest court ranks were involved in the actions of these imaginary Invisibles. Although they were not compromised by their active participation in their affairs, they were present at their meetings, entered into relations with them, and thereby gave more weight and authority to this small group of impudent impostors.

This dangerous company eventually collapsed of itself due to the discovery of its existence, but before this happened, a number of the most outrageous crimes were committed by impudent impostors. In Russia, they predominantly operated in the Orenburg Territory, where, due to its remoteness from the capital and the very nature of the local population, their intrigues should have had the greatest success.

The attempt of these imaginary Invisibles to take possession of the Ural mines belonging to the Vasilchikov family, by marrying one of them with Princess Maria Feodorovna, the only heiress of all the wealth of her father, was one of the most desperate deeds of this gang and failed only thanks to the incredible energy and courage of the young Count d "Entrague and the boundless devotion of his friends…”

Union of the Vatican and the Horde against Russia

Somehow they got used to thinking that any secret society is evil in itself. The secret is almost always associated with something malicious and dangerous. The word "esoteric" immediately suggests the idea of ​​occultism, and pronouncing the words "secret order" instantly imagines Freemasons in aprons and with trowels.

But recently, many patriots have started talking about "ours", Orthodox-initiatic secret societies. The pioneer in this field was the famous patriotic writer A. Baigushev(author of the novels "Khazars" and "Russian order inside the CPSU" - approx. IC), working in the genre of historical romance.

In 1996 he published a novel "Satanic Confessions of an Underhand Man" which is more like a documentary with a clear autobiographical "bias". In spite of great amount typical of "patriotic" cliches a la "Memory", the writer demonstrates excellent knowledge of various esoteric teachings, mainly in Kabbalah and hesychasm (sacred silence).

The latter is not exactly a secret, but still a kind of secret, inner doctrine of Orthodoxy (it was shared St. Basil the Great, John Chrysostom, Gregory Palamas and other outstanding ascetics of the Faith of Christ). This is a mystical teaching about union with God, about communion with the uncreated energies of His essence, transforming the spirit and flesh (the latter turns into a kind of "spiritual body").

Hesychasts are sacredly silent - they prefer to be silent with people, paying more attention to talking with God. Hesychasm resembles, in some points, Hindu yoga- at least using physical "exercises" and meditative repetition of religious texts. However, the sacred doctrine of Orthodoxy at the same time differs, and rather sharply, from Hinduism, and from other mystical teachings of the East and West. Primarily, it denies dissolution in the impersonal Absolute, in the Divine Nothing. Hesychasts themselves go and lead others to union with the personal Deity, to union without dissolution.

Pointing out all these traits hesychasm and opposing them primarily to Kabbalah, Baigushev claims that there is some Black Order of Hesychasts operating in secret. This Order aims to fight against anti-Christian and anti-Russian forces. At a certain point in his stay in power, he went over to his side, providing the Hesychasts with access to power levers in the USSR.

One of them was the so-called. "kontrashka" - the party intelligence service, with the help of which he was allegedly eliminated Khrushchev, who pursued an anti-Russian and anti-power policy. (It should be noted that the party intelligence itself is a very real institution, created by Stalin as a personal special service, independent of the NKVD-MGB bodies, in which agents of the West have always been strong).

It hardly makes sense to retell the entire work of Baigushev, replete with many interesting arguments and observations. At the moment, the very statement of the existence of a special view of secret societies is important.

And in this sense, the document cited by the most popular Russian Orthodox conspiracy theorist, the most serious researcher of "secret politics" is very curious. Y. Vorobyevsky in his book "The Path to the Apocalypse" (the document itself was quoted at a meeting of one of the Orthodox brotherhoods):

“We leave the chronometers at the door, for in the Third Universe, in which the transformed person will live forever, there will be no time. We have to go to a room where there is not a grain of sand in the hourglass. But before we get into it, we stop at the entrance. With one foot each of us is still here, and the other is already THERE. Then we take this step. Eyes are fixed in the red corner. Mouths say the Jesus Prayer (the main "mantra" of the Hesychasts - approx.).

Such is the modest ritual of the Orthodox Brothers living in the world, who have been blessed and nourished by a worthy Father. Our action does not pretend to be on a par with the rites and sacraments of the Church.

We are all equal, but the first among equals enters last.

There are many like us, but we are EIGHT. Eight is a sign of a benevolent reality that exists beyond the seven-day creation.

We are all Brothers. Between us - like a window into another world - the face of the Virgin. In her hands she firmly holds the orb and the scepter, holding from the day of the abdication of the throne of the last of God's Anointed.

The Eight Brothers know that one day, miraculously appearing, the icon of the porphyry-bearing Queen of Heaven will just as miraculously disappear. And at that moment Russia will find the last Tsar.

"And at that time Michael will arise, the great prince, standing up for the sons of his people..." (Dan. 12:1).

Preparing in silence (an indication of sacred silence - approx.) Throne Michael II, eight Brothers unknown to the world will open only once, when ... ".

At the meeting of the brotherhood, confidence was expressed in the presence of an Orthodox secret society, to which Russia owes all the positive changes that have occurred since the collapse of communism. The return of Russian national symbols, the restoration of the great shrines of the Russian people (Kazan Cathedral, Iberian Chapel, Resurrection Gates) - all this is not accidental and indicates "the wise and inconspicuous activity of very influential forces, organized Orthodox structures of Russian, and possibly international scale."

At times, on behalf of these forces, appeals are circulated, saturated with the deepest mystical meaning. So, in August 1997, appeals of a certain "secret monastic brotherhood" were posted near the Government House, signed by Schema-Archimandrite Lazarus.

But there is no doubt that secret Orthodox structures took place.

We must start with the fact that despite its apparent poverty, the Russian order tradition has quite bright history. Now it is already possible to speak with full confidence about the presence military-religious order in ancient Russia. They were brotherhood "kalik passers-by", wandering pilgrims, singers and ... warriors. It is as such that the kaliks are portrayed by some verses emphasizing their rigid organization. In Dahl's dictionary, the word "Kalika" is also given in the meaning of "hero", and the hero Ilya Muromets is called in epics kalika. In the Church Charter of Vladimir kaliki are presented as people of the Church, constituting its special structure. Strictly speaking, heroes and Kaliki are one and the same, they are knights of a military, mystical order.

During the Mongol invasion, the order was destroyed, as evidenced by the "Tale of the Devastation of the Russian Land" - according to it, almost all the heroes die in the battle on Kalka. Let us not fail to point out that the Mongol invasion of Russia was largely initiated by the occult circles of the West(see Yuri Denisov. Who ordered Tatar-Mongol invasion? - approx. IC). There is evidence of a conspiracy of the Mongolian elite, the papal throne and the Templars (an initiatory organization that degenerated into a community of Satanists and usurers). It was no coincidence that Genghis Khan walked under the "Bossean" - the black and white banner of the Templars. The octagonal shape of his sanctuary, which was very reminiscent of the Templar temples, can also tell a lot.

We know very little about our ancient history both pagan and Christian. They say that Christians distorted history in order to silence the pagan times of Russia. But then why in the Christian "Tale of Bygone Years" almost nothing is said about the reign of an Orthodox princess Olga? Why is there the Christian period of the reign of the Baptist Vladimir given only a few lines?

And then to the word about Vladimir. Several medieval icons have survived, in which the Holy Prince Equal to the Apostles is depicted as a martyr who died at the hands of murderers. One of the frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir on Klyazma (late 12th - early 13th centuries) he was painted by a deep old man, who in right hand holds a small cross, known among icon painters as "martyr's". In his left hand, Vladimir holds a naked sword, along the blade of which a snake is wrapped around - her head is pressed by the prince's hand to the crosshair of the hilt, which, from the point of view of icon-painting symbolism, speaks of death at the hands of traitors. Who were these traitors, and most importantly, who needed to hide the very fact of the murder?

Where did a huge number of ancient manuscripts describing our true story? Who made the most majestic Ancient Russia, the country of fiery Orthodox chivalry - a noble, orderly, retinue army, fade?


There can't be two opinions world occult evil used the Mongol ruin of Russia for their own purposes. The hands of ignorant nomads carved the color of Holy Russia - its heroism. The few that remained had to go into hiding.

The fact that the activities of the Order did not stop is evidenced by the life and work of the Novgorod bishop Vasily, who had a characteristic nickname - "Kalika". This was greatest mystic and most talented statesman. It was he who became the owner of the famous "White Klobuk" - the greatest Orthodox shrine, testifying to the continuity from Rome the First and Rome the Second (it is interesting that Baigushev also writes a lot about the "White Klobuk", linking it with the activities of the Order of Hesychasts).

Vasily Kalika was different deep, Nordic understanding of Orthodoxy. He wrote about the great northern country, where "earthly paradise" is located and where everything is filled with goodness and fun. Apparently, in his person we are dealing with a representative of the semi-secret Order of the Kaliks of the Passing - so unusual is his Christianity, so it is imbued with the Kshatriya, Nordic spirit, which they have been persistently trying to erode from the Orthodox Russian soul for more than one century.

The Order did not come out of hiding even when the danger had passed - obviously, the situation demanded it. It is very likely that the most influential (and also hidden) anti-traditional currents appeared within the church leadership and the aristocratic elite, and it was more reliable to hide your activities from them.

But one day the Black Order of warrior-monks was nevertheless depressurized - albeit partially. This happened during the reign of the first Russian Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible, who created the military-religious brotherhood of guardsmen. Both the attire, and the semi-monastic lifestyle, and the structure of the fraternity testified to its order orientation. Even more evidence of this is the very personality of the Tsar.

The Terrible Tsar was not a sadist and tormentor, as various liberal historians claim. The founder of the Oprichnina was a deep mystic. The theologian, author of the church canon "To the Terrible Angel", he deliberately likened the reality of his day to the reality of the last times, preparing Russia for the coming eschatological battle with the hordes of Gog and Magog. The Oprichny Palace in Moscow was built according to the forms and proportions given by biblical eschatology. His Black Army symbolized the army of the times of the End, the army that destroyed the servants of the Antichrist who came to earth. The executions of enemies and traitors were symbolically likened to the afterlife torments, and it was believed that those who died at the hands of the righteous guardsmen would be able to avoid these torments - at the expense of the suffering endured on earth.

Alexander Rybalka, a native of Ukraine, now living in Israel. An astronomer by education, an Israeli politician (he is the secretary of the International Hyperzionist Movement "Bead Artseinu" ("For the Motherland!"), is engaged in the history of secret societies and Jewish mystical theology (the author of one of the best books in Russian on Kabbalah "Guide to the World of Kabbalah". Publisher: Bridges of Culture / Gesharim, 2006), is also known as a science fiction writer and author of detective stories, author of several books on the history and activities of secret societies, some of which were published in collaboration with Moscow writer Andrei Sinelnikov.

"Russian Journal": What are secret societies? What are the mechanisms of their functioning, formation, are they durable?

Alexander Rybalka: Secret societies are societies with limited access and limited information about their functioning. I always say that a real secret society is one that only its members themselves know about. For example, modern Freemasonry positions itself as a "society with secrets" - it is not secret, and today in the USA and Great Britain the Grand Lodges operate openly, and you can find their addresses in the phone books.

Are secret societies sustainable? The question is relative. For example, the Grand United Lodge of England has been functioning continuously since 1717. Although she united the existing lodges that existed before her. The oldest documents relating to modern ("speculative", speculative Freemasonry) date back to 1599. Modern Rosicrucians date back to 1614, when the "Call of Fellowship" was first published - although they may as well be associated with the "schools of Osiris" that existed 2000 years before new era. So the longevity of secret societies is a relative concept. I can only say that they have accompanied the entire history of intelligent mankind and will not die tomorrow.

RJ: You are a secret society researcher. What methods are you using? How can one talk about the study of the “secret” at all, because, by definition, the secret is that (or those) that leaves no traces?

A.R: In my research, I use both archives and historical research - after all, secret societies often maintain archives in order to somehow streamline their activities, as well as personal contacts in many respects. For example, it is impossible to study Freemasonry or Rosicrucianism "from the outside" - sometimes, when reading books by researchers, I understand that these people do not understand some things that can be obvious only to members of society. In general, this is the work of a historian - only the work is a little more difficult.

RJ: Are you a member of any secret societies?

A.R.: I am a member of the Masonic lodge, and in addition, in several secret societies, which I cannot name. I need this for research. In addition, I am a member of the international Hyperzionist movement "Bead Arzeinu", modeled after a secret society. In addition to the political and social component, it also has a mystical-religious one - the movement is based on the tradition that stood behind the creation of the empire of King David, behind the movement of the "sons of the prophets" and Gibborim (knights) of King Solomon (Shlomo), the great uprisings of the Jews in Rome and Persia, behind the political activity of Judaism in the Middle Ages, including the movement of Yahya ben Irmiyahu, the creation of Khazaria, the movement of Judaizers and Subbotniks in Russia.

RJ: Is it possible to talk about the noticeable influence of secret societies on politics, culture, and the life of people in general? What specific secret societies are covered in your books?

A.R.: The influence of secret societies on the life of mankind is enormous. Let's say that the entire modern European civilization was created by Freemasons - I mean both democratic ideas and the ideas of positivism that created modern society. The United States, as a nation, was created by the Rosicrucians. This is not an ideal country, since any state consists of living people, with a lot of shortcomings, but was the idea a good one?

Together with my co-author Andrei Sinelnikov, I published the book "Interview with a Freemason" - about Freemasonry in general and about Israeli Freemasonry in particular, because Israel, as the birthplace of the Jerusalem Temple, plays a huge role in the Masonic ideology. Recently a book was published, also in collaboration with Sinelnikov, "The Order of Sirius" - about the history of the Rosicrucian Order and about the secret society, which, as we believe, stood at the basis of the entire modern system of initiatory brotherhoods. Now we are writing a book "Secrets of Russian Cathedrals" - about the history of secret orders in pre-Petrine Russia.

RJ: Secret societies are active in the West, the West is their homeland. Are there specifically Russian secret societies?

A.R.: Structures similar to the medieval guilds of Europe have always existed in Russia. Suffice it to recall the artels of painters, which included such famous artists as Dionysius, Andrei Rublev, Feofan Grek? These organizations have always been built on the principle of maximum secrecy - because they dealt with professional secrets that outsiders should not have known. By the way, the word "artel" appeared in the Russian language quite late, and initially the guilds in Russia were called "teams".

If we talk about para-Masonic organizations, then there were such in Russia - just look at the old Russian cathedrals to make sure that they were built with the greatest skill and skill. Naturally, they were built not by "self-taught nuggets", but by well-trained specialists. On the connection between Russian builders and European lodges of "free masons", Sinelnikov and I are now writing a book "Secrets of Russian Cathedrals: Freemasonry in Pre-Petrine Russia". This book will open your eyes to many secrets of Russian history. Will readers see Masonic symbols on the coats of arms of Russian cities, and learn about what European alchemists did at the court of the first Romanovs?

In general, it seems a serious mistake for historians to consider Russia a country where savagery flourished before the age of European enlightenment. Of course, the peasantry was backward - but after all, cathedrals were being built, and huge stone buildings, and handicraft flourished ... And all this was impossible without a guild structure, a structure of guilds. Not to mention the fact that in the 18th century the society of Russian Rosicrucians - Novikov and others like him - had a huge impact on the formation of Russian society.

At the same time, a huge layer of Old Believers and sects ranked among them can be considered a "secret society". Of course, they did not copy the Western structure of secret societies, but created their own, on a typically Russian ideological foundation. Sometimes, of course, this degenerated into some kind of savage sect, but mostly the Old Believers - with their secret structure, mutual "brotherly" support, identification marks- can be considered analogues of "Russian Freemasons". In general, the Old Believers are still waiting for their researcher-conspiracy theorist - it will be very interesting if this very broad social movement is studied not from the point of view of religious studies, but from the point of view of cryptosociology - as a Russian secret society.

There is an opinion that Ivan the Terrible created the oprichnina as a kind of closed knightly order, something similar to the order of the Jesuits in Catholic Europe. Many factors point to this. But, firstly, secret societies are still not created only by decree "from above" - ​​a powerful ideology must always lie in their foundation. And secondly, the creation of the Russian "knightly order" was prevented by the mental characteristics of the tsar himself.

RJ: Many people who were members of various secret societies played a prominent role in Russian history. Some major events like the murder of PaulI, the Decembrist uprising, the February Revolution - the vast majority (if not all) of their participants were in secret societies. Is it possible to talk about a line of development, a line of changes into which secret societies are pushing Russia, about a real conspiracy that has specific (albeit global) goals? Is it possible to say that secret societies are trying to control Russia?

A.R.: Of course no. But it's very good that you remembered the Decembrists - this is a classic example of a typically Russian secret society. Moreover, which is characteristic, it had before its eyes classical European models - that is, it advocated "freedom, equality and fraternity." But one must always take into account the real historical context. That is, I do not exclude that in the event of the victory of the Decembrists, we would have received what was after October coup, only a hundred years earlier. And given the subtlety of the educated stratum in Russia at that time, the Decembrists' coup could well result in a Russian revolt, about which Pushkin had already said everything.

What about "Masons" February Revolution, then I always put this word in quotation marks. The "Great Orient of the Peoples of Russia" - the Russian lodge, which included many prominent politicians of that time who made up the Provisional Government - was "irregular", that is, unrecognized, even in relation to the Grand Orient of France - the French lodge, from where these people drew Masonic authority . And the Grand Orient of France is itself irregular in relation to world Freemasonry. In addition, I had to read the rituals of the "Great Orient of the Peoples of Russia" - and I can safely say that these were people who "played" in Freemasonry, just as they later "played" in politics. In general, it is unlikely that any organization, even a very powerful one, such as the German General Staff, can fully control what is happening in the country. By the way, here is another example of a typically Russian secret society - the Bolshevik Party, which Lenin himself called "the Order of the Sword-bearers of the Revolution." It's wrong to say that German General Staff used the Bolsheviks - rather, this secret organization of the Bolsheviks used the money of Germany to come to power.

RJ: What is the position of Western secret societies on the attitude towards Russia, especially strong Russia. Is it possible to speak about the existence of an anti-Russian conspiracy in the West?

A.R.: Secret societies are not primarily involved in politics, they are engaged in mysticism. And of course, there is no anti-Russian conspiracy in the West. Today, all the secret organizations represented in Russia want only one thing - that there should be enough democracy in Russia for the existence of traditional orders. Another thing is that Russia, as the experience of the 1990s showed, is not always ready to use democracy correctly.

RJ: Why is there no Russian conspiracy?

A.R.: Quite simply - for the lack of a great idea that some Russian secret society could promote.

I hear talk all the time about Great Russia, but I would like a clearer definition of what this "greatness" will consist of. More territories? So today there is enough space. What in general, it will be necessary, relatively speaking, for the "Russian secret society"?

First of all, a goal should be formulated, rather global, but at the same time specific. Let's say the European "Order of Zion" wants to transfer power in Europe and the Holy Land to the legendary descendants of Jesus. Freemasons, at least theoretically, dream of the Temple (although in modern Freemasonry the idea of ​​rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem has become rather speculative). The hyperzionist movement "Bead Arzeinu" dreams of a Great Israel from the Nile to the Euphrates, that the revived Jewish tradition would once again become the driving force behind the development of mankind.

When the "Russian idea" is clearly formulated, then it will be possible to talk about modern Russian secret societies, and then about the "Russian conspiracy."

At the All-Russian Exhibition Center (VDNKh), after a 25-year break, the lecture hall resumes its work. Lectures are held in the Administrative Building of the All-Russian Exhibition Center (building 230), next to the former North Entrance of VDNKh (on Eisenstein Street) and Pavilion No. 75.

From November 11 to December 16, the series of lectures "History of latent (closed) structures, or the history of secret societies and organizations": writer and historian Andrey Sinelnikov talks about the secret societies of all times and peoples.

Introductory lecture. What is a latent structure? Seven principles for building a latent structure. Examples.
- Brief overview history. The principle of the hierarchical ladder and initiation. Society management system through latent structures. Conspiracy theory in history and modern form. Examples of various conspiracy theories.
- Secret societies of ancient Russia. The film "Under the rule of the first king." "Wolf Unions". Creation of closed societies of Varangians and Russes. The arrival of Rurik and the creation of Gardariki. Role in the formation of the state of closed Volkhov unions.
- Secret societies of the Middle Ages. Film Secrets of Solomon's Temple. Creation of order structures. The principle of order and secular construction of statehood. Order control over the secular state. Principles of occult power building and mystical influence on secular power.
- Secret societies of medieval Russia. The film "Battle of Kulikovo version". Russia and Horde. The formation of the Horde system of internal construction. imperial system. The arrival of the caste of princes. Sergius of Radonezh and community monasteries. Theban system.
- Secret societies until the eighteenth century. The film "Prehistory of St. Petersburg". The influence of secret societies on the creation of the British, French and Habsburg empires. Creation Russian Empire. Order of Nevsky and its influence on the history of Russia.
- Secret societies of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Film Knights of Malta. The influence of secret societies and order structures on the formation and development of empires. Reformation. Revolutions. Napoleonic Wars. Participation in them by secret societies. Decembrists and Russian America. Creation of the United States and participation in this latent structures.
- Secret societies of our time. Film Masons. Geniuses and villains. History of the main secret societies of modern times. Masons, Rosicrucians. Kabbalah. Memphis-Misraim. The mythology of Freemasonry and other secret societies. Secret societies in Russia of the XX century. Soviet Russia and secret societies. Counter-revolutionary cases of the Soviet Templars, Freemasons and Rosicrucians. Occult department of the Cheka.
- Occult secret societies. Film "Kabbalah". History of Kabbalah. Many-faced cabal. Pico de Mirandolla. Book "Zohar". Other mystical societies and structures.
- Latent structures in economics and financial management. Empire of the Rothschilds. financial structures. Golden web. Muslim economy. Hawala. - Final lecture. The theory of world management and the theory of organizational construction of management.

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