Likhobabin Ivan Dmitrievich Born on January 27, 1916 in the village of Shiryaevo, Voronezh province. He graduated from 7 classes, graduated from the workers' faculty as an external student and entered the technical school of Soviet trade, at the same time studying at the flying club. In 1940 he graduated from the flight school. At the front Likhobabin since November 1941.

Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin

Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin (1793-1857) naturalist, philosopher Man is a weak animal being at his birth and by nature, thus put in need of rapprochement with his own kind, together with them acquires enormous strength,

On May 1, 1933, a monument to Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov, the most famous of the Izhevsk revolutionaries, was solemnly opened in Izhevsk. Until now, his surname is well-known among Izhevsk residents: in the city there is Pastukhov Street, a library named after him, there is a house-museum of the family on the embankmentPastukhov - alas, now abandoned. The surname is well-known, but the details of the life of Ivan Pastukhov are now only of interest to historians. But the fate of this man is not only very exciting, but also tragic.

The great-niece of Ivan Pastukhov told the Tsentr newspaper about the story connected with his name. Tatyana Viktorovna Nikolaeva who has been studying the life of her famous ancestor for many years.

It all started with a hiding place in a well

The brothers Alexander and Ivan Pastukhov were members of the committee of the Izhevsk organization of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party). Meetings of the Social Democrats were held in their house, illegal literature and type for the printing press, on which leaflets were printed, were stored.

The caches were in the attic, under the porch of the house, in the well, - says historian Rudolf Skobelkin. - Searches were often carried out in the house. The police knew that the Pastukhov brothers were engaged in underground activities, but could not prove anything. In 1910, a provocateur from the Okhrana was introduced to the Izhevsk revolutionaries, who betrayed them all.

Pastukhov spent more than a year in prison in Sarapul, but was acquitted at the trial.

After his release, Ivan was forced to leave Izhevsk. He returned home only in February 1917. A month later he was elected chairman of the Izhevsk Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies.

The sculptor Efimov captured Pastukhov at the moment when he calls on the Izhevsk Bolsheviks to go to the front - to defend Kazan with weapons in their hands. Photo from the collection of Sergei Zhilin.

Pastukhov joined the first Soviet government

On the night of October 25-26 (November 7-8), 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. On the same night, a meeting of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened - the same one at which Lenin proclaimed: "Peace to the peoples, land to the peasants, all power to the Soviets!"

Ivan Pastukhov attended this congress as a delegate from the Izhevsk Soviet and was elected one of the 100 members of the first Soviet government. Ivan returned to Izhevsk elated. By this time, power here had already passed into the hands of the Soviet.

Under Pastukhov, Izhevsk received the status of a city

In November 1918, Pastukhov was elected chairman of the Izhevsk executive committee, that is, he actually became the head of Izhevsk. He held this post until August 1918. Under him, in February 1918, by decision of the Council, Izhevsk was given the status of a city.

Leading the Council, Pastukhov organized the work of the plant, worked to expand the production of weapons, form a police force, and allocate funds for literacy education for children of poor families. At the same time, the position of Soviet power in Izhevsk was tense: there was not enough food, unemployment was growing, and wages were declining.

A memorial plaque on the facade of the building at Sovetskaya 1, where Pastukhov once worked. The inscription on it reads: "Here on October 27 (November 9), 1917, by the decision of the Council of Workers' Deputies, the establishment of Soviet power in Izhevsk was proclaimed."

Ordered to take out the factory treasury from Izhevsk

In August 1918, the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising began, organized by white officers and Maximalist Social Revolutionaries, - says Tatyana Nikolaeva. - The country was engulfed in war, redfought with the whites, while fighting off foreign invaders. White Czechs and White Guards attacked Kazan. Izhevsk Bolsheviks went to the aid of the defenders. Only a few dozen Bolsheviks remained in Izhevsk.

The rebels took advantage of this and after the capture of Kazan by the Whites, they decided to take power in Izhevsk.

The anti-Bolshevik uprising in Izhevsk began on the morning of August 8, 1918. At 9 o'clock in the morning, a crowd of rebels - and there were several thousand of them in the city - went to the factory warehouse, where rifles were stored. Armed, they began to attack the building of the Council on the dam and the Long Bridge. The Bolsheviks defended themselves, but the advantage was on the side of the rebels. The Reds had to retreat, and by the evening Izhevsk was under the control of the Whites.

Shortly before the uprising, money was sent from the capital to pay wages to workers. In total, there were about 30 million rubles in the factory treasury - mostly in thousands of banknotes.

Realizing that the rebels were about to capture Izhevsk, Ivan Pastukhov decided to hide the treasury.

The Bolsheviks managed to take 12 million rubles in sacks out of the city on two carts, the rest the money remained in the treasury and went to the rebels, - says Tatyana Viktorovna. - Ivan Pastukhov himself did not take out the money - he instructed his party comrades to do this. Therefore, he did not know exactly where they were hidden.

Hiding from the whites on the Volozhka

Ivan Pastukhov covered the retreat of his comrades, and in the morning he reached the house, and his brother Alyosha took him away in a boat to the Volozhka. They agreed that the brother would come the next day and tell about the situation in the city. But Alyosha was seized as soon as he returned home. He and his father were thrown into prison, beaten and demanded to tell where he had taken Ivan. But Alyosha held firm and kept repeating that was fishing and knows nothing.

A reward of 10,000 rubles was put on Ivan Pastukhov's head - the Whites pasted leaflets around the city with the signs of the former chairman of the executive committee.

Ivan, without waiting for Alyosha and having no information, after three days decided to make his way back to the city. The forester Melnikov, who was transporting Ivan to the other side, betrayed him, and Pastukhov arrested.

Died in agony, but never said anything

Pastukhov was thrown into prison, the whites tried by all means to find out exactly where the treasury was hidden.

The historian and writer Sergei Zhilin cites the memoirs of the Bolshevik Matvey Soshnikov, stored in the Central State Archive of Udmurtia: “He was imprisoned in the house of the former. Berezin and was subjected to utter violence and torture. First of all, he was deprived of normal nutrition, they fed him herring, he was deprived of drinking. They didn't let him out of the cell.

Hardly Comrade. Shepherds could ever sleep, because day and night they pestered him with obscenities, saying: "Give me back the money, robber!" - Ivan answered: “I don’t know where the money is, but even if I knew, I still wouldn’t say,” says Tatyana Viktorovna. - Then, at the trial, the rebels confessed: they decided to try the very last means to untie his tongue. They tied him up, put a bag over his head, brought him to the Trinity Cemetery (now the Zenith stadium is in its place) and began to bury him, waiting for a confession. But he remained silent and was buried alive. The next night, the whites returned and reburied the corpse to cover their tracks. Nothing was known about the fate of Pastukhov for more than 10 years, until in 1929 Matvey Soshnikov found an unaccounted grave in the cemetery. Ivan was identified by his relatives.

Who and how hid the treasury from the whites?

In November, when the red commander Vladimir Azin drove out the rebels, and Soviet power was re-established in Izhevsk, he returned to the city younger brother Ivan - Mikhail Pastukhov. He also told where the missing treasury was hidden.

Mikhail was on one of the carts that left Izhevsk along the Vyatka tract. They hid the money in the forest near the village of Yakshur-Bodya. And for the first time, when the Bolsheviks had already buried the treasury, a peasant on a cart drove by, saw them and asked: “What are you guys doing there? Are you hiding money? I had to rehash. At the same time, they allegedly forgot to dig out a can of silver coins, and later there was a rumor that some man at the wedding threw silver at the feet of the young. Maybe he found the same can.

After the liberation of Izhevsk in November 1918, Mikhail Pastukhov returned to the city treasury all 12 million. Documents about this are in the Central State Archive of the URin the fund of the Military Revolutionary Committee of Izhevsk. This money went to pay salaries.factory workers and families of those who left with the Izhevsk division.

Dossier

From a worker to the head of the Soviet Izhevsk

Born on November 24, 1887 in Izhevsk, in the family of Dmitry Danilovich Pastukhov, a hereditary worker at an arms factory. At the age of 13, he became an apprentice turner in the tool shop of an arms factory. Through his older brother Alexander, he got acquainted with the ideology of the Social Democrats. At the age of 17 he joined the Izhevsk organization of the Social Democratic Labor Party.

In 1910 he was arrested, a year later he was released, forbidden to work at state-owned enterprises. In 1913 - again arrested and exiled to Siberia for 2 years. After February Revolution In 1917 and the end of his exile, he returned to Izhevsk and was elected chairman of the Izhevsk Soviet of Workers' Deputies, who took over the management of the political and economic life of the plant and Izhevsk.

In November 1917, power in the city passed into the hands of the Council. Ivan Pastukhov, 29, was elected chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Soviet - in fact, he became the head of Izhevsk. He died in September 1918 during the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising.

What will happen to the house of the Pastukhov family?

Among all the objects in Izhevsk associated with the fate of the legendary Bolshevik, perhaps the saddest fate befell the Pastukhov House Museum. In 1936, after the death of Ivan's parents, a museum was opened in the house, where furniture, dishes and even curtains on the windows were preserved. In the 1950s, the youngest of the Pastukhov brothers, Nikolai, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War. In the 70s, during the reconstruction of the embankment, they wanted to demolish the house-museum, but then they managed to defend it. In the 90s, the museum was closed, the exhibits were taken to the funds of the National Museum of the UR, the house was rented out. AT last years he was abandoned.

Now the authorities of the republic intend to move the house of the Pastukhov family to Ludorvay and open a museum there dedicated to the life of Izhevsk workers. The official reason for the transfer is "lack of utilities in the area" and the proximity of groundwater.

In turn, activists, concerned about the fate of Pastukhov's house, believe that it should stand in its historical place - on the embankment of Izhevsky Pond.

This is a particle of the history of Izhevsk, - emphasizes the historian Pavel Dmitriev. - And it must be preserved. This is the only monument of this kind that tells about the life of the workers of the weapons factory, about how a typical Izhevsk family lived at the beginning of the last century. In addition, the house is officially recognized as an object of cultural heritage.

What city objects were named after Pastukhov?

Pastukhova street

Former Purengov Lane, named so even before the revolution by the name of the Izhevsk merchant Otto Pureng. Named in honor of Ivan Pastukhov by a resolution of the Revolutionary Civil Council on December 13, 1918. Less than six months after Pastukhov's death.

Pastukhovskaya Square

The square paved with paving stones in front of the modern building of the Russian Drama Theater at the intersection of Gorky and Sovetskaya, where the monument stood until 1968, used to be called Pastukhovskaya and was considered central - rallies and solemn events were held here, May Day demonstrations started from here, and Izhevsk schoolchildren were accepted as pioneers.

Pastukhovsky district

It has existed since 1934, when three administrative districts were formed in Izhevsk by a decree of the Presidium of the Udmurt Regional Executive Committee: Oktyabrsky, Nagovitsinsky and Pastukhovsky. Approximately corresponded to modern Pervomaisky. Abolished in 1960.

Library named after Pastukhov

In 1930, on Karlutskaya Square (now 50 Years of October Square) of Izhevsk, on the 1st floor of one of the well-appointed houses, a Red Corner was organized, in which there was a library of books collected by residents. On November 5, 1935, the Pastukhovsky District Council of Izhevsk decided "to close this club and arrange a cultural library-reading room." In 1937 the library was named after Pastukhov.

Monument to the Hero of the Revolution and Civil War, Chairman of the Izhevsk City Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies

I.D. Pastukhov.

Monument to Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov, Bolshevik, chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Soviet, deputy of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets and member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, who fell at the hands of white lamentations in 1918.

Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov was born in 1887 into a large and friendly working-class family, almost all members of which actively participated in the revolutionary movement inIzhevsk. At the age of 13, he became an apprentice as a turner in a tool shop. Having become acquainted with the views of the Social Democrats through his elder brother Alexander, young Ivan Pastukhov joined the party in 1905. Twice (in 1910 and 1911) he was arrested. Having lost the right to work at a state-owned factory, he was forced to leave Izhevsk. Pursued by the royal guards, Ivan Dmitrievich could not settle for a long time either in the Ural city of Nadezhdinsk or in distant Vladivostok.

In 1913 he is already in St. Petersburg. He moves from one factory to another, participates in the collection of funds for the party press, writes correspondence for the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. July 11, 1914 - a new arrest. The gloomy loner of the St. Petersburg prison "Crosses". From here, after a three-month imprisonment, he was deported in stages to the village of Kolmogorovo, Yenisei province. In March 1917, Ivan Dmitrievich returned to hometown, where he became one of the recognized leaders of the Izhevsk Bolsheviks, and from March 1918 - chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Soviet. In this post, he died during the White Guard - Socialist-Revolutionary rebellion; he managed to take out about 13 million rubles in gold, silver and banknotes from the factory treasury and hide it all in the region of the Vavozhsky forest. The victorious rebels could not force him to reveal the secret of the treasure and executed him, half-dead buried in a vacant lot between the Trinity cemetery and the village of Russian Karlutka. The fate of the treasure is still unsolved.

At the opening of the monument, those present saw on the podium next to well-known people in the city an unfamiliar elderly man. It was the author of the monument, the Moscow sculptor Ivan Semenovich Efimov.

A representative of the older generation of masters of Soviet fine arts, a student of Valentin Serov, I. S. Efimov (1878 - 1959) was a talented sculptor and graphic artist. Fifteen of his best works are exhibited at the State Tretyakov Gallery and the Leningrad Russian Museum.

In 1930, he received an order for the production of a project for the monument to I. D. Pastukhov. Having visited Izhevsk, he carefully studied the documents about the life and work of his hero, talked with his associates and relatives, peered intently at the photographs.

In Izhevsk on Krasnogeroyskaya street, not far from the third building of the Udmurt state university, a monument attracting the attention of passers-by has been erected. A broad-shouldered man in a work blouse holds a rifle in his left hand, while his right hand is raised in an invocative gesture.

Previously, this monument stood in the center of the city, at the corner of Sovetskaya and Maxim Gorky streets, and every schoolchild knew the name of this hero. Unfortunately, now many citizens, especially young people, do not know anything about the person to whom this monument is dedicated.

How Izhevsk residents fought for an 8-hour working day

And this is our countryman, hereditary Izhevsk gunsmith Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov.

He was born on November 24, 1887 in the family of Izhevsk worker Dmitry Danilovich Pastukhov. The Pastukhov family lived in a small house on the very shore of the pond.

Ivan graduated primary school and a two-year school, and at the age of 13 he entered the Izhevsk arms factory, in the same workshop where his father and older brother Alexander worked. Work in the factory was hard. The working day began at 4 am and lasted 12-14 hours. The workers had to endure the chicanery of the masters, for any violation they were fined. Ivan Pastukhov began to think about the reasons for such harsh exploitation. He read a lot, trying to find answers to his questions in books.

In 1905, Ivan learned that an organization of Social Democrats had appeared at the Izhevsk plant, which was fighting for the rights of workers. 17-year-old Ivan Pastukhov was one of the first to join the RSDLP and took an active part in its activities.

But since 1906, the authorities began to brutally suppress the revolutionary moods of the workers, and the Social Democrats went underground. Working in such conditions required not only courage and conviction, but also the constant observance of conspiracy measures.

Search in Pastukhov's house

The Pastukhovs' house became the center of underground work. Secret meetings of the committee of the RSDLP were held here. Hiding places were made in the basement and in the attic to store forbidden literature. In the well in the courtyard of the house, the font for the underground printing house was stored. The police repeatedly searched the Pastukhovs' house, but could not find anything. In 1910, an Okhrana agent infiltrated the ranks of the Social Democrats, who gave the police the location of the printing house.

On a cold October morning, the police raided the Pastukhovs' house and immediately went to the well. They quickly found a cache of typographic type. Then the police began to search the house. They turned everything upside down, climbed into the attic and found the newspapers hidden there. Ivan realized that someone had given away the caches in their house. So, they could also find out about the cache in which the revolver was kept. And for the possession of weapons threatened exile to hard labor. It was necessary to urgently pick up a revolver, but how to do it? All family members - father, mother, brothers and sisters - stood in the middle of the room and were vigilantly watched by the police. The fact that a revolver was hidden in a hiding place behind the washbasin, except for Ivan, was known to sister Evgenia. She stood uncombed, in hastily draped clothes. Ivan carefully looked at his sister and deliberately rudely said: “Why are you standing so disheveled, go wash yourself and put things in order there.” Evgenia understood what her brother was talking about. She went to the kitchen and began to wash herself. The police paid no attention to it. Zhenya quickly put her hand behind the washbasin, took out a revolver and hid it in her bosom. The search lasted a long time, Zhenya was afraid that they would search her and find a revolver. But the police arrested the brothers Alexander and Ivan and left the house. So Evgenia managed to hide the revolver and save her brother from hard labor.

"Black list" brought to Petrograd

Ivan Pastukhov and several other members of the RSDLP committee were sent to prison in Sarapul. The comrades who remained at large organized a fundraiser to hire experienced lawyers. A year later, a court session was held in the case of the Izhevsk Social Democrats. Almost all members of the organization were acquitted and released from prison.

But all the detainees were included in the "black list", depriving them of the right to work at state-owned factories.

Therefore, Ivan Pastukhov had to leave Izhevsk. In search of work, he traveled the Urals and Siberia, but he was constantly fired as "unreliable". Then he went to Petrograd and entered the Putilov factory.

Caught in the center revolutionary movement, Ivan Pastukhov immediately joined the political struggle - he participated in strikes and rallies, collected money for the striking workers of Baku. In July 1914, Ivan Pastukhov was arrested and spent three months in solitary confinement in the Kresty prison. There was no evidence against him, and he hoped to be released.

But at that time the first World War, and Ivan was sent without trial for two years into exile in Siberia. For more than three months, Ivan Pastukhov walked in shackles along the stage to the place of exile. In a letter to his sister Alexandra, he wrote: “Three months of staged life so frayed the nerves that in a normal life they would have been enough for ten years. How many hardships, humiliations, trampling your “I” into the mud, and even by whom!

In January 1915, the exhausting journey ended, and he arrived in the remote village of Kolmogorovo, Yenisei province. Despite the harsh living conditions, Ivan did not lose heart, he read a lot, corresponded with his relatives.

The split in the ranks of the RSDLP

In February 1917, after six years of wandering, Ivan Dmitrievich returned to Izhevsk and immediately found himself at the center of the political struggle. In March 1917, the first legal meeting of the Izhevsk Social Democrats was held, which included representatives of various factions. Ivan Pastukhov was elected a member of the Izhevsk Committee of the RSDLP. In two months, the number of the organization grew to 2,500 people. But soon a split arose in the party. The Mensheviks called for the support of the Provisional Government and the continuation of the war. The Bolsheviks did not agree with this position.

On the initiative of Ivan Pastukhov, the Izhevsk Bolsheviks left the RSDLP in May 1917 and created an independent organization. Ivan Pastukhov enjoyed great prestige among his comrades and became the head of the Bolshevik Committee. Thanks to the propaganda work carried out at the factories, the Bolsheviks managed to significantly replenish the ranks of the party and strengthen their positions in the Soviet. 10 Bolsheviks were elected to the executive committee of the Soviet of 22 people, one of whom was Ivan Pastukhov. Bolshevik Vladimir Shumailov became the Chairman of the Council.

In early October, power in Izhevsk actually passed into the hands of the Soviet. By decision of the Izhevsk Council, the Red Guard was created. For its armament, the executive committee of the Soviet demanded that the head of the plant, Borisov, issue 500 rifles, 50 revolvers and 75,000 cartridges. Ladle Borisov refused to hand over the weapon. Then, by decision of the executive committee of the Soviet, the head of the plant was arrested. With the help of the soldiers of the Izhevsk garrison, weapons were received from the warehouse and a detachment of the Red Guard was armed.

Ivan Pastukhov was sent as a delegate to the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd. Filling out a questionnaire at the congress, to the question “Is the authority of the Council among the population high?” he wrote: “The most authoritative power is only the Council. There is no government commissioner, and the chief of police is elected and replaced only by the Council.

In Petrograd at that time the fate of the revolution was being decided. Ivan, along with other delegates, followed the course of the struggle, greeted with glee the news of the removal of the Provisional Government and voted for the decision to transfer all power to the Soviets. With special attention, Ivan Pastukhov listened to the speeches of V.I. Lenin.

After the end of the congress, Ivan Pastukhov hurried to Izhevsk to inform his comrades about the victory of the Bolsheviks. But when he returned, he was surprised that everyone in Izhevsk knew about it, and power in the Soviet passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks peacefully.

A few days later, a meeting of the Izhevsk Council was held. The hall was full, everyone wanted to listen to Pastukhov, to learn the details of the events in Petrograd. Ivan spoke in detail about the decisions taken at the congress, about the impression Lenin made on him.

Then the elections of the executive committee of the Council were held, and the deputies unanimously elected Ivan Pastukhov as the chairman of the executive committee. Ivan was a little embarrassed. He was overwhelmed with joy that the Izhevsk workers entrusted him to become the head of the new government. At the same time, he was worried about whether he could live up to their expectations. Ivan Pastukhov thanked the deputies and assured them that he would do his best to organize the work of the Council. The Izhevsk Council managed to organize the uninterrupted work of the Izhevsk factories.

But a deadly confrontation between different political forces began, which led to civil war. Izhevsk became a weapons arsenal for all combatants. In December 1917, more than 5,000 rifles were sent from the Izhevsk plant for Red Guard detachments to many cities. And Ivan Pastukhov faced severe trials and a tragic death. We will talk about this next time.

Anna NIKITINA, relative of Ivan Pastukhov.