In the XIII century, the climatic optimum, which gave rise to the "path from the Varangians to the Greeks", began to end. In the Asian steppes, a cool and arid climate has replaced a warm and humid one. The nomadic hordes had to die (which happened to them more than once and will happen) or give birth to a leader. And they gave birth to a brilliant inventor of organizational weapons - Genghis Khan, who knew how to become stronger due to the strength of the enemy.

Somewhere far to the east, great empires were crumbling under the Mongol battering ram, and our free princes, our cities and suburbs were still freely inserting pistons into each other.

The squads of four Russian princes on the Kalka were already crushed in the literal and figurative sense (the Mongols feasted, laying the platform directly on the prisoners), and the degree of interaction between the Russian principalities only fell every year. The Mongols are already concentrating their forces on the Volga and Don, and the Russian princes are wasting their time like puppies in careless fuss. And it is not true that the princes had no information about the concentration of the Mongols at their eastern threshold, crowds of Bulgar refugees flooded Vladimir and Ryazan. Particularly cruel feuds hit Southwestern Russia at this time, which did not end even with the beginning of the Batu invasion.

After Bogolyubsky, not one Russian prince took the risk of unifying the country - health is more expensive. Spatial extent and inconvenient transport communications have always given free princes and free cities the opportunity to dissuade such a troublesome event as convening a single army. And if you think about it - it's for the best - the army, brought down from the squads of different princes, would die, as in Kalka. After all, the squads were created not for the sake of "laying down your belly for your friends", but for the sake of the games of Rurik among themselves. Any army of the Mongols at the level of fractal geometry reflected the general Mongolian organization.

Russia River was doomed - precisely because of its "freedoms". The iron-sided, but maneuverable Tatar-Mongols, one after another, crushed the elite Russian squads, with the help of advanced siege equipment (Chinese know-how) they easily took Russian cities.

By the way, the paradox of Russian disorganization showed itself in an anecdotal way even during the Batyev pogrom. The princes, as usual, continue strife. The princes of South-Western Russia are fighting for Galich and Kyiv, but when Batu's troops approach, both the Kievan prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich and the Volhynian prince Daniil Romanovich, who had just taken possession of Galich and Kyiv, and Prince Mikhail of Chernigov escape across the cordon to Hungary and Poland. North-Eastern Russia nevertheless gave the Mongols three battles in the field, in South-Western Russia this did not happen, the resistance to the invasion there turned out to be completely disorganized and weak. Despite the annihilation of the most important centers of urban culture, in 3-4 years after the invasion, the elite managed to forget the pogrom, although the princes visited the khan's headquarters - the same Daniil Romanovich went to Galich for a label. But the Tatar-Mongols returned, as promised, again taught a lesson with the help of the Nevryuev rati (1252) and lowered the curtain over the first Russia.

The Mongols who finally returned established a truly mafia power for 240 years, which was strikingly different from their power in civilized China or cultural Iran. In Russia, it was a combination of irresponsibility (for most of it, the Mongol-Tatars did not directly rule; the Mongol-Tatar administrative system existed only in some southwestern Russian lands, which later became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) and robbery. Russia has become the clearest example of a donor system.

Robbery according to the rules was carried out in the form of tribute collection. 5-7 thousand silver rubles only from the principality of Moscow - mind you, the tribute was collected in silver, although there was no silver in Russia. This means that the financial elite of that time - the Bessermen and the Italians - had a good profit. In addition, add the extortion of commemoration gifts, as well as the milking of other requisitions for the Mongolian chiefs.

Robbery without rules was carried out in the form of predatory campaigns - there were dozens of them, just look at the collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL). The captured booty was resold through the main marketers of that time - the Italians - in the Crimean ulus. Add, if the Mongols burned the field or took away the bread, this meant starvation for the village, and hide and seek in the forest more often carried a high mortality rate for the weak.

Some of the Mongol-Tatar campaigns from the time of the yoke were not inferior in destructiveness to the invasion of Batu, such as Dudenev's army of 1293. Only in the 13th century, after Batu, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky was destroyed 4 more times (1252, 1281, 1282, 1293), Murom, Suzdal and Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky - three times, Vladimir - two times and its surroundings were completely devastated three times. More like not benevolent management, but the anti-partisan operations of the Wehrmacht.

The Tatar-Mongolian authorities turned off Russia itself from world trade communications, from the world division of labor. Although the Horde itself actively participated in it. Yes, the resources stolen from Russia, including human resources, were sold and resold (and somewhere far in the west they sponsored the Renaissance), but trading operations in the Horde were almost exclusively carried out by Muslim merchants-bessermen and Italian merchants-friags. The Baltic-Black Sea route, which actually created Russia, was now destroying Russia. What impoverished Russia sold through Novgorod enriched only a narrow layer of Novgorod compradors and the Hanseatic corporation, which completely controlled trade in the Baltic.

The late Middle Ages and the Renaissance - this period was in Europe a time of transition to a new time, here in one bottle and the development of technology, and the accumulation of commercial capital, and the complication of social institutions. For us, this was the time of the disappearance of all complex crafts and the cessation of stone construction, as well as a return to archaic slash or shifting agriculture - only in a dense forest was it possible to hide from the Horde racketeers. It was a time of unproductive farming on the loam between the Oka and the upper reaches of the Volga, with a minimum yield of surplus product, a time of poverty. What kind of accumulation of capital is there, if only not to die of hunger. The true name of this state is Forest Rus.

Its face was two-three-yard villages with native peasants and backward agriculture, in which (to maintain soil fertility) a constant movement deep into the forest was required - farther and farther from the inhabited spaces and trade routes. Only land expansion and the burning of forests could produce a sufficient harvest with scarce laborers and poor soils. There were also opolyas, densely populated territories with fairly intensive agriculture on the border of the forest and the steppe - but it was on them that the princes collected taxes for the Mongols and it was here that the punishing blow of the Mongol cavalry fell in case of material dissatisfaction of the khans and emirs.

The whole system of Forest Russia has the character of transition, fluctuation, with fuzzy boundaries of power, sovereignty, inhabited territories.

The Tatar-Mongolian yoke was unfavorable for Russia, and here I will add in the spirit of Lao Tzu that this is precisely why it became beneficent.

The constant pressure of the external environment - the Golden Horde - strengthened the internal ties of the Russian space and led to a new type of stability.

Within the framework of the challenge-response concept created by A. Toynbee, this pressure will create a new type of Russian state with a new level of organization and public consciousness. However, Lesnaya Rus’ was left as an eternal atavism: inclusion in the international division of labor on foreign terms, relative isolation from world trade and the stay of the national core in the zone of unproductive agriculture, expensive construction, as well as production and transport, which are highly dependent on seasonal fluctuations.

Used a fragment from my essay: Alexander Tyurin. "History Formula"

Appendix. List of major campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars against the Russian principalities in 1237-1472.

1237, December: Old Ryazan is destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars, the entire population is destroyed; ruined Principality of Pron
1238, January 1: the ruin of the city of Kolomna by Batu Khan, the death of Prince Roman, governor Jeremey Glebovich and commander Kulkhan, the youngest son of Genghis Khan.
1238, January-March: the Mongol-Tatars conquer and devastate the Vladimir, Pereslavl, Yuriev, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglitsky and Kozelsky principalities.
1239: Mongol-Tatars conquer Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities, burn Murom.
1240: Mongol-Tatars destroy Kyiv.
1241: Mongol-Tatars conquer the Vladimir-Volyn and Galician principalities.
1252: "Nevryu's army": a large detachment of Tatar cavalry under the command of Nevryuy breaks the prince's squad, destroys Pereslavl-Zalessky and Suzdal. “The Tatars, spreading out over the earth ... and people ran wild, leading horses and cattle to the ground, and doing a lot of evil.”
1258: a large army appears on the borders of the Galician principality, led by Burundai, who forces Prince Daniel Romanovich to destroy the fortresses and give an army for campaigns along with the Horde.
1273: two Mongol attacks on Novgorod lands. The ruin of Vologda and Bezhitsa.
1275: the defeat of the southeastern outskirts of Russia, the devastation of Kursk: "the Tatar evil is great and the dirty trick and annoyance done to the Christian, in the volosts, in the villages they rob yards, horses and cattle and the estate is weaning, and where someone was shot, and those who peeled naked will be let in."
1274: the ruin of the Smolensk principality.
1277: raid on the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality
1278: “of the same summer the Tatars came to Ryazan, and did a lot of evil, and went away in their own way.”
1281: the big army of Kovdygai and Alchidai destroyed Murom and Pereslavl, ruined the environs of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuryev-Polsky, Tver, Torzhok.
1282: Mongol-Tatar raid on the Vladimir and Pereyaslav lands.
1283: the ruin of the Vorgol, Ryl and Lipovech principalities, the Mongols took Kursk and Vorgol.
1285: "Prince Eltorai Ordinsky, Temirev's son, come the army to Ryazan, and fight Ryazan, Murom, Mordovians, and do a lot of evil."
1287: raid on Vladimir.
1288: raid on Ryazan.
1293: “in the summer of 6801, Duden came to Russia and captured cities 14 and later,” including Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuriev, Pereslavl, Mozhaisk, Volok, Dmitrov, Ugliche-Pole. “The same summer, the Tatar prince Takhtamir came from the Horde to Tver, and did a lot of hard work for people.” On the way through the Vladimir lands, this detachment is “over the cut, and over the head is full of conduct.” From Murom to Tver, the Tatars "put the whole earth empty."
1307: campaign against the Ryazan principality
1315: Mongol-Tatars ravage Torzhok (Novgorod land) with the participation of the prince of Tver, as well as Rostov
1317: sack of Kostroma, invasion of the Principality of Tver
1319: campaign against Kostroma and Rostov
1320: raid on Rostov and Vladimir
1321: raid on Kashin
1322: ruin of Yaroslavl
1327: Mongol-Tatars ravage Tver and the cities of the Tver principality
1347: raid on Aleksin
1358, 1365, 1370, 1373: campaigns against the Ryazan principality
1367: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality
1375: raid on the southeastern outskirts of the Nizhny Novgorod principality
1375: raid on Kashin
1377 and 1378: raids on the Nizhny Novgorod principality, a campaign in the Ryazan principality
1382: Khan Tokhtamysh burns Moscow, tens of thousands of Muscovites died
1391: campaign against Vyatka
1395: the ruin of Yelets by the troops of Tamerlane
1399: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality
1408: Tatars under the leadership of Edigei ravage Serpukhov, the Moscow suburbs, Pereslavl, Rostov, Yuryev, Dmitrov, Nizhny Novgorod, Galician (Galich Kostroma) and Belozersky lands
1410: the ruin of Vladimir
1429: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Galich Kostroma, Kostroma, Lukh, Pleso
1439: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Moscow and Kolomna
1443: Tatars ravage the surroundings of Ryazan, but are repelled from the city
1445: raid of Ulu-Muhammed's troops on Nizhny Novgorod and Suzdal
1449: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality
1451: the ruin of the environs of Moscow by Khan Mazovsha
1455 and 1459: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality
1468: the ruin of the environs of Galich Kostroma
1472: the sack of the city of Aleksin and the extermination of its inhabitants by the army of Khan Akhmat

List sources:

Kargalov V. V. The liberation struggle of Russia against the Mongol-Tatar yoke // Questions of History. - 1969. - No. 2-4.
Kargalov VV Feudal Russia and nomads. — M.: 1967.
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - 2001. - ISBN 5-94457-011-3
Kuchkin V. A. Russia under the yoke. - "Panorama", 1991. - ISBN 5-85220-101-4

You can read about the struggle of Russia with the predatory heirs of the Golden Horde in my book: Alexander Tyurin. War and Peace of Ivan the Terrible. M. 2009. Available

And, in conclusion, my answer to one characteristic question that a reader of this article on the Badnews website asked me:

www.alterinf.biz (06.03.2011 21:25)

The invasion of the "Mongols" was invented by the Millers in the 18th century as an action in the information war against Russia. At the same time, the original chronicles and other ancient Russian documents were destroyed, the Norman theory was composed, and so on.
What is known for certain?
According to Asian sources, Genghis Khan was tall, fair-haired and light-eyed.
Western European sources say nothing about narrow-eyed Asians. "Mongols" according to 3. European sources in appearance and armament are no different from Russians.
The original Russian sources have been destroyed.
In the genes of the Russian people, the Mongoloid admixture is vanishingly small.
European, we can conditionally say - the Slavic population beyond the Urals existed many centuries before Yermak's campaigns.
Elementary calculations show that the gigantic hordes of nomads simply would not be able to feed the horses. Especially in winter.
Obviously, the Horde is a regular unified Russian army.
Some kind of substitution of concepts occurred during the accession of the Ruriks.
And under Peter the 1st, history began to be rewritten from Western positions.
My answer:

We do not need either Westernism or Easternism. We are on our own, we have our own civilization. By the way, the Mongols were quite connected with the West and calmly traded with it the booty that they looted in Russia.
The Mongol-Tatar invasions, as I wrote above, are the raids of a whole conglomerate of steppe tribes, Kipchaks, Karluks, Oghuz, Mongol tribes.
This is not Miller's invention at all. The invasions of the steppes (both before the Mongols, and Batyevo, and after Batu) are extensively reflected in Russian chronicles written long before Peter; it is not a sin to look into them sometimes, since they have been published several times as the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles.
The results of the invasions were fully reflected in the physical reality - the desolation of the vast area of ​​Russian settled settlements, which became known as the Wild Field and which had to be re-populated in the 16-18 centuries.
In the 12th century Polovtsian nomad camps (Polovtsians are also Kipchaks) have already knocked out Russian settlements from part of the territories along the Donets, Don, and tributaries of the lower Dnieper. By the end of the 13th century. - the beginning of the 14th century. the border of Russian settlement passed, basically, already, much to the north, along the Oka; with only some clusters south of it, in wooded areas.
That is, the steppe and forest-steppe were lost for the settled population - this is the result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Kursk, for example, reappears only three centuries later.
Companions of Metropolitan Pimen see on the Don at the end of the 14th century only the remains of settlements - settlements. (The overall decline was estimated, for example, by Kargalov, by reducing the number of settlements and the death of the population of urban centers, such as old Ryazan, Kyiv, Vladimir, etc.).
The result of the Mongol-Tatar invasions was the formation of several states, not only the Golden Horde. But also, for example, the states of Chagatai in Central Asia, Khubilai in China, Hulagu in Iran.
The Slavs beyond the Urals, or more precisely the Eastern Indo-Europeans or Proto-Slavs (in the terminology of the ethnogenetics of Klesov), carriers of the DNA marker R1a1 - this is indeed a historical reality given to us in archaeological
cultures of Andronovo, Afanasyevskaya and others, from the times of the Bronze and Iron Ages. They really settled down to the Chinese Gansu (perhaps these are the fair-haired Dinlins from the Chinese chronicles). The Indo-Europeans Saks and Tochars lived as far as Central Asia at the beginning of our era.
But this fact by no means denies the existence of the Turks and Mongols, who underwent ethnogenesis in the northern part of Central Asia.
The change in the anthropological type of the Turks and Mongols occurred during their movement to the west. The Indo-European Tocharians may have mixed with the Turks and Mongols very early.
The Russians went to Western Siberia, of course, even before Yermak, remember only the campaigns of the Moscow army in Yugra at the end of the 15th century, which ended in the subjugation of the Yugra princes (though temporary).
The Norman theory is not at all relevant here (I personally am an anti-Normanist). Western European scribes knew very little about the Kipchaks, Mongols, etc., only indirectly. But then the poet Petrarch notices absolutely unusual narrow-eyed high-cheeked faces on the streets of Genoa, which had extensive ties with the Golden Horde (see Petrarch's letter to the Genoese Bishop Guido Setti). They were just guests from the Horde.

Batu's invasion of Russia.

At the beginning of the XIII century. Mongol tribes (they were also called Tatars), nomadic in Central Asia, united into a state headed by Genghis Khan (Timuchin). The tribal nobility of the new state strove for enrichment, which led to large conquest campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1207–1215 Genghis Khan captured Siberia and northern China;

In 1219-1221 defeated the states of Central Asia;

In 1222–1223 conquered the peoples of Transcaucasia. Having penetrated the Black Sea region, the Mongol-Tatar army met resistance from the combined forces of Russians and Polovtsy.

In the spring of 1223 on the river. The decisive battle took place in Kalka. The Mongol-Tatars won, but returned to the steppes to prepare a new campaign against Russia.

The final decision on the invasion of Eastern Europe was made in 1234. In the spring of 1236, a huge army (140 thousand people) of the Mongol-Tatars under the command of Batu (the grandson of Genghis Khan, who died in 1227) was located near the Russian borders. Nothing prevented the beginning of the invasion.

The great Tatar campaigns on Russian lands lasted three years - 1237-1240. They can be divided into two stages:

2) 1239–1240 - military operations in the south and south-west of Russia.

In the early winter of 1237 Batu's army invaded the Ryazan principality. Having defeated Belgorod and Pronsk, the Tatars besieged the capital of the principality, the city of Ryazan (December 16-21, 1237), which they took by storm and ravaged. The troops of Prince Yuri of Vladimir, who came out to meet the Mongol-Tatars, were defeated near the city of Kolomna. Yuri fled to the north to gather a new army, and Batu Khan freely approached the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Vladimir, which, after a siege, captured on February 7, 1238. The decisive battle of the Russian troops with the Mongol-Tatars took place on March 4, 1238 on the river. Sit. It ended with the complete defeat of the Russian troops and the death of the Russian princes. After the defeat of northeastern Russia, Batu's army moved to Novgorod, but before reaching 100 miles from the city, it turned south. Novgorod was spared.

Only one city offered staunch resistance to the Mongol-Tatars. It was Kozelsk on the river. Zhizdra, who withstood the siege of Batu for 7 weeks. By the summer of 1238, the Mongol-Tatars left the Russian lands: they needed time to rest and prepare for further conquests.

The second stage of the invasion of Russia began in the spring of 1239 with the ruin of the Principality of Pereyaslav and the capture of the cities of the Principality of Chernigov (Putivl, Kursk, Rylsk, Chernigov). In the autumn of 1240, the Tatars appeared near Kyiv, which they took by storm on December 6, 1240. After the fall of Kyiv, the lands of the Volyn-Galician principality were devastated. Russian lands were conquered.

Reasons for Russian defeats in battles with Batu's army:

1) the numerical superiority of the Mongol-Tatars over the Russian squads;

2) the military art of Batu commanders;

3) the military unpreparedness and ineptitude of the Russians in comparison with the Mongol-Tatars;

4) the lack of unity between the Russian lands, among the Russian princes there was no prince, whose influence extended to all Russian lands;

5) the forces of the Russian princes were exhausted by the internecine war.

Having conquered the Russian lands, Batu returned to the Caspian steppes, where he founded the city of Sarai (100 km from Astrakhan), the capital of a new state called the Golden Horde. The Horde (Mongol-Tatar) yoke began. Russian princes had to be approved by special letters of the khan - labels.

To keep the Russians in obedience, the khans carried out predatory campaigns, used bribery, murder, and deceit. The main part of the taxes imposed on the Russian lands was tribute, or output. There were also urgent requests. To control the Russian lands, the Horde kept its governors in large cities - Baskaks and tribute collectors - Besermen, whose violence caused uprisings among the Russian population (1257, 1262). Batu's invasion of Russia 1237–1240 led to a long economic, political and cultural decline of the Russian lands.

First trip to Russia

	The Mongol-Tatars conquered the Volga Bulgaria, and approached the border of Russia
1237 winter-spring	Invading Russian lands, the Mongols laid siege to Ryazan. Vladimir and Chernigov princes did not come to the aid of the Ryazan prince. The city was taken and completely ruined. Ryazan was no longer reborn in its old place. The modern city of Ryazan is located approximately 60 km from the old Ryazan.
	The Mongols moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal land. The main battle took place near Kolomna and ended in the defeat of the Russian troops. Vladimir was besieged and after the stubborn resistance of the townspeople, Vladimir was taken. In the battle in the north of the principality on the City River, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir was killed.
	The Mongols did not reach Novgorod the Great for only 100 kilometers and turned south. The reason for this was the swampy Novgorod area, and the strong resistance of the Russian cities, and, consequently, the fatigue of the Russian army.

The second campaign against Russia and Western Europe

The results of the Tatar-Mongol invasion:

Western Europe was saved from the Tatar yoke at the cost of the heroic resistance of the Russian principalities and experienced only an invasion, and then on a smaller scale.

The population of Russia has sharply decreased. Many people were killed or taken into slavery. Of the 74 ancient Russian cities known to archaeologists from excavations, more than 30 were devastated by the Tatar invasions.

The peasant population suffered to a lesser extent than the townspeople, since the centers of resistance were mainly city fortresses. The death of urban artisans led to the loss of entire professions and crafts, such as glassmaking.

The death of princes and warriors - professional soldiers - slowed down social development for a long time. Secular feudal landownership began to re-emerge after the invasion.

• 1237, December: Old Ryazan is destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars, the entire population is destroyed; ruined Principality of Pron
• 1238, January 1: the ruin of the city of Kolomna by Batu Khan, the death of Prince Roman, governor Jeremey Glebovich and commander Kulkhan, the youngest son of Genghis Khan.
• 1238, January-March: Mongol-Tatars conquer and devastate Vladimir (see Yaropolch), Pereslavl, Yuriev, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglitsky and Kozelsky principalities.
• 1239: Mongol-Tatars conquer Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities, burn Murom.
• 1240: Mongol-Tatars destroy Kyiv.
• 1241: Mongol-Tatars conquer the Vladimir-Volyn and Galician principalities.
• 1252: "Nevryu's army": a large detachment of Tatar cavalry under the command of Nevryuy breaks the prince's squad, destroys Pereslavl-Zalessky and Suzdal. “The Tatars, spreading out over the earth ... and people ran wild, leading horses and cattle to the ground, and doing a lot of evil.”
• 1254: the battle of Daniel of Galicia of the Galicia-Volyn principality with the army of Kuremsa.
• 1258: a large army appears on the borders of the Galician principality, led by Burundai, who forces Daniil of Galicia to destroy the fortresses and makes him a permanent tributary of the Horde.
• 1273: two Mongol attacks on Novgorod lands. The ruin of Vologda and Bezhitsa.
• 1275: the defeat of the southeastern outskirts of Russia, the devastation of Kursk: "the Tatar evil is great and the dirty trick and annoyance done to the Christian, in the volosts, in the villages they rob yards, horses and cattle and the estate is weaning, and where someone was shot, and those who peeled naked will be let in."
• 1274: the ruin of the Smolensk principality.
• 1277: raid on the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality
• 1278: “of the same summer the Tatars came to Ryazan, and did a lot of evil, and went away in their own way.”
• 1281: the big army of Kovdygai and Alchidai destroyed Murom and Pereslavl, ruined the environs of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuryev-Polsky, Tver, Torzhok.
• 1282: Mongol-Tatar raid on the Vladimir and Pereyaslav lands.
• 1283: the ruin of the Vorgol, Ryl and Lipovech principalities, the Mongols took Kursk and Vorgol.
• 1285: "Prince Eltorai Ordinsky, Temirev's son, come the army to Ryazan, and fight Ryazan, Murom, Mordovians, and do a lot of evil."
• 1287: raid on Vladimir.
• 1288: raid on Ryazan.
• 1293: “in the summer of 6801, Duden came to Russia and captured cities 14 and later,” including Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuriev, Pereslavl, Mozhaisk, Volok, Dmitrov, Ugliche-Pole. “The same summer, the Tatar prince Takhtamir came from the Horde to Tver, and did a lot of hard work for people.” On the way through the Vladimir lands, this detachment is “over the cut, and over the head is full of conduct.” From Murom to Tver, the Tatars "put the whole earth empty."
• 1307: campaign against the Ryazan principality
• 1315: the ruin of Torzhok (Novgorod land) and Rostov
• 1317: sack of Kostroma, invasion of the Principality of Tver
• 1319: campaign against Kostroma and Rostov
• 1320: raid on Rostov and Vladimir
• 1321: raid on Kashin
• 1322: ruin of Yaroslavl
• 1327: after the anti-Horde uprising, the Mongol-Tatars ravage Tver and the cities of the Tver principality
• 1347: raid on Aleksin
• 1358, 1365, 1370, 1373: campaigns against the Ryazan principality
• 1367: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality
• 1375: raid on the southeastern outskirts of the Nizhny Novgorod principality
• 1375: raid on Kashin
• 1377 and 1378: raids on the Nizhny Novgorod principality, a campaign in the Ryazan principality
• 1382: Khan Tokhtamysh burns Moscow, tens of thousands of Muscovites died
• 1391: campaign against Vyatka
• 1395: the ruin of Yelets by the troops of Tamerlane
• 1399: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality
• 1408: Tatars under the leadership of Edigei ravage Serpukhov, Moscow suburbs, Pereslavl, Rostov, Yuryev, Dmitrov, Nizhny Novgorod, Galician and Belozersky lands
• 1410: the ruin of Vladimir
• 1429: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Galich Kostroma, Kostroma, Lukh, Pleso
• 1439: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Moscow and Kolomna
• 1443: Tatars ravage the surroundings of Ryazan, but are repelled from the city
• 1445: raid of Ulu-Muhammed's troops on Nizhny Novgorod and Suzdal
• 1449: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality
• 1451: the ruin of the environs of Moscow by Khan Mazovsha
• 1455 and 1459: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality
• 1468: the ruin of the environs of Galich
• 1472: Aleksin sacked by Akhmat's army

A total of 54 episodes in the criminal case on the genocide of the Russian people by the Tatars. The casualties and losses are incalculable.

Do you know what I'm up to? Moreover, if you look, then there is a reason for quarrels in any nation. I know about the Crimean Tatars, and I also know about the deportation. And about the interaction of Poles with Ukrainians. Only these are all reasons to earn political capital. Then people were dying, and now politicians are profiting from it. What's gross.

p.s. I do not believe in the sincerity of politicians. Are you for historical justice? Then recognize the genocide by the Tatars of the Russian people in the XII-XIV centuries, the attempted coup d'état in Russia, staged by the Poles in the XVII century. and much more. But if you don’t admit it, you won’t make capital on it ... But on the Holodomor, it’s completely.

List of campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars against the Russian principalities

1237-1238: 1237, December: Old Ryazan is destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars; ruined Principality of Pron. 1238, January 1: the ruin of the city of Kolomna by Batu Khan, the death of Prince Roman, governor Jeremey Glebovich and commander Kulkhan, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. 1238, January-May: Mongol-Tatars devastate Vladimir, Pereyaslav (Zalessky), Yuryev, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglitsky and Kozelsky principalities. 1239: Mongol-Tatars burn Murom. 1239, March: Mongol-Tatars ravage the Principality of Pereyaslavl. 1239, October-1240, March: Mongol-Tatars ravage the Chernigov principality. 1240-1241: 1240: September-December: Mongol-Tatars destroy Kyiv. 1241: Mongol-Tatars ravage the Galicia-Volyn principality, the cities of Volkovysk, Novogrudok, Slonim. 1242: Mongol-Tatars invade Volhynia. 1252: "Nevryu's army": a large detachment of Tatar cavalry under the command of Nevryuy breaks the prince's squad, destroys Pereslavl-Zalessky and Suzdal. “The Tatars, spreading out over the earth ... and people ran wild, leading horses and cattle to the ground, and doing a lot of evil.” 1254: Daniil of Galicia defeats Kuremsa's army. 1258: a large army led by Burundai appears on the borders of the Galician principality, which forces Daniil of Galicia to destroy several fortresses and allocate troops to participate in the Oryn campaigns against Lithuania and Poland. 1273: two Mongol attacks on Novgorod lands. The ruin of Vologda and Bezhitsa. 1274: the first ruin of the Smolensk principality. 1275: the defeat of the southeastern outskirts of Russia, the devastation of Kursk: "the Tatar evil is great and the dirty trick and annoyance done to the Christian, in the volosts, in the villages they rob yards, horses and cattle and the estate is weaning, and where someone was shot, and those who peeled naked will be let in." 1278: “of the same summer the Tatars came to Ryazan, and did a lot of evil, and went away in their own way.” 1281: the big army of Kovdygai and Alchidai destroyed Murom and Pereslavl, ruined the environs of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuryev-Polsky, Tver, Torzhok. 1282: Mongol-Tatar raid on the Vladimir and Pereyaslav lands. 1283: the ruin of the Vorgol, Ryl and Lipovech principalities, the Mongols took Kursk and Vorgol. 1285: "Prince Eltorai Ordinsky, Temirev's son, come the army to Ryazan, and fight Ryazan, Murom, Mordovians, and do a lot of evil." 1287: raid on Vladimir. 1288: raid on Ryazan. 1293: “in the summer of 6801, Duden came to Russia and captured cities 14 and later,” including Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuryev, Pereslavl, Mozhaisk, Volok, Dmitrov, Uglich field. “The same summer, the Tatar prince Takhtamir came from the Horde to Tver, and did a lot of hard work for people.” On the way through the Vladimir lands, this detachment is “over the cut, and over the head is full of conduct.” From Murom to Tver, the Tatars "put the whole earth empty." 1307: campaign against the Ryazan principality. 1310: campaign against the Principality of Bryansk. 1315: the ruin of Torzhok (Novgorod land) and Rostov. 1317: sack of Kostroma, invasion of the Principality of Tver. 1319: campaign against Kostroma and Rostov. 1320: raid on Rostov and Vladimir. 1321: raid on Kashin. 1322: the ruin of Yaroslavl. 1328: after the anti-Horde uprising, the Mongol-Tatars ravage Tver and the cities of the Tver principality. 1333: the campaign of the Mongol-Tatars with the Muscovites to the Novgorod land. 1334, 1340: Mongol-Tatar campaign with Muscovites against the Smolensk Principality. 1342: Mongol-Tatar intervention in the Ryazan principality. 1347: raid on Aleksin. 1358, 1365, 1370, 1373: campaigns against the Ryazan principality. Battle on the Void. 1367: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality. 1375: raid on the southeastern outskirts of the Nizhny Novgorod principality. 1375: raid on Kashin. 1377 and 1378: raids on the Nizhny Novgorod principality, a campaign in the Ryazan principality. 1378: Begich's campaign against Moscow. Battle on the Vozha River. 1379: Mamai's campaign against Ryazan. 1380: Mamai's campaign against Moscow. Kulikovo battle. 1382: Khan Tokhtamysh burns Moscow, killing tens of thousands of Muscovites. 1391: campaign against Vyatka. 1395: Devastation of Yelets by Tamerlane's detachments. 1399: raid on the Nizhny Novgorod principality. 1408: Tatars under the leadership of Edigei ravage Serpukhov, the Moscow suburbs, Pereslavl, Rostov, Yuryev, Dmitrov, Nizhny Novgorod, Galician and Belozersky lands. 1410: the ruin of Vladimir. 1429: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Galich Kostroma, Kostroma, Lukh, Pleso. 1439: Mongol-Tatars ravage the environs of Moscow and Kolomna. 1443: Tatars ravage the outskirts of Ryazan, but are repelled from the city. 1445: Ulu-Mohammed's troops raided Nizhny Novgorod and Suzdal. 1449: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality. 1451: the ruin of the environs of Moscow by Khan Mazovsha. 1455 and 1459: the ruin of the southern outskirts of the Moscow principality. 1468: the ruin of the environs of Galich. 1472: Aleksin sacked by Akhmat's army. 1547: raid of the Nogai Tatars, ruin of Solikamsk and surrounding villages

In 1237 - 1241. The Russian lands were attacked by the Mongol Empire - the Central Asian state, which conquered in the first half of the 13th century. vast territory of the Eurasian continent from the Pacific Ocean to Central Europe. In Europe, the Mongols began to be called Tatars. This was the name of one of the Mongol-speaking tribes that roamed near the border with China. The Chinese transferred its name to all the Mongol tribes, and the name "Tatars" as a designation of the Mongols spread to other countries, although the Tatars proper were almost completely exterminated during the creation of the Mongol Empire.

The term “Mongol-Tatars”, common in historical literature, is a combination of the self-name of the people with the term that this people was designated by its neighbors. In 1206, at a kurultai - a congress of the Mongol nobility - Temujin (Temuchin), who took the name of Genghis Khan, was recognized as the great khan of all Mongols. In the next five years, the Mongol detachments, united by Genghis Khan, conquered the lands of their neighbors, and by 1215 conquered Northern China. In 1221, the hordes of Genghis Khan defeated the main forces of Khorezm and conquered Central Asia.

Battle on Kalka.

The first clash of Ancient Russia with the Mongols occurred in 1223, when a 30,000-strong Mongol detachment with reconnaissance purposes passed from Transcaucasia to the Black Sea steppes, defeating the Alans and Polovtsy. The Polovtsy defeated by the Mongols turned to the Russian princes for help. At their call, a united army headed to the steppe led by the three strongest princes of Southern Russia: Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv, Mstislav Svyatoslavich of Chernigov and Mstislav Metislavich of Galicia.

May 31, 1223 in the battle on the river. Kalka (near the Sea of ​​Azov), as a result of uncoordinated actions of their leaders, the allied Russian-Polovtsian army was defeated. Six Russian princes died, three, including the Kyiv prince, were captured and brutally killed by the Mongols. The conquerors pursued the retreating as far as the Russian borders, and then turned back to the Central Asian steppes. Thus, in Russia, for the first time, the military power of the Mongol hordes was felt.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia.

After the death of the founder of the Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan (1227), according to his will, at the kurultai of the Mongol nobility in 1235, it was decided to start an aggressive campaign against Europe. Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (called Batu Khan in Russian sources) was placed at the head of the united army of the Mongol Empire. The prominent Mongol commander Subedei, who took part in the Battle of Kalka, was appointed his first commander.

Campaign to North-Eastern Russia (1237 - 1238).

A year after the start of the campaign, having conquered the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian hordes in the interfluve of the Volga and the Don, the lands of the Burtases and Mordovians on the Middle Volga in the late autumn of 1237, the main forces of Batu concentrated in the upper reaches of the Voronezh River to invade North-Eastern Russia.

The number of Batu hordes, according to a number of researchers, reached 140 thousand soldiers, and the Mongols proper numbered no more than 50 thousand people. At this time, the Russian princes could collect no more than 100 thousand soldiers from all the lands, and the squads of the princes of North-Eastern Russia amounted to no more than 1/3 of this number.

Inter-princely strife and strife in Russia prevented the formation of a united Russian rati. Therefore, the princes could resist the invasion of the Mongols only one by one. In the winter of 1237, the hordes of Batu ravaged the Ryazan principality, the capital of which was burned, and all its inhabitants were exterminated. Following this, in January 1238, the Mongol troops defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal near Kolomna, led by the son of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich, captured Moscow, Suzdal, and on February 7 - Vladimir. On March 4, 1238, the army of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodich was defeated on the City River in the upper Volga. The Grand Duke himself died in this battle.

After the capture of the "suburb" of Veliky Novgorod - Torzhok - which bordered on Suzdal land, the road to North-Western Russia opened before the Mongol hordes. But the approach of spring thaw and significant human losses forced the conquerors to turn back to the Polovtsian steppes. An unprecedented feat was accomplished by the inhabitants of the small town of Kozelsk on the river. Zhizdra. For seven weeks they held the defense of their city. After the capture of Kozelsk in May 1238, Batu ordered to wipe this "evil city" off the face of the earth, and to destroy all the inhabitants.

Batu spent the summer of 1238 in the Don steppes, restoring his strength for further campaigns. In the spring of 1239, he defeated the Principality of Pereyaslav, and in the autumn the Chernigov-Seversk land was devastated.

Conquest of Southern Russia (1240 - 1241).

In the autumn of 1240, Batu's troops moved to Europe through South Russia. In September they crossed the Dnieper and surrounded Kyiv. Kyiv was then owned by the Galician prince Daniil Romanovich, who entrusted the defense of the city to the thousandth Dmitry. The South Russian princes failed to organize a united defense of their lands from the Mongol threat. After a stubborn defense in December 1240 Kyiv fell. Following this, in December 1240 - January 1241, the Mongol hordes ravaged almost all the cities of Southern Russia (except Kholm, Kremenets and Danilov).

In the spring of 1241, having captured the Galicia-Volyn land, Batu invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and reached the borders of Northern Italy and Germany. However, not receiving reinforcements and suffering significant losses, the Mongol troops by the end of 1242 were forced to return to the steppe lower reaches of the Volga. Here the westernmost ulus of the Mongol Empire, the so-called Golden Horde, was formed.

Russian lands after Batu's invasion

The Kiev principality ceased to be the object of the struggle of the Russian princes. The Khan of the Horde assumed the prerogative of delivering the Kyiv prince, and Kyiv was transferred first to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodich (1243), and then to his son Alexander Nevsky (1249). Both of them, however, did not sit directly in Kyiv, preferring Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

Kyiv lost the status of a nominal all-Russian capital, which was confirmed in 1299 by the departure of the Metropolitan of All Russia to Vladimir. In Kyiv until the middle of the XIV century. minor princes reigned (apparently, from the Chernigov Olgovichi), and in the 60s of the same century, the Kyiv land came under the authority of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In the Chernihiv land after the invasion, territorial fragmentation intensified, small principalities were formed, each of which fixed its own line of the Olgovichi branch. The forest-steppe part of the Chernihiv region was systematically devastated by the Tatars. For some time, the Bryansk principality became the strongest in the Chernigov land, whose princes simultaneously occupied the Chernigov table.

But at the end of the XIV century. The Bryansk princedom passed (obviously, at the initiative of the Horde) into the hands of the Smolensk princes and the possibility of integrating the small principalities of Chernigov under the auspices of Bryansk was lost. The Chernihiv reign was not fixed for any of the lines of the Olgovichi, and in the 60s - 70s of the XIV century. Most of the territory of the Chernihiv land was taken over by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd. Only in its northern, upper Oka, part, the principalities under the control of the Olgovichi remained, which became the object of a long struggle between Lithuania and Moscow.

In the Galicia-Volyn land, Prince Daniel Romanovich (1201-1264) managed to form a large state. In 1254 he assumed the royal title from the papal curia. The Galicia-Volyn principality was almost not crushed and retained its power during the second half of the 13th - early 14th centuries. At the same time, the foreign policy situation of the Galicia-Volyn land was extremely unfavorable. She was surrounded by three opposing state formations - Lithuania, Poland and Hungary - and at the same time was a vassal of the Golden Horde.

In this regard, the Galician-Volyn princes were forced, on the one hand, to participate in the campaigns of the Horde against Lithuanian, Polish and Hungarian lands, and on the other hand, to repel the raids of the Horde khans. After the suppression in the early 20s of the XIV century. the male line of Daniel's descendants in the Galicia-Volyn land was reigned by their heir in the female line Boleslav - Yuri, and after his death (1340) South-Western Russia became the arena of the struggle between Lithuania and Poland. As a result, in the middle of the XIV century. Volyn became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Galicia went to the Kingdom of Poland.

The Smolensk principality, which did not directly border on the possessions of the Golden Horde, practically did not experience the Mongol-Tatar devastation. But the Smolensk princes, weakened in the internecine war of the 30s of the XIII century, already on the eve of the Batu invasion acted as minor political figures. From the middle of the XIII century. they apparently recognized the suzerainty of the great princes of Vladimir. From the second half of this century, the main foreign policy factor that influenced the Smolensk principality was the onslaught of Lithuania. For a long time, the princes of Smolensk managed to maintain relative independence, maneuvering between Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. But in the end, in 1404, Smolensk fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In the Novgorod land in the second half of the XIII - XIV centuries. finally formed a republican form of government. At the same time, from the time of Alexander Nevsky, Novgorod recognized the Grand Duke of Vladimir as its overlord, i.e. supreme ruler of North-Eastern Russia. In the XIV century. in fact, the Pskov land acquires complete independence, where a form of government similar to that of Novgorod is being formed. At the same time, Pskovians during the XIV century. fluctuated in orientation between the Lithuanian and Vladimir grand dukes.

The Ryazan principality managed in the second half of the XIII - XIV centuries. to maintain relative independence, although from the end of the 14th century the Ryazan princes began to recognize the political seniority of the great princes of Vladimir (from the Moscow house). The small Murom principality did not play an independent role, and at the end of the 14th century. passed under the authority of the Moscow princes.

Already on the eve of Batu's invasion, the Polotsk land was significantly weakened as a result of the onslaught of Lithuania and the German Order. It finally became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century. At the same time, the weak Turov-Pinsk land fell under Lithuanian rule.

After the invasion, the Pereyaslav principality was under the direct control of the Horde for some time, then representatives of the Olgovichi branch reigned there, and in the 60s of the XIV century. Pereyaslav land, together with Chernigov, became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site were used.