The First All-Russian Conference "Natural scientists: forgotten names and facts" dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the birth of the Orenburg scientist and teacher Mikhail Antonovich Skavronsky (1897-1981) was held. The conference was organized by the Steppe Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Orenburg Regional Universal Scientific Library. N.K. Krupskaya, Togliatti branch of the Russian Botanical Society. The conference was attended by employees of Orenburg, Togliatti and Moscow universities and research institutes.
The main objective of the conference is to remember, honor the names and merits of scientists who have contributed huge contribution into development natural sciences but, for one reason or another, have been forgotten. Nevertheless, their archives, collections, drafts and manuscripts are still in demand by contemporaries to this day.
Mikhail Antonovich Skavronsky was such a researcher in the field of botany, and the conference was timed to coincide with the 120th anniversary of his birth. Mikhail Antonovich made a huge contribution to botanical research Orenburg region. During the beginning of the virgin campaign, he studied the flora of the eastern regions of the region, considering "it is necessary to fix the vegetation of this territory before plowing." He prepared a monograph "Higher plants of the Orenburg region", which included detailed information on 111 families, 600 genera and approximately 1500 species. higher plants, found on the territory of the Orenburg region, which was never destined to see the light ("due to lack of paper" in the publishing house). As a result of many years of work, the scientist collected and processed a large herbarium material, some of which is carefully stored in the collection (ORIS) of the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was precisely the qualitatively designed herbarium samples, signed by the hand of the researcher, that attracted the attention of the employees of the Institute of the Steppe Natalia Olegovna Kin, Olga Gennadievna Kalmykova and Tatyana Nikolaevna Savinova, which led to the manifestation of interest in the activities of M.A. Skavronsky, the study of his biography and became a prerequisite for organizing the first conference of its kind.
Separate leaves of the herbarium collected and identified by M.A. Skavronsky, were presented at the exhibition in the conference hall.
After the report on the activities of the researcher, time was devoted to the recollections of eyewitnesses who knew Mikhail Antonovich. Relatives invited to the conference (the grandson of M.A. Skavronsky was present - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor Batalin Vadim Aleksandrovich), colleagues and students, now graduated employees of universities and research institutes in Orenburg, shared their impressions of the teacher and little known facts from his life.
In addition, reports were made on the activities of the economist and scientist in the field of agrarian statistics Alexei Fedorovich Fortunatov, zoologist Pyotr Artemyevich Polozhentsev, botanists Dmitry Erastovich Yanishevsky and Georgy Ivanovich Stepnin.
The report of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Togliatti) Gennady Samuilovich Rozenberg “On the rate of forgetting natural scientists, names and facts” aroused interest.
The organizers of the conference made a proposal to hold the All-Russian Conference "Natural Scientists: Forgotten Names and Facts" once every five years. The proposal is fully supported by the participants and invited persons.
The PROGRAM of the First All-Russian Conference "Natural scientists: forgotten names and facts", dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the birth of the Orenburg scientist and teacher Mikhail Antonovich Skavronsky (1897-1981) is presented on the site.
Dear fifth graders!
Today we will get acquainted with the great naturalists.
Epigraph:
"Science is the most important, the most beautiful and necessary in a person's life, it has always been and will be the highest manifestation of love, only with it alone will a person defeat nature and himself" A. Chekhov
People have been studying nature since ancient times. Initially, knowledge about nature was used in everyday life: when certain plants bloom and for what disease they can be used; when the fruits ripen. Man was interested in how animals behave in nature, how they can be hunted. At the first stages in the study of nature and living organisms, only descriptive method And observation, then already experiment And comparison. Today we will get acquainted with scientists who studied nature.
The first attempts to study nature and living organisms were made by primitive people. The main methods were observation and description. Thus, information about plants, animals and fungi was accumulated. With the emergence and spread of writing about living organisms, great amount material.
The first time has come to put in order disparate information, to put together what is already known.
Aristotle he was the first to try to systematize information about nature, that is, to classify and distribute animals and plants into categories or groups.To get acquainted with the biography of Aristotle and his activities, I propose to look video film.
He defined all living organisms in a system in which simply organized organisms stood at the lowest level, and more complex animals stood above. For example, he singled out a group of animals that today represent phylum Arthropoda. These include modern insects, crustaceans, spiders.
For a long time, many scientists used the Aristotelian system, but as time went on, the material was enriched with new descriptions, navigators discovered new lands, brought with them previously unknown plants. Aristotle's system could no longer help scientists navigate the diversity of living organisms. By this time, scientists from other countries were also making discoveries, describing new plants and animals, giving them names.
But there was confusion!
Since we talked to different languages, described in their own way!
All this led to the fact that scientists could not understand each other.
I found a way out of this situation Carl Linnaeus. look video film about this scientist.
- He suggested naming animals and plants in one language that would be understood by all scientists. This language was LATIN because it is the forerunner of many European languages. It is the language of science (biology, medicine, etc.)
- Another very important decision of Linnaeus was his proposal to give living organisms double, or binary (two-conditional), names. For example, flat-leaved birch, dwarf birch. We use Carl Linnaeus's system to this day. Of course, it has changed, but the basis for the classification of living organisms is the core that Linnaeus laid.
evolution. In his work, Darwin stated and was able to prove that species on Earth are impermanent and can change. Beneficial features, which arise in organisms as a result of adaptation to the environment, can be fixed genetically and transmitted from generation to generation.
look video film about Charles Darwin.
Now get up from the table and swipe physical education minute.
In our country, work was also carried out to study living objects. Russia has always been rich talented people. Among them were many scientists - biologists. All of them have made a huge contribution to the development of domestic and world science.
February 10, 2017The great naturalists were famous scientists who studied nature by interacting directly with it. given word can be deciphered if we divide it into two parts: "nature" is nature, and "test" is a test.
Great naturalists: list
During the period of natural science, when nature had to be described and studied as a whole, i.e., to use knowledge from different areas sciences such as botany, astronomy, zoology, mineralogy, the first naturalists appeared in different countries peace. It is worth listing the scientists, and telling about some in more detail who managed to make interesting discoveries when there were still so few opportunities and knowledge:
- Steve Irwin (Australia)
- Terry Irwin (Australia).
- Alice Manfield (Australia).
- Jose Bonifacio de Andrada and Silva (Brazil).
- Bartolomeu Lourenco de Guzman (Brazil).
- Eric Pontoppidan (Denmark).
- Frederik Faber (Denmark).
There were great natural scientists in France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland and Russia, among which Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, Alexander Fedorovich Kots and Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov are known.
First naturalist
Man's interest in nature appeared in antiquity, when he began to think about which plants can be eaten and which not, how to hunt animals and how to tame them.
IN Ancient Greece the first great naturalists appeared, including Aristotle. He was the first to study and observe nature and made an attempt to systematize his knowledge. At the same time, the scientist attached sketches to his observations, which helped in the study. It was the first scientific manual that was used for a long time in the study.
During his lifetime, Aristotle created a large zoological garden, and several thousand people were given to help him, among them fishermen, shepherds, hunters, where everyone was known as a master in his own direction.
Based on the information collected, the scientist wrote more than 50 books, where he divided organisms into protozoa, which were at the lowest stage of development, and also identified other living organisms that are more complex. He singled out a group of animals that today are called Arthropods, including Insects and Crustaceans.
Great naturalists: Carl Linnaeus
Gradually, knowledge accumulated, plants and animals had to be given names, but on different continents people gave their names, as a result of which confusion arose. It was especially difficult for scientists to exchange knowledge and experience, because it was difficult to understand what or who in question. Aristotle's system, which had been used for a long time, became obsolete and was no longer relevant when new lands were discovered.
The first to realize that it was time to clean up was the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus, who did a great job in the 17th century.
He gave each species a name, and on Latin so that everyone can understand in different countries of the world. Also, organisms were divided into groups and classifications and received a double name (subspecies). For example, birch has an additional name like flat-leaved and dwarf, brown and white bear.
The Linnaean system is still used, although at different times it has been modified and supplemented, but the core of this system has remained the same.
Charles Darwin
In the 19th century, the famous scientist Charles Darwin lived in England, who contributed to the development of science and created his theory of the origin of the world, which every student knows about.
Many great naturalists adhered to Darwin's version, which was that living organisms change over time, adapting to certain living conditions. But not everyone can adapt, and the strongest survive, who is also able to transfer his best qualities by inheritance to descendants.
Russian scientists
In different years, great natural scientists were in Russia, and many people know about their merits and discoveries.
Geneticist Nikolai Vavilov made a huge contribution to the study of cultivated plants. He collected the largest collection of seeds, which numbered about 250 thousand samples, determined their place of origin, and also developed a theory about plant immunity.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov made a great contribution to the field of immunology, studying the human body and how it fights various viruses. The works were devoted to the study of cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and syphilis, attempts to understand the origin and find ways to fight. He artificially caused syphilis in a monkey and described it in his writings. Only for these achievements can he be classified as a "great naturalist". Biology for him was main science: he created a theory about the origin of multicellular organisms, during the derivation of which he devoted a lot of time to studying the aging process, and believed that old age comes prematurely due to self-poisoning of the body by various microbes and poisons.
Source: fb.ruActual
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Much of what seems obvious today was once first discovered by great minds. The titans of science made the world the way it is presented modern people. Biology is no exception here. After all, it was biologists who discovered such concepts as evolution, heredity, variability and many others.
"King of Botany": Carl Linnaeus
Biologists around the world still honor the name of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). His main achievement is the classification of all animate and inanimate nature. In it, Linnaeus also included a person for whom previously scientists could not find a place among other living objects. The scientist was one of the founders of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Paris Academy and other academies of the world.
Linnaeus was born in a small village called Roshult in Sweden. Since childhood, he loved to spend time in the garden beds. When it came time to send Karl to school, the parents were very disappointed, because their child did not show any desire to learn and was unable to then obligatory Latin. The only exception for little Karl was a botanist, to whom he devoted all his free time. For his passion, Carl Linnaeus was prophetically called a "botanist" by his peers.
Fortunately, among the teachers there were those who helped young Karl to master other subjects. For example, one of the teachers presented Linnaeus with the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. Thanks to this, Karl managed to master Latin very quickly - and so well that this language is still being taught by biologists all over the world. Being a commoner by origin, Linnaeus was buried in the cemetery of the kings. During his lifetime, Linnaeus was sure that it was he who was chosen by the higher powers in order to bring all God's Creations into a single system. The role of biological scientists like Linnaeus cannot be overestimated.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel was born in 1822 in the small town of Heinzendorf in the Austrian Empire (now it is the territory of the Czech Republic). The family of the future biologist lived very poorly. As a child, Johann helped his parents take care of the garden, learned to take care of trees and flowers. Father really wanted Johann to receive a good education, as he immediately noticed the unusual abilities of the child. However, parents could not pay the cost of education. In 1843, Mendel took the vows as a monk. Having got rid of the constant concern for a piece of bread, he got the opportunity to devote all his free time to science. In the monastery, Mendel received a small garden plot. On it, he conducted selection experiments, as well as experiments on the hybridization of peas that became known to the whole world.
Conclusions ahead of the era
Within the walls of the monastery, Mendel laboriously crossed pea species for eight whole years. He obtained valuable results on the patterns of inheritance and sent them to big cities- Vienna, Rome, Krakow. But no one paid attention to his conclusions - scientists time was not interested in the strange mixture of biology and mathematics. They believed that biologists should explore only the area in which they are competent, without going beyond their own sphere of knowledge.
But the conclusions of the scientist were far ahead of his age. Mendel did not know then that genetic information is located in the nuclei of cells. He had no idea what a "gene" was. But gaps in knowledge did not prevent Mendel from giving a brilliant explanation of the laws of heredity. Gregor Mendel died in 1884. His obituary did not even mention that he was the discoverer of the law of heredity.
Achievements of Nikolai Vavilov
Another name revered by biologists is the name of Nikolai Vavilov. He was not only a geneticist and plant breeder, but also a geographer, the creator of the doctrine of the basics of selection and the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov organized expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, Northern and South America, Africa. All this was done in order to expand knowledge in the field of botany and agronomy. After all, biologists must investigate the distribution of plants and the conditions surrounding them, and not just draw information from the walls of laboratories.
Vavilov collected one of the largest collections of seeds of various plants. The scientist substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, as well as the law of homological series and hereditary variability of living organisms. But in 1940, Vavilov was arrested on charges of espionage. According to the verdict, the scientist was to be shot. However, the decision was replaced by a pardon - twenty years in prison. Vavilov died of exhaustion in 1943 in a prison hospital in the city of Saratov.
Charles Darwin
Darwin was born in 1809 in English city Shrewsbury. Since childhood, he began to show interest in nature and animals. In 1826, Darwin entered the medical faculty of the University of Edinburgh, but then, at the insistence of his father, transferred to the theological faculty at Cambridge. But young Darwin was not at all interested in theology. Much more he was fond of natural history. On the formation of his scientific interests big influence rendered by biologists of that time. For example, botanist J. Genslow.
Darwin's round the world trip
In 1831, on the advice of Professor Henslow, Darwin went to trip around the world, which decides the fate of all his further research. The voyage on a small ship called the Beagle was the most celebrated scientific expedition of the 19th century. The ship's captain was Robert Fitz-Roy. Darwin writes that during the journey he was amazed at how common animals are throughout South Africa. Since biological scientists must explore the habitats of animals in their natural environment, Darwin decides on a journey that later became a turning point in the entire history of science - and not only biological.
In the period from 1839 to 1843, Darwin published materials obtained by him in the study of coral reefs. And in 1842, the scientist writes his first essay, in which he first sets out his opinion on the origin of species. Darwin created the doctrine of evolution for almost twenty years. Thinking about the processes that move evolution forward, Darwin came to the conclusion that the struggle for survival is this fundamental process.
In 1859, the first fundamental work of Darwin was published, which is still appreciated by biologists around the world. It is "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life." The entire circulation of his book - and this is 1250 copies - was completely sold out in one day.
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions who study the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in evolution flora. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov had great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death was caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, he assigned an important role to restoring the intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? the first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Pavlov Ivan Petrovich for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and for these studies he received Nobel Prize. The next area of interest was the higher nervous activity to which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at People's University named after Shanyavsky.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to practical application research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. Received from Saint Petersburg University legal education, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
