Immediately after the revolution, the fighters and commanders of the Red Guard, and then the Red Army, were dressed in the uniform of the Imperial Army with stripped shoulder straps. However, with the outbreak of the Civil War, it became necessary to distinguish the Red Guards from the White Guards.
In May 1918, the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of the RSFSR announced the development on a competitive basis of new uniforms for the soldiers of the Red Army. Famous Russian artists took part in the competition: V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, M. D. Ezuchevsky, S. T. Arkadievsky.
As a result of the competition on December 18, 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council, among other elements of the new form, approved a winter headdress - a cloth helmet, which in shape resembled a medieval helmet with an aventail worn by epic Russian heroes - the future Budyonovka.
In Perestroika, the legend spread that the Budyonovka project was developed before the revolution as an element of the uniform of the Russian army for the victory parade in Berlin and Constantinople. However, orders for the development or production of such a headdress could not be found either in the archives of the tsarist departments or in the archives of the Provisional Government.
2. What did Budyonovka look like?
The first description of the appearance of Budyonovka is found in the order of the RVSR No. 116 of January 16, 1919. The helmet was made of khaki cloth with a cotton lining. Top part The helmet consisted of six spherical triangles tapering upwards. At the top, a round plate 2 cm in diameter was sewn in, covered with the same cloth.
On the front, the Budyonovka had a stitched oval visor, and on the back - a neck pad descending down with elongated ends, fastened under the chin with buttons. When folded, the backplate was fastened with loops on leather straps to two buttons.
A cloth star with a diameter of 8.8 cm was sewn over the visor on the budenovka. A cockade badge was attached to the center of the star.
3. Was the hammer and sickle depicted on the cockade?
No, initially the cockade was made of yellow copper and had the shape of a five-pointed star with a crossed plow and hammer in the center. The hammer and sickle appeared on the cockade in 1922. The front side of the badge was covered with red enamel.
4. How did the infantry Budyonovka differ from the cavalry one?
The types of troops in the Red Army differed in the color of the cloth star sewn onto the front of the budyonovka. The infantrymen had a crimson star, the cavalrymen had a blue one, the artillerymen had an orange one, the engineers and sappers had a black one, the pilots had a blue one, and the border guards had a green one.
5. Bogatyrka, Frunzevka or Budyonovka?
Initially, the winter helmet in the army was called the "bogatyrka" because of the outward resemblance to the helmets of ancient Russian warriors. But later, when helmets began to spread among the troops, they began to be called by the names of the commanders-in-chief M.V. Frunze and S.M. Budyonny - "Frunzevka" and "Budyonovka", respectively. The "Budyonovsky" name has been preserved in history. Perhaps due to the more famous combat way First Cavalry Army, as well as the great authority of Marshal Budyonny.
6. Why did they refuse Budyonovka?
Budyonovka remained the main winter headdress until the Winter War. It was then that it turned out that the earflap hat, common in the Finnish troops, keeps the heat much more efficiently. It was decided to replace Budyonovka with earflaps. But the process dragged on, and many troops fought in Budyonovka until 1943.
7. Budyonovka in art
The first works of revolutionary art depicting Budenovka as an integral attribute of a Red Army soldier were propaganda posters issued during the Civil War and intervention, calling on workers and peasants to join the Red Army. The most famous of them is the poster by D. Moor “Have you signed up as a volunteer?” (1920).
Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budyonovka, Budenovka, Budenovka (Source: "Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak") ... Forms of words
AND; pl. genus. wok, dat. vkam; well. Red Army cloth helmet of a special cut with a visor and ears (originally among the Budyonovites). * * * Budyonovka is the popular name of the headdress that existed in the Red Army in 1919 41. * * * BUDENOVKA BUDENOVKA ... encyclopedic Dictionary
BUDENOVKA, budenovka, women. (neol. colloquial). Red Army helmet of a special type. (By the name of the commander of the first cavalry army Budyonny.) Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
BUDENOVKA, and, wives. Red Army cloth headdress in the form of a helmet (in 1 meaning) with a red star. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Budyonovka, and; R. pl. wok… Russian word stress
budenovka- Budyonovka, and, genus. n. pl. h wok (headdress) ... Russian spelling dictionary
budenovka- (BSRG) ... Dictionary of the use of the letter Yo
budenovka- BUDENOVKA, and, pl. wok, dat. vkam, f Headdress in the form of a low cone-shaped helmet made of soft cloth with a red star above the visor, with drooping ears; named after the hero of the Civil War, Semyon Budyonny; part of the uniform ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
It is believed that Budyonovka was developed back in tsarist times - in the First world war. However, such an opinion is today recognized as only one of the versions of the emergence of a recognizable headdress. And when did the idea of \u200b\u200btailoring Budyonovka actually appear?
"Royal" version
This version is supported by modern historical literature. According to this hypothesis, to participate in the Victory Parade in Berlin for the Russian imperial army in 1915 they developed a headdress, reminiscent in shape of the Budyonovka, which was subsequently worn by the Red Army. But because of the war, the headdress remained lying in warehouses. And only after the October Revolution in 1918, he entered the disposal of the Bolsheviks.The version turned out to be quite slim. However, according to journalist and writer Boris Sopelnyak, this theory- just "one of the most common, but there is not a word of truth in it." And he emphasizes that in the USSR, in part, they also supported this version of the origin of Budyonovka. Documentation was always cited as evidence, containing orders and reports on the development of new uniforms for the Red Army and signed by the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council Soviet Republic Leon Trotsky. The uniform approved for the Red Army included Budyonovka, which at that time lay in the former tsarist army warehouses. But in the version in which this headdress was on conservation, it could not be used. Coat of arms Russian Empire and the double-headed eagle, present on the cap, could not serve as symbols of the Red Army. And they were closed with a large five-pointed star. And initially she was of blue color.
By the way, the documents cited as evidence, dating from the post-revolutionary years, were used by many Soviet historians and as a counterargument against the "royal version" of the origin of Budyonovka. Moreover, neither in the military nor in the civilian archives inherited from the Russian Empire, there are no papers that would indicate the development of new uniforms for tsarist army.
In February 1918, the Red Army was created, which required its own form, different from that previously adopted in tsarist time uniforms. To this end, on May 7, 1918, by order People's Commissariat on military affairs of the republic, a competition is announced for the development of a new form. Even world-famous artists participated in this competition - V.M. Vasnetsov, B.M. Kustodiev, S.T. Arkadyevsky and the master of the historical genre M.D. Ezuchevsky. Sketches of the new form were accepted for a whole month - until June 10, 1918. Moreover, the headdress, and overcoat, and other parts of the uniform were described in detail in the order itself. All artists had to adhere to these criteria. On December 18, 1918, the winter version of Budyonovka was approved. And already at the very end of the same year, the first combat unit of the Red Army - a detachment formed in Ivanovo-Voznesensk - received a new uniform and went to Eastern front at the disposal of Mikhail Frunze. That is why Budyonovka was first called "Frunzevka". By the way, this hat also had one more name - “bogatyrka”, because of the similarity of its shape with the ancient Russian helmet.
Opponents of the Red Army origin of Budyonovka pointed out in their studies that at the time of the October Revolution, there were already new form, designed, by the way, according to the sketches of Vasily Vasnetsov, who subsequently participated in the May 1918 competition. The royal uniform consisted of long-brimmed overcoats with fastening arrows and cloth helmets, which were a stylization of old Russian heroic helmets. Evidence of this form also slipped in émigré memoirs. However, all this can be called into question. Moreover, the sketch of a new uniform presented in 1918 by Vasnetsov, which repeated (and only!) The uniform of the tsarist army for the parade, apparently, was also liked by the Bolsheviks. But the uniform lying in the warehouse was full dress, not military! Therefore, most likely, Vasnetsov made adjustments to his previous version.
However, there is one “but”, which leads to slight confusion from the “Soviet” origin of Budenovka. The country after the revolution and the First World War was financially ruined. And where did the Bolsheviks manage to get so much money to provide the new Army with uniforms? But here it is worth remembering that the royal uniform was sewn for the parade, which means that there were not so many sets of it. In other words, the Bolsheviks still had to sew it, and not immediately. Therefore, during the Civil War (1918-1922), instead of Budyonovka, many Red Army soldiers wore hats and caps of the tsarist army on their heads.
blue to orange
The star on Budyonovka was not originally red. First, it was made in the blue version, and then it was assigned its own color depending on the type of troops. A crimson star was sewn on for the infantry, a blue star was left for the cavalry, and orange for the artillery (and in 1922 it became black). The engineering troops were given a black star, the armored forces (future armored forces) received a red one, and the aviators a blue one, etc. On top of the cloth star, a copper red star was also attached.Chekists received Budyonovka only in June 1922. Moreover, they had a dark blue color, and the star was made of dark green cloth. In 1923, their Budyonovka was "repainted" black, and the star - crimson. In 1924, their helmet became dark gray, and the star became maroon.
From summer helmet to winter version
Budenovka of the 1918 model was intended for the cold season. She had a long nape that folded in half and fastened on the sides with 2 buttons. If necessary, it was unfolded to cover the ears and neck.From April 1919 to February 1922, Budyonovka became an all-season dress. And on January 31, 1922, a linen Budyonovka was introduced without a nape and with two visors, which were located at the back and front of the helmet. For this, the people called the headdress "Hello, goodbye." In addition, it very much resembled a German helmet because of the sharp tip. This often led to confusion of the White Guards. For example, in the summer of 1920, there was a case in Northern Tavria (in the Crimea), when a white officer who fought in the First World War mistook the Red Army for the Germans.
Therefore, the helmet resembling a German helmet was replaced with a cap in May 1924. As for the budenovka, approved back in 1918, it returned to the Army again in February 1922, becoming a winter headdress. At the same time, its shape acquired a roundness, and the pommel ceased to be so sharp and very prominent. In this version, Budyonovka lasted until 1927. True, from the summer of 1926 to the spring of 1927, this Budyonovka was “deprived” of a star, because it could not be stitched in any way.
During the war with Finland, the helmet showed itself not in the best way. Therefore, it was abolished in July 1940, replacing it with a simple hat with earflaps. But since earflaps were required great amount, Budyonovka had to be worn until 1942. And in some cases, Budyonovka was issued to soldiers even until March 1943.
From lightning rod to symbol
Budenovka had many names, among which was the "lightning rod" or "mind rod". She got such an offensive name because of the sharp pommel. There is even a legend about this: the red commander, who served on Far East in 1936, he liked to ask his subordinates what “spire” means in Budyonovka. And then he himself answered: “This is for when they sing the Internationale, so that at the words “Our indignant mind boils” steam can escape through this spire ...”.However, artists, directors and writers managed to change the offensive and mocking attitude towards this helmet. True, the romantic image of Budenovka appeared only in the 1950s. And from that moment on, she was actively, since she was recognizable, depicted on posters and postcards. By the way, thanks to the efforts of these people, to this day Budyonovka remains a solid symbol of Russia for foreigners.
K.Yu. Goncharov
The traditions of military heraldry and symbols, uniformology, vexillology (flag science) have more than one century in the armies of this or that state. So, until the beginning of the 20th century, signs and various kinds of emblems worn on uniforms served as an addition to the diversity inherent in the colors and designs of the elements of military uniforms themselves. And the uniform itself was rather a model of aesthetics and ceremonial beauty, rather than being adapted for wearing in combat and field conditions in our modern sense.
Over time, the uniform of protective colors has become almost the only and universal type of military uniform used in all armies of the world. For the first time, the British introduced the protective coloring of the uniform (the so-called "khaki" color) in their army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899 - 1902).
As a result of the technical revolution, the specialization and versatility of the military branches increased, and accordingly, the need arose for a more thorough development of practical, comfortable uniforms and military insignia and distinction.
In Russia, after the revolution of 1917, all the traditions of the Russian army were largely abolished or completely destroyed. Since 1918, in the future Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), created on the basis of the Red Guard detachments, the historical symbols of the Russian army were almost completely swept aside, and in subsequent years a new uniform was introduced.
However, at first it was impossible at one moment to come up with, develop and mass-produce a new uniform for the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. Having destroyed what was before, it is much more difficult to create something else from scratch - and even in the conditions of the civil war in Russia. Therefore, when forming parts of the Red Army, stocks of uniforms of the old Russian army were used, but, basically, without insignia. It was also allowed to wear military uniforms of arbitrary samples and civilian clothes. In this connection, the order of the People's Commissar for Military Affairs L. Trotsky (Bronstein) dated September 30, 1918 No. 929 stated:
“Recognizing it desirable to supply the army to use quite suitable uniforms and shoes brought with them by people called up for military service, I allow:
- Acquire clothing and footwear by order of the military authorities for money from the named persons, provided that these items are fully wearable.
- The price for all items of uniform and footwear purchased from persons entering the service in the Red Army is to be established periodically for a period of 3-4 months by resolutions of meetings at the district commissariats for military affairs, announced in orders for the district.
The entire personnel of the Red Army mostly wore cloth caps, hats (sometimes with a red ribbon on the headdress), protective shirts with a standing collar, cloth trousers tucked into boots or windings with boots, overcoats and sheepskin coats. Commanders, commissars and political workers often wore leather caps and jackets. Since 1919, British and American frenchies have become widespread. Leather jackets were adopted from the aviation units of the tsarist army.
On May 7, 1918, by order of the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, a competition was announced to develop new uniforms for the Red Army soldiers, in which famous Russian artists V.M. Vasnetsov, B.M. Kustodiev, M.D. Ezuchevsky, S. Arkadyevsky and others.
On December 18, 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) approved a new type of headgear, as well as distinctive signs commanders- in the form of triangles, squares, rhombuses, depending on the position held. At the same time, the colors of the instrument cloths were also determined to distinguish the uniforms of the military branches. In the army units, 4,000 headdresses were tested, which were then called “heroes”, because they resembled ancient Russian helmets in appearance. The Red Army soldiers of Ivanovo-Voznesensk were the first to put on the “bogatyrka”. Subsequently, the Red Army helmet - "hero" was called by the names of military leaders, in part of which new uniforms were first received - M.V. Frunze and S.M. Budyonny: "Frunzevka" and "Budyonovka". last name rooted and entered the dictionaries of the Russian language, is known to this day.
Original origin version
There is a version that a headdress of such an original form was developed even before the revolution and began to be produced during the First World War, but was stored in warehouses and did not enter the troops. It was supposed to dress the soldiers in pointed cloth helmets at the parade in Berlin, scheduled for the summer of 1917, where they were supposed to portray Russian knights - heroes (hence the name "bogatyr" itself appeared). Models of hats and overcoats were developed by the artist Viktor Vasnetsov.
Since specialized publications on the uniform of the Red Army ignore the version that even before the revolution a headdress resembling an old Russian helmet was created, we will try to pay attention to some important points.
Firstly, they are often credited with the creation of all the symbols of the Red Army - a five-pointed star (moreover, it is blue, not red!), New badges, etc. none other than Trotsky. Up to the “idea” of such a headdress as the future “Budyonovka”. Let's make a reservation right away: it is very, very doubtful that the "demon of the world revolution" Leiba Bronstein, under the pseudonym Trotsky, suddenly inflamed with love for everything Slavic and would give the idea of consonance of a new uniform new army Republic of Soviets with ancient Russian images. It is known that Trotsky was appointed as the People's Commissariat of War in February 1918, and he was the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (and the People's Commissariat of Railways concurrently, from 1920 to 1921) since 1919. In 1925, Trotsky was removed from the post of the People's Commissariat of Defense for opposition activities. Even if Trotsky proposed something like that in terms of developing a new uniform and symbols, however, it is unreasonable to assign all the laurels to the “master with a cane”, as one of the party members (I.I. Skvortsov) called him, and even a Russophobe and a lover of executions of every tenth the Red Army and other radical measures are simply stupid.
Secondly, the artist Viktor Vasnetsov really often used the image of a Russian knight when creating his patriotic posters during the First World War. For example, we can see a similar image of the Russian hero-hero fighting with the three-headed “Snake Gorynych” on a poster created in 1914. The poster was dedicated to the "Charity Bazaar to help the victims of the war." And therefore, it is quite understandable that Viktor Vasnetsov could have taken the old Russian helmet as a model in advance when creating a new front headdress.
Thirdly, there is information about who specifically could put into production such a headdress as the “bogatyrka”:
“... in the quartermaster's warehouses there was already a new uniform, sewn by the N.A. concern. Vtorov based on sketches by Vasnetsov and Korovin. The uniform was sewn by order of the Court of His Imperial Majesty and was intended for the troops of the Russian army, in which she was to pass at the victory parade in Berlin. These were long-brimmed overcoats with “talks”, cloth helmets stylized as old Russian sholoms, later known as “Budenovkas”, as well as sets of leather jackets with trousers, leggings and caps, intended for mechanized troops, aviation, crews of armored cars, armored trains and scooters. This uniform was transferred during the organization of the Cheka to the employees of this structure - the armed detachment of the party.
It seems quite logical that overcoats in the archery style (with straps - "talks" on the chest) and "helmets of the Russian knight" - "heroes" were developed under Nicholas II to raise the spirit of soldiers, and remind them of great history Russia (the cut itself and the appearance of this overcoat resembles a streltsy caftan of the second half of the 16th century).
Be that as it may, the most common type of military clothing of that time was a khaki shirt (later it became known as a tunic) with a standing collar, green trousers tucked into boots or boots with windings and a cloth "pointed" helmet. In cold weather, Red Army soldiers and commanders wore a soldier's or officer's overcoat fastened with hooks.
In general, it should be noted that until 1922 appearance various parts of the Red Army, the volunteer formations of the Red Army and the personnel of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet was a stunning in its diversity, parrot variegation and idiocy, a completely ridiculous hodgepodge of uniforms and the most varied, sometimes contradictory, symbols. A brilliant description is given by the Russian diplomat G.N. Mikhailovsky, who found himself in May 1919 in Sevastopol, not yet occupied by the Reds, who once saw how
“Across the city along Nakhimovsky Prospekt from Yekaterininskaya Street, literally, a“ red cavalcade ”passed - all in red robes from head to toe, with white high leggings - not so much Red Army soldiers as “Red Indians” of a new type. A crazy cavalcade (special detachments of the Crimean Cheka) swept through the empty city very picturesquely, which looked like a page from a cinematic novel ... ".
Nevertheless, the military-political leadership Soviet Russia the need for the introduction of a regulated uniform for the Red Army became obvious. It is not for nothing that the difficulties in supplying the Red Army, and not only with uniforms, but for all items of military expenditure, led to the creation on November 10, 1918 of the Extraordinary Commission for the Supply of the Red Army, headed by L.B. Krasin. A.I. was appointed Chusosnabarm. Rykov, whose supply work "gave particularly valuable results in supplying the army with weapons and ammunition."
The devastation in the heads and, accordingly, in the country devastated by the civil fratricidal war could continue for a long time, but it was impossible to destroy everything indefinitely and to the "foundation, and then ...". This destruction “to the ground” threatened the Bolsheviks themselves with the fact that it would be generally unrealistic to restore something from the ruins. And even more so “to build a world where whoever was nothing will become everything” in the desert, into which all the same staunch Trotskyists with their leader really wanted to turn Russia. Apparently in order to drive someone again for another forty years through the next desert. Therefore, it is not surprising that in 1929 the “great revolutionary” L. Trotsky was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activities. What happened to him next is well known to everyone who is interested in history.
History of uniform changes
By order of the RVSR No. 116 of January 16, 1919, the first description of a winter headdress for all military branches was announced. It was a helmet made of khaki cloth lined with cotton. The helmet cap consisted of six spherical triangles tapering upwards. At the top, a round plate 2 cm in diameter was sewn in, covered with the same cloth. In front, the helmet had a stitched oval visor, and in the back, a nape pad descending down with elongated ends, fastened under the chin with buttons. When folded, the backplate was fastened with loops on leather straps to two cap buttons covered with colored cloth. Above the visor, a cloth star with a diameter of 8.8 cm was sewn onto the helmet, in color according to the type of troops, outlined in black edging along the contour (for a star made of black cloth, a red edging was provided). A cockade badge was attached to the center of the star.
A sample badge-cockade for headgear was established by order of the People's Commissar for Military Affairs on July 29, 1918 No. 594. It was made of yellow copper and had the shape of a five-pointed star with a crossed plow and hammer in the center (not to be confused with a hammer and sickle - this emblem appeared on military cockades in 1922). The front side of the badge was covered with red enamel. The outer ends of the star fit into a circle with a diameter of 36 mm, and the inner ends - 20 mm.
A cloth helmet with a quilted soft visor had a colored five-pointed star with colors according to the type of troops (at that time a red star was sewn only on the left sleeve of a summer shirt or overcoat). So, in the infantry they wore a crimson star on the helmet, in the cavalry - blue, in the artillery - orange (in the order the "orange" color is called), in the engineering and sapper troops - black, airplane pilots and aeronauts of balloons - blue, border guards - traditionally green . The star had a black border; respectively, for black star added a red border. The helmet was worn in cold weather. Of the three types of similar headdresses created for the Red Army, the cloth helmets of the Civil War were the tallest and had large stars.
By order of the RVSR No. 628 of April 8, 1919, the uniform of the Red Army soldiers was regulated for the first time. A summer shirt, infantry and cavalry overcoats (in the order they are called caftans) and a headdress were introduced. The headgear for the cold season was the newly approved and somewhat modernized cloth helmet. This sample was called "Budyonovka" - according to the division of S.M. Budyonny, in which he first appeared. The star of the winter headdress, in accordance with the new description, had a diameter of 10.5 cm and was 3.5 cm away from the visor.
Despite the uniforms introduced, until 1922 the troops were not fully provided with them, so many wore out the uniforms of the old Russian army, which remained in in large numbers in warehouses or captured by the Red Army as trophies. As shoes, in addition to the established leather bast shoes, boots with windings, simple bast bast shoes or old soldier's boots were often used. The commanders of the Red Army could wear officer-style boots or even civilian cut, but in this case they were made at their own expense.
By order of the RVSR No. 322 of January 31, 1922, all previously established uniforms, with the exception of leather bast shoes, which still continued to exist, were canceled, and a single, strictly regulated form of clothing was introduced instead. A single cut of the overcoat, shirt and headdress was established.
A headdress (helmet) of winter and summer type was introduced, somewhat modified. Following the example of a winter helmet, a summer headdress also acquired a pointed spherical-conical shape. The summer helmet for all branches of the military was made of tent linen or cotton fabric in light gray or a color close to it and did not have cuffs on the back of the head (in May 1924, this headgear was again replaced by a cap). A chin strap made of the same fabric as the helmet was fastened in front.
The cut and color of the winter helmet have been largely changed. The helmet of the 1922 model was made of dark gray uniform cloth, the cap of the helmet became lower and more rounded. The diameter of the sewn-on star has increased and has become 9.5 cm.
On April 13, 1922, the Red Army badge was changed. Instead of a plow and a hammer, they began to depict a sickle and a hammer on it.
In 1926, the color of the cloth of the helmet was changed from dark gray to protective, in accordance with the color of the cloth uniform of the Red Army of the 1924 model. In addition, on August 2, 1926, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 415, the cloth star sewn onto a winter headdress was abolished, and the Red Army badge should be attached directly to the helmet, at a distance of 7 cm from the sewing of the visor. The buttons on the cap of the helmet were ordered to be sewn on small metal buttons, installed in 1924.
In this form, the helmets existed until 1927, despite the hasty cancellation of this order in October 1926 and the formal restoration of the cloth star. Various models and modifications of this headgear were used by the troops until the end of the 1930s, when caps, caps and winter hats finally replaced the Budyonovka. Thus, by order of the NPO of the USSR No. 176 of December 3, 1935, new uniforms and insignia are introduced for all personnel of the Red Army. At the same time, the winter helmet of the command and command staff was still a winter helmet, established by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 474 of September 3, 1927. Although this winter helmet differed only slightly (made of dark gray semi-coarse cloth) from the previously established sample in 1922, in front of the new helmet, the correct five-pointed star was still sewn from instrumental cloth, assigned to the military branch of the color with a Red Army badge attached to it. The outer ends of the star were located on a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.
Such a famous headdress of the Red Army as Budyonovka lasted until July 1940. By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 187 of July 5, 1940, instead of a winter helmet, i.e. "Budyonovka", earflaps were introduced: for senior, senior and middle commanding staff and long-term servicemen - from woolen fabric and gray natural fur, for conscripts - from cotton helmet cloth and gray faux fur.
The highest, senior and middle commanding staff are allowed to sew hats at their own expense from natural lamb and gray astrakhan fur.
Nowadays, "Budyonovka" is only an attribute of feature films about the Red Army and the Civil War, and has become a collector's item for amateurs. military history, a souvenir for foreigners - we are talking about a remake souvenir, “Budyonovka”, which is replicated with the help of tailoring by enterprising craftsmen.
K.Yu. Goncharov
1 Narkomvoen - People's Commissar for Military Affairs.
2 People's Commissariat of Railways - People's Commissar of Communications.
3 Narkomvoenmor - People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.
4 Vtorov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1866-1918), Russian financial figure, businessman. The owner of the partnership "A.F. Vtorov with sons” (large trade in Siberia) and a number of industrial enterprises. He founded the Moscow Industrial Bank (1916), created (by 1917) an industrial and financial concern. Encyclopedia of Russian merchants. Website of the Society of Merchants and Industrialists of Russia: www.okipr.ru.
5 It is possible that instead of the name of the artist Korovin, the name of Kustodiev should have been. In any case, in all other sources (see the list of references) it is B.M. Kustodiev as co-author V.M. Vasnetsov in the development of new elements of the uniform of the Russian army.
6 Chusosnabarm - Extraordinary Commissioner of the Defense Council for the supply of the army.
Literature:
1. Khrenov M.M., Konovalov I.F., Dementyuk N.V., Terovkin M.A. Military clothing of the Armed Forces of the USSR and Russia (1917 - 1990s). M.: Military Publishing, 1999, pp. 9. 2, 5. Deryabin A.I. Civil War in Russia 1917 - 1922. Red Army. M .: LLC Firm AST Publishing House, 1998, pp. 3 - 5. 3. Small Soviet Encyclopedia. / Volume VIII. Art. "Trotsky". M.: Joint Stock Company "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1930, pp. 956 - 958. 4. Vtorov O.A. Start of continuation. Russian entrepreneurship and Russian social democracy. Library of the Society of Merchants and Industrialists. M.: 2003. 6. Small Soviet Encyclopedia. / Volume IV. Art. "Red Army - Red Guard". M .: Joint Stock Company "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1929, pp. 290 - 295. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Dress code and insignia of the Red and Soviet Army 1918 - 1945. / Comp.: Kharitonov O.V. (Artillery Historical Museum). Ed.: Colonel Ermoshin I.P. L .: Methodological and advisory center "Novik" them. A. V. Vorontsova, 1960, pp. 5 - 32.Additional literature:
1. Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G. Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Soviets. - St. Petersburg: Folio-Press, 1998. -704 p.Budyonovka was introduced into the uniform of the soldiers of the Red Army in order to distinguish them from the White Guards. The fact is that immediately after the overthrow of the monarchy, the revolutionaries had only the uniform of the tsarist troops. Insignia were torn from her, and a red star was attached to a cuff or other prominent place. It was difficult to distinguish a Red Guard from a White Guard from afar.
When did Budyonovka appear
In 1918, a competition was announced for the creation of a headdress for the soldiers of the Red Army, in which the sketch of the "bogatyr" won. The cloth hat-bogatyrka resembled a medieval "erikhonka" or a scarf with aventail.
Subsequently, this headdress was modified for winter uniforms and nicknamed "Budenovka" in honor of the division of Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny. On the right in the photo is Budyonny himself in Budyonovka. This is a very rare shot.
What does a real Budenovka look like?
The budenovka pattern is very simple. Initially, the hat was sewn in the form of a helmet made of cloth with a cotton lining. The cap consisted of 6 spherical triangles, a metal plate about 2 cm was sewn into the pommel. An oval-shaped visor and a backplate with long edges were sewn to the cap so that they could be fastened under the chin. An obligatory element of any budenovka was a cloth star. Its color depended on the type of troops. In the winter version, the star was 10.5 cm, in the lighter version - 8.8 cm. The star was the place for attaching the badge - cockade.
As you can see in the photo, the winter Budenovka was sewn from felt and had a quilted insulated inner layer. With minor changes, Budyonovka served the wars of the Red Army until the introduction of new uniforms with shoulder straps. Last picture soldier in Budyonovka dates back to 1943.
We make a full-size budenovka pattern
First you need to decide on the material for work. Details of a cloth hat will require wider allowances for finishing the edges, while felt practically does not unravel. To make a pattern and sew a budenovka, you need to measure the volume of the model's head. The height of the headdress has always remained unchanged, but for the master's peace of mind, you can measure from the eyebrow line to the top of the head and add 5 cm for the top.
The figure shows a pattern of Budyonovka size 56, in the final form the volume of the headdress will be 57.5 cm. When the size of the pattern is changed, its layout is saved. For the winter version, it is necessary to make a warm lining. Its pattern is the same as that of the wedges of the Budyonovka cap. The lapels of the back of the head do not have to be made so large. For example, in the famous film "White Sun of the Desert", Petrukha's Budenovka is light, designed to protect the head in a hot climate, so there is no need for large lapels.
It is not difficult to make a pattern of Budenovka with your own hands. It is necessary to fold the fabric four times and fasten it with sewing studs, attach a paper piece to the middle of the front and back, carefully trace around the contour and finish drawing allowances of 1.5-2 cm. Then fold the fabric in two layers and cut out the side wedges. Other details of the cap are cut similarly. The edges of all parts must be processed on an overlock or in another way. For example, you can use a threaded tape or an adhesive cobweb. Things treated in this way will last longer due to the additional rigidity and look neater.
We sew and detail Budyonovka
After cutting the budenovka and processing the edges of the parts, the hat can be sewn together. It's best to start with a cap. The front and back parts are sewn first, then the side wedges are sewn in. You can insert a plastic tip into the pommel, as was done in the original. In a real Budyonovka, the visor was rag, so it was convenient to wash the hat. For a better look of the final product, you can insert more dense material. The visor and the back of the head are inserted between the cloth and lining parts of the budenovka, then the lower part of the cap should be stitched on a typewriter.
Detailing will make a beautiful Budenovka. Take a close look at the photo of the real headdress. Pay attention to how neatly stitched the visor and buttonholes. It is better to find metal buttons in bronze color. The star must be made of cloth of the same quality as the dress itself. On the first budenovkas, the star fit into a black circle.
What else can be done from a Budyonovka pattern?
Red Army caps, you can sew a real heroic helmet. It will only be necessary to cut parts made of artificial or genuine leather, brown or gray for metal. All that remains is to come up with details, such as button rivets or additional decorative stitching.
