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Goals:

• Reveal the causes, goals of the participants, the nature of the war; find out what role the military-technical potential of the warring countries played in the course of hostilities; name the main fronts and events.
• Continue the formation of skills to compare various sources, analyze and draw independent conclusions, work with a historical map, correctly allocate time for working on assignments; Evaluate your work and the work of your peers.
• To cultivate a sense of rejection of violent measures to solve problems, as well as a sense of pride in their ancestors.

Type of lesson: lesson learning a new topic.

During the classes

1. Motivational conversation. Slide 2: Vereshchagin. Apotheosis of war.

Tasks: What did the artist want to say with this picture? What is her main intention?

The word of the teacher: 100 years separate us from the sad day of August 1, 1914 - a period sufficient to appreciate the significance of what was happening then. Humanity has entered a new very difficult period of its development, a period of global tragedies. The First World War was the prologue to the upheavals of the twentieth century. In the events of 1914-1918. - the origins of many processes that determine the face of the modern world.

2. Formulation of the integrating goal.

• As you work on the learning elements, you will discover:
• What were the causes of the war, the goals and plans of the participants;
• How the First World War was unleashed (i.e. reason);
• What role did the military-technical potential of the warring countries play in the course of hostilities;
• On what fronts did the main events of this war develop and how did it end.
• You also have to develop skills you have and learn:
• Compare various sources, analyze the material and draw conclusions;
• Find alternative solutions to problems;
• Work with a historical map;
• Correctly allocate work time on tasks;
• Evaluate your work and the work of your friends.

3. Updating knowledge on the topic “Russia and the world at the beginning of the 20th century.”

Input control. Let's try to name the main international contradictions that were determined by the beginning. XX century. What events testified to the intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world?

1. Which region at the beginning of the 20th century. called the "powder magazine of Europe"? (Balkans)

2. The interests of which countries clashed on the Balkan Peninsula? (Russia, Austria-Hungary)

3. What military-political blocs were created in Europe? Their composition?

• (Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy - 1882)
• Entente (Russia, France, England - 1907)

4. What events testified to the intensification of the struggle for the redistribution of the already divided world? (imperialist wars: American-Spanish, Anglo-Boer, Russian-Japanese (1904-1905)

5. What was the German Schlieffen Plan? (lightning war, the defeat of France, and then Russia)

So, the world stood on the brink of a world war, an imperialist war. All he needed was a reason and he was found.

4. Explore a new topic (slide 3-4)

Plan:

1. Causes, reason, nature of the First World War.
2. Countries - participants and their goals.
3. The development of military equipment during the war.
4. The course of hostilities.
5. Results of the war.

Important dates:

June 28, 1914 - the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Franz Ferdinand by G. Princip;

Summer 1916 - Brusilovsky breakthrough;

Lesson equipment:

Map “The First World War. 1914-1918.”

Tables 1-3 “Strength strength”, “Direct military spending”, “Armament”;

Technological map of the student on the topic “The First World War”.

Tutorials:

1) Artemov V.V., Lyubchenkov Yu.N. History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: a textbook for the beginning. and avg. prof. education: in 2 Ch., M., 2011.- Ch.2, paragraphs 69, 70.

2) Samygin P.S., Belikov K.S., Berezhnoy S.E. etc. History. Rostov n/a, 2008.

1. Background, causes, reason, nature of the First World War.

Tasks: After analyzing the scheme, ( slide 5) name the main international contradictions at the beginning of the century, the military blocs and the countries between which these contradictions developed. List the main reasons for the war.

write down the causes of the First World War and the name of the blocs and countries between which the war began.

Teacher's word:

1.1. The most important was exacerbation great power struggles, primarily England and Germany, on a global scale, the struggle for the redistribution of the world, including the redistribution of colonies, began.

1.2. The development of contradictions in certain regions, perceived by world leaders as "key points" in the struggle for spheres of influence.

reached a special urgency confrontation in the Balkans of Russia and its allies Serbia and Austria-Hungary together with allied Bulgaria. The explosive situation was aggravated by the fact that England, Germany, France and Italy also pursued their interests here. By 1914, having taken control of the Ottoman army, Germany had become the dominant military power in the Balkan region. Russia's desire to master the Black Sea straits was now blocked not only by England, but also by the German-Turkish military alliance.

The situation was not easy Middle East. On the Far East the United States and Japan sought to spread their influence.

1.3. Played a huge role political and economic rivalry between Germany and France, fighting for the establishment of economic hegemony in Europe.

1.4. Domestic political tasks of Russia objectively contradicted the tendency to start hostilities.

Stolypin P.A. wrote: “We need peace, war in the coming years ... will be disastrous for Russia and for the dynasty. On the contrary, every year peace strengthens Russia not only from a military and naval point of view, but also from a financial and economic point of view.” But the king did not heed these words. Russia got involved in a world war.

2. Participating countries and their goals. The nature of the war.

Target: At this stage of work, you need to determine the goals of the participating countries, the reason and nature of the war.

Exercise 1.

• Using the text of the textbook, name the goals of the participants.
• Based on information about the goals of the participants in the war, determine the nature of the war. (Slide 6)
• What events led to the war? (Slide 7)

Task 2.

At the beginning of a war, chance sometimes plays an important role. Even the English admiral Nelson said: "We must leave something to chance." The same point of view was held by Lloyd George, W. Churchill.

Think about how the elements of random and regular correlate at the beginning of the first world? What would have happened if the Sarajevo murder had not happened?

Task 3.

Think about whether it was possible to prevent a war at the beginning of the century (namely, a world war)? How, if the answer is yes? Why not if the answer is no?

Task 4.

Give examples of just and unjust wars known to you from the history course. Give a reasonable definition of the nature of the First World War (for each of the countries). To what countries does this definition not apply? Did the existence of such exceptions change the nature of the war?

Write in your notebook: The name of the military blocs, the goals of the participating countries (in the form of a diagram) and the nature of the First World War. ( slide 6)

Teacher's word:

Occasion. On June 15 (28 according to the new style) June 1914, the provocative military maneuvers of Austria-Hungary directed against Serbia were to begin. On this day in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, the Serb Gavrila principle was assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian emperor. Austria, accusing a Serbian nationalist organization of the murder, demanded the entry of troops into Serbia and the admission of investigators to its territory. On the advice of Russia, Serbia accepted the ultimatum, rejecting only the Austrian occupation, which was unacceptable to Serbian sovereignty. Despite Russia's appeal to Austria-Hungary and Germany, on July 15 (28) Austrian artillery began shelling the capital of Serbia - Belgrade.

Declaration of war. On July 17 (30) Russia announced a general mobilization, notifying Berlin that these actions were not anti-German, but taking a tough stance against Austria-Hungary. Germany in the form of an ultimatum demanded the cessation of mobilization and, having received no answer, on July 19 ( August 1) 1914 declared war on Russia.

On August 2, France began mobilizing, declaring support for Russia. On August 3, Germany declared war on France and, bypassing the Maginot defensive line, launched an offensive through Belgium and Luxembourg. England entered the war on August 4, and Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on August 6. The war engulfed all of Europe. On August 23, Japan joined the Entente, in 1915 - Italy, in 1916 - Romania, in 1917 - the USA. Turkey (1914) and Bulgaria (1915) became allies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. In total, 38 states of the world participated in the war.

3. Military-technical potential of the countries participating in the war.

Purpose: At this stage of the work, you have to find out: was Russia ready for war (compared to other countries). You must learn to draw conclusions by comparing the material of oral reports, textbook and comparative tables.

Exercise 1.

Analyze the data of tables 1-3. Draw conclusions about Russia's readiness for a long war.

Task 2.

S.Yu. Witte wrote, recalling the events of 1904-1905: “And it was not the Japanese who defeated Russia, not the Russian army, but our order, or, more correctly, our boyish control of 140 million people in recent years.”

Assessing the position of Russia in 1914, try to determine whether the experience of the Russo-Japanese War was taken into account? Why do you think?

Teacher's word: Preparing Russia for war.

• Army reorganization. In 1908-1913. A number of military reforms were carried out in Russia. The size of the army has grown, the service life has increased, the system of combat training has improved. The officer corps has changed: more than 2,000 senior officers have been fired, class restrictions on admission to officer schools have been abolished. As a result, the Russian army became equal in size to the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. But its qualitative transformation by 1914 had not yet been completed.
• Arms growth. Military spending increased over this period by 3.7 times, amounting to 40% of the country's budget.
• Fleet. After the destruction of the Russian navy in the Russo-Japanese war, it began to revive again. Back in 1907, the “Small Shipbuilding Program” was adopted, and in 1912, the “Shipbuilding Program of the Baltic Fleet”. The construction of submarines began.
• Modernized and weapons ground forces, but only in 1913 was the “Great Program to Strengthen the Army” adopted, during the implementation of which in 1914-1917. it was planned to increase and modernize artillery, strengthen engineering troops, create military aviation and road transport. By the beginning of the war, the program had just begun to be implemented. As a result, Russia lagged behind Germany in terms of military budget, armaments and artillery, which completed its military program in 1914.
• Of particular danger was Russia's 2.5 times lagging behind Germany and Austria-Hungary in terms of railway capacity, leading to areas of future hostilities.
• Diplomatic training. In 1914, a naval convention between Russia and England was prepared, signed after the start of the war. This completed the folding of the Entente as a military alliance of Russia, England and France.

The development of military equipment during the war. ( slide 8)

• The appearance of tanks and new types of artillery.
  On September 15, 1916, the British used tanks in battle for the first time. With the support of 18 tanks, the infantry was able to advance 2 km. Massive use of tanks - the battle of Cambrai on November 20-21, 1917, 378 tanks were involved.
• Aviation development. (Slide 9)
  The most famous aircraft were the German Fokker, the English Sopwith and the French Farman. In Russia, a heavy four-engine aircraft "Ilya Muromets" was built, lifting up to 800 kg of bombs and armed with 3-7 machine guns.
• Chemical weapon.
  In April 1915, near the city of Ypres in Belgium, the Germans released 180 tons of chlorine from cylinders. As a result of the attack, about 15 thousand people were injured, of which 5 thousand died. On April 12, 1917, mustard gas (mustard gas) was used by the Germans in the Ypres region. In total, about 1 million people were affected by poisonous substances during the war years.

military plans.

The leadership of Germany considered the summer of 1914 the most favorable moment for starting the war, since the Entente countries, especially Russia, were not ready for war. The German General Staff planned to defeat France with the help of a lightning war (blitzkrieg) and, together with Austria-Hungary, throw all their forces into the fight against Russia.

After the completion of the mobilization, Russia was counting on an offensive in the northwest towards Berlin and in the southwest towards Vienna. The tsar's uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich, was appointed commander-in-chief.

Both sides expected to win the war within 3-4 months.

4. The course of hostilities.

Target: compare the main events on the Eastern and Western fronts

1. Working with the text of the textbook, write out in the table based battles of the war on the Eastern and Western fronts.

1 row - military campaigns of 1914. 2 row - 1915-1916. 3rd row - 1917-1918

Main events, battles

Date, year	Eastern front	Western Front
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918

Working with the wall map"World War I"

2. On which front did the main events of the war take place.

Student's message “Brusilovsky breakthrough” (slide 12.13)

3. What other fronts have been created? Name them.

Checking the work done “Main events, battles” (slide 10, 11, 15)

Additional material for the teacher.

1914 - year of missed opportunities. On August 4, 1914, German troops, violating the neutrality of Belgium, launched an offensive against France through its territory, bypassing the main grouping of French troops located on the French-German border. Instead of the planned 2-3 days, the German army advanced to the French-Belgian border for 15 days. During this time, England landed its troops on the continent.

In early September, German troops crossed the Marne River on the outskirts of Paris. On September 6, the counteroffensive of the Anglo-French troops began, and only on September 12 did the Germans manage to stop the enemy. The lightning strike on Paris was thwarted. started trench warfare- the parties did not have the strength to attack, but firmly held their positions.

After the defeat of the Anglo-French troops on the border of France and the rapid advance of the German troops to Paris, even before the completion of the mobilization, Russia began, at the request of France, an offensive in East Prussia and Galicia.

In East Prussia, advancing from the east - the 1st (under the command of P.K. Rennenkampf) and from the south - the 2nd (under the command of A.V. Samsonov) Russian armies at the end of August inflicted a number of defeats on a small German group. After the transfer of two corps from France and the involvement of reserve units, Germany, using the inconsistency in the actions of the Russian troops, surrounded and destroyed two corps of the 2nd Army of Samsonov, who committed suicide. The 1st Army retreated.

The offensive in Galicia in August-September 1914 was more successful. The 8th Army (A.A. Brusilov) took Lvov and Galich, Russian troops besieged Przemysl, pushing the Austrians 300 km from the border beyond the river. San. It seemed that Austria-Hungary was defeated.

For the invasion of Germany, the Russian command, without consolidating success in the southwest, began the transfer of troops from Galicia to Poland, but in October the Austro-German armies launched a preemptive attack on Lodz and Warsaw. In the bloody battles in October-November, both sides suffered heavy losses (Russia - 2 million killed, wounded and captured, its enemy - 950 thousand), but did not fulfill their tasks.

The war with Turkey began on October 29 with an attack by German troops marching under the Turkish flag against Sevastopol, Odessa and the offensive of Turkish troops in the Caucasus. The Caucasian army pushed the enemy back to Erzrum, which facilitated the actions of Russia's allies on Mesopotamian front.

The results of the hostilities of 1914 consisted in the disruption of Schlieffen's blitzkrieg plan. Germany was forced to wage war on two fronts. For Russia, the first year of the war was a year of missed opportunities.

During the fighting, the superiority of the German army over the Russian one in artillery and ammunition supply was revealed, the weakness of the Austrian and Turkish armies was manifested.

Defeats of 1915 Germany decided to dedicate the company of 1915 to the defeat of Russian troops. About 30 infantry and 9 cavalry divisions were transferred from France.

• Local battles were fought on the Western Front. Italy went over to the side of the Entente. In autumn, the offensive of the Austro-German and Bulgarian troops began on Serbia. The Serbian army retreated to Albania after 2 months of fighting.
• Southwestern Front (Russia). After some Russian successes in January-March (taking Przemysl, reaching the Carpathian Range, repelling German offensives in East Prussia), in April-May, the Austro-German troops, using massive artillery shelling, forced the Russian troops to retreat. But the front was not broken.
• Western Front (Russia). Russia's weapons modernization programs were to be completed only by 1917, the accumulated ammunition was used up. In the summer, the German armies occupied Poland with Warsaw, part of Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and went to Riga. By October, the front stopped, a long trench war began.
• The results of the hostilities of 1915. The entire composition of the trained pre-war personnel army went out of order. Russia lost its western territories, but retained its main industrial and agricultural base. In August, Nicholas II took over the command, appointing an experienced general Alekseev M.V. chief of the General Staff.

1916 is a lost victory.

On February 21, 1916, the German command launched the Verdun operation on the Western Front. During fierce fighting, both sides suffered heavy losses, but the Germans could not break through the front.

At the insistent request of the Allies, in order to divert enemy forces from France, the Russian command developed an offensive plan, the main burden of which fell on the Russian Southwestern Front, commanded by General Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich.

Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente, but its actions were unsuccessful and Russia was forced to form its own Romanian front.

Russian troops Caucasian Front successfully carried out a number of operations, taking the cities of Erzrum and Trebizond.

As a result of the hostilities of 1916, the Anglo-French and Italian armies were saved from defeat. England and France promised Russia to transfer the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and Constantinople under its control.

Military operations in 1917-1918 The company of 1917 proceeded in conditions of growth in all countries of the revolutionary movement.

In February, a revolution broke out in Russia. The offensive of the Russian southwestern front ended in failure. After the October Revolution in Russia, the new government concluded a truce with the German coalition on December 2. Events in Russia thwarted the plans of the Entente to defeat Austria-Hungary. The United States entered the war on the side of the Entente.

In March, the German offensive began in France. At the end of May, the Germans struck north of the Rhine and reached the Marne River, being 70 km from Paris, but were stopped. The second Battle of Marne ended in failure for the Germans.

In August 1918, the Anglo-French armies went on the offensive and defeated the enemy. In September, the general offensive of the allies began along the entire front. On November 9, the monarchy was overthrown in Berlin. On November 11, 1918, the Entente concluded the Compiègne truce with Germany. Germany admitted its defeat in the war.

Student Message: (Slide 12-13)

A.A. Brusilov (1853-1926) was born in the family of a general. Graduated from the Corps of Pages. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. For more than 15 years he served in the officer cavalry school, starting as a riding instructor and ending as its chief. In 1906-12 he commanded various military formations. In 1912 he received the rank of general from the cavalry. From the beginning of the World War he was appointed commander of the 8th Army, from March 1916 - commander-in-chief of the South-Western Front. Gained fame for the development and conduct of the offensive of the Russian army in the summer of 1916 - "Brusilov breakthrough". After the February Revolution - a supporter of the continuation of the war to a victorious end. In May 1917 he was appointed Supreme Commander of the Russian Army. After being removed from this post in July 1917, he remained at the disposal of the Provisional Government. In 1920 he joined the Red Army.

Brusilovsky breakthrough. In May 1916, the troops of the Russian Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austrian positions, pushing the enemy back 120 km, the front was broken through for 340 km. Russian troops occupied Lutsk, Chernivtsi. The Brusilov breakthrough put Austria-Hungary on the brink of disaster. Germany transferred 11 divisions from the west, stopping the offensive at Verdun.

5. Results of the war.

Target: name the results of the war. Tasks:

1. Who won the war? At what conference were the results of the First World War summed up? (Slide 17)

2. write down the name of the peace treaties of the Entente countries with the countries of the Quadruple Alliance.

3. At what conference did the post-war peace settlement end? write down the name of the system of relations that has developed in the world after the end of the war.

June 28, 1919 after lengthy discussions on Paris Peace Conference was Treaty of Versailles signed Entente countries with Germany. (slide 17)

Post-war peace settlement completed Washington Conference(1921-1922). The United States managed to achieve the principle of “freedom of navigation”, weaken Great Britain as the number one maritime power, push Japan and achieve the approval of the “principle of equal opportunities” for all countries that signed the treaty.

The Versailles-Washington system, which reflected the interests of the victorious countries, lasted until World War II.

Slide 18 “General results of the First World War” - view.

Teacher's word: Let's look at one more picture of Vereshchagin "Requiem" (slide 19). What kind lessons should endure humanity from such wars as the First World War? (all problems must be solved at the negotiating table, otherwise humanity will destroy itself).

Reflection:

Target: summing up, grades for the lesson.

Do test work:

1) Match the fronts and battles of the First World War:

A) Eastern Front

B) Western Front

1. Verdun meat grinder

2. Brusilovsky breakthrough

3. Battle of Galicia

4. gas attack near Ypres

2) The military-political bloc of the Entente was created:

a) in 1882; b) in 1889; c) in 1907; d) in 1914

3) Match the date and name of the battle:

1) Brusilovsky breakthrough

2) The defeat of the 2nd Russian army in East Prussia

3) Battle of Galicia

4) Brest Peace

5) The failure of the offensive of the Southwestern Front

4) The composition of the Quadruple Union included:

a) Russia b) Bulgaria c) Germany d) France

5) The Entente included:

a) Russia b) Austria-Hungary c) Germany d) England

6) Which region at the beginning of the 20th century. called the "powder magazine of Europe":

a) the Balkans; b) Middle East; c) Germany

7) Causes of World War I:

a) German plans to take over England;

b) the struggle of the largest countries for colonies and markets;

c) the desire of Russia and Austria-Hungary to establish itself in the Balkans.

References:

1. Artemov V.V. History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: a textbook for beginners and mediums. prof. education: in 2 hours. Part 2 / V.V. Artemov, Yu.N. Lyubchenkov. - M., 2011. - p.304.
2. Bazanov S. Brusilovsky breakthrough//History. Scientific and methodological journal for teachers of history and social studies, 2012, No. 9, pp. 42-47.
3. History of Russia XX - XXI century. Grade 11: Lesson planning / Avt.-stat. T.A. Korneva. - Volgograd, 2005. - 268 p.
4. Samygin P.S., Belikov K.S., Berezhnoy S.E. etc. History. - Rostov n / a, 2008.
5. Tikhonova N. Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. // History. Scientific and methodical magazine for teachers of history and social studies. 2012. No. 9, p.32-37
6. Yastremsky A.N. Album of schemes for the course “National history”, Textbook, Electronic edition, M., 2008.

Appendix

Table 1.Armed Forces
(leading countries and their possessions)

Powers	In service (million people)	Share in the global population	In service per 1 thousand inhabitants (persons)
Austria-Hungary	0,4	6,6	7,6
Great Britain	0,2	3,3	4,4
German Empire	0,8	13,3	10,1
Italy	0,4	6,6	11,4
the Russian Empire	1,4	23,3	7,5
USA	0,2	3,3	2,0
France	0,7	11,6	17,5
World at large	6,0	100	3,2

Table 2.Direct military spending

States	Total (million rubles)	Per 1 inhabitant (rub.)	For 1 soldier (rub.)
Austria-Hungary	265	5,0	662
Great Britain	729	1,7	1822
German Empire	925	11,5	1156
Italy	283	6,7	566
the Russian Empire	826	4,5	590
USA	570	5,2	2850
France	568	7,1	710
World at large	5000	2,7	833

Table 3Armament

States	Artillery guns (thousand)	machine guns (thousand pieces)	shells (billion pieces)	airplanes (PCS.)	Cars (thousand pieces)	navy (million tons displacement)	Rifles (million pieces)	ammo (billion pieces)
Austria-Hungary	4,0	2,0	3,0	65	1,8	0,3	1,5	0,3
Great Britain	2,0	2,0	7,0	272	1,2	1,9	0,8	0,8
German Empire	7,5	12,0	10,0	300	5,0	1,5	5,0	1,0
Italy	2,0	1,0	3,3	143	2,0	0,4	2,5	0,5
the Russian Empire	7,9	4,1	6,0	150	-	0,4	5,0	2,8
USA	1,0	1,5	1,0	-	-	0,9	0,5	0,5
France	4,8	5,0	6,0	560	8,0	0,5	3,4	1,3
World at large	35,0	35,0	40,0	1500	18,1	7,5	25,0	10,1

World War I (1914-1918)

It was attended by 38 states with a population of 1.5 billion people.

Each country pursued its own goals in it. It was a war for the redivision of the world. But not a single country has achieved its goals.

At the beginning of the war, the peoples of the warring countries supported their governments. However, the war dragged on, bringing only disasters - and the support of the masses was gradually replaced by discontent. The number of anti-government protests grew, in 1917-1918 they reached their climax. A wave of bourgeois revolutions swept through Europe, as a result of which the largest empires in the world fell - including Russia's. And in Russia, soon after the fall of the autocracy, the Bolsheviks came to power.

Reasons for the war.

Germany planned to crush France and Russia. The goal is to capture some French colonies in Africa, to achieve overwhelming influence in Turkey, in the Near and Middle East, to annex part of the western territories of Russia (its Baltic and Polish provinces).

Austria-Hungary hoped to subdue the Balkan states.

Russia sought to seize the Bosporus and Dardanelles, as well as the city of Constantinople, which would allow it to completely control the Black Sea basin.

France intended to return the territories lost in 1871 and subjugate the banks of the Rhine.

Great Britain pursued the goal of taking Germany out of the game as its main rival in Europe and the world.

War was inevitable, and there was enough reason for it to start.

The beginning of the war.

On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo (Bosnia). The killer is a member of the nationalist organization Gavrilo Princip. He turned out to be a Serb, and this served as a pretext for Austria-Hungary to accuse Serbia of a terrorist act. The Austrian authorities presented an ultimatum to Serbia, which infringed on the country's independence. From July 28, events began to develop rapidly. On this day, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 30, Russia, an ally of Serbia, announced a general mobilization. Then Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and on France on August 3. The war has begun. It was confronted by two military blocs - the Entente (Russia, France, England) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy). But Italy declared neutrality, and Germany and Austria-Hungary opposed the Entente countries. In 1915, the Triple Alliance was transformed into the Quadruple Alliance: it included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. Thus, an increasing number of countries were involved in the war.

The course of the war.

Germany developed a plan that would help her avoid a war on two fronts - with France and Russia. According to this plan, she expected to defeat France in a lightning war in two months, and then bring down all her might on Russia.

1914

In August 1914, Germany launched an offensive against Paris. Then France demanded that Russia start hostilities on the Eastern Front in order to divert part of the German troops in the western direction and weaken their power. Russian troops went on the offensive on the Eastern Front. Germany had to withdraw significant forces from the Western Front and send them to the East. The unprepared Russian armies were defeated. But thanks to the actions of Russia, Paris was saved, and the German plan for a lightning war failed.

1915

The German command adopted a new war plan. Now it decided to first crush the Russian troops, withdraw Russia from the war, and then finally "deal" with France. In the West, Germany switched to strategic defense, sending the main forces to the East. 1915 was the most difficult year for Russia. Russian troops were not ready for protracted hostilities. There were not enough weapons and ammunition. At the same time, they were opposed by a well-armed German army. The forces were clearly unequal. The Russian army was ousted from Galicia, Poland, a number of regions of the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine. And the allies (France and England) never came to the aid of Russia, did not organize a single major military operation on the Western Front.

1916 Brusilovsky breakthrough.

Germany decided that the Russian army, although not completely defeated, was already too weak to continue the war. Therefore, she moved on to the second part of her plan - to defeat France. The German command organized a broad offensive against the Franco-British troops in the Verdun region, behind which a direct road to Paris opened. France again turned to Russia for help. And Russia again came to the rescue. The troops of the Southwestern Front, commanded by General A.A. Brusilov, went on the offensive against the Austrian positions. The famous "Brusilovsky breakthrough" was made: Russian troops broke through the front for 340 km, the depth of the breakthrough reached 120 km. Austria-Hungary was on the brink of disaster. Germany had to withdraw large forces from the Western Front and throw them into Austria-Hungary. The offensive at Verdun was halted.

However, the successful military operations of the Russian troops did not bring strategic success, since the Allies again did not support them with offensive operations on the Western Front. As a result, the war acquired a positional character.

1917

In Russia, as in all warring countries, the situation of the masses was deteriorating. In February, the revolution broke out. The tsar abdicated, power passed to the Provisional Government. In the summer, it organized a new offensive, which did not bring success. This exacerbated the political crisis in the country. A new revolution began - the October Revolution. The provisional government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks headed by V.I. Lenin came to power. The Soviet government addressed all the belligerent countries with a proposal for peace. However, this proposal was not supported. Then it was decided to hold peace talks with Germany.

1918 Brest peace. End of the war.

Negotiations with Germany were held in Brest. Lenin advocated peace at any cost. AND March 3, 1918 The predatory Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. According to the treaty, huge territories of Russia departed from Germany. In addition, Russia had to pay a huge indemnity.

Russia withdrew from the world war, but never brought a peace treaty. Former allies became enemies. The Entente countries organized an intervention against Soviet Russia. A civil war broke out in Russia.

Meanwhile, the World War continued. In August, in the battle of Amiens, the Entente troops inflicted a decisive defeat on the German army. The Entente continued the fighting, trying to finally break the resistance of the troops of the Quadruple Alliance. A revolution began in Germany, as a result of which the monarchy was overthrown. Germany was proclaimed a republic. There were revolutions in Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The quadruple union broke up.

November 11, 1918 Germany signed the act of surrender. The First World War is over. After the surrender of Germany, Russia annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Being one of the two main theaters of military operations of the First World War, the Western Front certainly occupies the first place in terms of its military and political significance. It was here that the German command in August - September 1914 made a decisive bet on victory, and its failure led to the final defeat of Kaiser Germany, unable to withstand a protracted war of attrition against the combined potential of the Entente powers. Being of paramount importance for Germany, on the one hand, and Great Britain and France, on the other, the Western Front lasted until the conclusion of the Compiegne Armistice in November 1918.
After declaring war on Russia on August 1, 1914, Germany presented an ultimatum to France, demanding that it remain neutral, but France declared that it would fulfill its allied obligations to Russia, and on August 3 Germany declared war on it under the pretext of an alleged bombing of German territory by French airplanes. Since the German plan for a lightning war (the Schlieffen plan) involved the invasion of the main forces of the German army into France through the territory of Belgium, the refusal of the Belgian government to let the German troops through led to the latter's violation of the neutrality of Belgium, which served as the basis for the entry into the war of Great Britain, bound by military-political agreements with France and Russia.

Campaign 1914

During the Battle of the Frontier in August 1914, French troops and the British Expeditionary Force failed to hold back the advance of seven German armies that poured across the borders of Belgium and France. The German plan for waging war on two fronts was to defeat the troops of their opponents in the West with a powerful blow in a short time, capture Paris and force France to surrender, after which they would transfer the main forces of the German troops to the Eastern Front and in cooperation with the Austro-Hungarian army inflict a decisive defeat on Russia. However, this plan was thwarted due to the active actions of the Russian troops in East Prussia. Despite the fact that the Russian 2nd Army of General Samsonov eventually suffered a heavy defeat near Tannenberg, the German command, having very limited forces against the Russians, was forced to prepare reserves for sending to the East - two army corps designed to reinforce the strike force advancing to Paris. This played a decisive role in the defeat of the Germans at the Battle of the Marne.

Battle of the Marne (Marne).

On September 5, 1914, the French 6th Army of General Maunoury, concentrated east of Paris, launched a counterattack on the unprotected right flank of the enemy on the Marne River. The German command did not have free forces to fend off the blow, and the commander of the right-flank German 1st Army, General von Kluck, transferred two corps against the Monuri army, and then two more divisions, exposing the junction with the neighboring 2nd Army. This allowed the French 5th th army and British troops to launch a second counterattack into the gap that had opened. The German 2nd Army faced the threat of encirclement and was forced to retreat north, pulling the neighboring 1st and 3rd armies with it. By September 12, the German troops rolled back 60 km, taking up defense along the lines of the Aisne and Vel rivers. Thus, the German plan to defeat France with one blow failed, which predetermined the unfavorable outcome of the entire war for Germany.
In the second half of September - October, both sides continued maneuvering, trying to outflank the enemy from the open northern flank (the so-called "Run to the Sea"), as a result of which the front line extended to the coast of the North Sea, and the war acquired a positional character.

Campaign 1915

From the end of 1914, the opposing sides dug into the ground, rebuilding dugouts, trenches, machine-gun emplacements, securely covered by barbed wire and minefields. Attempts to break through such defenses each time turned out to be huge losses for the attacking side with insignificant results. In the changed conditions of hostilities, along with the strengthening of the role of artillery, especially heavy artillery, new means of conducting armed struggle began to develop, including chemical weapons, airplanes, tanks, and specially trained assault detachments of infantrymen and combat engineers. At the same time, the significance of the cavalry, which turned out to be extremely vulnerable to fire from automatic weapons, aviation weapons (bombs, airplane arrows) and poisonous substances, was reduced to nothing. In the spring of 1915, the main efforts of Germany were transferred to the Eastern Front, and the Anglo-French troops tried to take advantage of this situation to go on the offensive. However, the operation undertaken in May-June in Artois was not successful. In two weeks of fighting, the Allies lost 130 thousand people, advancing only 3-4 km on the French sector of the front and 1 km on the British.

Conferences at the Château de Chantilly.

The failures of the Anglo-French troops in operations on the Western Front, the retreat of the Russian armies in Galicia and Poland seriously worried the military-political leadership of the Entente powers.

In the middle of 1915, the French government invited the Allies to carry out a general development of future operations and submitted a project to convene a conference where the French Army's Headquarters was located. In a year and a half, four inter-allied conferences were held. The first conference (July 1915) discussed the plan of the Allies for the second half of 1915. At the second conference (December 1915) the general plan of the 1916 campaign and recommendations to the governments of the Entente countries on economic and political issues were discussed. The Third Conference (March 1916) reviewed and approved the 1916 campaign plan. The Fourth Conference (November 1916) decided to prepare coordinated operations for the spring of 1917. The conferences also repeatedly discussed the issue of a centralized body for coordinating the actions of the allied armies, but the military-political contradictions between their participants did not allow it to be created. The Supreme Military Council of the Entente was formed only in November 1917.

Campaign 1916

Despite the major successes won in 1915 on the Eastern Front, the Austro-German troops failed to crush Russia and withdraw it from the war, and the German command decided to try their luck again in the West.

Battle of Verdun (Verdun).

The fortified area of ​​Verdun was chosen as the main point of application of forces, against which the Germans gathered artillery forces unprecedented in history (1225 guns, of which 703 were heavy, 110 guns per 1 km of the front). It was assumed that in the battle for Verdun, which is the key to Paris, the French would be forced to deplete their resources of manpower, weapons and ammunition. However, during the fierce fighting that lasted from February to December 1916, the German army was able to achieve only very limited successes at the cost of huge losses. This was facilitated, in particular, by the fact that during the year the German command had to repeatedly withdraw troops from the front in order to support its ally Austria-Hungary, which found itself in a difficult situation as a result of the offensive of the Russian troops (Brusilovsky breakthrough), undertaken in accordance with the decisions adopted at the meetings of representatives of the General Staffs of the Allied Powers in Chantilly.

Battle of the Somme.

In July-November 1916, the Allied Command undertook an offensive operation on the Somme River, which went down in history as one of the largest battles of the First World War. Despite many days of artillery preparation, the offensive developed slowly and at the cost of heavy losses. The total losses of the parties in killed and wounded amounted to more than 1 million people. For the first time in history, tanks were used to break through the enemy defenses during this battle. As a result of the operation, the Allies broke through the German front by only 10 km in a sector of 35 km. in depth. In order to prevent the development of a breakthrough, the Germans had to urgently create a new line of defense. Losses near Verdun and on the Somme seriously affected the morale and combat effectiveness of the German troops. The strategic initiative passed to the allies for a long time.

Campaign 1917

The 1917 campaign was marked by new Allied attempts to break through the front. This was preceded by the withdrawal of German troops to the rear defensive line (the Hindenburg line), prepared in the winter of 1916-17. By shortening the front line, the German command thus freed part of its forces.

The April offensive of the British and French near Arras, which went down in history as the "Nievel massacre" (after the French commander-in-chief Robert Nivel), did not achieve its goals, and the losses incurred during it caused protest moods and unrest in the French army on the basis of the unwillingness of the soldiers to go to the battle. Equally unsuccessful were the actions of the British troops during several operations undertaken in July - November in Flanders (Battle of Passchendaele). Their results remained far from desirable, but the experience gained made it possible to improve the offensive tactics of the Allies, which were successfully used in the operations of 1918.

Battle of Cambrai.

In late November - early December 1917, British troops undertook a large-scale operation against the new German defense line in the area of ​​​​the city of Cambrai, relying on the massive use of tanks (476 units) and the new assault tactics of infantry units. On the first day of the offensive, they managed to achieve tangible success, breaking through the German front in a section of 12 km to 6-8 km in depth with fairly small losses. However, the delay in bringing the Canadian cavalry into the breach allowed the Germans to recover from the initial shock and close the breach. Over the next days, the German troops were able to completely stop the advance of the enemy, and then launched a counteroffensive and pushed the British back to their original positions.
In the course of the 1917 campaign, both sides had exhausted their forces almost to the limit. Only the influence of external factors could decide the outcome of the struggle in favor of one of them. For Germany, this was Russia's exit from the war as a result of the Bolshevik revolution and the possibility of using additional forces transferred from the East on the Western Front; for Great Britain and France - the entry into the war of the United States on the side of the Entente and the arrival in Europe of numerous and fresh American troops. In such a situation, Germany could only count on achieving a decisive victory before sufficiently large American contingents appeared at the front.

Campaign 1918

In March 1918, after the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Soviet Russia, German troops launched a series of offensive operations in the West, which went down in history under the general name of the "Battle of the Kaiser". The Germans managed to significantly push back their opponents and again, as in 1914, reach the approaches to Paris. However, the material resources of Germany and the morale of the army and the population were finally undermined. In July, during the second battle on the Marne, the German offensive was stopped, and in August, having broken through the German front near Amiens, the Anglo-French troops went on the offensive, supported by the American troops who arrived in France. The German command was forced to leave all the territories occupied during the offensive and withdraw troops to rear positions. Failures at the front and an extremely difficult situation in the rear led to a revolution in Germany in early November, the monarchy fell, and the provisional government that came to power signed an armistice with the Entente powers on November 11 in Compiegne, recognizing defeat in the war and pledging to evacuate all territories, still occupied by German troops at that time.

S.I. Drobyazko,
Candidate of Historical Sciences

38 states participated in the First World War, more than one and a half billion people were involved in it, i.e. more than ¾ of the world's population.

The reason for the unleashing of an international conflict was the assassination by Serbian conspirators in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo in June 1914 of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand. On July 15, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. In response, Russia, as the guarantor of Serbia's independence, began mobilization. Germany demanded an ultimatum to stop it and, having received a refusal, declared war on Russia on July 19. France, an ally of Russia, entered the war on July 21, England the next day, and on July 26 a state of war was declared between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
Two fronts formed in Europe: the Western (in France and Belgium) and the Eastern (against Russia).

At the heart of the war 1914 — 1918 gg. lie growing over many decades of contradictions between groups of capitalist states, the struggle for spheres of influence, markets, which led to the redivision of the world. On the one hand, these were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, which took shape in Triple Alliance. On the other hand, England, France and Russia ( Entente).

The course of hostilities on the Eastern Front

Main battles in Russian ( Eastern) theater of operations at the beginning of the war deployed on northwestern (against Germany) and southwestern (against Austria-Hungary) directions. The war for Russia began with the offensive of the Russian armies in East Prussia and Galicia.

Russia during the First World War 1914-1918. The development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist

East Prussian operation

The East Prussian operation (August 4 - September 2, 1914) ended in a serious failure for the Russian army, but had a great impact on the course of operations on the Western Front: the German command was forced to transfer large forces to the east. This was one of the reasons for the failure of the German attack on Paris and the success of the Anglo-French troops in the Battle of the Marne River.

Galician battle

The Battle of Galicia (August 10 - September 11, 1914) led to a significant military-strategic victory for Russia: the Russian army advanced 280 - 300 km, occupying Galicia and its ancient capital Lvov.

During the ensuing fighting in Poland(October - November 1914) the German army repelled attempts to advance Russian troops within its territory, but it failed to defeat the Russian armies.

Russian soldiers and officers had to fight in extremely difficult conditions. Russia's unpreparedness for war manifested itself particularly sharply in the poor supply of ammunition to the army. Member of the State Duma V. Shulgin, who visited the front shortly after the outbreak of hostilities, recalled: “The Germans covered our positions with hurricane fire, and we were silent in response. For example, in the artillery unit where he worked, it was ordered to spend no more than seven shells per day on one field ... gun. In such a situation, the front was held to a large extent due to the courage and skill of the soldiers and officers.

The difficult situation on the Eastern Front forced Germany to take a number of steps to curb Russia's activity. She managed in October 1914 to draw Turkey into the war with Russia. But the very first major operation of the Russian army on Caucasian Front in December 1914 g. led to the defeat of the Turkish army.

The active actions of the Russian army forced the German command in 1915 to radically revise their original plans; instead of defense in the east and offensive in the west, a different plan of action was adopted. Center of gravity in the war moved to Eastern front and specifically against Russia. The offensive began in April 1915 with a breakthrough in the defense of Russian troops in Galicia. By autumn, the German army occupied most of Galicia, Poland, part of the Baltic states and Belarus. However, their main task - the complete defeat of the Russian armed forces and the withdrawal of Russia from the war - was not solved by the German command.

By the end of 1915, the war on all fronts took positional character which was extremely disadvantageous for Germany. In an effort to achieve victory as soon as possible and not being able to carry out a broad offensive on the Russian front, the German command again decided to shift its efforts to the Western Front, making a breakthrough in the area of ​​​​the French fortress Verdun.

And again, as in 1914, the Allies turned to Russia, insisting on an offensive in the East, i.e. on the Russian front. Summer 1916 troops Southwestern Front under the command of General A.A. Brusilov went on the offensive, as a result of which the Russian troops captured Bukovina and Southern Galicia.

As a result " Brusilov breakthrough“The Germans were forced to withdraw 11 divisions from the western front and send them to help the Austrian troops. At the same time, a number of victories were won on Caucasian front, where the Russian army deepened into Turkish territory for 250-300 km.

Thus, in 1914 - 1916. The Russian army had to take on the powerful blows of the enemy forces. At the same time, shortcomings in weapons and equipment reduced the combat effectiveness of the army and significantly increased its casualties.

The entire period of 1916 - the beginning of 1917. in the political circles of Russia there was a stubborn struggle between supporters of a separate peace with Germany and supporters of Russia's participation in the war on the side of the Entente. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government declared Russia's loyalty to its obligations to the Entente countries and in June 1917 launched an offensive at the front, which turned out to be unsuccessful.

Russia's participation in the First World War ended with the signing in March 1918 Brest peace between Germany and Soviet Russia.

On the Western Front, hostilities continued until the autumn of 1918, when November 11, 1918 in the Forest of Compiègne(France) an armistice was signed between the victors (the Entente countries) and defeated Germany.

Lesson Plan

Lesson topic: "World War I. Fighting 1914-1918.

The purpose of the lesson:

- form an idea of ​​the scale and mainevents of the First World War.

R develop the ability to work in groups; continue to form the ability to analyze historical facts, independent work skills, draw conclusions;

To educate the rejection of war, cruelty, respect for human life as the highest value.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

Lesson equipment :

General history. Recent history. Grade 9: textbook for educational institutions / O.S. Soroko-Tsyupa, A.O. Soroko-Tsyupa.-M.: Education, 2013.

Map “World War I. 1914-1918".

Handout - fragments of documents.

Lesson Plan :

Reasons for the war. Reason for war.

Participants and their goals.

The course of hostilities, the main battles of 1914-1918.

Results of the First World War.

Epigraph: "The twentieth century...
And black, earthly blood,
Promises us, inflating veins,
All destroying the frontiers,
Unheard of changes
Unprecedented rebellions...!”

Alexander Blok.

During the classes

Organizing time.

a) communication of the purpose and objectives of the lesson.

Already 100 years separate us from the date - August 1, 1914 - a period sufficient to appreciate the significance of what happened then. Humanity has entered a new, very difficult period of its development, a period of global tragedies. The First World War was the prologue to the upheavals of the 20th century. In the events of 1914-1918. - the origins of many processes that determined the face of the modern world. The war, in fact, began a new era in the history of mankind and was perceived as a manifestation of the crisis of European civilization, as a great disaster that for the first time raised the question of the physical destruction of mankind. It was led by massive armies that used the destructive weapons created by industrial society. The war has become hard everyday work for millions. Started for the sake of the greatness of empires, after 4 years it destroyed these empires themselves. Today we will find out why and how the relatively prosperous European world was destroyed.

Our goal – working with historical documents and a textbook, we will have to evaluate the First World War???

duration - 1554 days;

number of participating countries - 38;

composition of coalitions: England, France, Russia, USA and 30 more countries:

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria;

the number of states on whose territory hostilities took place -14;

the population of the countries participating in the war is 1.5 billion people (62% of the world's population).

II. Explanation of new material.

1. Reasons for the war. Reason for war.

The contradictions between the great powers, the intensification of the struggle for spheres of influence led to their open clash. The reason for the war was the assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne.

Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia on July 10, which was almost completely satisfied by Serbia. But on July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia, and on August 3 on France. On August 4, Great Britain entered the war.

2. Participants and their goals.

Independent work of students.

Task 1: After analyzing the text of the textbook on pages 37-40, make a table: Participants in the war and their goals.

Participants in the war and their goals

Task 2: After analyzing the documents, express your opinion on the readiness for war of the countries of the Entente and the Triple Alliance: - weapons - armed forces - costs.

Armed Forces

(leading powers and their possessions)

In service

(million people)

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Austria and Hungary

british empire

Great Britain

German Empire

Germany

Italian possessions

the Russian Empire

US possessions

French possessions

Japanese empire

World at large

Direct military spending

Armament.

Bullet throwers

(billion pieces)

aero plans

Auto-mobiles

Navy

Rifles

Austro-Hungarian Empire

british empire

German Empire

Italian possessions

the Russian Empire

US possessions

French possessions

Japanese empire

World at large

Group presentations.

The course of hostilities, the main battles of 1914-1918.

Group work.

The students are tasked with: Having studied the material of the textbook and the data of the table, tell about the main military operations of 1914-1918. their results, show on the map the main battles.

1) 1914
What was the blitzkrieg plan? Why was he torn down? Name the major battles of 1914. What are the main results of the military campaign of 1914?
2) 1915
What was the main strategic objective of the Triple Alliance? What new countries have joined the Triple Alliance and why? The results of the military campaign in 1915.
3) 1916
Name the main battles of 1916 and their results. The main battles at sea and their results. How were the military events reflected in the living standards of the population of the warring countries?
4) 1917
Russia in World War I in 1917 - early 1918 What are the features of hostilities in 1917? Name the main battles of 1917. The main results of the military campaign of 1917.
5) 1918
What is the last strategic plan of the German command, developed by Hindenburg? Why did he fail? What events contributed to the defeat in the war of the countries of the Triple Alliance? Where and when did World War I end?
Group presentations.

Table: Main events of the First World War 1914 - 1918

Periods

Western Front

Eastern front

Result

The offensive of the German troops through Belgium. Battle of the Marne. German troops are stopped and thrown back from Paris. Naval blockade of Germany by the English fleet

The unsuccessful offensive of two Russian armies (generals P.K. Renenkampf and A.V. Samsonov) in East Prussia. The offensive of Russian troops in Galicia against Austria-Hungary.

The East Prussian operation of the Russian troops helped the French and British survive the battle on the Marne River. The "Schliefen Plan" failed, Germany could not avoid a war on two fronts. The Ottoman Empire was joined by Germany and Austria-Hungary.

There were almost no active military operations. Ruthless submarine war of Germany against the fleet of the Entente. The first ever chemical attack by German troops on Ypres (Belgium).

The offensive of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russian troops. The Russian army with heavy losses is forced to retreat. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Bulgaria took the side of Germany (the Central Powers).

Germany and its allies failed to liquidate the Eastern Front. Positional ("trench") warfare. France and England have strengthened their military potential. There has been a military-economic advantage of the Entente countries.

The offensive of the German army along Verdun. The first use of tanks by the Entente troops and the offensive on the Somme.

The Russian army under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and Bukovina ("Brusilov breakthrough"). However, it was not possible to build on the success of the Russian army.

The battles at Verdun and the Somme did not give a decisive advantage to either side. It became clear that Germany could not win the war, Austria-Hungary was on the verge of complete defeat.

In the battles on the fields of France, neither the Central Powers nor the Entente managed to achieve a decisive victory. US entry into the war on the side of the Entente.

Revolution in February-March 1917. in Russia. Fall of the monarchy. Provisional government - "War to the bitter end!" Decree on peace of the Bolshevik government. The call to conclude peace without annexation and indemnity is not supported by either Germany or the Entente.

Huge losses forced the Anglo-French command to stop major offensive operations. The entry into the war of the United States led to the economic and military superiority of the Entente. Revolutionary Russia, exhausted by the war, could not continue the struggle.

The offensive of the German troops in France (P. Hindenburg, E. Ludendorff) to Paris. On the Marne, the counteroffensive of the Entente troops under the command of the French General F. Foch. US President W. Wilson proposed a 14-point peace plan. The uprising of sailors in Kiel was the beginning of the German revolution. The Social Democratic government concluded an armistice with the Entente in the Forest of Compiègne on November 11, 1918.

In March 1918, the Bolshevik government concluded a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.

The Eastern Front ceased to exist. Germany got rid of the need to fight on two fronts. Bulgaria withdrew from the war. The Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary led to the collapse of Austria-Hungary and its military collapse. End of the First World War. The victory of the Entente countries.

Results of the First World War.

Summary by the teacher.

The First World War was the bloodiest and most destructive war in the history of mankind. 38 states with a population of over 1.5 billion people were involved in the orbit of the war. Over 10 million people died in the fighting and twice as many were wounded. Thousands of towns and villages were turned into ruins, roads and bridges were destroyed, vast agricultural territories were left in ruins, millions of people lost their homes, property, citizenship, habitual way of life, professional skills.

As a result of the war, the bloc of the most aggressive states of Central Europe was crushed. The Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires collapsed. There have been revolutions in a number of countries. The war became a manifestation of the deepest crisis of European civilization.

The cruelty and violence of war, the disregard for human life, the humiliation of human dignity have given rise to moral consequences that cannot be measured.

Consolidation of the studied material.

Quiz: World War I.

Eliminate excess.

Causes of the First World War.

The desire of industrial powers to weaken the states of competitors in economic and military development, to the military solution of political and economic problems.

The desire of industrial powers to preserve existing and capture new colonies, to dominate and profit.

The desire of the colonies for political independence.

The desire of the participating countries to resolve internal problems with the help of war.

Insert missing words.

The reason for the outbreak of the First World War was …………………………………

Underline the correct answer.

Schlieffen's plan called for:

1. maneuver war.

   Lightning war.

   Positional war.

   coalition war.

4. Eliminate the excess .

The Entente did not include:

Great Britain

Bulgaria

Italy

France

5. Eliminate the excess .

The Quadruple Union was not included:

Turkey

Bulgaria

Italy

Austria-Hungary

Underline the correct answer .

The Compiègne Truce was signed:

Summing up the lesson.

Giving an overall rating to the group and commenting on the ratings

Homework: