Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, in person or in gender) and has a meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
Examples of the predicate and more common methods of expressing it:
goes rain(what does the subject do? the predicate is expressed by the conjugated verb).
Him boring (what happens to him? the predicate is expressed by a predicative adverb - the category of state).
He great (what is he? the predicate is expressed by a short adjective).
Alexei - teacher (who is he? the predicate is expressed by an animated noun).
Baikal is huge lake (what is he? the predicate is expressed by an inanimate noun).
Types of predicates:
Regular verb predicate
An ordinary verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in the form of some mood (indicative mood; conditional mood, imperative mood):
Coming frowning morning (indicative mood, true tense).
It's come frowning morning(indicative mood, past tense).
Sergey will do to the theater school(indicative mood, future tense).
He gladly would leave to the village(conditional mood).
write down homework(imperative mood).
Other methods of expressing a regular verbal predicate:
1. Infinitive: Live - homeland serve.
2. Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of the class verb bam, grab, jump): Any girlfriend is quiet here sense girlfriend.
3. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form: Team won in the championship. He again fool around.
Other examples: touched a nerve, lost patience, got into a mess, beats the buckets, fell into hesitation, dances to someone else's tune, came to the conclusion, became indignant, walks shaking, participates, sharpens his folly, is an eyesore, raised the alarm, stabbed to death in the absence of a knife, sucked from the finger, gave the order to live a long time, put his teeth on the shelf, survived from the mind, doused with contempt etc.
4. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle (yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just, etc.):
Let's I I will go with you.
Let him leave with Dad.
Yes, they will dream sweet dreams for you.
He was gone to the door, but suddenly slowed down.
In the room like it smelled cinder.
He as if dumbfounded out of fear.
He almost died with grief.
He just didn't tumble trying to make the audience laugh.
He almost went crazy from happiness.
The following methods of expressing the usual verbal predicate require special attention:
1. Form of complex future time ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a common verbal predicate.
2. As if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore a comma is not placed in front of them (subject and predicate are never separated by a comma!).
3. modal particle It was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to some circumstances, unexpected events, and commas (unlike introductory words happens, happened with the value of constant repetition of action) is not highlighted. Wed: He was gone to the door, but suddenly braked(part of the predicate) . - He , used to did not show up in the village for weeks(introductory word).
4. To distinguish an ordinary verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should keep in mind:
a) Phraseology is often possible to change in one word:
win a victory— overcome; matter— to mean; promise— promise; give an order— order and etc.;
b) in an ordinary verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be changed to a bunch be, and in the compound nominal predicate - there is a possibility. Wed: He hung up his nose (can't say: He was the nose; She is sat around tired — She is was tired ( compound nominal predicate) ; He born happy — He was happy ( compound nominal predicate).
In speech (separately colloquial) there may be various kinds of complicated ordinary verbal predicates.
Complicated regular verb predicate- this is a combination of 2 verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles.
More common among them are the following:
1) a combination of 2 verb forms with a particle So(Made me feel so good! );
2) verb combination go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go and call mom);
3) verb combination take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, well, and (I'll take here and leave tomorrow to the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates, but one complicated predicate);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes, you know (for yourself), well, so, for yourself (And Ivanushka know for yourself hold on; I so she screamed );
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of the adverbial class ( He is her eats; She is revmya roars );
6) a combination of 2 single-root verbs and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can't wait spring; Breathe not inhale wonderful, mountain air;
7) a combination of an infinitive with a personal form of the same verb, which is preceded by a particle not, to enhance negative value predicate: Myself work does not work, well, it interferes with others;
8) turnover combination I only do what with the following verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He only does what they draw;
9) repetition of the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: Food, food in an open field.
See Exercise for the topic “Predicate. Ordinary verb predicate"
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What particles can be included in the composition of an ordinary verb predicate?
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has a meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? Examples of the predicate and more common methods of expressing it: It is raining (what does the object do? the predicate is expressed by conjugation ...
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses grammatical meaning one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
- Simple verb predicate - PGS
- Compound verbal predicate - GHS
- Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Verb in the form of any mood |
A gloomy morning comes. |
| 2. Independent infinitive | To live - to serve the motherland. |
| 3. Interjectional verbal forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump) | Each friend here quietly understands a friend. |
| 4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
| 5. Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Note!
1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;
2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore, a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);
3) the modal particle was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words, it happens, it happened with the meaning of the regular repetition of the action) is not highlighted.
Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;
4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:
a) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:
win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;
b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.
Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.
Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );
2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);
3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I so she screamed );
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).
Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate
- Specify the type of predicate.
- Specify the form of the conjugated verb.
Sample parsing
My business is on the up.
They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
Forget about everything.
to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.
Attention to the structural and semantic properties of the sentence and its members made it possible to differentiate the functional properties of particles that are ambiguous in terms of syntactic role. They can be part of a member of the proposal, they can draw up the entire proposal as a whole. In many cases it is difficult to clearly distinguish between the particles that belong to the whole sentence and the particles that are part of any one member of the sentence. Such polyfunctional particles are more capacious in terms of structural and semantic properties than particles with a single function.
Being part of a sentence member, semantic particles bring their meanings into the semantics of the sentence member in accordance with the category (indicative, definitive-clarifying, excretory-restrictive, intensifying): Construction is a huge mechanism, and its link is only a small cell of this mechanism (Chichkov ); Only the lover has the right to the title of man (Block); Only small rivers (Peskov) are noisy; Petya knew that he was badly brought up and that some failures in his life happened to him. I'm ready to hug even Lom. near the Moscow River (Lazarev); We are the children of the barricades. We ourselves are barricades (Yevtushenko).
On the border between sentences, semantic particles also take on the functions of unions: Captain, captain, smile, because a smile is the flag of a ship. (Lebedev-Kumach); But stale bread does not cease to be bread. Even the most stale bread does not turn into stone (Yu. Yakovlev).
Emotionally expressive (exclamatory) particles (What, how, what, where, where there, where there) combine two functions: 1) act as building elements of an exclamatory sentence and enhance the exclamatory intonation of the whole sentence (if they are present, an exclamation mark must be put! ); 2) enhance the degree of quality of the word with which they are directly combined: What a charm these fairy tales are! (Pushkin); How these golden showers, frightening, rejoiced us! (Bunin); How beautiful, how fresh the roses were! (Myatlev); What a lamp of reason has gone out! What heart stopped beating! (Nekrasov); What a warm and dark dawn! (Bunin).
How and what are functionally close to the adverb very much. In such cases, one should not seek their unambiguous morphological qualification. Wed See also: The exception was a writer who had wintered in the village... Yes, by the way, what a writer he was. For whole days he disappeared with the fishermen in the sea ... (Kuprin); Silence, oh, what silence! (Aliger); Ah, what a great silence! (Aliger).
The functions of modal particles are especially diverse.
A negative particle cannot be part of any member of a sentence; the particle does not combine the functions of the union with the function of the particle when repeated; the particle does not, when repeated, reinforce the statement: Neither winter, nor spring, nor summer, nor autumn had the slightest visible influence either on him or on his way of life (Bunin); But he could not stop thinking about work (Yashin).
Interrogative particles (is it really, is it) are one of the means of formulating an interrogative sentence, they are not part of the members of the sentence: can thunder be sick with dumbness? Can you hold back a tornado so that it does not boil like a whirlwind? (Mayakovsky); Isn't it bad to be a great surgeon? (Krelin); Have you ever seen thorny juniper bushes, smelling pleasantly of resin? (Sokolov-Mikitov). And even these most unambiguous particles have an emphasizing-restrictive and amplifying meaning, adjoining in interposition to the verb-predicate.
Comparative particles (like, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, like, etc.) introduce into the semantics of the members of the sentence the meanings of comparison, uncertainty, assumption: ); Days are like battles (Sikorsky); I wander as if? in_? a dream ^ (Tyutchev); I only had time to make out the outlines of a small, as if a child's hand (Korolenko).
Comparative particles can refer to the entire sentence or its separate part, changing their modality: A young, tender month, like a silver sickle forgotten by a reaper, lay on the blue canopy of the night (Paustovsky); The giant pine, as if surrendering to the sweetness of its death, has not yet moved a single needle (Belov).
Formative particles (let, let, yes, would, give (-those), come on (-those), the most, etc.) manifest themselves in the sentence ambiguously.
The particle would (b) is always included in the predicate, forming the form of the subjunctive mood: I would like to merge my sadness and sadness into a single word (Mei).
Particle most forms superlatives adjective and together with it performs the function of one member of the sentence: Gaidar wrote then his most amazing story “The Blue Cup” (Paustovsky); Until the very last minute engineer Alexei Kovshov did not believe that he was leaving for the east (Azhaev).
In combination with nouns, the particle most has an intensifying meaning and, together with the noun, forms one member of the sentence: The barge stood in the very depths of the bay, under the shore (Konetsky); He was doused with warmth and that sweet smell of bread with which the very walls were saturated (Nikolaev).
Particles let, let, yes, let's (those), etc. perform a dual function: they form an incentive sentence and serve to form the form of the imperative mood of the verb-predicate: Let the heart be soft, the will strong! May this ageless order serve as a parting word to every school, every family and each of us (Marshak); Long live ringing songs and the joy of smiles around! (Lebedev-Kumach).
The double function of the particle is especially obvious when comparing single-function sentences that differ in ways of expressing the grammatical meaning of the sentence: Nightingales, nightingales, do not disturb the soldiers, let the soldiers sleep a little (Fatyanov).
The shaping function of particles is yes, even if others are brighter when they are interposed: Let our cheerful laughter rush the farthest (Oshanin); Days of severe trials are coming, but, accepting the hardships of war, let our tired hands not know, let our hearts be hardened (Chivilikhin).
Summing up the analysis of the syntactic functions of function words, we note that the syntactic functions of the preposition are the most definite: it is always included in the sentence member. The structural and semantic role of unions and particles is less definite: here variative assessments of unions and particles are possible, especially since they are often combined in one word: on the one hand, unions take on the semantic load of particles, on the other hand, particles begin to play the role of means of communication. The same can be said about the particles serving the members of the sentence and the sentence as a whole. When analyzing such proposals by members of the proposal, variant solutions are possible.
A. K. Fedorov
Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:
a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
SIS \u003d link + nominal part
Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick ; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
Types of linking verbs
| Link type by value | Typical verbs | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning. | Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. |
He was a doctor. |
| 2. Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). | a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the feature: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) evaluation of the feature in terms of reality: to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered; e) the name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be called. |
He became ill. |
| 3. Significant copula - verb with full lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate). | a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, roam; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die. |
She sat tired. |
Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:
He had three sons; He had a lot of money.
Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
He ended up in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what is he sitting instead stood or lay).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:
He sitting tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;
the link can be made null:
He sitting tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.
If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
Ways of expressing the nominal part
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Noun | |
| 1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case |
He's my brother . |
| 1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition |
The navigator was in oblivion. |
| 1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in genitive case(with a quality rating value) |
son-in-law was a silent breed. |
| 2. Adjective | |
| 2.1. short adjective |
He is cheerful. |
| 2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case |
He is cheerful. |
| 2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective | |
| 3. Communion | |
| 3.1. Brief Communion |
He is wounded. |
| 3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case |
The glasses were broken. |
| 4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun |
All fish are yours. |
| 5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case |
Their hut is the third from the edge. |
| 6. Adverb |
I was on my guard. |
Note!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental- the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.The most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:
1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix appears in the verb -l, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was ( was, was, were).
For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill
;
City taken(SIS). - City He was taken
.
2. A short neuter adjective (nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:
if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.
Wed: The sea is calm;
if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a noun in plural, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:
Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;
if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.
Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed short adjective). - The river is calm a; The sea is calm s; The sea is calm oh ).
3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.
4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.
To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:
the subject usually precedes the verb:
Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.
However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.
Wed: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;
the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:
note that in sentences like: This is good ; This is my brother - This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;
the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a bunch of be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch to be, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.
Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.
Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate
- Specify the type of predicate.
- Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.
Sample parsing
Life is good.
Good well expressed in an adverb; grammatical link be
I came first.
Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; significant link came expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
This guy is of average height.
Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link be- in zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
- Simple verb predicate - PGS
- Compound verbal predicate - GHS
- Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Verb in the form of any mood |
A gloomy morning comes. |
| 2. Independent infinitive | To live - to serve the motherland. |
| 3. Interjectional verbal forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump) | Each friend here quietly understands a friend. |
| 4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
| 5. Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Note!
1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;
2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore, a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);
3) the modal particle was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words, it happens, it happened with the meaning of the regular repetition of the action) is not highlighted.
Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;
4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:
a) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:
win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;
b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.
Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.
Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );
2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);
3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I so she screamed );
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).
Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate
- Specify the type of predicate.
- Specify the form of the conjugated verb.
Sample parsing
My business is on the up.
They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
Forget about everything.
to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.
