TO GAOU SPO " College of Education Tambov" METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS for performing practical work in the discipline "Engineering Graphics" for students of the specialty "280707 Protection in emergency situations, rescue technician" (Works No. 1-6) TAMBOV, 2013 Author: TARASOV V.E., teacher special disciplines of the State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Tambov Pedagogical College" Reviewer: Lappa T.I.. head of department " Physical culture"TO SAOU SPO "Pedagogical College of G. Tambov" Guidelines for performing practical work in the discipline "Engineering Graphics" for students of the specialty "280707 Protection in emergency situations, rescue technician" (Works No. 1-6) Guidelines for performing graphic work on The course "Engineering Graphics" is intended for students of specialty 280707 "Protection in Emergency Situations". reference material for performing graphic works No. 1-6. Recommended by the scientific and methodological council of the college as a teaching aid. INTRODUCTION The program of the course "Engineering Graphics" for students majoring in secondary vocational education 280707 Emergency Protection, Rescue Technician determines the amount of knowledge required to complete mechanical engineering drawings and diagrams. Students perform most of the work independently, so when studying an engineering graphics course they are recommended to familiarize themselves with the requirements of ESKD standards for the execution of drawings. All graphic work by students must be completed in accordance with their version according to the serial number in the educational journal. The purpose of this publication is to familiarize students with fonts, lines, methods of constructing connections, depicting objects, arrangement of views, making cuts, sections and axonometric projections, drawing dimensions and maximum deviations, graphic designation of materials in graphic works and drawing electrical circuits. REQUIREMENTS MADE BY ESKD STANDARDS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF GRAPHIC TASKS The Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD) is the most important system of permanent technical and organizational requirements that ensure the interchange of design documentation without its re-registration between industries and individual enterprises. It allows for increased unification in the design development of industrial product projects; simplification of document forms and reduction of their nomenclature, as well as graphic images: mechanized and automated creation of documentation and, most importantly, the readiness of industry to organize the production of any product at any enterprise in the shortest possible time. The ESKD presents a complex state standards , establishing interrelated unified rules and regulations on the procedure for the development and circulation of design documentation used by various organizations and enterprises. These uniform rules also apply to educational documentation, which may include graphic tasks performed by students, therefore all images must be made clearly, accurately and in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Design Design Document. Assignments are completed on sheets of drawing paper in A3 and A4 format (GOST 2.301-68). After drawing the frame on the sheet in the lower right corner, mark the dimensions of the main inscription of the task, which is the same for all formats. The form of the main inscription is adopted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.104-68. Images must be made on the scale specified in the assignment, but in compliance with GOST 2.302-68. When filling out the main and other inscriptions, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of GOST 2.304-81. When applying dimensions, it is recommended to use GOST 2.307-68. When tracing an image, the thickness of the main lines should be 0.8 - 1.0 mm, and the thickness of the remaining lines should be in accordance with GOST 2.303-68. LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Bogolyubov S.K.Engineering graphics. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 2004. -352s 2. GOST 2. 303-68. Lines. 3. GOST 2. 304-81. Drawing fonts. 4. GOST 2. 305-68. Images - views, sections, sections. 5. GOST 2. 301-68. Formats // ESKD. General rules for making drawings. GOST 22.301-68 - GOST 2.321-84. M., 1988. 239 p. 6. GOST 2. 302-68. Scale. 7. GOST 2. 307-68. Drawing dimensions and maximum deviations. 8. Levitsky V.S. Mechanical engineering drawing/ V.S. Levitsky. M., 1998. 383 p. 9. Mechanical engineering drawing / G.P. Vyatkin, A.N. Andreeva, A.K. Boltukhin et al. M., 1985. 368 p. 10. Popova G.N. Mechanical engineering drawing / G.N. Popova, S.Yu. Alekseev. St. Petersburg, 1999. 453 p. 11. S.K. Bogolyubov Individual assignments for the drawing course: Practical. A manual for technical school students. - M.: Higher. school, 1989 - 368 pp.: ill. 12. Fedorenko V.A. Handbook of mechanical engineering drawing/ V.A. Fedorenko, A.I. Shoshin. L., 1986. 416 p. PRACTICAL WORK No. 1 DRAWING THE FORMAT AND BASIC LETTER FOR GRAPHIC AND TEXT DOCUMENTS Purpose of the work: to study graphic formats, types of main inscriptions on drawings All drawings must be made on sheets of paper of a standard format. The formats of paper sheets are determined by the dimensions of the outer frame of the drawing (Fig. 3). It is drawn with a continuous thin line. The drawing frame line is drawn as a solid thick main line at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame. A 20 mm wide margin is left on the left for filing. The designation and dimensions of the sides of the formats are established by GOST 2.304-68. Data on the main formats are given in table. table with the given example. The drawing is drawn up with an internal frame (in the form of a solid main line), a margin of 20 mm is left from the borders of the format on the left side, and 5 mm on all other sides. In the lower right corner of the drawing, draw the main inscription (stamp) in accordance with GOST 2.104-68* in accordance with Figure 1. It is recommended to fill in the following columns for the main inscription in the conditions educational process(standard column designation retained): column 1 - name of the part or assembly unit (name of the topic on which the task was completed); Column 2 - designation of the document according to the system adopted at the college (name of the group, year, number on the list, number of the work performed - ZChS.31.2011.05.02.); Column 3 - designation of the part material (fill in only on part drawings); Column 4 - do not fill out; Column 5 - weight of the product (do not fill in); column 6 - image scale (in accordance with GOST 2.302-68* and GOST 2.109-73); column 7 - serial number sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in); column 8 - the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet of the document); column 9 - name educational institution and group number; column 10 - the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document, for example: Developed by: (student) Checked by: (teacher) column 11 - clear spelling of the names of the persons signing the document; column 12 - signatures of persons whose surnames are indicated in column 11; Column 13 - date of signing of the document (indicate the month and year). Fig. 1 The text on the drawing margin and in the main inscription is done in 3.5, 5 or 7 mm font, and the dimensional numbers are 3.5 or 5 mm. An example of filling out the main inscription is given in Figure 2. The work is performed in thin lines, then the final outline of the drawing is made with lines in accordance with their purpose. The outline begins with dash-dotted and solid thin lines, then the main solid lines are outlined: first curved sections, then straight ones. TASK: on a sheet of A4 drawing paper, draw the lines of the drawing frame and the main inscription. PRACTICAL WORK No. 2 IMPLEMENTING A DRAWING FONT Purpose of the work: To study the pits of drawing fonts, to gain skills in writing in a drawing font. GOST 2.304-81 establishes drawing fonts applied to drawings and other technical documents all industries and construction. The font size determines the height h of capital letters in mm. The line thickness of the font d depends on the type and height of the font. GOST sets the following font sizes: (1.8); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20 (Tables 1, 2). The use of 1.8 font is not recommended and is allowed only for type B. The following font types are installed: Type A with a slope of 75° - d = (1/14)h; Type A without tilt - d = (1/14)h; Type B with an inclination of 75° - d = (1/10)h; Type B without tilt - d = (1/10)h. Font parameters are given in tables 1 and 2. Table 1 - Font parameters, mm Font parameters Designations3,55,07,010,014,0ABABABABABHeight of capital lettersh3,53,55,05,07,07,010101414Height of lowercase lettersc2,52,53,53,55, 05,07,07,01010Spacing between lettersa0,50,70,71,01,01,41,42,022,8Minimum line spacingb5,56,08,08,511,012,016,017,02224Minimum spacing between wordse1,52,12,13,03,04,24 ,26,06,08,4Thickness of font linesd0,250,350,350,50,50,70,71,01,01,4 Table 2 - Width of letters and numbers of type B font, mm Letters and numbersRelative size3,55,07,010,014,0Capital lettersB, V, I, J, K, L, N, O, P, R, T, U, C, H, L, E, Z 6d23469A, D, M, X, S, Yu7d2.53.55711Zh, F, Sh, Ш, ъ8d345.5812Э, Г, З, С5d1.82.53.557 Lowercase lettersA, b, c, d, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, n, o, p, r, y, x, h . 523446d23469 TASK. Using size 10 type B font, write the letters of the alphabet shown (lowercase and uppercase), numbers from 0 to 10 and any two words. A sample of the task is shown in Figure 1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE TASK First you need to prepare a sheet of paper in standard A4 format with a frame at a distance of 5 mm from the edges at the top, right and bottom and 20 mm on the left. The sequence of completing the task of writing a standard type B font, size 10, is as follows: - draw all the auxiliary horizontal straight lines that define the boundaries of the lines of the font; - set aside a distance between lines equal to 15 mm; - set aside the font height h, i.e. 10 mm; - lay down segments equal to the width of the letters plus the distance between the letters; - draw inclined lines for the grid at an angle of 75° using two triangles: with an angle of 45° and with angles of 30° and 60°. Example of completing the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 3 DRAWING LINES Purpose of the work: to gain skills in drawing lines and using drawing tools All drawings are made with lines of various purposes, styles and thicknesses (Table 3). The thickness of the lines depends on the size, complexity and purpose of the drawing. According to GOST 2.303-68, to depict products in drawings, lines of various types are used depending on their purpose, which helps to identify the shape of the depicted product. Table 1 - Types of lines Inscription Line thickness in relation to the thickness of the main line Name Applications A solid thick main line is made with a thickness indicated by the letter s, ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 mm, depending on the complexity and size of the image in a given drawing, as well as on the format drawing. A solid thick line is used to depict the visible contour of an object, the contour of an extended section and part of a section. s/3-s/2 A solid thin line is used to depict dimension and extension lines, hatching sections, a contour line of an overlaid section, a leader line, a line for depicting boundary details (“furnishings”). s/3-s/2 A solid wavy line is used to depict break lines, the line demarcating the view and section s/3-s/2 The dashed line is used to depict an invisible contour. The length of the strokes must be the same. The length should be chosen, depending on the size of the image, from approximately 2 to 8 mm, the distance between strokes is 1...2 mm.s/3-s/2The dash-dotted thin line is used to depict axial and center lines, section lines, which are axes of symmetry for superimposed or extended sections. The length of the strokes must be the same and is selected depending on the size of the image, approximately from 5 to 30 mm. The distance between the strokes is recommended to be 2...3 mm.s/2-2s/3The dash-dotted thickened line is used to depict elements located in front of the secant plane (“superimposed projection”), lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated or coated.s/3 -s/2An open line is used to indicate a section line. The length of the strokes is taken to be 8...20 mm depending on the size of the image. s/3-s/2 A solid thin line with kinks is used for long break lines. s/3-s/2 A dash-dotted line with two dots is used to depict details in the extreme or intermediate positions; fold lines on developments The quality of the drawing largely depends on the quality and adjustment of the tools, as well as on their care. Drawing tools and accessories must be kept in full working order. After work, tools should be wiped and stored in a dry place. This prevents warping of wooden instruments and corrosion of metal ones. Before work, you should wash your hands and wipe the squares and crossbar with a soft rubber band. Pencils. The accuracy and precision of the drawing largely depends on the correct sharpening of the pencil. You can sharpen graphite using sandpaper. The student must have three brands of pencil: M-B, TM-HB and T-H. When making drawings with thin lines, it is recommended to use a pencil of grade T. You should trace the lines of the drawing with a pencil TM or M. A lead of grade M should be inserted into the compass. A circular compass is used for drawing circles. A needle is inserted into one leg of the compass and secured with a screw, and a pencil insert into the other. To measure dimensions and plot them on the drawing, use an insert with a needle. Calipers are used to draw circles of small diameter (from 0.5 to 10 mm). For ease of use, the rotating leg moves freely along the axis of the caliper. When drawing circles of large radii, an extension is inserted into the leg of the compass into which a pencil insert is secured. Lines are drawn in a certain direction: Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right, vertical lines are drawn from bottom to top, circles and curves are drawn clockwise. The center of the circle must necessarily be at the intersection of the strokes of the axial and center lines. Hatching in the drawings is performed in the form of parallel lines at an angle of 45° to the center line or to the contour line taken as the main one. The inclination of the hatch lines can be either left or right. Two touching figures are hatched in different directions. If a third figure is adjacent to two touching figures, then you can diversify the hatching by increasing or decreasing the distance between the hatching lines. Non-metallic materials, including fibrous monolithic and slab (pressed) cross-sections are lined with a checkered pattern. TASK: Draw the given lines and images (in accordance with the task option, Figure 1, 2), observing their indicated location. The thickness of the lines should be made in accordance with GOST 2.303 - 68, do not apply dimensions. Complete the task on a sheet of A4 drawing paper. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE TASK It is more convenient to begin the task by drawing a thin vertical line through the middle of the inner frame of the drawing, on which marks are made in accordance with the dimensions given in the task. Thin auxiliary horizontal lines are drawn through the designated points to facilitate the graphic part of the task. On the vertical axes intended for circles, points are marked through which the circles are drawn using the lines specified in the task. In training drawings, a solid main thick line is usually made with a thickness of s = 0.8...1 mm. Figure 1 - even numbers of options Figure 2 - odd numbers of options PRACTICAL WORK No. 4 EXECUTION OF A DRAWING OF A DETAIL WITH MATINGS Purpose of work: to study the implementation of mating curves, to draw a part with mates 1. Dividing circles into equal parts Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 equal parts 1) Two mutual perpendiculars to the diameter of the circle divide it into 4 equal parts (points 1, 3, 5, 7). 2) Next, divide the right angle into 2 equal parts (points 2, 4, 6, 8) (Figure 1 a). Dividing a circle into 3, 6, 12 equal parts 1) To find points dividing a circle of radius R into 3 equal parts, it is enough to draw an arc of radius R from any point on the circle, for example point A(1) (points 2,3) (Figure 1 b). 2) We describe arcs R from points 1 and 4 (Figure 1 c). 3) We describe arcs 4 times from points 1, 4, 7, 10 (Figure 1 d). abc where Figure 1 - Dividing circles into equal parts a - into 8 parts; b - into 3 parts; c - into 6 parts; g - into 12 parts; d - into 5 parts; e - into 7 parts. Dividing a circle into 5, 7, equal parts 1) From point A with radius R, draw an arc that intersects the circle at point n. From point n, a perpendicular is lowered onto the horizontal center line, obtaining point C. From point C with radius R1 = C1, an arc is drawn that intersects the horizontal center line at point m. From point 1 with radius R2=1m, draw an arc intersecting the circle at point 2. Arc 12=1/5 of the circumference. Points 3,4,5 are found by plotting segments equal to m1 with a compass (Figure 1e). 2) From point A we draw an auxiliary arc of radius R, which intersects the circle at point n. From it we lower the perpendicular to the horizontal center line. From point 1 with radius R=nc, 7 notches are made around the circle and 7 required points are obtained (Figure 1 e). 2. Construction of conjugations Conjugation is a smooth transition of one line to another. For accurate and correct execution of drawings, it is necessary to be able to construct conjugations that are based on two provisions: 1. To conjugate a straight line and an arc, it is necessary that the center of the circle to which the arc belongs lies on the perpendicular to the straight line, restored from the conjugation point (Figure 2 a ). 2. To conjugate two arcs, it is necessary that the centers of the circles to which the arcs belong lie on a straight line passing through the conjugation point (Figure 2 b). Figure 2 - Provisions on conjugations a - for a straight line and an arc; b - for two arcs. Conjugation of two sides of an angle with a circular arc and a given radius Conjugation of two sides of an angle (acute or obtuse) with an arc of a given radius is performed as follows: Parallel to the sides of the angle at a distance equal to the radius of the arc R, draw two auxiliary straight lines (Figure 3 a, b). The intersection point of these lines (point O) will be the center of an arc of radius R, i.e. mating center. From the center O, they describe an arc that smoothly turns into straight lines - the sides of the angle. The arc ends at the connecting points n and n1, which are the bases of the perpendiculars drawn from the center O to the sides of the angle. When constructing a mating of the sides of a right angle, it is easier to find the center of the mating arc using a compass (Figure 3 c). From the vertex of angle A, draw an arc of radius R equal to the conjugation radius. Conjugation points n and n1 are obtained on the sides of the angle. From these points, as from centers, arcs of radius R are drawn to mutual intersection at point O, which is the center of conjugation. From the center O, describe the conjugation arc. Figure 3 - Conjugate angles a - acute; b - stupid; in - direct. Conjugation of a straight line with a circular arc Conjugation of a straight line with a circular arc can be performed using an arc with an internal tangency (Figure 4 b) and an arc with an external tangency (Figure 4 a). To construct a conjugation, draw a circle of radius R and a straight line AB using an external touch. A straight line ab is drawn parallel to a given straight line at a distance equal to the radius r (radius of the conjugate arc). From the center O draw an arc of a circle with a radius equal to the amount radii R and r, until it intersects the line ab at point O1. Point O1 is the center of the mating arc. The conjugation point c is found at the intersection of straight line OO1 with a circular arc of radius R. Conjugation point C1 is the base of the perpendicular dropped from the center O1 to this straight line AB. Using similar constructions, points O2, C2, C3 can be found. In Figure 6 b, an arc of radius R is paired with a straight arc AB of radius r with an internal tangency. The center of the conjugation arc O1 is located at the intersection of an auxiliary line drawn parallel to this line at a distance r with the arc of an auxiliary circle described from the center O with a radius equal to differences R-r . The conjugation point is the base of the perpendicular dropped from point O1 to this straight line. The mating point c is found at the intersection of straight line OO1 with the mating arc. ab Figure 4 - Conjugation of an arc with a straight line a - with external contact; b - with internal touch. Conjugation of an arc with an arc The conjugation of two circular arcs can be internal, external or mixed. With internal conjugation, the centers O and O1 of the mating arcs are located inside the mating arc of radius R (Figure 5 a). When externally conjugating mating arcs of radii R1 and R2 are located outside the mating arc of radius R (Figure 5 b). With a mixed conjugation, the center O1 of one of the mating arcs lies inside the mating arc of radius R, and the center O of the other mating arc lies outside it (Figure 5 c). abc Figure 5 - Arc mates a - internal; b - external; in - mixed. When drawing the contours of complex parts, it is important to be able to recognize certain types of interfaces in smooth transitions and be able to draw them. To acquire skills in constructing interfaces, perform exercises on drawing the contours of complex parts. To do this, it is necessary to determine the order in which the interfaces are constructed and only then begin to implement them. TASK: Draw images of the contours of the parts indicated in the drawing of the task, apply dimensions. Complete the task on a sheet of A4 drawing paper. Instructions for completing the task When performing each task, a certain sequence of geometric constructions must be observed: - axial, center lines, main descriptive lines; - arcs, roundings; - stroke, shading, extension lines; - dimensions. Variants of the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 5 PERFORMANCE OF VIEWS FROM AN AXONOMETRIC IMAGE OF A PART Purpose of the work: to gain skills in constructing projections of a part model. TASK: construct three types of parts based on this visual image in an axonometric projection in accordance with the task option. The task is performed on sheets of drawing paper in A3 or A2 format (GOST 2.301-68). After drawing the frame on the sheet in the lower right corner, mark the dimensions of the main inscription of the task, which is the same for all formats. The form of the main inscription is adopted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.104-68. If necessary, images should be drawn to scale, GOST 2.302-68. When filling out the main and other inscriptions, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of GOST 2.304-81. When applying dimensions, it is recommended to use GOST 2.307-68. When tracing an image, the thickness of the main lines should be 0.8 - 1.0 mm, and the thickness of the remaining lines should be in accordance with GOST 2. 303-68 (ST SEV 1178-78). Objects in technical drawings are depicted using the method of rectangular projection onto six faces of a hollow cube. It is assumed that the depicted object is located between the observer and the corresponding face of the cube (see Fig. 1). The faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes. There are six main projection planes: two frontal -1 and 6 (front view or main view, rear view), two horizontal -2 and 5 (top view and bottom view), two profile -3 and 4 (left view and right view) . The main projection planes are combined into one plane along with the images obtained on them. The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it - the main image - gives the most complete idea of ​​the shape and size of the object. Objects should be depicted in a functional position or in a position convenient for their manufacture. Items consisting of several parts should be depicted in a functional position. The question of which of the main views should be used in the product drawing must be resolved so that with the smallest number of views in combination with other images (local and additional views, sections and sections, extensions), the drawing fully reflects the design of the product. Procedure for completing the task: 1) study GOST 2.305-68, 2.307-68; 2) carefully familiarize yourself with the design of the figure based on its visual representation and identify the main geometric bodies of which it consists; 3) select the appropriate area on a sheet of paper for each type of part; 4) finely draw all the lines of the visible and invisible contour with a pencil, mentally dividing the part into basic geometric bodies; 5) apply all necessary extension and dimension lines; 6) put dimensional numbers on the drawing; 7) fill out the main inscriptions and check the correctness of all constructions; 8) trace the drawing with a pencil. Variants of the task PRACTICAL WORK No. 6 PERFORMANCE OF A TECHNICAL DRAWING OF A SIMPLE DETAIL A technical drawing is a visual image that has the basic properties of axonometric projections or a perspective drawing, made without the use of drawing tools, on an eye scale, in compliance with proportions and possible shading of the shape. A technical drawing can be performed using the central projection method, and thereby obtain a perspective image of the object, or the parallel projection method (axonometric projections), constructing a visual image without perspective distortions. Technical drawing can be performed without revealing volume by shading, with shading of volume, as well as conveying the color and material of the depicted object. In technical drawings, it is allowed to reveal the volume of objects using the techniques of shading (parallel strokes), scribbling (strokes applied in the form of a grid) and dot shading. The most commonly used technique for identifying the volume of objects is shaking. It is generally accepted that light rays fall on an object from the top left. Illuminated surfaces are not shaded, while shaded surfaces are covered with shading (dots). When shading shaded areas, strokes (dots) are applied with the smallest distance between them, which makes it possible to obtain denser shading (dot shading) and thereby show shadows on objects. Table 1 shows examples of identifying the shape of geometric bodies and details using shading techniques. Fig. 1. Technical drawings with volume revealed by shattering (a), shading (b) and dot shading (e) Table 1. Shading of shape using shattering techniques Technical drawings are not metrically defined images if they are not marked with dimensions. An example of constructing a technical drawing in a rectangular isometric. projections (isometry) with a distortion coefficient along all axes equal to 1. When plotting the true dimensions of the part along the axes, the drawing turns out to be 1.22 times larger than the real part. Methods for constructing an isometric projection of a part: 1. The method of constructing an isometric projection of a part from the forming face is used for. parts whose shape has a flat edge, called a formative face; The width (thickness) of the part is the same throughout; there are no grooves, holes or other elements on the side surfaces. The sequence of constructing an isometric projection is as follows: * constructing the axes of the isometric projection; * construction of an isometric projection of the formative face; * construction of projections of other faces by depicting the edges of the model; outline of the isometric projection (Fig. 1). Rice. 1. Constructing an isometric projection of a part, starting from the form-building face 2. The method of constructing an isometric projection based on sequential removal of volumes is used in cases where the displayed shape is obtained as a result of removing any volumes from the original shape (Fig. 2). 3. The method of constructing an isometric projection based on sequential increment (adding) of volumes is used to create an isometric image of a part, the shape of which is obtained from several volumes connected in a certain way to each other (Fig. 3). 4. Combined method of constructing an isometric projection. An isometric projection of a part whose shape is obtained as a result of a combination in various ways shaping is performed using a combined construction method (Fig. 4). An axonometric projection of a part can be performed with an image (Fig. 5, a) and without an image (Fig. 5, b) of invisible parts of the form. Rice. 2. Construction of an isometric projection of a part based on sequential removal of volumes Fig. 3. Construction of an isometric projection of a part based on sequential increments of volumes Fig. 4. Using a combined method for constructing an isometric projection of a part Fig. 5. Options for depicting isometric projections of a part: a - with the image of invisible parts; b - without images of invisible parts TASK: in accordance with the task option and the dimensions of the part, construct a technical drawing on A4 format of checkered paper in a rectangular isometric projection. Task options Option 1-2-3 Option 4-5-6 Option 7-8-9 Option 10-11-12 Option 13-14-15 Option 16-17-18 Option 19-20-21 Option 22-23-24 -25 1

Graphic work№1

Drawing fonts

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Drawing fonts”

Efremovskaya average secondary school

Educational area Technology

Subject Drawing

Graphic works

Completed

Student's name

Checked

Teacher's name

2013-2014 academic year

Graphic work№2

Dividing a circle into equal parts

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Dividing a circle into equal parts”

I-variant – into 3 parts

Option II – 5 parts

ІІІ-option – for 6 parts

ІҮ-version – for 8 parts

Graphic work№ 5

Target

I-option

Roller Steel 45

Graphic work№ 5

Drawing of parts with sections

Option II

Target : check your knowledge on the topic “Sections”

Finger Steel 50

Graphic work№ 5

Drawing of parts with sections

ІІІ-option

Target: check your knowledge on the topic “Sections”

Draw a sketch of the part on a sheet of A4 paper using a visual image. Reveal the cross-sectional shape of the part. Label it if necessary. Add dimensions.

Roller Steel 45

Graphic work№ 5

Drawing of parts with sections

ІY-variant

Target : check your knowledge on the topic “Sections”

Draw a sketch of the part on a sheet of A4 paper using a visual image. Reveal the cross-sectional shape of the part. Label it if necessary. Add dimensions.

Axle Steel St.5

Graphic work№ 6

Drawing of parts with cuts

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Cuts”

1st option

Draw a sketch of the part on a sheet of A4 paper using a visual image. Make a cut on the product

2nd option

Graphic work№ 7

Threaded connections drawing

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Connections”

Content: Draw a drawing of the connection of two parts using threaded products. Option 1

Option 2

Graphic work№ 8

Content: Execute. (Composition of the assembly unit:1 - sponge;2 - spring;3 - screw.) Option 1

Graphic work№ 8

Drawing of a part from life or according to an assembly drawing

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Assembly drawing”

Executesketch of the part according to the assembly drawing. (Composition of the assembly unit:1 - rod;2 - frame;3 - lid.)

Option 2

Graphic work№ 8

Drawing of a part from life or according to an assembly drawing

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Assembly drawing”

Executesketch of the part according to the assembly drawing. (Composition of the assembly unit:1 - flange;2 - tube.)

Option 3

Graphic work№ 9

Part drawing according to sketch

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Purpose and execution of sketches”

Contents: Draw one part Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Graphic work№ 10

Drawing of the plan and facade of the building

Purpose: to check the assimilation of knowledge on the topic “Elements of construction and topographical drawing”

"Mutual intersection of surfaces"

Exercise:

On A4 format, draw a line of mutual intersection of two surfaces. Write down an algorithm for solving the problem.

Instructions for performing graphic work No. 6. According to your option, on A4 format, construct two projections of the given surfaces, enlarging the image several times, so that the sheet occupancy is 80%. In the drawing, save the projection connection lines between the projections.

To construct the points of the line of mutual intersection of two surfaces, you need to use the most rational solution method. If possible, you should choose such auxiliary cutting planes or surfaces that, at the intersection with the given surfaces, give the simplest lines for drawing: circles or straight lines.

When constructing a line of mutual intersection of surfaces, first of all, it is necessary to determine its characteristic points - the points of intersection of the outlines of one surface with another surface, the top and bottom, the extreme right and left points (if any).

Draw auxiliary projecting (horizontally projecting or frontally projecting) planes, construct lines of intersection of these auxiliary planes with the given surfaces. Determine the points of mutual intersection of the constructed lines. These points will belong to the desired line of mutual intersection of the given surfaces.

To find all the necessary points, you need to draw several auxiliary planes and repeat the construction. Next, determine visibility. Write down an algorithm for solving the problem, having previously designated the surfaces and auxiliary cutting planes in capital letters of the Greek alphabet. Using different colors, tint the resulting images.

A sample of the work is shown in Figure 14.

Data for graphic work No. 6
"Surface Intersection"

Workbook

Practical and graphic work on drawing

The notebook was developed by Anna Aleksandrovna Nesterova, teacher of the highest category of drawing and fine art, teacher of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 1 of Lensk”

Introduction to the Subject of Drawing

History of origin graphic methods pictures and drawing

Drawings in Rus' were made by “draftsmen”, a mention of which can be found in the “Pushkar Order” of Ivan IV.

Other images - drawings, were a bird's eye view of the structure

At the end of the 12th century. In Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are indicated. In the 18th century, Russian draftsmen and Tsar Peter I himself made drawings using the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is the French mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge). By order of Peter I, the teaching of drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.

The entire history of the development of the drawing is inextricably linked with technical progress. Currently, the drawing has become the main document business communication in science, technology, manufacturing, design, construction.

It is impossible to create and check a machine drawing without knowing the basics of the graphic language. Which you will meet while studying the subject"Drawing"

Types of graphic images

Exercise: label the names of the images.

Materials, accessories, drawing tools.

From history

An iron compass was found in France in a Gallic mound from the 1st century AD. In the ashes that covered Pompeii nineteen centuries ago, archaeologists also discovered many bronze compasses.

IN Ancient Rus' A circular pattern of small regular circles was common. A steel compass cutter was found during excavations in Novgorod the Great.

Pencil got its name from the merger of two Turkic words:punishment – black and tash - stone. In the 16th century, the British discovered graphite deposits. Fragile pens were placed in an elegant frame made of reed or mahogany, and only at the end of the 18th century, the Czech J. Garmut proposed making writing rods from a mixture of crushed graphite and clay. The writing rods were called “kohinoor” - “having no equal.”

Protractor - a tool for measuring degrees and drawing angles, made of tin or plastic.

Pattern - a thin plate with curved edges, used for drawing curved (pattern) lines that cannot be drawn using a compass.

Word eraser , it turns out, comes from the abbreviated word “gummy elastic”, which translates asrubber.

Ready room – a set of drawing tools and accessories placed in a case.

Fixing the material:

According to the teacher's instructions, students workbook Using drawing tools, draw vertical, horizontal and inclined lines, as well as circles.

The concept of GOST standards. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.

Notebook, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, fA4

D/Z:

Tools, notebook, textbook, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, format fA4 (without font)

Learn:

Ideas about GOSTs, ESKD, formats, title block

Be able to:

Determine the thickness, style, type of lines when creating graphic images, design the format.

Task 1

Graphic work No. 1

"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines"

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova p. 20, accessories, fA4

D/Z:

Tools, notebook, textbook, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, graph paper.

Learn:

Rules for drawing up, stages of work on the drawing.

Be able to:

Carefully and rationally work with drawing tools. Follow the rules for drawing up drawings and drawing lines.

Examples of work performed

Test tasks to graphic work No. 1

Option #1.

What designation according to GOST has a format of size 210x297:

a) A1; b) A2; c) A4?

2. What is the thickness of the dash-dot line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 0.8 mm:

a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?

______________________________________________________________

Option #2.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

Where in the drawing is the main inscription located?

a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?

2. How much should the axial and center lines extend beyond the contour of the image:

a) 3…5 mm; b) 5…10 mm4 c) 10…15 mm?

Option #3.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What arrangement of A4 format is allowed by GOST:

A) vertical; b) horizontal; c) vertical and horizontal?

2. . What is the thickness of a solid thin line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 1 mm:

a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?

Option number 4.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

At what distance from the edges of the sheet is the drawing frame drawn:

a) left, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each; b) left, top and bottom – 10 mm, right – 25 mm; c) left – 20 mm, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each?

2. What type of line are the axial and center lines made in the drawings:

a) a solid thin line; b) dash-dotted line; c) dashed line?

Option #5.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What are the dimensions of the A4 format according to GOST:

a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?

2. Depending on which line the thickness of the drawing lines is selected:

a) dash-dotted line; b) a solid thin line; c) a solid main thick line?

Fonts (GOST 2304-81)

Notebook, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, graph paper.

D/Z:

Notebook, textbook §2.4 pp. 23-24, graph paper.

Learn:

Drawing font, main inscription of the drawing.

Be able to:

Use a font when designing a drawing

Font types:

Font sizes:

Practical tasks:

Calculations of drawing font parameters

Relates.

size

Size in mm

3.5

Height

capital letters

3.5

Height

lowercase letters

0.7 h

2.5

3.5

Letter spacing

0.2 h

0.7

0.1

1.4

2.0

2.8

Minimum distance between line bases

1.7 h

6.0

8.5

12.0

17.0

24.0

Minimum distance between words

0.6 h

2.1

3.0

4.2

6.0

8.4

Letter thickness

0.1 h

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.1

1.4

Test tasks

Option #1.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What value is taken as the font size:

a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) height capital letter; c) the height of the spaces between the lines?

Option #2.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What is the height of the capital letter of rift No. 5:

a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?

Option #3.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What is the height of lowercase letters that have protruding elements?c, d, b, r, f:

a) the height of the capital letter; b) the height of a lowercase letter; c) greater than the height of the capital letter?

Option number 4.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

Are uppercase and lowercase letters different in writing?A, E, T, G, I:

a) differ; b) do not differ; c) do they differ in the spelling of individual elements?

Option #5.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What does the height of the numbers of a drawing font correspond to:

a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) half the height of a capital letter?

Applying dimensions. Scale

Notebook, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories.

D/Z:

Notebook, textbook §2.5-2.6, fA4 (vertical)

Learn:

Rules for applying dimensions

Linear

Corner

Numbers on drawings

R signs, diameter, square

Be able to:

Apply sizing rules. Read the dimensions on the drawings. Use the scale correctly

The sizes are:

Signs that are used when applying dimensions:

L –

R –

Ǿ -

Exercise:

Apply dimensions

Scale –

Test tasks

Option #1.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

1. What length of the object should be indicated on the drawing if it is 1250 mm and the image scale is 1:10:

a) 125: b) 1250; c) 12.5?

2. Which letter should be placed before the dimension number when indicating the thickness of the part:

a) R; b)L; V)S?

Option #2.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

The drawing is set to a scale of 2:1. How will the linear dimensions of the image relate to the linear dimensions of the projected object:

a) the image is larger than the actual size of the object; b) the image corresponds to the actual size of the object; c) is the image smaller than the actual size of the object?

Option #3.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

What scale is preferable for drawing a part:

a) increase; b) decrease; c) natural?

2. What does the R sign in front of the size number mean:

a) circumference; b) diameter of a circle; c) radius of the circle?

Option number 4.

Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.

Which option corresponds to the scale of reduction:

a) M 1:2; b) M 1:1; c) M 2:1?

2. What is the minimum distance between the image outline and the dimension line:

a) 5 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 10 mm?

Exercise to consolidate the material

(work with colored pencil)

Graphic work No. 2

"Drawing of a flat part"

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, fA4 (vertical)

D/Z:

Notebook, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories (compass)

Learn:

Rules for applying dimensions, drawing design (fonts, lines).

Be able to:

Carry out a drawing, apply the rules for drawing dimensions, use drawing tools.

Cards - tasks

1 option

2 option

3 option

4 option

Pairings. Geometric constructions

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories (compass).

D/Z:

Notebook, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories (compasses), fA4, §15.2 -15.3 Fig. 137

Learn:

Rules for constructing parallel and perpendicular lines, conjugating angles, two parallel lines, a straight line and a circle and dividing a circle into equal parts, constructing regular polygons.

Be able to:

Perform geometric constructions using drawing tools. Read the drawing.

Pairing –

Consolidation of the studied material:

Make a drawing of a door key

Conjugation of blunt, acute and right angles

Geometric constructions

Dividing a circle into 5 and 10 parts

Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 parts

Dividing a circle into 3, 6 and 12 parts

Dividing a segment into 9 parts

Projection. Projection method. Projecting onto one projection plane

D/Z:

Accessories, 2 matchboxes, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova pp. 31-34 read.

Learn:

Projection Basics. Concepts: center, perpendicular, parallel

Be able to:

Analyze the shape of an object, display on a plane.

Obtaining images on 2 projection planes.

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, notebook.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §4 pp. 37-38.

Learn:

Rules for depicting a figure on a mutually perpendicular plane. Basics of the rectangular projection method.

Be able to:

Be able to construct projections on 2 projection planes.

Exercise:

Make models from matchboxes as shown in Fig. 56 a. Compare the model drawings you made with their visual images. Make your own one or two models from two or three boxes and complete their drawings.

Practical task:

Using a visual image, construct a horizontal projection. Add dimensions.

Review task:

Obtaining images on 3 projection planes

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §4 -5 pp. 37-38 fig. 51.

Learn:

The order of projection on 3 planes. Number of types used in technical drawings. Principles for choosing the main type.

Be able to:

Draw a simple shape. Select the number of types. Read a drawing of a simple shape.

Oral work:

Construct the third type of part frontally on the chalkboard

Fixing the material

Practical work:

Based on these types, build a third one. Scale 1:1

Option #1

Option No. 2

Option #3

Option No. 4

Location of species. Local species. Tasks for drawing up drawings from isolated images

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, notebook, tracing paper.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §5 fig. 55-56, scissors, glue, wire, matchboxes, colored paper.

Learn:

The order of projection on the plane. Number of types used in technical drawings. Principles for choosing the main type.

Be able to:

Make a drawing of a simple form, choosing the required number of types in accordance with GOSTs. Read a drawing of a simple shape.

View –

What's called local species?

Fixing the material

Write your answers in your workbook:

Option #1

Option No. 2

Practical work No. 3

"Modeling from a drawing."

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A.D. Botvinnikova, wire or cardboard, matchboxes, glue, etc.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova

Learn:

Methods of modeling from a drawing.

Be able to:

Directions for use

To make a cardboard model, first cut out its blank. Determine the dimensions of the workpiece from the image of the part (Fig. 58). Mark (outline) the cutouts. Cut them along the outlined contour. Remove the cut out parts and bend the model according to the drawing. To prevent the cardboard from straightening after bending, draw lines on the outside of the bend with some sharp object.

The wire for modeling must be soft and of arbitrary length (10 – 20 mm).

The order of constructing images in drawings

tools, textbook, notebook, tracing paper

D/Z:

§13, f A4, colored pencils, accessories.

Learn:

Be able to:

Construct cuts and sections, perform technical drawings of elements.

Fixing the material

Exercise:

Option No. 1 Option No. 2

Fixing the material

Exercise:

In your workbook, draw a drawing of the part in 3 views. Apply dimensions.

Option No. 3 Option No. 4

Analysis geometric shape items. Bodies of rotation. Group of geometric bodies

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, notebook.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §10, 11, 16, colored pencils.

Learn:

Rules for making drawings of geometric bodies.

Sequence of reading a group of geometric bodies.

Be able to:

Fixing the material

Working with cards

Fixing the material

Using colored pencils, complete the task on the card.

Geometric shape analysis -

Drawing of a part according to these two types

tools,

D/Z:

f A4, tools

Learn:

Be able to:

Analyze drawings and provide accurate verbal description of the item shown in the drawing.

Obtaining axonometric projections of plane figures

Homework:

Repeat paragraph 7-7.2; complete the construction of table 1.

Equipment for students:

textbook "Drawing" ed. Botvinnikova A.D., workbook, drawing accessories.

Square in dimetric projection

Exercise:

Construct a square in isometric projection

Triangle in dimetry Triangle in isometry

Hexagon in dimetry and isometry

Exercise:

Construct a hexagon in isometric projection

Exercise:

Axonometric projections volumetric bodies

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A.D. Botvinnikova, notebook, instruments.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova page 49 table No. 2, §7-8.

Learn:

Rules for constructing axonometric projections. Methods for constructing a volumetric part in isometry.

Be able to:

Construct images in axonometry starting from flat figures lying at the base of the part. Learn to analyze the resulting images.

Review task:

Construct a geometric figure on a horizontal projection plane.

Amount (increase)

Clipping

Reinforcement task

Axonometric projection of a part with cylindrical elements

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories, notebook.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova § 7-8.

Learn:

Rules for constructing a part with a curved surface. General concept"axonometry of a part".

Be able to:

Analyze the shape of the part and the resulting image.

Ellipse –

Oval -

Algorithm for constructing an oval

1. Let's construct an isometric projection of a square - a rhombus ABCD

2. Let us denote the points of intersection of the circle and the square 1 2 3 4

3. From the top of the rhombus ( D ) draw a straight line to the point 4 (3). We get the segment D 4, which will be equal to the arc radius R .

4. Let's draw an arc that connects the points 3 And 4 .

5. When crossing a segment B2 And AC we get a point O1.

When crossing a line D 4 And AC we get a point O2.

6. From the received centers O1 And O2 let's draw arcs R 1 , which will connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.

Consolidating new material

! work in the workbook

Exercise:

Make isometric projections of the circle parallel to the frontal and profile projection planes.

Drawing and visual representation of the part

F A4, tools, textbook

D/Z:

§12, tracing paper

Learn:

ZUN

Be able to:

Analyze the shape of the part, build 3 types of parts and apply dimensions.

Technical drawing

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova§9, accessories, notebook.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova § 9

Learn:

Rules for making technical drawings and techniques for making parts.

Be able to:

Perform axonometric projections depicting flat figures. Perform technical drawing.

Technical drawing –

Hatching methods:

Fixing the material

Complete a technical drawing of the part, two views of which are shown in Fig. 62

Projections of vertices, edges and faces of an object

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A.D. Botvinnikova, accessories, notebook, colored pencils.

D/Z:

Accessories, textbook “Drawing”, ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §12, fA4, colored pencils.

Learn:

Methods for selecting a point on a plane. Principles of constructing edges and faces.

Be able to:

Construct projections of points and faces.

? Problem

What is a rib?

What is the top of an object?

What is the edge of an object?

Point projection

Practical work:

Label the projections

points on the part drawing, marked in the visual image.

IN)

Graphic work No. 9

Part sketch and technical drawing

D/Z:

Tools, graph paper, fA4, § 18

Learn:

What is a sketch? Sketch rules

Be able to:

Complete the sketch in the required number of types. Draw according to the sketch.

What's calledsketch ?

Fixing the material

Exercise tasks

Applying dimensions taking into account the shape of the object

tools, textbook, notebook, tracing paper.

D/Z:

Rice. 113 (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9)

Learn:

General rule drawing dimensions on the drawing.

Be able to:

Repetition and consolidation of the material covered.

Oral exercise

Practical work:

Cutouts and slices on geometric bodies

Parts elements

SLOT - a groove in the form of a slot or groove on machine parts. For example, a slot in the head of a screw or screw into which the end of a screwdriver is inserted when screwing it in.

GROOVE - an oblong depression or hole on the surface of a part, limited on the sides by parallel planes.

LYSKA – a flat cut on one or both sides of cylindrical, conical or spherical sections of a part. The flats are designed to be grabbed with a wrench, etc.

GROWTH - this is an annular groove on the rod, technologically necessary for the exit of a threaded tool during the manufacture of a part or for other purposes.

KEYWAY GROOVE - a slot in the form of a groove, which serves to install a key, which transmits rotation from the shaft to the bushing and vice versa.

CENTER HOLE - an element of a part that serves to reduce its mass, supply lubricant to rubbing surfaces, connect parts, etc. The holes can be through or blind.

CHAMFER – turning a cylindrical edge of a part onto a truncated cone.

Exercise: Instead of numbers, write the names of the part elements

Exercise: Perform an axonometric projection of the part

Practical work No. 7

"Reading Blueprints"

Textbook, notebook, sheet.

D/Z:

Graph paper, §17

Learn:

Master the methods of constructing 3 types, analyze the geometric shape of an object, know the names of the elements of a part.

Be able to:

Analyze the drawing, determine dimensions, give an accurate verbal description

Graphic dictation

"Drawing and technical drawing of the part according to verbal description»

Format (notebook), tools

D/Z:

Tools, graph paper.

Learn:

Rules for sketching

Be able to:

Determine the necessary and sufficient number of types for a given part. Select the main view. Dimension.

Option #1

Frame is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller one is placed with a larger base in the center of the upper base of the other parallelepiped. A through stepped hole runs vertically through the centers of the parallelepipeds.

The total height of the part is 30 mm.

The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, length 70 mm, width 50 mm.

The second parallelepiped has a length of 50 mm and a width of 40 mm.

The diameter of the bottom step of the hole is 35 mm, height 10 mm; diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.

Note:

Option No. 2

Support is a rectangular parallelepiped, to the left (smallest) face of which is attached a half-cylinder, which has a common lower base with the parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. At the base of the part there is a through hole of a prismatic shape. Its axis coincides in the top view with the axis of the groove.

The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 65 mm, width 40 mm.

Half-cylinder height 15 mm, baseR 20 mm.

The width of the prismatic groove is 20 mm, the depth is 15 mm.

Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. The hole is located at a distance of 15 mm from the right edge of the support.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 3

Frame is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which stands with its large base in the center of the upper base of the prism. A through stepped hole runs along the axis of the cone.

The total height of the part is 65 mm.

The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the sides of the base is 70x70 mm.

The height of the cone is 50 mm, the lower base is Ǿ 50 mm, the upper base is Ǿ 30 mm.

The diameter of the lower part of the hole is 25 mm, height 40 mm.

The diameter of the upper part of the hole is 15 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 4

Sleeve is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole that runs along the axis of the part.

The total height of the part is 60 mm.

The height of the lower cylinder is 15 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm.

The base of the second cylinder is 45 mm.

Bottom hole Ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.

Upper part holes Ǿ 30 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 5

Base is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. There are two through cylindrical holes in the groove. The centers of the holes are spaced from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 100 mm, width 50 mm.

Groove depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.

Hole diameters are 20 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 6

Frame It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which there is a through hole: semi-conical at the top, and then turning into a stepped cylindrical one.

Cube edge 60 mm.

The depth of the semi-conical hole is 35 mm, the upper base is 40 mm, the bottom is 20 mm.

The height of the bottom step of the hole is 20 mm, the base is 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 7

Support is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The cone with its large base is placed in the center of the upper base of the parallelepiped. In the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped there are two prismatic cutouts. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 15 mm is drilled along the axis of the cone.

The total height of the part is 60 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, length 90 mm, width 55 mm.

The diameters of the cone bases are 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (upper).

The length of the prismatic cutout is 20 mm, width 10 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 8

Frame is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the body there are two conical tides. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 10 mm passes through the centers of the tides.

The total height of the part is 59 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped is 45 mm, length 90 mm, width 40 mm. The thickness of the walls of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.

The height of the cones is 7 mm, the base is Ǿ 30 mm and Ǿ 20 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Option No. 9

Support is a combination of two cylinders with one common axis. A through hole runs along the axis: at the top it is prismatic in shape with a square base, and then cylindrical in shape.

The total height of the part is 50 mm.

The height of the lower cylinder is 10 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm. The diameter of the base of the second cylinder is 30 mm.

The height of the cylindrical hole is 25 mm, the base is Ǿ 24 mm.

The base side of the prismatic hole is 10 mm.

Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.

Test

Graphic work No. 11

“Drawing and visual representation of the part”

A3 format, tools

D/Z:

Tools, notebook, textbook.

Exercise:

Using the axonometric projection, construct a drawing of the part in the required number of views on a scale of 1:1. Add dimensions.

Graphic work No. 10

“Sketch of a part with design elements”

tools, textbook, graph paper

D/Z:

Tools, graph paper.

Learn:

Sketch rules

Be able to:

Make a sketch, put down the dimensions correctly

Exercise:

Draw a drawing of a part from which parts have been removed according to the markings applied. The projection direction for constructing the main view is indicated by an arrow.

Graphic work No. 8

"Part drawing c transforming its form"

tools, fA4, textbook

D/Z:

Tools, graph paper.

Learn:

Be able to:

Execute drawing

General concept of shape transformation. Relationship between drawing and markings

Textbook, notebook, graph paper, supplies

D/Z:

Textbook fig. 151 (get to know each other), fA4

Learn:

Be able to:

Analyze the form. Draw the drawing in orthogonal rectangular projection.

Graphic work

Making a drawing of an object in three views with transforming its shape (by removing part of the object)

Exercise:

Complete the technical drawing of the part, making, instead of the protrusions marked with arrows, notches of the same shape and size in the same place.

Logical thinking task

Subject "Design of drawings"

Subject "Drawing tools and accessories"

Crossword "Projection"

1.The point from which the projecting rays emanate during central projection.

2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.

3. Cube face.

4. The image obtained during projection.

5. In this axonometric projection, the axes are located at an angle of 120° to each other.

6. In Greek, this word means “double dimension.”

7. Side view of a person or object.

8. Curve, isometric projection of a circle.

9. The image on the profile projection plane is a view...

Rebus on the topic "View"

Rebus

Subject "Developments of geometric bodies"

Crossword "Axonometry"

Vertical:

Translated from French"front view".

The concept in drawing on which the projection of a point or object is obtained.

The boundary between the halves of a symmetrical part in the drawing.

Geometric body.

Drawing tool.

Translated from Latin language"throw, throw forward."

Geometric body.

The science of graphic images.

Unit of measurement.

Translated from Greek language"double dimension".

Translated from French as “side view”.

In the drawing, “she” can be thick, thin, wavy, etc.

Technical Dictionary of Drawing

Axonometry

Algorithm

Analysis of the geometric shape of an object

Boss

Shoulder

Shaft

Vertex

View

Main view

Viewadditional

Local view

Screw

Sleeve

Dimensions

screw

Fillet

Geometric body

Horizontal

Ready room

Edge

Dividing a circle

Division of a segment

Diameter

ESKD

Drawing tools

Tracing paper

Pencil

Drawing Layout

Construction

Circuit

Cone

Pattern curves

Circular curves

Pattern

Rulers

Line - leader

Extension line

Transition line

Dimensional line

Solid line

Dashed line

Dashed line

Lyska

Scale

Monge method

Polyhedron

Polygon

Modeling

Main inscription

Applying dimensions

Drawing outline

Break

Oval

Ovoid

Circle

Circlein axonometric projection

Ornament

Axonometric axes

Rotation axis

Projection axis

Axis of symmetry

Hole

Groove

Keyway

Parallelepiped

Pyramid

Projection plane

Prism

Axonometric projections

Projection

Isometric rectangular projection

Frontal dimetric oblique projection

Projection

Groove

Scan

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Topic: “Geometric characteristics of plane sections”

Purpose of the work:

Determination of moments of inertia of complex figures composed of simple ones geometric shapes and standard rolled profiles

The student must know:

1. moments of inertia simple sections;
2. method for determining the main axes of inertia;

The student must be able to:

1. determine the moments of inertia of a section with one or two axes of symmetry;
2. determine the moments of inertia of a section composed of standard rolled profiles.

Questions for self-control:

1. How are the coordinates of the center of gravity of a figure determined?
2. What moments of inertia are called axial, polar and centrifugal?
3. What are the units for moments of inertia?
4. Write the transition formula for the axial moment of inertia during parallel translation of the axes.
5. Write the formula axial moments inertia for simple geometric figures.
6. How to determine the moment of inertia of a composite section?
7. How to determine the moments of inertia of standard rolled sections?
8. What are the main axes of inertia?
9. What are the main moments of inertia?

Guidelines

1. (see the procedure for solving the problem for calculation and graphic work No. 3).

2. Draw central axes for each rolled profile or simple geometric figure. These axes are called central axes. For the first figure, draw the axes x 1 and y 1, for the second - x 2 and y 2, etc.

3. They pass through the center of gravity of the entire section. One of the axes is combined with the axis of symmetry (in the task all sections have such an axis), and the second is drawn through the center of gravity of the section perpendicular to the first. The vertical axis is denoted by , and the horizontal axis by u.

4. Find the moments of inertia of the section about the main central axes. IN general view The moments of inertia of the section are determined by the formulas:

relative to the u axis

relative to the axis

where J u and J are the moments of inertia of the section relative to the main central axes u and (the main central moments of inertia); J , J , …, J - moments of inertia of simple figures (1, 2,..., n) relative to the main central axis u; J , J , …, J - the same, relative to the axis.

The moments of inertia of simple figures relative to the u axes are determined by the formulas:

relative to the u axis

relative to the axis

where J x, J x, ..., J x are the moments of inertia of simple figures (1, 2, ..., n) relative to their own central axes x 1, x 2,..., x n. They are determined according to GOST tables (see Appendix 1) for rolled steel profiles and formulas for simple geometric figures; J y, J y, …, Jу - the same, relative to the axes y 1, y 2, ..., y n; a 1, a 2, ..., a n is the distance from the main central axis u to the central axes x 1, x 2, ..., x n; b 1, b 2, …, b n. - the same, from axis to axes y 1, y 2, ..., y n; A 1, A 2, ..., A n - cross-sectional areas of rolled steel profiles or simple geometric shapes.

If the main central axis coincides with the own central axis of some profile or figure, then its moment of inertia relative to the main central axis is equal to the moment of inertia relative to its own axis, since the distance between them is zero.

When determining geometric characteristics, it is necessary to take into account that rolled profiles at a given section may be oriented differently than in GOST standards. For example, the vertical y-axis according to GOST may turn out to be horizontal at a given section, and the horizontal x-axis may be vertical. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor which axes the geometric characteristics should be taken with respect to.

Example 1. Determine the main moments of inertia of the section shown in Fig. 19. The section consists of two corners 56 4 and channel No. 18.

Solution

1. Determine the position of the center of gravity of the section(see calculation and graphic work No. 3). Coordinates of the center of gravity: x c = O; y c = 2.43 cm.

2. Draw central axes x 1, x 2, x 3 and the y 1, y 2, y 3 axes through the centers of gravity of figures 1, 2, 3.

3. Draw the main central axes. The axis is compatible with the axis of symmetry 3. Let us draw the u axis through the center of gravity of section C perpendicular to the axis. The axes of and 3 coincided.

4. Determine the main moment of inertia about the u axis:

From Fig. 19 it follows that the corners are identical and located at the same distance from the axis u, i.e. A 1 = A 2 and a 1 = a 2.

Therefore, the formula for determining can be written:

Example 2. Determine the moment of inertia of the section shown in Fig. 20, relative to the main central axis, which is not the axis of symmetry of the section. The section consists of I-beam No. 24 and channel No. 24a.