| An object cultural heritage, object number 8910002000 object number 8910002000 |
Part of the territory of Mangazeya. 1760
Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the XVII century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, in our time in the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region, in Krasnoselkupsky district, on the Taz River at the confluence of the Mangazeika River.
Short description
The place where the city was located lies in the West Siberian lowland about 180 km upstream of the Taz River to the south of its confluence with the Arctic Ocean.
The name of the city, presumably, comes either from the name of the Samoyed prince Makazei (Mongkasi), or from the ancient name of the river Taz. In the monument of ancient Russian literature "The Tale of the Unknown People in the Eastern Country and the Gentiles of the Roses" of the late XV - early XVI century, which is found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries and is a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the "Ugra land", it is reported:
“On the eastern side, beyond the Yugra land, above the sea, live Samoyed people, called molgonzei. Their poison is deer meat and fish, but they eat each other with each other ... "
In 1560, the English diplomat and representative of the Moscow company Anthony Jenkinson, having penetrated the Volga region, which had been annexed to Russia shortly before, managed to reach Bukhara. In 1562, in London, he published a "Map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria", on which he already indicated the name of the area "Molgomzeya" (Molgomzaia).
According to the historian N.I. Nikitin, the name Molgonzeya goes back to Komi-Zyryan molgon- “extreme, final” - and means “outlying people”.
History of Mangazeya
16th century and first settlement
As a permanent settlement, Mangazeya was founded on the initiative of the tsarist administration - as a stronghold for the advance of the Russians deep into Siberia and a fortified center for collecting yasak.
Prohibition of the sea route to Mangazeya
However, already in 1620 - at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - sailing "by sea", through the Yamal portage to Mangazeya under pain death penalty was prohibited.
There are several versions about the reasons for the ban:
In 1629, another two governors arrived in the city, Andrei Palitsyn and Grigory Kokorev, between whom enmity broke out, which led to an armed confrontation.
By decree of Peter I of 1708, the state was divided into 8 provinces, the city of Mangazeya became part of the Siberian province.
"Disappearance" of Mangazeya
The closure of the sea route led to the fact that the English, Dutch, as well as most of the Russian merchants stopped trading in Mangazeya, this led to the economic decline of the city. After another fire, the city could not recover, and Mangazeya disappeared: first as a city, port and trading post, and then as a historical and geographical concept [ ] . Silent echoes of the existence in antiquity of the “gold-boiling Mangazeya” remained in legends, oral tradition and a few documents buried in the archives. Historians and geographers for a long time did not show any interest in the legendary Siberian city. In cultural, historical and geographical aspects, Mangazeya repeated the fate of Homer's Troy: over time, Mangazeya began to be considered a legendary city - it never really existed and, apparently, was simply invented and poetized in the people's memory and culture of national folklore [ ] .
Material and documentary evidence of the existence of Mangazeya
In 1940-1941, an expedition on the Soviet hydrographic vessel "Nord" discovered on the Thaddeus Islands and in the Sims Bay on the east coast of the Taimyr Peninsula the remains of the winter quarters of Russian explorers and objects from the early 17th century. Further studies of the finds, including human remains, carried out by archaeologists led by A.P. Okladnikov, led to the conclusion that around 1618, Russian sailors led by Akaki Murmanets managed to go around the Taimyr Peninsula, hitting the Laptev Sea by the northern sea route.
In 1956, the famous polar explorer and historian geographical discoveries M. I. Belov suggested that the leader of the unknown expedition be considered the Mangazeya resident Ivan Tolstoukhov, and she herself was attributed to a much later time.
The famous Dutch geographer Nikolaas Witsen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" - the first European work on Siberia, published in 1692 in Amsterdam - referring to information received from the Tobolsk governor A.P. Golovin, reports that in the 1680s from Turukhansk down the Yenisei "60 people went to sea" in order to go from there to the Lena and "go around the Ice Cape". None of them returned. Witsen knew that this campaign was led by "Ivan, whose nickname is Fat Ear, the son of a prominent Russian nobleman."
In the logbook of the boat "Obi-Posttalion", sailing off the coast of Taimyr in the XVIII century, in July 1738 the following entry was made:
Parenago reported: “Written on the cross: 7195. The Mangazeya man Ivan Tolstoukhov put an end to this.
The inscription on the cross meant that Ivan Tolstoukhov erected it in 1687.
"Gold-boiling" Mangazeya and its role in Russian history and culture
Excavations have established that Mangazeya consisted of a Kremlin-detinets with internal buildings (a voivodship yard, a moving out hut, a cathedral church, a prison) and a suburb, divided into a trading half (gostiny yard, customs, merchants' houses, 3 churches and a chapel) and a craft (80 -100 residential buildings, foundries, forges, etc.). In total, the city had four streets and over 200 residential buildings.
New Mangazeya - Turukhansk
In 1607, the Turukhan winter hut was cut down at the mouth of the Lower Tunguska. In 1672, a Russian city was founded here - Novaya Mangazeya. Since the 1780s, Novaya Mangazeya has already been called Turukhansk and is listed in the Tomsk Governorate. Later the settlement is already called Staroturukhansk. The city does not exist today, and the village of Staroturukhansk is located in its place.
History of study
After the city was abandoned and ceased to exist, in the local languages the settlement was called "Tagarev hard", which meant "Broken City".
systematic scientific study Mangazeya began in -1863, when the expedition of Yu. I. Kushelevsky on the schooner "Taz" arrived on these lands to establish the boundaries of the medieval settlement. Although the expedition did not manage to completely solve its problem, it more or less accurately determined the place of future excavations.
The first person to discover, document the exact location of the abandoned city and make a brief description of it was Russian traveler V. O. Markgraf. In 1900, making a trip along the rivers Yenisei, Ob and Ural, he examined the settlement and wrote about his find to the Russian Geographical Society. Next attempt to explore legendary city was undertaken in 1914 by the Tomsk biologist I. N. Shutov, who also examined the settlement and collected a small collection of objects found on the surface.
During more systematic Soviet expeditions in 1927 and 1946, the relief of the settlement was studied in detail and its first plan was drawn up. Research in 1946 was carried out by Russian archaeologist Valery Chernetsov, but the excavations were carried out for a short time and were curtailed in September.
In the summer of 1964, a group of enthusiasts visited Mangazeya, which included the writer Boris Likhanov. In the next few years, these expeditions continued and found traces of ancient settlements in the vicinity of the former Mangazeya.
A full-scale scientific and archaeological study of Mangazeya began in the summer of 1968 with the arrival of a complex historical, archaeological and physical-geographical expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the -1970s, then - in 1973, archaeological research was carried out here under the guidance of historian Mikhail Belov.
On August 19-20, 1967, the traveler and hereditary Pomor Dmitry Butorin and the writer Mikhail Skorokhodov repeated the trade route of merchants of the 17th century (“Mangazeya Sea Route” - the Northern Sea Route) from Arkhangelsk to Mangazeya on the Shchelya karbas.
see also
Notes
- Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - M.: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 54-55.
- Pestov I.S. Notes on the Yenisei province Eastern Siberia. - M: Univ. type., 1833. S. 197.
- About unknown people in the eastern country and the tongues of roses
- Vasiliev V.I. 1994. S. 420.
- Nikitin N. I. Development of Siberia in the 17th century (indefinite) (unavailable link). Retrieved October 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.
- Lyubimenko Inna Ivanovna
- Lyubimenko I.I. English project 1612 on the subjection of the Russian north to the protectorate of King James I // Scientific Historical Journal. - St. Petersburg, 1914. - No. 5. - S. 1-16.
- Labutina T.L. Englishmen in pre-Petrine Russia. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2011
- Virginsky V. S. The project of transformation of northeast Russia into English colony in the XVII century // Historical magazine. - M., 1940; Dunning Ch. A Letter to James I Concerning the English Plan for Military Intervention in Russia // The Slavonic and East European Review. - Lnd., 1989. - Vol. 67. - No. L. - P. 95.
- Belov M.I.: "In the footsteps of polar expeditions"
- Staroturukhansk (Krasnoyarsk Territory)
- Parmuzin Yu. P. Central Siberia. Essay on nature. - Moscow: Thought, 1964. - Illustrations. Cards. 312 p. - circulation of 3000 copies. - S. 5-6.
- Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 55.
- Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 55.
- Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 56-57.
- Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 56.
- "On the route of the legend"
- City of Mangazeya and the first Siberian saint
Literature
Books
- Belov M.I. Mangazeya. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1969. - 128 p. - 37,000 copies.
- Belov M.I. Excavations of the "gold-boiling" Mangazeya: Public lectures given in the lecture hall named after. Yu. M. Shokalsky. - L.: Publishing House of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 1970. - 40 p.
- Belov M.I. In the footsteps polar expeditions. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1977. - 144 p. - 50,000 copies. .
- Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya: Mangazeya sea route. Part 1. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. - 164 p. - 3350 copies.
The Mangazeya Group of Companies is a fast-growing, Russian private structure, relying on rich organizational and managerial experience, professionalism and energy of personnel, clear and verified development programs, high technologies and modern equipment, as well as stable factors of financial and economic growth in the medium and long term. perspectives.
The Mangazeya Group of Companies aims both to strengthen and expand its presence in its traditional areas of business activity, and to open new areas of activity, including in the markets of foreign countries.
Principles:
Open, honest, mutually beneficial and equal cooperation with partners, customers and employees
Rational and careful use of human resources, the desire to maximize the disclosure of the professional capabilities of employees and the observance of their legal rights.
Story
- In 2001, Sergey Yanchukov founded the Clearing-Nafta company, which was engaged in the export of oil and oil products.
- In 2007, Sergey Yanchukov gained control over the Mangazeya Oil Company, which has licenses to develop gas condensate fields in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
- In 2012-2013, the development and gold mining divisions of the Group were created: Mangazeya Development and Mangazeya Zoloto.
- According to the results of 2015, the gold mining division of the Mangazeya Group of Companies (the Mangazeya Mining company) became the leader in terms of growth in gold production in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
- In 2015, the Mangazeya oil company began designing the Terelskoye field.
- The result of Mangazeya Development's work in 2016 was the completion of construction and commissioning of the company's first project, the Izmailovo Lane residential complex.
- In 2016, Mangazeya Zoloto began preparations for the construction of the Nasedkino mine.
Partners:
We offer participation in projects for the exploitation of gold deposits, gas condensate deposits, geological exploration, construction of residential complexes.
We are interested in:
- additional investments and projects
- new technologies and equipment
- advanced organizational and managerial experience
Geography of activity
Residential complex
"Izmailovo Lane"
House
"Marina Grove"
Residential complex
"Picasso"
Residential complex
"YOU AND ME"
Deposit Terelskoye
Savkinskoye field
Nasedkino deposit
Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya area
Gold mining
- Savkinskoye field
- Nasedkino deposit
- Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya area
Gas production
- Deposit Terelskoye
Construction
- "Izmailovo Lane"
- "Marina Grove"
- "Picasso"
- "YOU AND ME"
KEY PRIORITIES AND VALUES
Our main priority is to build a strong and reliable industrial group that successfully operates in various sectors of the economy and, under any circumstances, fulfills its obligations to customers and partners.
We implement an honest and responsible approach in building a business, giving priority to the interests of investors in strict accordance with the law and taking into account the interests of local communities.
We ensure the dynamic development of existing and new assets by attracting the best specialists, modernizing production processes and equipment, ensuring high quality products for the end consumer.
We participate in charitable projects to protect environment, support for children educational institutions, objects of social infrastructure and sports.
- Targeted financial assistance children's preschool and school educational institutions.
- Support for socially significant programs and objects of the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Construction of multifunctional residential complexes with social infrastructure in Moscow
Functional structure
Legal Support of Business Mitronina Victoria Igorevna Administrative Director Administrative Department Ilya Vladimirovich Sedov Director of Information Technology Management information technologies Polyakov Vladimir Pavlovich Director for Foreign Economic Relations Department for Foreign Economic Relations Roman Sergeevich Kashuba Director for Strategy and Investments Department for Strategy and Investments Anton Pavlovich Grigoriev Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects and Corporate Activities Dmitry Karelin Director for Legal Support in the Sphere of Subsoil Use Alexander Nikolaevich Boyko Director for Legal Support of Development Activities and Construction Arutyunyan Lyudmila Oganesovna Deputy General Director for Operational Control and Audit Operational Control and Audit Oil Company Zoloto Development Yanchukov Sergey Valentinovich Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies, Chairman of the Board of Directors, General Director of the corporate centerPolyakov
Vladimir Pavlovich
Director for Foreign Economic Relations
In 1994 and 1996 Graduated from the Institute of Asian and African countries at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov in the specialties "Philology" and "Political Science" of Asian and African countries. In 2005, he graduated from the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade with a degree in foreign economic activity of an enterprise. From 1999 to 2013, he worked on the staff of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in China. Since 2013 - Director for Foreign Economic Relations of Mangazeya Center LLC.
Kashuba
Roman Sergeevich
Strategy and Investment Director of Mangazeya Center LLC
Business Development Director of Mangazeya Development LLC
Graduated from Moscow state institute international relations majoring in finance and credit.
For ten years, he held various positions in the Troika Dialog group of companies, the leading Russian investment bank, and later in Sberbank CIB, the investment division of the largest bank in Russian Federation, where he provided investment banking services to companies from the mining industry in Russia and the CIS.
Since 2014, he has been working in Mangazeya Group of Companies in senior positions.
Currently, he holds the position of Director for Strategy and Investments at Mangazeya Center LLC.
Functional subordination:
- Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Center LLC
- Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
- Business Development Department of Mangazeya Development LLC
Grigoriev
Anton Pavlovich
Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects and Corporate Activities
In 2013, he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation with a degree in jurisprudence with knowledge foreign language»
From 2011 to 2014, he worked at Technoservice Management LLC
Since 2014 he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC
Since July 2018, he has been the Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects of Mangazeya Center LLC.
Functional subordination:
- Department of legal support for strategic projects of Mangazeya Center LLC
Boyko
Alexander Nikolaevich
Director for legal support of development activities and construction
In 1995 he graduated from Rostov State University majoring in jurisprudence.
Prior to joining the Mangazeya Group in December 2014, he held the position of Legal Director at the National Investment and Construction Committee LLC.
Karelin
Dmitry Valerievich
Director for legal support in the field of subsoil use
Graduated from the Chita State Pedagogical Institute. N.G. Chernyshevsky with a degree in Chinese and English, translator-referent Chinese". Graduated from the Trans-Baikal State Pedagogical University. N.G. Chernyshevsky with a degree in law.
Since 1997, he has held leadership positions. From 1997 to 2008, he worked in the Department of Justice of the Chita Region as Deputy Chief Bailiff - Head of Department, Counselor of Justice, and later - Deputy General Director for Legal and Legal Affairs. Since 2008, he has been appointed director of the representative office of OAO Zhireken Mining and Processing Plant.
Since 2014, he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC and currently holds the position of Legal Director.
Fodor
Elena Alexandrovna
Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance, Mangazeya Center LLC
In 1992 she graduated from the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute, Faculty of Economics and Organization in Construction, with a degree in Economics.
At the beginning of her career, she worked at the State Tax Inspectorate and structures municipal government. From 2000 to 2003 - chief accountant in various commercial structures. From 2003 to 2011 – financial director in one of the subsidiaries of AHML JSC. Then for 3 years she worked as the financial director of O1Group.
Since 2014 – Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Development LLC.
From May 2018 - Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Center LLC.
Functional subordination:
- Financial and Economic Department of Mangazeya Center LLC
- Department of Accounting, Tax Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards Mangazeya Center LLC
- Financial department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
- Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
- Department of accounting and tax accounting of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
- SBE Agro Accounting Group
- Financial department of Mangazeya Development LLC
- Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Development LLC
- Accounting department of Mangazeya Development LLC
- Accounting SBE GAS
Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies,
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Was born on December 15, 1975 in Odessa. In 1999 he graduated from the Odessa State the University of Economics majoring in finance. Qualification - "economist".
In 2001, he founded a trading company for the sale and export of oil and oil products. In 2007, he acquired a controlling stake in OAO Oil Company Mangazeya, owned by the Russian Federation, and became the head of the company. In 2011-2012 created the Mangazeya Group of Companies, which included the development company Mangazeya Development, the oil company Mangazeya and the gold mining company Mangazeya Mining.
Since 2015, he has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra and the Moscow Theological Academy.
Sergey Yanchukov is married. Has six children.
He enjoys hockey, skiing and cycling.
At the end of the 16th century, Yermak’s detachment cut through the door to Siberia for Russia, and since then the harsh lands beyond the Urals have been stubbornly settled by small but persistent detachments of miners who set up prisons and moved further and further east. By historical standards, this movement did not take so long: the first Cossacks clashed with the Siberian Tatars of Kuchum on Tura in the spring of 1582, and by early XVIII For centuries, Russians have secured Kamchatka for themselves. As in America around the same time, the conquistadors of our icy lands were attracted by the riches of the new land, in our case it was primarily furs.
Many cities founded during this advance are safely standing to this day - Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Yakutsk were once advanced forts of service and industrial people (not from the word "industry", they were hunters-fishers), who went further and further beyond "Fur El Dorado". However, no less towns suffered the fate of the mining settlements of the times of the American gold rush: having received fifteen minutes of fame, they fell into disrepair when the resources of the surrounding regions were exhausted. In the 17th century, one of the largest such towns arose on the Ob. This city existed for only a few decades, but entered the legend, became the first polar city in Siberia, a symbol of Yamal, and in general, its history turned out to be short but bright. In the fierce frosty lands inhabited by warlike tribes, Mangazeya quickly became famous.
The Russians knew about the existence of a country beyond the Urals long before Yermak's expedition. Moreover, several sustainable routes to Siberia have developed. One of the routes led through the basin of the Northern Dvina, Mezen and Pechora. Another option was to travel from the Kama through the Urals.
The Pomors developed the most extreme route. On kochs - ships adapted for navigation in ice - they walked along the Arctic Ocean, making their way to Yamal. Yamal was crossed by portage and along small rivers, and from there they went to the Gulf of Ob, also known as the Mangazeya Sea. "Sea" is hardly an exaggeration here: it is a freshwater bay up to 80 wide and 800 (!) Kilometers long, and a three hundred-kilometer branch to the east - the Taz Bay - departs from it. There is no unambiguous opinion about the origin of the name, but it is assumed that this is an adaptation to the Russian language of the name of the Molkanzeev tribe, who lived somewhere in the mouth of the Ob.
There is also a variant that raises the name of the land and the city to the Zyryan "land by the sea". The "Mangazeya sea route", with knowledge of the route, observance of the optimal time for setting off and good orientation skills of the team, took them from Arkhangelsk to the Gulf of Ob in a few weeks. Knowledge of the many nuances of the weather, winds, tides, and river fairways could make the path easier. The technology of moving ships by portage was also worked out long ago - they dragged loads on themselves, ships were moved using ropes and wooden rollers. However, no skill of sailors could guarantee a successful outcome. The ocean is the ocean, and the Arctic is the Arctic.
Even today, the Northern Sea Route is not a gift for travelers, but then voyages were made on small wooden ships, and in which case it was not necessary to count on the help of the Ministry of Emergency Situations with helicopters. The Mangazeya route was the route for the most desperate sailors, and the bones of those who were unlucky became the property of the ocean forever. One of the lakes on the Yamal perevoloka bears the name, which is translated from the language of the natives as "the lake of the dead Russians." So there was no need to think about regular safe travel. Most importantly, there was not even a hint of some kind of base at the end of the journey, where one could rest and repair ships. In fact, the Kochi made one long way to the Gulf of Ob and back.
There were enough furs at the mouth of the Ob, but so far one could not even dream of a permanent trading post: it is too difficult to supply it with everything necessary in such conditions. Everything changed at the end of the 16th century. The Russians defeated the loose "empire" of Kuchum, and soon servicemen and industrial people poured into Siberia. The first expeditions went to the Irtysh basin, the first Russian city in Siberia - Tyumen, so that the Ob, simply by the force of things, turned out to be the first in line for colonization. The rivers for the Russians were the key transport artery throughout the entire Siberian conquest: a large stream is both a landmark and a road that does not need to be laid in impenetrable forests, not to mention the fact that boats increased the volume of transported cargo by an order of magnitude. So at the end of the 16th century, the Russians moved along the Ob, building up the coast with fortresses, in particular, Berezov and Obdorsk were laid there. And from there, by the standards of Siberia, it remained a step to step to the Gulf of Ob.
As you move north, the forest gives way to the forest-tundra, and then to the tundra, crossed by many lakes. Not being able to gain a foothold here, having come from the sea, the Russians managed to enter from the other end. In 1600, an expedition of 150 servicemen left Tobolsk under the command of the governor Miron Shakhovsky and Danila Khripunov. The Gulf of Ob, to which they rafted without any special adventures, immediately showed its character: the storm beat the kochi and barges. The nasty start did not discourage the governor: it was decided to demand that the local Samoyeds deliver the expedition to their destination by deer. On the way, however, the Samoyeds attacked the travelers and badly beaten them, the remnants of the detachment retreated on the selected deer.
The following circumstance adds intrigue to this story. In correspondence with Moscow, there are hints of participation in the attack (or at least its provocation) by the Russians. It's not such a surprise. Industrial people almost always overtook the servicemen, climbed into the most distant lands and did not have any warm feelings towards the sovereign people, who carry centralized taxation and control. It can be said for sure that some Russian people were already building in the area of the future Mangazeya: subsequently, archaeologists found buildings of the late 16th century on Taza.
Nevertheless, apparently, some part of the affected detachment nevertheless reached the Taz Bay, and a fortification, in fact, Mangazeya, grew on the shore. Soon, a city was also built next to the prison, and we know the name of the city planner - this is a certain Davyd Zherebtsov. A detachment of 300 servicemen went to the fortress - a large army by the standards of time and place. The work was progressing, and by 1603 a guest yard and a church with a priest had already appeared in Mangazeya, in a word, the beginning of the city was laid.
Mangazeya turned into a Klondike. True, there was no gold there, but it stretched around huge country full of sables. The bulk of the inhabitants traveled around the neighborhood, stretching for many hundreds of kilometers. The garrison of the fortress was small, only a few dozen archers. However, hundreds and even thousands of industrial people constantly crowded in the town. Someone left to get the beast, someone returned and sat in taverns. The city grew rapidly, and craftsmen came for industrial people: from tailors to bone carvers. Women also came there, who did not have to complain about the lack of attention in a harsh and devoid of heat land. In the city one could meet both merchants from central Russia (for example, a merchant from Yaroslavl donated to one of the churches), and fugitive peasants. In the city, of course, there was a moving out hut (office), customs, a prison, warehouses, trading shops, a fortress with several towers ... It is interesting that all this space was built up in accordance with a neat layout.
Furs were bought from the natives with might and main, detachments of Cossacks reached from Mangazeya even to Vilyui. Metal products, beads, small coins were used as currency. Since the Mangazeya district of cyclopean proportions could not be tightly controlled entirely from one place, small winter huts grew around. The sea passage has sharply revived: now, despite all the risk, the delivery of goods that were urgently needed locally - from lead to bread, and the return transportation of "soft junk" - sables and arctic foxes - and mammoth ivory, has become more accessible. Mangazeya received the nickname "gold-boiling" - as such, there was no gold there, but "soft" gold - in abundance. 30,000 sables were taken out of the city every year.
The tavern was not the only entertainment of the inhabitants. Later excavations have unearthed both the remains of books and excellently crafted, decorated chessboards. Quite a few in the city were literate, which is not surprising for a trading post: archaeologists often found objects with the names of the owners carved on them. Mangazeya was not just a transit point at all: children lived in the city, the townsfolk started animals and ran a household near the walls. In general, animal husbandry, of course, took into account local specifics: Mangazeya was a typical old Russian city, but residents preferred to travel around the neighborhood on dogs or deer. However, pieces of horse harness were later also found.
Alas! Taking off rapidly, Mangazeya quickly fell. There were several reasons for this. First, the circumpolar zone is not a very productive place as such. The Mangazeans traveled hundreds of miles from the city for an obvious reason: the fur-bearing animal from the immediate vicinity disappeared too quickly. For local tribes, sable was not of particular importance as an object of hunting, therefore, in northern Siberia, the population of this animal was huge and sables lasted for decades. However, sooner or later, the fur-bearing animal had to dry up, which happened. Secondly, Mangazeya fell victim to bureaucratic games within Siberia itself.
In Tobolsk, the local governors looked to the north without enthusiasm, where huge profits floated out of their hands, so from Tobolsk they began to scribble complaints to Moscow, demanding that the Mangazeya sea passage be closed. The justification looked peculiar: it was assumed that Europeans could penetrate Siberia in this way. The threat looked dubious. For the British or Swedes, traveling through Yamal became completely pointless: too far, risky and expensive. However, the Tobolsk governors achieved their goal: in 1619, archery outposts appeared on Yamal, deploying everyone who tried to overcome the barrier. It was supposed to expand trade flows to the cities of southern Siberia. However, the problems overlapped one another: Mangazeya was already impoverished in the long term, and now administrative barriers were added.
In addition - the king is far away, God is high - internal turmoil began in Mangazeya. In 1628, two governors did not share powers and staged a real civil strife: the townspeople kept their own garrison under siege, and both of them had guns. A mess inside the city, administrative difficulties, impoverishment of the land ... Mangazeya began to fade. In addition, Turukhansk, aka New Mangazeya, was growing rapidly to the south. The center of the fur trade shifted, and people left behind it. Mangazeya still lived by inertia from the fur boom. Even the fire of 1642, when the town was completely burned down and the city archive, among other things, perished in the fire, did not finish it off completely, as well as a series of shipwrecks, due to which there were shortages of bread. Several hundred fishers wintered in the city in the 1650s, so that Mangazeya remained a significant center by Siberian standards, but this was already only a shadow of the boom at the beginning of the century. The city was heading towards final decline slowly but steadily.
In 1672, the Streltsy garrison withdrew and left for Turukhansk. Soon the last people left Mangazeya. One of the last petitions indicates that only 14 men and a certain number of women and children remained in the once bursting with wealth town. At the same time, the Mangazeya churches were also closed.
The ruins were abandoned by people for a long time. But not forever.
A traveler of the middle of the 19th century somehow drew attention to a coffin sticking out of the shore of the Taz. The river washed away the remnants of the city, and from the ground one could see the ruins of the most different items and structures. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, where Mangazeya stood, the remains of fortifications were visible, and in the late 40s, professional archaeologists began to study the ghost town. The real breakthrough came at the turn of the 60s and 70s. An archaeological expedition from Leningrad spent four years excavating the Golden Boiling.
The polar permafrost created enormous difficulties, but as a result, the ruins of the Kremlin and 70 various buildings buried under a layer of soil and a grove of dwarf birches were brought to light. Coins, leather goods, skis, fragments of koches, sleds, compasses, children's toys, weapons, tools... There were amulets like a carved winged horse. The northern city revealed its secrets. In general, the value of Mangazeya for archeology turned out to be great: thanks to permafrost many finds that would otherwise crumble to dust are perfectly preserved. Among other things, there was a foundry with a master's house, and in it - rich household utensils, including even Chinese porcelain cups. No less interesting were the prints. They were found in the city a lot and among others - the Amsterdam trading house. The Dutch went to Arkhangelsk, maybe someone got beyond the Yamal, or maybe this is just evidence of the export of part of the furs for export to Holland. The finds of this genus also include a half-thaler mid-sixteenth century.
One of the finds is full of gloomy grandeur. Under the floor of the church was found the burial of an entire family. Based on archival data, there is an assumption that this is the grave of governor Grigory Teryaev, his wife and children. They died during the famine of the 1640s while trying to reach Mangazeya with a grain caravan.
Mangazeya lasted only a little over 70 years, and its population is incomparable with the famous cities of Old Russia like Novgorod or Tver. However, the disappeared city of the Far North is not just another settlement. At first, Mangazeya became a springboard for the movement of Russians into the depths of Siberia, and then presented a real treasure to archaeologists and an impressive history to descendants.
Mangazeya is the first Russian city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River.
Founded as a prison in 1601, the status of the city - since 1607. It ceased to exist after a fire in 1662. It was part of the so-called Mangazeya sea route (from the mouth of the Northern Dvina through the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Yamal Peninsula and along the Mutnaya and Zelenaya rivers to the Gulf of Ob, then along the Taz River and dragged to the Turukhan River, a tributary of the Yenisei).
The name, presumably, comes from the name of the Samoyed prince Makazei (Mongkasi).
History of Mangazeya
As early as the 16th century, Pomors made campaigns along the route indicated above. Mangazeya, on the other hand, was founded in 1601-1607 by Tobolsk and Berezovka archers and Cossacks, as a stronghold for the Russians to advance deep into Siberia. Construction was carried out on the right, high bank of the Taz River, 300 km from its mouth. The four-walled five-tower city immediately became a significant economic center.
In 1619 (at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov), navigation along the Siberian rivers through Mangazeya was prohibited under pain of death. There are several versions about the reasons for the ban. It was not possible to control the sea route, while all land routes were blocked by customs posts, and it was impossible to transport a single sable skin without paying a duty. The second reason was that it was mainly the Pomors who used the sea route, undermining the "monopoly" of the merchants on furs. Another reason is the fear of foreign expansion of Western European trading companies to the fur-rich regions of Siberia (semi-sea travel of Russians through the Gulf of Ob continued later). Although solvency latest version questioned by some historians.
Excavations have established that Mangazeya consisted of a Kremlin-detinets with internal buildings (voivodship yard, moving out hut, cathedral church, prison) and a suburb, divided into a commercial half (gostiny yard, customs, merchants' houses, 3 churches and a chapel) and a craft (80 -100 residential buildings, foundries, forges, etc.).
In the city, in addition to the Cossacks, there were a hundred archers with cannons. Mangazeya was in charge of all the Taz lower Nisei foreigners (mainly Nenets), who paid the yasak imposed on them with furs.
The locals engaged in barter (exchanged furs, especially sable) with the surrounding local population, hunted sable themselves, were also engaged in fishing, cattle breeding, shipping, crafts (foundry, bone carving and others). Many Russian merchants came to the “gold-boiling” Mangazeya, bringing domestic and Western European goods and exporting furs.
At the end of the 16th century, Yermak’s detachment cut through the door to Siberia for Russia, and since then the harsh lands beyond the Urals have been stubbornly settled by small but persistent detachments of miners who set up prisons and moved further and further east. By historical standards, this movement did not take so long: the first Cossacks clashed with the Siberian Tatars of Kuchum on the Tura in the spring of 1582, and by the beginning of the 18th century, the Russians secured Kamchatka. Many were attracted by the riches of the new land, and first of all - furs.
A number of cities founded during this advance are safely standing to this day - Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Yakutsk. Once they were the advanced forts of service and industrial people who went further and further behind the "fur Eldorado". However, many settlements suffered the fate of the mining towns of the times of the American gold rush: having received fifteen minutes of fame, they fell into disrepair when the resources of the surrounding regions were exhausted.
In the 17th century, one of the largest such cities arose on the Ob. It existed for a little over 70 years, but became legendary, became the first polar city in Siberia, a symbol of Yamal, and in general, its history turned out to be short but bright. In the fierce frosty lands inhabited by warlike tribes, Mangazeya quickly became famous.
The Russians knew about the existence of a country beyond the Urals long before Yermak's expedition. Moreover, several sustainable routes to Siberia have developed. One of the routes led through the basin of the Northern Dvina, Mezen and Pechora. Another option was to travel from the Kama through the Urals.
The Pomors developed the most extreme route. On kochs - ships adapted for navigation in ice, they walked along the Arctic Ocean, making their way to Yamal. Yamal was crossed by portage and along small rivers, and from there they went to the Gulf of Ob, also known as the Mangazeya Sea. The "sea" here is hardly an exaggeration - it is a freshwater bay up to 80 wide and 800 kilometers long, and a three hundred-kilometer branch to the east - the Taz Bay - departs from it.
The Mangazeya route was the route for the most desperate sailors, and the bones of those who were unlucky became the property of the ocean forever. One of the lakes on the Yamal perevoloka bears the name, which is translated from the language of the natives as "the lake of the dead Russians." So there was no need to think about regular safe travel. In addition, there was not even a hint of some kind of base at the end of the journey, where one could rest and repair ships. In fact, the Kochi made one long way to the Gulf of Ob and back.
There were enough furs at the mouth of the Ob, but one could not dream of a permanent trading post: it was too difficult to supply it with everything necessary in such conditions. Everything changed at the end of the 16th century. The Russians defeated the loose "empire" of Kuchum, and soon servicemen and industrial people poured into Siberia. The first expeditions went to the Irtysh basin, the first Russian city in Siberia - Tyumen, so the Ob was the first in line for colonization.
Tyumen / Nikolaas Witsen
The rivers for the Russians were the key transport artery throughout the entire Siberian conquest: a large stream is both a landmark and a road that does not need to be laid in impenetrable forests, not to mention the fact that boats increased the volume of transported cargo by an order of magnitude. So at the end of the 16th century, the Russians moved along the Ob, building up the coast with fortresses, in particular, Berezov and Obdorsk were laid there. And from there, by the standards of Siberia, it remained a step to step to the Gulf of Ob.
In 1600, an expedition of 150 servicemen left Tobolsk under the command of the governor Miron Shakhovsky and Danila Khripunov. The Gulf of Ob, to which they rafted without any special adventures, immediately showed its character: the storm beat the kochi and barges. The bad start did not discourage the governor, it was decided to demand that the local Samoyeds deliver the expedition to their destination by deer. On the way, however, the Samoyeds attacked the travelers and badly beaten them, and the remnants of the detachment retreated on the selected deer.
Nevertheless, apparently, some part of the affected detachment nevertheless reached the Taz Bay, and a fortification, Mangazeya, grew on the shore. Soon, a city was built next to the prison. The name of the town planner is known - this is a certain Davyd Zherebtsov. A detachment of 300 servicemen went to the fortress - a large army by the standards of time and place. The work progressed, and by 1603 a guest house and a church with a priest had already appeared in Mangazeya.
Mangazeya turned into a Klondike. True, there was no gold there, but a huge country full of sables stretched around. The bulk of the inhabitants traveled around the neighborhood, stretching for many hundreds of kilometers. The garrison of the fortress was small, only a few dozen archers. However, hundreds and even thousands of industrial people constantly crowded in the town. Someone left to get the beast, someone returned and sat in taverns.
The city grew rapidly, and craftsmen came for industrial people - from tailors to bone carvers. In the city one could meet both merchants from central Russia and runaway peasants. In the city, of course, there was a moving out hut (office), customs, a prison, warehouses, shops, a fortress with several towers. It is interesting that all this space was built up in accordance with a neat layout.
Furs were bought from the natives with might and main, detachments of Cossacks reached from Mangazeya even to Vilyui. Metal products, beads, small coins were used as currency. The sea route has sharply revived: despite all the risk, the delivery of goods that were urgently needed on the spot (from lead to bread), and the return transport of mammoth ivory and “soft junk” - sables and arctic foxes became more accessible. Mangazeya received the nickname "gold-boiling". As such, there was no gold there, but there was plenty of “soft” gold. 30,000 sables were taken out of the city every year.
The tavern was not the only entertainment of the inhabitants. Later excavations have unearthed both the remains of books and excellently crafted, decorated chessboards. Quite a few in the city were literate, which is not surprising for a trading post. Archaeologists have often found objects with the owners' names carved into them. Mangazeya was by no means just a transit point: women and children lived in the city, the townsfolk kept animals and farmed near the walls. In general, animal husbandry, of course, took into account local specifics: Mangazeya was a typical old Russian city, but residents preferred to travel around the neighborhood on dogs or deer.
Alas, rapidly taking off, Mangazeya quickly fell. There were several reasons for this. First, the circumpolar zone is not a very productive place as such. The Mangazeans traveled hundreds of miles from the city for an obvious reason: the fur-bearing animal from the immediate vicinity disappeared too quickly. For local tribes, sable was not of particular importance as an object of hunting, therefore, in northern Siberia, the population of this animal was huge and sables lasted for decades. However, sooner or later, the fur-bearing animal had to dry up, which happened. Secondly, Mangazeya fell victim to bureaucratic games within Siberia itself.
Map of Tobolsk, 1700
In Tobolsk, the local governors looked to the north without enthusiasm, where huge profits floated out of their hands, so from Tobolsk they began to scribble complaints to Moscow, demanding that the Mangazeya sea passage be closed. The justification looked peculiar: it was assumed that Europeans could penetrate Siberia in this way. The threat looked dubious. For the British or Swedes, traveling through Yamal became completely pointless: too far, risky and expensive.
However, the Tobolsk governors achieved their goal: in 1619, archery outposts appeared on Yamal, deploying everyone who tried to overcome the barrier. It was supposed to expand trade flows to the cities of southern Siberia. However, the problems overlapped one another: Mangazeya was already impoverished in the long term, and now administrative barriers were added.
Internal troubles began in Mangazeya. In 1628, two governors did not share powers and staged a real civil strife: the townspeople kept their own garrison under siege, and both of them had guns. A mess inside the city, administrative difficulties, impoverishment of land. In addition, Turukhansk, aka New Mangazeya, was growing rapidly to the south. The center of the fur trade shifted, and people left behind it. Mangazeya began to fade, but still lived by inertia from the fur boom.
Turukhansk (New Mangazeya) / Nikolaas Witsen
Even the fire of 1642, when the town was completely burned down and the city archive, among other things, perished in the fire, did not finish it off completely, as well as a series of shipwrecks, due to which there were shortages of bread. Several hundred fishers wintered in the city in the 1650s, so that Mangazeya remained a significant center by Siberian standards, but this was already only a shadow of the boom at the beginning of the century. The city was heading towards final decline slowly but steadily.
In 1672, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued an official decree on the abolition of the city. The Streltsy garrison withdrew and left for Turukhansk. Soon the last people left Mangazeya. One of the last petitions indicates that only 14 men and a certain number of women and children remained in the once bursting with wealth town. At the same time, the Mangazeya churches were also closed.
A traveler of the middle of the 19th century somehow drew attention to a coffin sticking out from the bank of the Taz River. The river washed away the remains of the city, and fragments of a variety of objects and structures could be seen from under the ground. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, where Mangazeya stood, the remains of fortifications were visible, and in the late 40s, professional archaeologists began to study the ghost town. The real breakthrough occurred at the turn of the 60-70s of the last century. An archaeological expedition from Leningrad spent four years excavating the Golden Boiling.
The polar permafrost created enormous difficulties, but as a result, the ruins of the Kremlin and 70 various buildings buried under a layer of soil and a grove of dwarf birches were brought to light. Coins, leather goods, skis, fragments of koches, sleds, compasses, children's toys, weapons, tools. There were figurines-amulets similar to a carved winged horse. The northern city revealed its secrets.
In general, the value of Mangazeya for archeology turned out to be great: thanks to the permafrost, many finds that would otherwise crumble to dust have been perfectly preserved. There was also a foundry with a master's house, and in it - rich household utensils, including even Chinese porcelain cups. No less interesting were the prints. They were found in the city a lot and among others - the Amsterdam trading house. The Dutch went to Arkhangelsk, maybe someone got beyond the Yamal, or maybe this is just evidence of the export of part of the furs for export to Holland. The half-thaler of the middle of the 16th century also belongs to the finds of this genus.
One of the finds is full of gloomy grandeur. Under the floor of the church, a burial of an entire family was found. Based on archival data, there is an assumption that this is the grave of governor Grigory Teryaev, his wife and children. They died during the famine of the 1640s while trying to reach Mangazeya with a grain caravan.
The vanished city of the Far North is not just another settlement. At first, Mangazeya became a springboard for the movement of Russians into the depths of Siberia, and then presented a real treasure to archaeologists and an impressive history to descendants.
Used materials from the article by Evgeny Norin
