In what century did the science of biochemistry appear? What is biochemistry and what does it study. Biochemistry, nutrition, prevention and treatment

Biological chemistry Lelevich Vladimir Valeryanovich

Chapter 1. Introduction to Biochemistry

Chapter 1. Introduction to Biochemistry

biological chemistry- a science that studies the chemical nature of the substances that make up living organisms, the transformation of these substances (metabolism), as well as the relationship of these transformations with the activity of individual tissues and the whole organism.

Biochemistry - it is the science of the molecular basis of life. There are several reasons why biochemistry is so attractive these days. great attention and is developing rapidly.

1. First, biochemists managed to figure out chemical bases a number of important biochemical processes.

2. Second, discovered common paths molecular transformations and general principles underlying the various manifestations of life.

3. Third, biochemistry is having an ever deeper impact on medicine.

4. Fourth, the rapid development of biochemistry in last years allowed researchers to begin studying the most acute, fundamental problems of biology and medicine.

History of the development of biochemistry

In the history of the development of biochemical knowledge and biochemistry as a science, 4 periods can be distinguished.

I period - from ancient times to the Renaissance (XV century). This is the period of practical use of biochemical processes without knowledge of them. theoretical foundations and the first, sometimes very primitive, biochemical studies. In the most distant times, people already knew the technology of such industries based on biochemical processes as bread-baking, cheese-making, wine-making, and leather tanning. The use of plants for food purposes, for the preparation of paints, fabrics prompted attempts to understand the properties of individual substances of plant origin.

II period - from the beginning of the Renaissance to the second half of the 19th century, when biochemistry becomes an independent science. The great explorer of that time, the author of many masterpieces of art, architect, engineer, anatomist Leonardo da Vinci conducted experiments and, based on their results, made an important conclusion for those years that a living organism can exist only in an atmosphere in which a flame can burn.

During this period, the works of such scientists as Paracelsus, M. V. Lomonosov, Yu. Liebig, A. M. Butlerov, Lavoisier should be singled out.

III period - from the second half of the 19th century to the 50s of the 20th century. It was marked by a sharp increase in the intensity and depth of biochemical research, the amount of information received, an increased applied value - the use of biochemistry achievements in industry, medicine, agriculture. The works of one of the founders of Russian biochemistry A. Ya. Danilevsky (1838–1923), M. V. Nentsky (1847–1901) belong to this time. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the largest German organic chemist and biochemist E. Fischer (1862–1919) worked. He formulated the main provisions of the polypeptide theory of proteins, the beginning of which was given by the studies of A. Ya. Danilevsky. The works of the great Russian scientist K. A. Timiryazev (1843–1920), the founder of the Soviet biochemical school A. N. Bach, and the German biochemist O. Warburg belong to this time. In 1933, G. Krebs studied in detail the ornithine cycle of urea formation, and 1937 dates back to the discovery of the cycle by him tricarboxylic acids. In 1933, D. Keilin (England) isolated cytochrome C and reproduced the process of electron transfer along the respiratory chain in preparations from the heart muscle. In 1938, A. E. Braunshtein and M. G. Kritzman first described transamination reactions, which are key in nitrogen metabolism.

IV period - from the beginning of the 50s of the 20th century to the present. It is characterized by the wide use of physical, physicochemical, mathematical methods in biochemical research, active and successful study of the main biological processes (biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids) at the molecular and supramolecular levels.

Here brief chronology major discoveries in biochemistry of this period:

1953 - J. Watson and F. Crick proposed a double helix model of the DNA structure.

1953 - F. Sanger first deciphered the amino acid sequence of the insulin protein.

1961 - M. Nirenberg deciphered the first "letter" of the protein synthesis code - the DNA triplet corresponding to phenylalanine.

1966 - P. Mitchell formulated the chemiosmotic theory of conjugation of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.

1969 - R. Merifield chemically synthesized the enzyme ribonuclease.

1971 - in the joint work of two laboratories led by Yu. A. Ovchinnikov and A. E. Braunshtein, the primary structure of aspartate aminotransferase, a protein of 412 amino acids, was established.

1977 - F. Sanger for the first time fully deciphered the primary structure of the DNA molecule (phage? X 174).

Development of medical biochemistry in Belarus

Since the establishment in 1923 at the Belarusian State University of the Department of Biochemistry, the professional training of national biochemical personnel began. In 1934, the Department of Biochemistry was organized at the Vitebsk Medical Institute, in 1959 - at the Grodno Medical Institute, in 1992 - at the Gomel Medical Institute. Well-known scientists, prominent specialists in the field of biochemistry were invited and elected to head the departments: A. P. Bestuzhev, G. V. Derviz, L. E. Taranovich, N. E. Glushakova, V. K. Kukhta, V. S. Shapot , L. G. Orlova, A. A. Chirkin, Yu. M. Ostrovsky, N. K. Lukashik. On formation scientific schools in the field of medical biochemistry, the activities of such outstanding scientists as M. F. Merezhinskiy (1906–1970), V. A. Bondarin (1909–1985), L. S. Cherkasova (1909–1998), V. S. Shapot (1909–1989), Yu. M. Ostrovsky (1925–1991), A. T. Pikulev (1931–1993).

In 1970, the Department of Metabolism Regulation of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR was established in Grodno, which in 1985 was transformed into the Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Yu. M. Ostrovsky, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, was the first head of the department and director of the institute. Under his leadership, a comprehensive study of vitamins, in particular, thiamine, was begun. Works

Yu. M. Ostrovsky were supplemented and continued in the studies of his students: N. K. Lukashik, A. I. Balakleevsky, A. N. Razumovich, R. V. Trebukhina, F. S. Larin, A. G. Moiseenka.

The most important practical results of the activities of scientific biochemical schools were the organization of the state laboratory service of the republic (Professor V. G. Kolb), the opening of the Republican Lipid Treatment and Diagnostic Center for Metabolic Therapy at the Vitebsk Medical Institute (Professor A. A. Chirkin), the creation of the Grodno Medical Institute laboratory of medical and biological problems of narcology (Professor VV Lelevich).

1. The composition and structure of the chemicals of a living organism - static biochemistry.

2. The totality of the transformation of substances in the body (metabolism) - dynamic biochemistry.

3. Biochemical processes underlying various manifestations of vital activity - functional biochemistry.

4. Structure and mechanism of action of enzymes - enzymology.

5. Bioenergetics.

6. Molecular bases of heredity - the transfer of genetic information.

7. Regulatory mechanisms of metabolism.

8. Molecular mechanisms of specific functional processes.

9. Features of metabolism in organs and tissues.

Sections and directions of biochemistry

1. Biochemistry of man and animals.

2. Biochemistry of plants.

3. Biochemistry of microorganisms.

4. Medical biochemistry.

5. Technical biochemistry.

6. Evolutionary biochemistry.

7. Quantum biochemistry.

Objects of biochemical research

1. Organisms.

2. Individual organs and tissues.

3. Sections of organs and tissues.

4. Homogenates of organs and tissues.

5. Biological fluids.

6. Cells.

7. Yeast, bacteria.

8. Subcellular components and organelles.

9. Enzymes.

10. Chemical substances(metabolites).

Biochemistry methods

1. Tissue homogenization.

2. Centrifugation:

Simple

Ultracentrifugation

Density gradient centrifugation.

3. Dialysis.

4. Electrophoresis.

5. Chromatography.

6. Isotopic method.

7. Colorimetry.

8. Spectrophotometry.

9. Determination of enzymatic activity.

Relationship of biochemistry with other disciplines

1. Bioorganic chemistry

2. Physical colloid chemistry

3. Biophysical chemistry

4. Molecular biology

5. Genetics

6. Normal physiology

7. Pathological physiology

8. Clinical disciplines

9. Pharmacology

10. Clinical biochemistry

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In this article we will answer the question of what is biochemistry. Here we will consider the definition of this science, its history and research methods, pay attention to some processes and define its sections.

Introduction

To answer the question of what biochemistry is, it is enough to say that it is a science devoted to the chemical composition and processes occurring inside a living cell of an organism. However, it has many components, having learned which, you can get a more specific idea of ​​​​it.

In some time episodes of the 19th century, the terminological unit "biochemistry" began to be used for the first time. However, it was introduced into scientific circles only in 1903 by a chemist from Germany - Karl Neuberg. This science occupies an intermediate position between biology and chemistry.

Historical facts

To answer the question clearly, what is biochemistry, mankind could only about a hundred years ago. Despite the fact that society used biochemical processes and reactions in ancient times, it did not suspect the presence of their true essence.

Some of the most remote examples are bread-making, wine-making, cheese-making, etc. A number of questions about the medicinal properties of plants, health problems, etc. made a person delve into their basis and nature of activity.

The development of a common set of directions that eventually led to the creation of biochemistry is already observed in ancient times. A scientist-physician from Persia in the tenth century wrote a book on the canons of medical science, where he was able to describe in detail the description of various medicinal substances. In the 17th century, van Helmont proposed the term "enzyme" as a unit of a chemical reagent involved in digestive processes.

In the 18th century, thanks to the work of A.L. Lavoisier and M.V. Lomonosov, the law of conservation of the mass of matter was derived. At the end of the same century, the importance of oxygen in the process of respiration was determined.

In 1827, science made it possible to create a division of biological molecules into compounds of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. These terms are still in use today. A year later, in the work of F. Wöhler, it was proved that the substances of living systems can be synthesized by artificial means. Another important event was the preparation and compilation of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.

The foundations of biochemistry were formed over many hundreds of years, but they adopted a clear definition in 1903. This science became the first discipline from the category of biological, which had its own system of mathematical analyzes.

25 years later, in 1928, F. Griffith conducted an experiment, the purpose of which was to study the mechanism of transformation. The scientist infected mice with pneumococci. He killed the bacteria of one strain and added them to the bacteria of another. The study showed that the process of refining disease-causing agents resulted in the production of nucleic acid, not protein. The list of discoveries is being replenished at the present time.

Availability of related disciplines

Biochemistry is a separate science, but its creation was preceded by an active process of development of the organic section of chemistry. The main difference lies in the objects of study. In biochemistry, only those substances or processes are considered that can occur in the conditions of living organisms, and not outside them.

Ultimately, biochemistry included the concept of molecular biology. They differ among themselves mainly in the methods of action and the subjects they study. At present, the terminological units "biochemistry" and " molecular biology' began to be used as synonyms.

Availability of sections

To date, biochemistry includes a number of research areas, including:

    Branch of static biochemistry - the science of the chemical composition of living things, structures and molecular diversity, functions, etc.

    There are a number of sections that study biological polymers of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acid molecules, as well as nucleic acids and the nucleotide itself.

    Biochemistry, which studies vitamins, their role and form of influence on the body, possible disturbances in vital processes in case of shortage or excessive quantity.

    Hormonal biochemistry is a science that studies hormones, their biological effect, the causes of deficiency or excess.

    The science of metabolism and its mechanisms is a dynamic section of biochemistry (includes bioenergetics).

    Molecular Biology Research.

    The functional component of biochemistry studies the phenomenon of chemical transformations responsible for the functionality of all components of the body, starting with tissues and ending with the whole body.

    Medical biochemistry - a section on the patterns of metabolism between body structures under the influence of diseases.

    There are also branches of the biochemistry of microorganisms, humans, animals, plants, blood, tissues, etc.

    Research and problem solving tools

    Biochemistry methods are based on fractionation, analysis, detailed study and consideration of the structure of both a separate component and the whole organism or its substance. Most of them were formed during the 20th century, and the most widely known was chromatography - the process of centrifugation and electrophoresis.

    At the end of the 20th century, biochemical methods began to increasingly find their application in the molecular and cellular sections of biology. The structure of the entire human DNA genome has been determined. This discovery made it possible to learn about the existence of a huge number of substances, in particular, various proteins that were not detected during the purification of biomass, due to their extremely low content in the substance.

    Genomics questioned great amount biochemical knowledge and led to the development of changes in its methodology. The concept of computer virtual simulation appeared.

    Chemical component

    Physiology and biochemistry are closely related. This is explained by the dependence of the norm of the course of all physiological processes with the content of a different series chemical elements.

    In nature, you can find 90 components of the periodic table of chemical elements, but about a quarter is needed for life. Our body does not need many rare components at all.

    The different position of the taxon in the hierarchical table of living beings causes a different need for the presence of certain elements.

    99% of the human mass consists of six elements (C, H, N, O, F, Ca). In addition to the main amount of these types of atoms that form substances, we need another 19 elements, but in small or microscopic volumes. Among them are: Zn, Ni, Ma, K, Cl, Na and others.

    Protein biomolecule

    The main molecules studied by biochemistry are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and the attention of this science is focused on their hybrids.

    Proteins are large compounds. They are formed by linking chains of monomers - amino acids. Most living beings obtain proteins through the synthesis of twenty types of these compounds.

    These monomers differ from each other in the structure of the radical group, which plays a huge role in the course of protein folding. The purpose of this process is to form a three-dimensional structure. Amino acids are linked together by the formation of peptide bonds.

    Answering the question of what biochemistry is, one cannot fail to mention such complex and multifunctional biological macromolecules as proteins. They have more tasks than polysaccharides or nucleic acids to perform.

    Some proteins are represented by enzymes and catalyze various reactions of a biochemical nature, which is very important for metabolism. Other protein molecules can act as signaling mechanisms, form cytoskeletons, participate in immune defense, etc.

    Some types of proteins are capable of forming non-protein biomolecular complexes. Substances created by fusing proteins with oligosaccharides allow molecules such as glycoproteins to exist, and interacting with lipids results in lipoproteins.

    nucleic acid molecule

    Nucleic acids are represented by complexes of macromolecules consisting of a polynucleotide set of chains. Their main functional purpose is to encode hereditary information. Nucleic acid synthesis occurs due to the presence of mononucleoside triphosphate macroenergy molecules (ATP, TTP, UTP, GTP, CTP).

    The most widespread representatives of such acids are DNA and RNA. These structural elements are found in every living cell, from archaea to eukaryotes, and even in viruses.

    lipid molecule

    Lipids are molecular substances, composed of glycerol, to which are attached through ester bonds fatty acid(from 1 to 3). Such substances are divided into groups according to the length of the hydrocarbon chain, and also pay attention to saturation. The biochemistry of water does not allow it to dissolve compounds of lipids (fats). As a rule, such substances dissolve in polar solutions.

    The main task of lipids is to provide energy to the body. Some are part of hormones, can perform a signaling function or carry lipophilic molecules.

    carbohydrate molecule

    Carbohydrates are biopolymers formed by combining monomers, which in this case are represented by monosaccharides such as, for example, glucose or fructose. The study of plant biochemistry allowed a person to determine that the main part of carbohydrates is contained in them.

    These biopolymers are used in structural function and providing energy resources to the body or cell. In plants, the main storage substance is starch, while in animals it is glycogen.

    The course of the Krebs cycle

    There is a Krebs cycle in biochemistry - a phenomenon during which the predominant number of eukaryotic organisms receive most of the energy spent on the processes of oxidation of the food they eat.

    It can be observed inside cellular mitochondria. It is formed through several reactions, during which reserves of "hidden" energy are released.

    In biochemistry, the Krebs cycle is an important part of the overall respiratory process and material metabolism inside cells. The cycle was discovered and studied by H. Krebs. For this, the scientist received the Nobel Prize.

    This process is also called the electron transfer system. This is due to the concomitant conversion of ATP to ADP. The first compound, in turn, is engaged in providing metabolic reactions by releasing energy.

    Biochemistry and medicine

    The biochemistry of medicine is presented to us as a science covering many areas of biological and chemical processes. Currently, there is a whole branch in education that trains specialists for these studies.

    Here they study all living things: from bacteria or viruses to the human body. Having the specialty of a biochemist gives the subject the opportunity to follow the diagnosis and analyze the treatment applicable to the individual unit, draw conclusions, etc.

    To prepare a highly qualified expert in this field, you need to train him natural sciences, medical basics and biotechnology disciplines, conduct many tests in biochemistry. Also, the student is given the opportunity to practically apply their knowledge.

    universities of biochemistry are currently gaining more and more popularity, which is due to rapid development this science, its importance for a person, demand, etc.

    Among the most famous educational institutions where specialists in this branch of science are trained, the most popular and significant are: Moscow State University. Lomonosov, PSPU im. Belinsky, Moscow State University. Ogarev, Kazan and Krasnoyarsk public universities and others.

    The list of documents required for admission to such universities does not differ from the list for enrollment in other higher educational establishments. Biology and Chemistry are the main subjects that must be taken upon admission.

54.6

For friends!

Reference

Word "biochemistry" came to us from the 19th century. But as a scientific term, it was fixed a century later thanks to the German scientist Carl Neuberg. It is logical that biochemistry combines the provisions of two sciences: chemistry and biology. Therefore, she is engaged in the study of substances and chemical reactions that occur in a living cell. Famous biochemists of their time were the Arab scientist Avicenna, the Italian scientist Leonardo da Vinci, the Swedish biochemist A. Tiselius, and others. Thanks to biochemical developments, methods such as the separation of heterogeneous systems (centrifugation), chromatography, molecular and cellular biology, electrophoresis, electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis.

Description of activity

The activity of a biochemist is complex and multifaceted. This profession requires knowledge of microbiology, botany, plant physiology, medical and physiological chemistry. Specialists in the field of biochemistry are also engaged in research on theoretical and applied biology, medicine. The results of their work are important in the field of technical and industrial biology, vitaminology, histochemistry and genetics. The work of biochemists is used in educational institutions, medical centers, at enterprises of biological production, in agriculture and other areas. The professional activity of biochemists is mainly laboratory work. However, a modern biochemist deals not only with a microscope, test tubes and reagents, but also works with various technical devices.

Wage

average for Russia:average in Moscow:average for St. Petersburg:

Job responsibilities

The main duties of a biochemist are to carry out scientific research and subsequent analysis of the results.
However, the biochemist does not only take part in research work. He can also work at the enterprises of the medical industry, where he conducts, for example, work on the study of the effect of drugs on the blood of humans and animals. Naturally, such activity requires compliance with the technological regulations of the biochemical process. The biochemist monitors the reagents, raw materials, chemical composition and properties of the finished product.

Features of career growth

A biochemist is not the most sought-after profession, but specialists in this field are highly valued. Scientific developments companies of different industries (food, agricultural, medical, pharmacological, etc.) cannot do without the participation of biochemists.
Domestic research centers closely cooperate with Western countries. A specialist who is proficient foreign language and confident working at a computer, can find work in foreign biochemical companies.
A biochemist can realize himself in the field of education, pharmacy or management.

Biochemistry (from the Greek "bios" - "life", biological or physiological) is a science that studies the chemical processes inside the cell that affect the vital activity of the whole organism or its certain organs. The goal of the science of biochemistry is the knowledge of chemical elements, the composition and process of metabolism, and the methods of its regulation in the cell. According to other definitions, biochemistry is the science of the chemical structure of cells and organisms of living beings.

To understand what biochemistry is for, let's imagine the sciences in the form of an elementary table.

As you can see, the basis for all sciences is anatomy, histology and cytology, which study all living things. On their basis, biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology are built, where they learn the functioning of organisms and the chemical processes inside them. Without these sciences, the others that are represented in the upper sector will not be able to exist.

There is another approach according to which sciences are divided into 3 types (levels):

  • Those that study the cellular, molecular and tissue level of life (the sciences of anatomy, histology, biochemistry, biophysics);
  • Study pathological processes and diseases (pathophysiology, pathological anatomy);
  • Diagnose the body's external response to diseases (clinical sciences such as medicine and surgery).

This is how we found out what place biochemistry occupies among the sciences, or, as it is also called, medical biochemistry. After all, any abnormal behavior of the body, the process of its metabolism will affect the chemical structure of cells and will manifest itself during the LHC.

What are tests for? What does a biochemical blood test show?

Blood biochemistry is a diagnostic method in the laboratory that shows diseases in various areas of medicine (for example, therapy, gynecology, endocrinology) and helps to determine the functioning of internal organs and the quality of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the adequacy of microelements in the body.

BAC, or a biochemical blood test, is an analysis that provides the widest information regarding a variety of diseases. Based on its results, you can find out the functional state of the body and each organ in a particular case, because any disease that attacks a person will somehow manifest itself in the results of the LHC.

What is included in biochemistry?

It is not very convenient, and not necessary, to conduct biochemical studies of absolutely all indicators, and besides, the more of them, the more blood is needed, and also they will cost you more. Therefore, there are standard and complex tanks. The standard one is prescribed in most cases, but the doctor prescribes an extended one with additional indicators if he needs to find out additional nuances depending on the symptoms of the disease and the goals of the analysis.

Basic indicators.

  1. Total protein in the blood (TP, Total Protein).
  2. Bilirubin.
  3. Glucose, lipase.
  4. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase, ALT) and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase, AST).
  5. Creatinine
  6. Urea.
  7. Electrolytes (Potassium, K/Calcium, Ca/Sodium, Na/Chlorine, Cl/Magnesium, Mg).
  8. total cholesterol.

The Expanded Profile includes any of these additional metrics (as well as others that are very specific and narrowly focused and not included in this list).

Biochemical general therapeutic standard: adult norms

Blood chemistryNorms
(TANK)
total proteinfrom 63 to 85 g/liter
Bilirubin (direct, indirect, total)total up to 5-21 µmol/liter
direct - up to 7.9 mmol / liter
indirect - calculated as the difference between direct and indirect indicators
Glucose3.5 to 5.5 mmol/liter
Lipaseup to 490 units/liter
AlAT and AsATfor men - up to 41 units / liter
for women - up to 31 units / liter
Creatinine phosphokinaseup to 180 units/liter
ALKPup to 260 units/liter
Urea2.1 to 8.3 mmol/l
Amylasefrom 28 to 100 U/l
Creatininefor men - from 62 to 144 µmol / liter
for women - from 44 to 97 µmol / liter
Bilirubin8.48 to 20.58 µmol/liter
LDHfrom 120-240 units/liter
Cholesterol2.97 to 8.79 mmol/liter
electrolytesK from 3.5 to 5.1 mmol/liter
Ca from 1.17 to 1.29 mmol/liter
Na from 139 to 155 mmol/liter
Cl from 98 to 107 mmol/liter
Mg 0.66 to 1.07 mmol/liter

Deciphering biochemistry

The decoding of the data that was described above is carried out according to certain values ​​\u200b\u200band norms.

  1. total protein is the amount of total protein found in the human body. Exceeding the norm indicates various inflammations in the body (problems of the liver, kidneys, genitourinary system, burn disease or cancer), dehydration (dehydration) during vomiting, sweating on a particularly large scale, intestinal obstruction or multiple myeloma, a lack of imbalance in a nutritious diet, prolonged starvation, bowel disease, liver disease, or in violation of synthesis as a result of hereditary diseases.

  2.  Albumen     It is the protein fraction in the blood with a high concentration. It binds water, and its low amount leads to the development of edema - water does not stay in the blood and enters the tissues. Usually, if the protein decreases, then the amount of albumin decreases.
  3. Analysis of bilirubin in plasma, general(direct and indirect) is the diagnosis of the pigment that is formed after the breakdown of hemoglobin (it is toxic for humans). Hyperbilirubinemia (exceeding the level of bilirubin) is called jaundice, and clinical suprahepatic jaundice (including in newborns), hepatocellular and subhepatic jaundice is distinguished. It indicates anemia, extensive hemorrhages subsequently hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, liver destruction, oncology and other diseases. It is frightening with liver pathology, but it can also increase in a person who has suffered blows and injuries.
  4. Glucose. Its level determines carbohydrate metabolism, that is, energy in the body, and how the pancreas works. If there is a lot of glucose, it may be diabetes, physical activity, or the intake of hormonal drugs has affected, if it is low, hyperfunction of the pancreas, diseases of the endocrine system.
  5. Lipase - it is a fat-breaking enzyme that plays an important role in metabolism. Its increase indicates pancreatic disease.
  6. ALT- "liver marker", it monitors the pathological processes of the liver. An increased rate informs about problems in the work of the heart, liver or hepatitis (viral).
  7. AST- "cardiac marker", it shows the quality of the work of the heart. Exceeding the norm indicates a violation of the heart and hepatitis.
  8. Creatinine- provides information about the functioning of the kidneys. Increased if a person has acute or chronic kidney disease or there is destruction of muscle tissue, endocrine disorders. High in people who eat a lot of meat products. And therefore, creatinine is lowered in vegetarians, as well as in pregnant women, but it will not affect the diagnosis very much.
  9. Urea analysis- This is a study of the products of protein metabolism, the work of the liver and kidneys. An overestimation of the indicator occurs when there is a violation in the work of the kidneys, when they cannot cope with the removal of fluid from the body, and a decrease is typical for pregnant women, with diet and disorders associated with the functioning of the liver.
  10. ggt in biochemical analysis informs about the metabolism of amino acids in the body. Its high rate is visible in alcoholism, and also if the blood is affected by toxins or dysfunction of the liver and biliary tract is assumed. Low - if there is chronic liver disease.
  11. Ldg in the study characterizes the course of energy processes of glycolysis and lactate. A high indicator indicates a negative effect on the liver, lungs, heart, pancreas or kidneys (pneumonia, heart attack, pancreatitis, and others). Low lactate dehydrogenase, as well as low creatinine, will not affect the diagnosis. If LDH is elevated, the causes in women may be the following: increased physical activity and pregnancy. In newborns, this figure is also slightly overestimated.
  12. electrolyte balance indicates the normal process of metabolism in the cell and out of the cell back, including the process of the heart. Alimentary violations often become main reason electrolyte imbalance, but it can also be vomiting, diarrhea, hormonal failure, or kidney failure.
  13. cholesterol(cholesterol) total - increases if a person has obesity, atherosclerosis, dysfunction of the liver, thyroid gland, and decreases when a person goes on a low-fat diet, with septicemia or other infection.
  14. Amylase- an enzyme found in saliva and pancreas. A high level will show if there are cholecystitis, signs of diabetes mellitus, peritonitis, parotitis and pancreatitis. It will also increase if you use alcoholic beverages or drugs - glucocorticoids, it is also typical for pregnant women during toxicosis.

There are a lot of biochemistry indicators, both basic and additional, and complex biochemistry is also carried out, which includes both basic and additional indicators at the discretion of the doctor.

Pass biochemistry on an empty stomach or not: how to prepare for analysis?

A blood test for Bx is a responsible process, and you need to prepare for it in advance and with all seriousness.


These measures are necessary so that the analysis is more accurate and no additional factors affect it. Otherwise, you will have to retake the tests, since the slightest changes in conditions will significantly affect the metabolic process.

Where do they take and how to donate blood

Donating blood for biochemistry occurs by taking blood with a syringe from a vein on the elbow bend, sometimes from a vein on the forearm or hand. On average, 5-10 ml of blood is enough to make the main indicators. If you need a detailed analysis of biochemistry, then the volume of blood is also taken more.

The norm of biochemistry indicators on specialized equipment from different manufacturers may differ slightly from the average limits. Express method means getting results within one day.

The blood sampling procedure is almost painless: you sit down, the procedural nurse prepares a syringe, puts a tourniquet on your hand, treats the injection site with an antiseptic and takes a blood sample.

The resulting sample is placed in a test tube and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. The laboratory doctor places a plasma sample in a special device that is designed to determine biochemistry parameters with high accuracy. He also carries out the processing and storage of blood, determines the dosage and procedure for conducting biochemistry, diagnoses the results obtained, depending on the indicators required by the attending physician, and draws up a form of biochemistry results and laboratory and chemical analysis.

Laboratory and chemical analysis is transmitted during the day to the attending physician, who makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment.

The BAC, with its many diverse indicators, makes it possible to see an extensive clinical picture of a particular person and a particular disease.

Biochemistry is a whole science that studies, firstly, chemical composition cells and organisms, and secondly, the chemical processes that underlie their vital activity. The term was introduced into the scientific community in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuberg.

However, the processes of biochemistry themselves have been known since ancient times. And on the basis of these processes, people baked bread and cooked cheese, made wine and dressed animal skins, treated diseases with herbs, and then medicines. And all this is based on biochemical processes.

So, for example, without knowing anything about science itself, the Arab scientist and physician Avicenna, who lived in the 10th century, described many medicinal substances and their effect on the body. And Leonardo da Vinci concluded that a living organism can only live in an atmosphere in which a flame can burn.

Like any other science, biochemistry applies its own methods of research and study. And the most important of them are chromatography, centrifugation and electrophoresis.

Biochemistry today is a science that has made a big leap in its development. So, for example, it became known that of all the chemical elements on earth, a little more than a quarter is present in the human body. And most of the rare elements, except for iodine and selenium, are completely unnecessary for a person in order to support life. But such two common elements as aluminum and titanium have not yet been found in the human body. And it is simply impossible to find them - they are not needed for life. And among all of them, only 6 are those that a person needs every day and it is from them that our body consists of 99%. These are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and phosphorus.

Biochemistry is a science that studies such important components of products as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Today, we know almost everything about these substances.

Some confuse two sciences - biochemistry and organic chemistry. But biochemistry is a science that studies biological processes that occur only in a living organism. But organic chemistry is a science that studies certain carbon compounds, and these are alcohols, and ethers, and aldehydes, and many, many other compounds.

Biochemistry is also a science, which includes cytology, that is, the study of a living cell, its structure, functioning, reproduction, aging and death. Often this branch of biochemistry is called molecular biology.

However, molecular biology, as a rule, works with nucleic acids, but biochemists are more interested in proteins and enzymes that trigger certain biochemical reactions.

Today, biochemistry is increasingly using the developments of genetic engineering and biotechnology. However, in themselves they are also different sciences, which each study their own. For example, biotechnology studies cell cloning methods, and genetic engineering tries to find ways to replace a diseased gene in the human body with a healthy one and thereby avoid the development of many hereditary diseases.

And all these sciences are closely interconnected, which helps them develop and work for the benefit of mankind.

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