Types of performance.

Distinguish general and professional, optimal, extreme, reduced, potential and actual performance (Medvedev V.I., Parachev A.M., 1971).
General Health reflects the ability of a person to perform any socially useful activity. This is a characteristic of stable personality traits and human health. A synonym for overall performance is the concept "capacity for work”, used in the practice of medical and labor examination.
Professional performance reflects the characteristics of those systems and human functions that are necessary to perform professional tasks. For example, as a result of illness or injury, a person has lost his hearing, but this may not significantly affect the performance of his professional duties related to correcting texts in a printing house.
Potential operability (endurance) characterizes the maximum duration continuous operation the subject of labor at the required level of efficiency (such an understanding reflects a person's endurance to a certain load). The second meaning of the term "potential performance" characterizes the maximum possible amount of work that a given person is able to perform. This value is close to the concept of "extreme performance", if we mean the amount of work available to a person in an extreme situation with the full mobilization of all his forces.
Actual performance characterizes the state of the subject of activity, which determines the level of its effectiveness in a given period of time (for example, at the beginning of the third hour of work). It is assumed that the actual performance varies over time, and these changes are natural, typical for most people doing this work.

The concept of "actual performance" corresponds to the term "functional state » the subject of labor, which is also set through the characteristics of the “current level of activity of the functional systems of the body”, characterized by “the degree of its adequacy for the upcoming human activity”. It is necessary to distinguish between the state of working capacity (or functional state) of individual cells, organs, systems of the body and the person as a subject of labor as a whole.

Characteristics of health stages

During a work shift, a day, a week, and for longer periods of time, changes in the level of working capacity are noted, which is associated with the activation and depletion of the body's resources, fluctuations in the activity of mental processes, and the development of adverse functional states.

Emil Kraepelin (1902.

Rice. Stages of performance, identified by the ratio of indicators, activity, mental and psychophysiological levels of the functional system of activity (separated by vertical lines):
1 - workability; 2 - optimal performance; 3 - full compensation; 4 - unstable compensation; 5 - final impulse; 6 - progressive decrease in working capacity; a - maximum reserve capacity; b - work efficiency; c - fatigue; d - tension.

Based on the analysis of the correlation between changes in the productivity of activity and psychophysiological indicators during the working day, the following stages were identified on the performance curve:
1. Prelaunch state - the period characterizing the state of the subject of activity before the start of work. It can be of three types:
- state of combat readiness- differs in the subject's orientation to high performance, self-confidence, high business motivation;
- state of starting fever- at the same time, anxiety, uncertainty are expressed with high motivation to achieve results, fussiness, excessive excitement, impatience are manifested;
- a state of starting apathy- in this case, for the subject, the activity is meaningless, typical - lethargy, drowsiness.
2. Stage of working in (increasing efficiency) - the initial period of work, characterized by a gradual increase in productivity. Here can be highlighted:
- phase of the primary (orientation) reaction (primary mobilization)- when labor activity is slowed down under the conditions of the subject's orientation in a new environment, it is observed at the beginning of the activity and lasts up to several minutes. This phase is characterized by a short-term decrease in the values ​​of almost all indicators of activity and activation of physiological systems. This effect is associated with external inhibition in the nervous system resulting from a change in the nature of stimulation;

- hypermobilization phase- is characterized by an increase in both non-specific activation and specific shifts, for example, the activation of analyzers, the body's transition to a state of readiness to perceive information. On the psychological level there is a construction of an activity plan and mental “playing” of its key stages. A gradual increase in working capacity is accompanied by pronounced fluctuations in productivity, accuracy, quality of work and a state of increased neuropsychic tension: increased heart rate and respiration, increased blood pressure, depression of the alpha rhythm, an increase in the proportion of theta and beta rhythms in the electroencephalogram;

- hypercompensation- it is noted if the working conditions remain the same and the labor process begins with the adaptation phase.
This period can take from several minutes to half an hour, it all depends on the complexity of the tasks performed. If the tasks are repeated during the working day and carried out with the help of stereotyped actions, the necessary functional systems are quickly adjusted and the person begins to work productively. If the required skills are complex, the development is delayed. Volitional efforts are required at the beginning of work, as the action programs are formed, the automated mechanisms for their implementation are updated, emotional and volitional influences are less and less needed.
In general, in this period there is a slight increase in labor productivity, an increase in metabolic processes, the activity of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, an increase in the activity of mental processes, an overreaction of the body is possible, instability of work actions, deterioration in the speed and accuracy of perception.
3. Stage of optimal performance (compensation) is characterized by high and stable productivity, stabilization at a minimum level of emotional and volitional tension. Subjectively, during this period, the employee most often experiences functional comfort. The stage is characterized by stable parameters of activity and the body, a stable working state or a state of functional comfort, reflects the optimality of psychophysiological costs (high productivity is achieved with minimal costs). There are no statistically significant changes in the psychophysiological parameters of the body.

4. Stage of subcompensation(incomplete compensation), usually replaces the previous stage by the beginning of the third hour of work, while there is a decrease in efficiency and initial signs fatigue, subjectively experienced as a state of fatigue (sensations of discomfort, local pain). At the same time, it is objectively noted: an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, a decrease in mental functions. But the initial manifestations of fatigue are successfully compensated by emotional and volitional actions and do not affect the productivity and quality of work. Fatigue compensation occurs due to volitional efforts and activation of physiological mechanisms, which is reflected in higher autonomic shifts than in the period of workability and the development of a state of neuropsychic stress.
5. Stage of decompensation (or pronounced fatigue) is a period of depletion of the body's resources, leading to such a decrease in performance, which is found in fluctuations in productivity, an increase in errors in work and the likelihood of injury. During this period, sharp fluctuations in emotional tension, volitional efforts of the subject of labor are detected; subjective and objective manifestations of fatigue are pronounced. In this state, there is a pronounced feeling of fatigue and changes in psychophysiological indicators of various directions and intensity as a result of the complex interaction of activation, regulatory and compensatory systems of various levels, changes in which do not occur simultaneously and depend on the structure of a particular activity and on which mental function experiences more voltage. Compensation for emerging difficulties is carried out at the expense of less responsible (energetically and functionally) processes and, in particular, by connecting additional resources of the body.
6. Stage of disruption or progressive decline in productivity , differs in that the functional capabilities of a person are significantly impaired. If in this state labor activity continues, it ends with a complete failure, because it approaches the potential value of working capacity. In real working conditions, the work shift ends at stages 4-5, and in the case when labor is paid piecework, a stage of a special state can be distinguished - the final impulse.
7. Stage of the "end impulse" manifests itself at the behavioral level in the growth of productivity, but this growth occurs in conditions of volitional mobilization and a continuing increase in fatigue. Efficiency during this period continues to decline. At the end of the work, with an adequate impact on the motivational-volitional sphere, especially in the presence of goals that are highly significant for the subject, a short-term increase in productivity can occur due to the involvement of the "inviolable" psychophysiological reserves of the body. Obviously, this mode of operation is extreme for the body and leads, as a rule, to overwork and chronic diseases.
8. Recovery phase characterized by the development of recovery processes in the body, a decrease in mental stress and the accumulation of functional reserves. Distinguish between current recovery - in the process of work after the completion of its most stressful stages, urgent recovery - immediately after the end of all work, delayed recovery - for many hours after completion of work and medical and psychological rehabilitation - recovery from acute and chronic work surges using active means effects on mental, physiological and physical functions and quality of the subject of labor.
The work curve has characteristic features:

With monotonous work, a period of stable high productivity may be absent, and constantly recurring volitional self-stimulation often appears.

In conditions especially complex types labor period of sustainable productivity can be very short due to rapid development states of acute fatigue.

4. Levels of performance.

A.B. Leonov and V.I. Medvedev (1981) proposed to consider the performance of a person as a subject of labor at three levels: morphophysiological, psychological and behavioral.
1. On morphophysiological level the subject of labor takes into account his state of health, features of metabolic processes, activation processes in the body, neurodynamic properties. In the process of work, the human body may experience adverse effects from the factors of the production environment, which include:

Temperature, humidity and air velocity; Atmosphere pressure; noise, vibration, radiation - electromagnetic, infrared, etc.;

Workplace lighting parameters; temporary mode of operation; contact with poisons, dust; contact with microorganisms. These impacts (if their intensity exceeds the permissible values) lead to a decrease in human performance due to the adaptation processes necessary to maintain relative constancy internal environment organism and life support functions (respiration processes, metabolic processes, etc.).
2. When analyzing the performance of the subject of labor on a psychological level discussed:

Functional content of the work load;

Profession requirements for functional systems that ensure the operational and technical performance of labor tasks (time schedule of work and rest, working posture, functional features of the workload).

At the same time, we are talking about the most professionally loaded mental processes (perceptual, mnemonic, logical, emotional, communicative, psychomotor), as well as labor motivation that encourages the employee to work, to the subjective significance of labor and its components.
3. Considering the performance of the subject of labor at the behavioral level , you can explore:

His experience, skills, style of activity, adaptive behavioral strategies that contribute to successful professional activity or leading to professional maladaptation;

Typical for most workers in this professional field, the reasons for the decrease in efficiency;

Individual options for professional behavior.

Identification of typical factors for reducing efficiency, understanding the nature of the development of unfavorable functional states in specific types of labor form the basis for developing ways to optimize labor, increase efficiency, rationalize tools, spatial organization of workplaces and other ergonomic measures.
In specific types of labor, the leading factors in the dynamics of performance may be different environmental factors or labor process, as well as their peculiar combinations. Therefore, in the study of the causes of professional fatigue and ways to improve performance importance has a psychological analysis of professional activity and the conditions for its implementation.

5. Performance indicators.

A number of indicators are used to assess the level of performance:

1.Direct (professional) indicators characterize the efficiency and reliability of the performance of labor tasks (individual actions, operations) in real activity or when solving "working tests" - standardized in terms of volume, time and conditions for performing tasks that simulate elements of labor activity. In practice, performance assessment is often based on the use of its direct indicators.
2. Indirect (functional) indicators reflect the current functional state of the body, its reserve capabilities and the level of activation of professionally significant mental functions. Their assessment is made by objective measurements using physiological methods and tests, as well as on the basis of the collection and analysis of data on the subjective state of mental and somatic (bodily) functions. The main criterion of professional reliability are the concepts "refusal"- termination of actions or activities, and "mistake" - an incorrect action that leads to a deviation in the activity of the controlled equipment (or person) beyond the allowable limits. The state of the functional systems of the body and psyche, the degree of development and reactivity of professionally important qualities and functions of a person affect the level of professional reliability of a person. The presence of this connection determined the need to use the concept of "functional reliability".
Functional reliability of the subject of labor - this is a property of human functional systems to ensure its dynamic stability in the performance of a professional task for a certain time and with a given quality. This property is manifested in the level of development of professionally significant mental and physiological functions and mechanisms of their regulation in normal and extreme conditions that is adequate to the requirements of the activity.
A person's ability to perform a specific activity within the given time limits and performance parameters determines the content of working capacity as the main component of a person's reliability. When considering working capacity as a complex multifaceted phenomenon, an integrated approach is used to evaluate it, which uses indicators related to different systems: indicators of efficiency or productivity of activity, indicators of human well-being and psychophysiological indicators of the state of systems and functions of the body, which are included as providing and operational components into a functional system of activity.

Similar information.

Efficiency is largely determined by the performance of the body.

performance- the value of the functional capabilities of the human body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time.

Physiologists have established that working capacity is a variable value and this is due to changes in the nature of the flow of physiological and mental functions in the body. High working capacity in any type of activity is ensured only when the labor rhythm coincides with the natural periodicity of the daily rhythm of the physiological functions of the body.

The working capacity of a person during a work shift is characterized by phase development. The main phases of performance are as follows:

• working out or increasing working capacity, during which there is a restructuring of physiological functions from the previous type of human activity to production. depending on the nature of the work and individual features this phase lasts from several minutes to 1.5 hours;
• sustainable high performance, characterized by the fact that in the human body a relative stability or even a slight decrease in the intensity of physiological functions is established. This state is combined with high labor indicators (increased production, reduced scrap, reduced working time spent on operations, reduced equipment downtime, erroneous actions). Depending on the severity of labor, the phase of stable performance can be maintained for 2-2.5 or more hours;
• the development of fatigue and the associated drop in performance, which lasts from several minutes to 1-1.5 hours and is characterized by a deterioration in the functional state of the body and indicators of its labor activity.

The dynamics of working capacity for a shift graphically represents a curve that increases in the first hours, then passes at a high level reached and decreases by the lunch break. The described performance phases are repeated after the break. At the same time, the working-in phase proceeds faster, and the phase of stable working capacity is lower in level and less long than before the lunch break. In the second half of the shift, the decrease in working capacity occurs earlier and develops more strongly due to deeper fatigue.

For the dynamics of human performance throughout the day, the week is characterized by the same pattern as for performance during the shift. At different times of the day, the human body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the daily cycle of working capacity, its highest level is noted in the morning and afternoon hours: from 8 to 12 in the first half of the day and from 14 to 16 in the afternoon. In the evening, the working capacity decreases, reaching its minimum at night.

During the week, a person's performance is not a stable value, but is subject to certain changes. In the first days of the week, working capacity gradually increases due to the gradual entry into work. Reaching the highest level on the third day, performance gradually decreases, falling sharply to last day working week.

Modes of work and rest should take into account the peculiarities of changes in working capacity. If the work time coincides with the periods of the highest efficiency, then the worker will be able to perform maximum work with minimal energy consumption and minimal fatigue.

Fatigue- a temporary state of an organ or the whole organism, characterized by a decrease in its performance as a result of prolonged or excessive load.

Fatigue is a reversible physiological state. If performance is not restored by the beginning of the next period of work, fatigue can turn into overwork - a more persistent decrease in performance, which can lead to a decrease in immunity and the development of various diseases. Fatigue and overwork can be the cause of increased injuries at work.

Scientists have discovered the elixir of youth. Now man

can remain operational up to 85 years.

The research sponsor is the Pension Fund.

Efficiency as a quality of a person is the ability to work hard and productively, to show constant readiness to perform expedient activities at a given level of intensity for a certain time.

An able-bodied person is a labor marathon runner. Efficiency shows who is worth what. Not every person is capable of long-term, high-quality, reliable and efficient work. The enemy of fatigue, efficiency is manifested in conjunction with endurance and vigor. It is an accurate indicator of a person's psychophysiological resources.

In the book "Daily routine" Dr. O.G. Torsunov reveals the secrets of performance. First of all, consider how the performance changes during the day.

If work does not start early in the morning, and you are more or less free to plan your day, then in the morning it is best to engage in mental activity. Morning is the best the best time to study something. This is also a time for problem solving. In the morning, the head thinks well, you can quickly understand everything, figure it out. At this time, a person is very well oriented in what is happening around. However, for the lesson different types mental activity, respectively, fit different specific periods of time.

From 6 until 7 am long-term memory works well, so at this time it is best to memorize, memorize some material. If you think that you have a very bad memory, then try to memorize from 6 to 7 in the morning, and the result may exceed your expectations.

7 am to 8 am you can view information that you also need to remember, but not too deeply.

8 am to 9 am logical thinking turns on, so at this time it is good to study what requires memorization and simultaneous reflection.

9 am to 10 am it is better to work with information and statistical data.

10 to 11 it is good to study not very serious literature that does not require strong concentration.

11 to 12 the efficiency of intellectual work is quite strongly reduced, so you can read fiction. Every 40-50 minutes of mental activity, you need to be distracted and do a light warm-up for 2-3 minutes or just relax and sit with your eyes closed. Sometimes breathing exercises help in this case, sometimes turning the head, sometimes airing in the fresh air, or just a short, five-minute sleep, sitting at the table. If you act in this way, then the mind will work quite productively. Anyone who chooses the right time to study gets a very good result. With the right time for mental activity, everything contributes to a good concentration of attention.

If you need to perform a large complex of physical exercises, then it is best to do it from 9 to 11 in the morning. In this case, breakfast should be no later than 7 am.

And in the evening, you can engage in mental activity? It is possible, but with strong mental stress in the evenings, you need to be more careful, since excessive brain strain in the evenings leads to sleep disturbance and the development of chronic diseases. These can be, for example, diseases such as cerebrovascular accident, pneumonia, decreased physical and mental tone, arrhythmia, biliary tract dysfunction, enterocolitis, etc. If you do not have time to do this before 20:30, then it is best to postpone further work for the morning.

Mentally working in the evening, you risk losing your efficiency for the whole next day. And if you also break the sleep pattern and go to bed later, then the next day you will lose working capacity by about 50% compared to the usual one, even if the daily routine is observed in other moments. It also increases the likelihood of stress. Therefore, it is better to postpone the solution of the most difficult problems until the morning - "the morning is wiser than the evening." However, do not make the morning the main time for dealing with your business issues. It's better to do it during the day.

The day is dedicated to active work. From 12:00 to 18:00, a person's consciousness is aimed at vigorous activity. Therefore, at this time it is best to engage in active work. It can be both physical and mental labor. After work, it is advisable to immediately take a shower at a pleasant temperature, and then, if necessary, eat, and only after that do all the other things.

An able-bodied person overcomes the desire to sleep in the morning and watch defective serials and political showdowns of tendentious, corrupt politicians and journalists in the evenings. Having lost the taste for such activities, he sleeps with the healthy sleep of a child and wakes up full of strength and energy. Conclusion: the daytime is intended for the fulfillment of one's duties to society. Those who strive to carry out their duties during the day, receive the necessary time for spiritual practice and education in the morning. A person will certainly become happy if he adamantly follows the rhythm of life, which sets a powerful time.

Activities in the evening should be carried out measuredly, with peace and tranquility. It is good to read such literature that gives rise to such feelings. You can do something around the house or communicate with your relatives, but the mood should be just that. If you do not adhere to this rule, then there is an overstrain of the brain, which will force the body to work for wear and tear. The sun is setting, the moon is activating, and the mind must be quiet. All the information that has been accumulated during the day will be preserved only if the mind is calm in the evening. When a person does not want peace in the evening and tries again and again to stimulate himself to active mental activity, then his mind begins to gradually overstrain. The first sign that a person does not rest and is in passion is that the process of falling asleep is gradually disturbed.

A person loses his ability to work if he watches something exciting on TV for a dream. And if he falls asleep, then he has all sorts of "cosmic dreams" or "chase, chase, chase in hot blood." Another sign of such people is the desire to drink coffee at night or eat well before bed. After 6 pm, you can continue to work for some time, but this work should not be strenuous. This applies to both physical and mental labor. Also, after 6 pm it is not recommended to do very active physical exercises. However, exercises that relieve mental stress (if done smoothly) can help restore strength.

Conclusion: compliance with all the rules of work and rest in the evening relieves diseases associated with overstrain and sleep disturbance, and also sets the body and psyche to a blissful, calm rhythm.

Petr Kovalev 2013

Usually the answer is the ability to do the job. As a rule, they forget about the activity of the body to replenish the costs incurred. Therefore, it would be more correct to say that, from a physiological point of view, performance determines the ability of the body to maintain the structure and energy reserves at a given level when performing work. In accordance with the two main types of work - physical and mental - physical and mental performance are distinguished.

Speaking about working capacity, they distinguish the general (potential, maximum possible working capacity when all the body's reserves are mobilized) and actual working capacity, the level of which is always lower. Actual performance depends on the current level of health, well-being of a person, as well as on the typological properties of the nervous system, individual characteristics of the functioning of mental processes (memory, thinking, attention, perception), on a person’s assessment of the significance and expediency of mobilizing certain resources of the body to perform certain activities at a given the level of reliability and within a specified time, subject to the normal recovery of expendable resources of the body.

In the process of performing work, a person goes through various phases of performance. The mobilization phase is characterized by a prelaunch state. During the development phase, there may be failures, errors in work, the body reacts to a given amount of load with more force than necessary; the body gradually adapts to the most economical, optimal mode of performing this particular work.

The phase of optimal performance (or the phase of compensation) is characterized by an optimal, economical mode of operation of the body and good, stable results of work, maximum productivity and labor efficiency. During this phase, accidents are extremely rare and occur mainly due to objective extreme factors or equipment failure. Then, during the phase of unstable compensation (or subcompensation), a kind of restructuring of the body occurs: the required level of work is maintained by weakening less important functions. Labor efficiency is already supported by additional physiological processes that are less beneficial energetically and functionally. For example, in the cardiovascular system, the provision of the necessary blood supply to organs is no longer due to an increase in the strength of heart contractions, but due to an increase in their frequency. Before the end of work, if there is a sufficiently strong motive for activity, the phase of the “final impulse” can also be observed.

When going beyond the limits of actual performance, while working in difficult and extreme conditions, after the phase of unstable compensation, the phase of decompensation begins, accompanied by a progressive decrease in labor productivity, the appearance of errors, pronounced vegetative disorders - increased breathing, heart rate, violation of the accuracy of coordination.

The first stage - working in - falls, as a rule, on the first hour (less often on two hours) from the beginning of work. The second stage - stable performance - lasts for the next 2-3 hours, after which the performance decreases again (the stage of uncompensated fatigue). These three stages are repeated twice during the working day: before the lunch break and after it.

during the working day

Thus, during the day, the performance curve looks wavy. Maximum rises are noted

Health fluctuations

during the day

at 10-13 and 17-20 hours. The minimum performance falls on the night hours. But even at this time, physiological rises are observed from 24 to 1 a.m. and from 5 to 6 a.m. The periods of rise in working capacity at 5-6, 11-12, 16-17, 20-21, 24-1 hours alternate with periods of its decline at 2-3, 9-10, 14-15, 18-19, 22-23 hours . This must be taken into account when organizing the regime of work and rest.

It is curious that during the week the same three stages are observed. On Monday, a person goes through the stage of working out, on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday he has a steady working capacity, and on Friday and Saturday he develops fatigue.

Fluctuations in performance by day of the week

Is there a change in performance over long periods of time: a month, a year, or several years? It is well known that the performance of women depends on monthly cycle. It decreases on days of physiological stress: on the 13-14th day of the cycle (ovulation phase), before and during menstruation. In men, such changes in the hormonal background are less pronounced. Some researchers associate monthly fluctuations in tone with the gravitational influence of the moon. There is evidence that indeed, during the period of the full moon, a person has a higher metabolism and neuropsychic tension and is less resistant to stress than during the new moon. Moreover, in women, ovulation and a drop in tone occur most often on the full moon.

Seasonal fluctuations in performance have been noticed for a long time. During the transitional season, especially in spring, many people develop lethargy, fatigue, and interest in work decreases. This condition is called spring fatigue.

Let us also mention the fashionable theory of determining the three biorhythms - physical, emotional and intellectual - from the day of birth. Such cycles do exist, and they are associated with metabolic indicators. But they are difficult to predict from the moment of birth due to the numerous confounding factors that cause physical, emotional, mental stress. For example, during intense training of athletes or during a student session, the amplitude of the corresponding biorhythms was constantly on the rise, and the frequency increased. This indicates that psychological factors are stronger than natural rhythm sensors.

AT last years Rhythms of the functioning of the nervous, muscular and cardiovascular systems lasting 5-16 days were found. Their severity depends on the severity of the work. For people with heavy physical labor, they are equal to 5-8 days, for mental workers - 8-16 days.

How does age affect performance? It has been established that at the age of 18-29 a person has the highest intensity of intellectual and logical processes. By the age of 30, it decreases by 4%, by 40 - by 13, by 50 - by 20, and at the age of 60 - by 25%. According to scientists of the Kiev Institute of Gerontology, physical performance is maximum at the age of 20 to 30 years, by the age of 50-60 it decreases by 30%, and in the next 10 years it is only about 60% of youth.

For a long time, scientists considered fatigue to be a negative phenomenon, a kind of intermediate state between health and illness. The German physiologist M. Rubner at the beginning of the 20th century suggested that a person is given a certain number of calories for life. Since fatigue is a "waster" of energy, it leads to a shortening of life. Some adherents of these views even managed to isolate “fatigue toxins” from the blood that shorten life. However, time has not confirmed this concept.

Already today, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine G.V. Folbort conducted compelling studies showing that fatigue is a natural stimulus for recovery processes. This is where the biofeedback law comes into play. If the body did not get tired, then recovery processes would not occur. The greater the fatigue (of course, up to a certain limit), the stronger the stimulation of recovery and the higher the level of subsequent performance. It is also important that during the recovery period there is a "current repair" of organs and tissues, the processes of regeneration and wound healing are intensified. All this suggests that fatigue does not destroy the body, but supports it. This conclusion is confirmed by the studies of the Soviet physiologist, Professor I. L. Arshavsky, during which it was found that physical activity does not reduce, but, on the contrary, increases life expectancy.

One of the most capacious definitions of the state of fatigue was given by Soviet scientists V.P. Zagryadsky and A.S. Egorov: “Fatigue is a temporary deterioration in the functional state of the human body resulting from work, expressed in a decrease in working capacity, in non-specific changes in physiological functions and in a number of subjective sensations, united by a feeling of fatigue.”

Why does such a most useful thing have a negative connotation: interest in work decreases, mood worsens, painful sensations often arise in the body?

Supporters of the emotional theory explain: this happens if the work quickly gets bored. Others consider the conflict between the unwillingness to work and the compulsion to work to be the basis of fatigue. The active theory is now considered the most proven.

Starting from the subcompensation phase, a specific state of fatigue occurs. Distinguish between physiological and mental fatigue. The first of them expresses, first of all, the effect on the nervous system of the decomposition products released as a result of motor-muscular activity, and the second - the state of congestion of the central nervous system itself. Usually, the phenomena of mental and physiological fatigue are mutually intertwined, and mental fatigue, that is, a feeling of fatigue, as a rule, precedes physiological fatigue. Mental fatigue manifests itself in the following features:

1) in the field of sensations, fatigue manifests itself in a decrease in the susceptibility of a person, as a result of which he does not perceive certain stimuli at all, and perceives others only with a delay; the ability to concentrate attention decreases, to consciously regulate it, as a result, a person is distracted from the labor process, makes mistakes;

2) in a state of fatigue, a person is less capable of memorizing, it is also more difficult to recall already known things, and memories become fragmentary, and a person cannot apply his professional knowledge in work as a result of a temporary memory impairment; thinking tired person it becomes slow, inaccurate, to some extent it loses its critical character, flexibility, breadth; a person with difficulty thinking, cannot make the right decision;

3) in the emotional area, under the influence of fatigue, indifference, boredom, a state of tension arise, depression or increased irritability may occur, emotional instability sets in; fatigue interferes with activity nerve functions, providing sensorimotor coordination, as a result of this, the reaction time of a tired person increases, and, consequently, he reacts more slowly to external influences, at the same time he loses ease, coordination of movements, which leads to errors, accidents.

As studies show, the phenomena of fatigue in the morning shift are most intensely observed at the fourth or fifth hour of work.

With continued work, the decompensation phase can quickly turn into a breakdown phase ( sharp drop productivity, up to the impossibility of continuing work, a pronounced inadequacy of the reactions of the body, a violation of the activity of internal organs, fainting).

After the cessation of work, the phase of restoration of the physiological and psychological resources of the body begins. However, recovery processes do not always go smoothly and quickly. After severe fatigue due to exposure to extreme factors, the body does not have time to rest, recuperate during the usual 6-8 hours of sleep at night. Sometimes it takes days, weeks to restore the resources of the body. In the case of an incomplete recovery period, residual effects of fatigue persist, which can accumulate, leading to chronic overwork of varying severity. In a state of overwork, the duration of the optimal performance phase is sharply reduced or may be completely absent, and all work takes place in the decompensation phase.

In a state of chronic overwork, mental performance decreases: it is difficult to concentrate, sometimes forgetfulness, slowness and sometimes inadequacy of thinking occur. All this increases the risk of accidents.

Psychohygienic measures aimed at removing the state of overwork depend on the degree of overwork.

Degrees of overwork (according to K. Platonov)

Symptoms	I-beginning overwork	II-lung	III-expressed	IV-severe
Decreased performance	small	conspicuous	expressed	sharp
The appearance of severe fatigue	under heavy load	under normal load	with light load	without any load
Compensation for the decline in performance by willpower	not required	fully compensated	not completely	slightly
Emotional shifts	occasional loss of interest in work	occasional mood swings	irritability	oppression, irritability
Disorders		Difficulty falling asleep and waking up	daytime sleepiness	insomnia

For starting overwork (I degree), these activities include streamlining rest, sleep, physical education, cultural entertainment. In case of mild overwork (II degree), another vacation and rest is useful. With severe overwork (III degree), it is necessary to accelerate the next vacation and organized rest. For severe overwork (IV degree), treatment is already required.

The likelihood of an accident also increases when a person is in a state of monotony due to the absence of significant information signals (sensory hunger) or due to the monotonous repetition of similar stimuli. With monotony, there is a feeling of monotony, boredom, numbness, lethargy, "falling asleep with your eyes open", disconnecting from the environment. As a result, a person is not able to notice and adequately respond to a sudden irritant in a timely manner, which, ultimately, leads to an error in actions, to accidents. Studies have shown that people with weak nervous system, they remain vigilant longer than individuals with a strong nervous system.

performance

Introduction

The success of the performance of labor tasks and satisfaction with this process largely depends on the level of performance of an individual, which is formed as a result of a person performing a specific activity, manifested and evaluated in the course of its implementation.

When performing a specific job, performance has certain quite natural fluctuations. At first, when a person has just started work, the working capacity is relatively low and gradually increases.

The solution of the main task of health-saving pedagogy and psychology is the preservation of high working capacity, the removal of fatigue and the exclusion of overwork of a person in his activity.

Based on the definition of performance, this is the ability of a person to develop maximum energy and spend it economically in order to perform work efficiently and efficiently. We have to figure out why fatigue occurs and how to improve human performance.

1. Definition of health. Health levels

Efficiency is a socio-biological property of a person, reflecting his ability to perform specific work within a given time with the required level of efficiency and quality.

Efficiency is determined by a set of professional, psychological and physiological qualities of the subject of labor. The level, degree of stability, performance dynamics depend on:

engineering and psychological

hygienic characteristics

means (tools)

conditions and organization of specific activities

systems of psychological and physiological forecasting

formation of professional suitability, i.e. systems of selection and training of specialists.

A person's working capacity is a characteristic of an individual's current or potential capabilities to perform expedient activities at a given level of efficiency for a certain time.

The performance level reflects:

potential capabilities of the subject to perform specific work, his personal professionally oriented resources and functional reserves

mobilization capabilities of the individual to activate these resources and reserves in the required working period

The degree of stability of working capacity is determined by the resistance of the body and personality to the effects of adverse factors of activity, as well as by the margin of safety, training, and the development of professionally significant qualities of the subject of labor.

As can be seen from this scheme, that performance depends on individual psychophysiological resources, the degree of their fitness or exhaustion, as well as external conditions of activity. in relation to the problem being solved, the maximum, optimal and reduced performance are distinguished.

Evaluation of the degree of efficiency is carried out on the basis of a comparison of the current performance indicators of activity and psychophysiological functions with background indicators obtained, for example, in a state of operational rest.

2. Performance dynamics

For some time, there have been changes in the level of working capacity, which is associated with the activation and depletion of the body's resources, fluctuations in the activity of mental processes, and the development of unfavorable functional states.

The performance dynamics has several stages:

Work-in stage(increasing working capacity) - there is a slight increase in labor productivity, an increase in metabolic processes, the activity of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, an increase in the activity of mental processes; possible hyperreaction of the body, instability of working actions, deterioration in the speed and accuracy of perception.

Stage of sustainable performance- manifests itself in the highest stable productivity and reliability of labor, the adequacy of functional reactions to the magnitude of the workload, the stability of mental processes, the optimality of volitional efforts, a sense of satisfaction with the process and results of labor.

Degradation stage(developing fatigue) - at the beginning it is characterized by the appearance of a feeling of fatigue, a decrease interest in the current work, then the tension of mental and physiological functions increases, volitional efforts increase to maintain the necessary productivity and quality of activity. And, finally, with the continuation of work, professional parameters of activity are violated, labor productivity decreases, erroneous actions appear, motivation for work decreases, general well-being and mood worsen.

Sometimes at this stage, either a breakdown phase can occur - a complete discoordination of body functions and a refusal to work, or a final impulse phase - a conscious mobilization of the remaining mental, physiological reserves with a temporary, sharp increase in labor efficiency.

Recovery stage- characterized by the development of regenerative processes in the body, a decrease in mental stress and the accumulation of functional reserves. Distinguish:

current recovery - in the process of work after completion of its most stressful stages

urgent recovery immediately after the end of all work

delayed recovery - for many hours after the job is completed

medical and psychological rehabilitation of recovery after acute and chronic work surges with the use of active means of influencing the mental, physiological and physical functions and personality traits.

3. Fatigue

Fatigue is a temporary decrease in the functional capabilities of the body, caused by the main duration or irrational work, expressed in a decrease in working capacity.

Mental fatigue is a physiological process of decreased performance resulting from the performance of mental work, and is characterized by the development of two phases: motor restlessness and irradiated inhibition.

Physical fatigue is a physiological process of a temporary decrease in performance associated with a change in the cells of the motor center that occurs in the process of performing muscle activity.

Fatigue is a subjective state, expressed by unwillingness to continue work, often having a conditioned reflex nature.

The biological role of fatigue is extremely high:

Protective function, i.e. protects the body from exhaustion during too long or too hard work; repeated fatigue, not brought to an excessive value, is a means of increasing the functional capabilities of the body.

There are many ways to improve performance. It is important to know the reason for the decline in performance. Knowing the physiological and mental characteristics of a person, it is possible to correctly build the process of activity. for example, the decrease in working capacity in elementary school occurs primarily due to the fact that students must master the three basic school skills: writing, reading, and prolonged immobile sitting.

E children are still underdeveloped muscles used in writing. Writing requires a lot of work from these muscles. Also, the position of the fingers during writing contradicts the innate coordination of their movements. You can apply the method of relaxation - relaxation. Conduct a physical session. Also, regulation of the duration and rational alternation of various activities helps to maintain increased efficiency.

Conclusion

After analyzing the stages of performance, we can draw the following conclusions. In the process of activity, there is a change in the level of performance. The main stages of performance are identified in terms of performance indicators: working in, optimal performance, fatigue, final impulse.

When analyzing changes in the functioning of supporting systems, a more subtle dynamics of the stages of performance is traced: mobilization, primary reaction, hypercompensation, subcompensation, decompensation, disruption of activity.

Depending on the type of work, individual characteristics, degree of fitness, professional training, health status, the duration, alternation and severity of individual stages of the dynamics of working capacity may vary, up to the complete loss of some of them.

Bibliographic list

General psychology. Maklakov A.G., St. Petersburg 2003, 592p.

Psychology, ed. Druzhinina V.N., St. Petersburg 2000, 672p.

Psychology. Vocabulary. Ed. Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M.G., Moscow 1990, 494p.

Psychological Dictionary, ed. Neimera Yu.L., Rostov-on-Don 2003, 640p. manifests itself with proper ... performance Abstract >> Culture and art

Fatigue and promotes recovery performance. Decreased mental performance observed in mental illness ... increased responsibility with an element of tension. performance defined as the ability of a person to perform...