City of Dzerzhinsk. Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia

Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) is known to everyone as a small town in the vicinity of the capital of the country. Few people know the history of this town, its significance. Few people know about the past of this place.

Geography

Now the city of Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) is a small provincial town in the suburbs of Minsk. The population is just over 25 thousand inhabitants. Its location is the Minsk Upland (at the intersection of the basins and the Neman). The city is spread on the territory of the highest point of Belarus - on Mount Dzerzhinskaya. Coordinates: 53 degrees and 41 minutes north latitude and 27 degrees 8 minutes east longitude. 222720 - Dzerzhinsk index (Belarus).

History of the town

The history of the city goes back thousands of years. This is evidenced by many archaeological finds, monuments and burial grounds. There are a large number of burial mounds, settlements and settlements in the district.

Since ancient times, Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) was known as Krutogorie. The first mention of the city dates back to 1146. In the old church, which later burned down, there was an icon depicting Highmountain and indicating the date. There is evidence of this in the book of the famous ethnographer Shpilevsky.

Until 1483, Dzerzhinsk passed from hand to hand, from one ruler to another. Countries and rulers changed, but the city remained. It was under Krutogorye that the Tatar army of Khan Koydan was defeated. At first, Krutogorye was part of, and after its collapse and the death of Vyaslav the Sorcerer, the town went to the Minsk principality. This happened in the 11th century, and already in the 13th century AD Dzerzhinsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1445, at the behest of the King of Poland and the Duke of Lithuania, a number of cities, including Krutogorye, were donated to Mikhail Sigismundovich, their cousin. During this period, the town received a different name.

The city of Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) received the name Koidanovo in honor of local blacksmiths, who were called koidans. The mountain on which the city is founded has always produced good ore. And blacksmith products from this ore were famous throughout Kievan Rus, especially weapons.

Since 1483, Koydanovo was under the jurisdiction of Vasily Vereisky and was part of the possession of the great-grandson of Dmitry Donskoy. From 1550 to 1831 Koydanovo belonged to the Radziwill family. At that time, the town began to settle down and grow. Were erected:

Calvin Cathedral.
Hospital.
School.

Alas, the cathedral was destroyed by wars and time. A major battle took place near Dzerzhinsk, where the French troops were defeated - the Russians won.

The city of Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) is known for the fact that it was there that the "iron" Felix was born. In honor of this event, the city was later renamed in 1932. The town of Koydanovo was given the status of a city and a modern name.

Attractions and memorable places

The city of Dzerzhinsk (Belarus) has a number of attractions that any tourist would be interested in visiting.

Gashtold mountain. Settlement. It was there that the foundation of the city was laid. An ancient settlement was founded there, where they later built it. It was preserved only in drawings and photographs of drawings, since in the 30s of the last century it was dismantled for the construction of a regional hospital. Now it is a symbolic place in the form of a hill with the remains of a fortress wall and one of the 9 towers.

Manor Chapsky. Its historical value lies in the features of the building, which was built in the medieval style as a knight's castle. The estate has a collection of paintings and numismatics.

Church The history of Koydanov began from this building. The temple is built of wood, so it is constantly being rebuilt and restored. On the territory of the church there is a real garden with altars, flower beds, statues and benches.

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God. An old building with real ancient salaries and icons. Ancient shrines are kept there.

Crypt of a Protestant church. It is walled up, as there is a legend that when the Bolsheviks tried to destroy the tombs and the sanctuary of the temple, they were met by an angry army of skeletons from the crypt. After that, the crypt was walled up.

Dzerzhinsk is worth visiting. Good location. Cozy hotel Westa, which is located in an ecologically clean area of the city. Friendly residents. And the opportunity to touch history.

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History and development of the city of Dzerzhinsk.

The city of Dzerzhinsk is geographically located in the center of the Nizhny Novgorod region on the left bank of the Oka River. The distance to the regional center is 37 km. The area of the city is 42.2 thousand hectares, it includes the territories of 16 settlements, the most ancient of which is the village of Rastyapino, known from historical documents since 1606.

Dzerzhinsk is the second largest and industrial city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It is home to 265.11 thousand people, which is 0.19% of the population of Russia.

The city is interesting because from the moment of its formation it has developed according to unified urban planning plans. The first plan was approved in 1930 and did not yet define a unified scheme for the city. The second master plan (1938, GIProGor, architects: I. Sergeev, L. Salishchev) was based on a radial-ring building scheme. According to the 3rd plan (1954), the housing stock of the former workers' settlements was finally liquidated, the appearance of the central squares and streets was mainly determined, elements of rectangular buildings appeared in the city plan and the city stretched to the west. The last 4th general plan of 1973 (GIProGor, architect V.I. Vanchugov, engineers Yu.S. Sushkov, T.V. Kondrashova) provided for the further development of the Western District along the street. Tsiolkovsky, construction on the site of the former village. Rastyapino of the Pribrezhny district for 22 thousand inhabitants with a further transition to the right bank of the Oka (Pravoberezhny district up to 120-140 thousand people), however, due to the beginning of perestroika, it was not fully implemented (2000, the population of the city was planned to be 360- 370 thousand people).

Dzerzhinsk, though not a very large city, but it plays an important role for the region, and for the country as a whole. Our city is one of the centers of the chemical industry. There are more than 40 industrial enterprises in Dzerzhinsk, including the largest chemical production associations in the country, such as: Sibur-Neftekhim, Korund, Plexiglas, Plant named after Sverdlov, Zarya, Plastic, " Khimmash" and others.

City zip code: 606000 - 606036.
Telephone code: 8313 (regional) and 23 (regional).
Mayor of the city: Portnov Viktor Valentinovich.

Dzerzhinsk is often called "the city of chemists". And this is true, because it developed along with chemical enterprises, which one after another grew up nearby. The area on which Dzerzhinsk arose was called Chernorechye several centuries ago (after the name of the Chernaya River, which flows into the Oka). A huge pine forest stretches for many kilometers here, so the inhabitants of several villages and villages located along the banks of the Oka and Chernaya rivers were engaged in carpentry and woodcarving. And the Oka River gave work to shipbuilders and sailors. The impetus for the development of Chernorechye was the construction of the railway. In the 60s. In the 19th century, the Black station appeared.

At the same time, the first enterprises began to work here - first the Alabaster-gypsum factory of F. Seredin, then the rope factory. By 1900, there were 13 enterprises in Chernorechye, which employed 1,700 workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Chernoye station, after the name of one of the nearest villages, was renamed Rastyapino. The same name was given to the settlement, which was formed from the settlement of the village of Chernoy. The most important years for the development of the chemical industry in this area were the years of the Great Patriotic War. It was then, not far from the Rastyapino station, that the Mineral Acid Plant (now Korund) was founded, and the gunpowder plant from Petrograd was also relocated here (now the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Ya.M. Sverdlov Plant).

In the 20th century, using the existing potential, the Soviet government began an active reconstruction and expansion of existing factories, the construction of new workshops. Working hands were required, so the population of the village of Rastyapino quadrupled in 6 years - from 3.5 thousand people. up to 14.5 thousand (1929). Most of the inhabitants were employed in industrial enterprises.

Industrialization began in Soviet Russia. Massive construction projects sprawled across the country. On the site of the village of Rastyapino in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, it was decided to build a new social city - the City of the Chemical Industry.

Construction began in 1929. On November 7, on the site of the building of the city executive committee, the first stone of the future city was solemnly laid, in the same year the village received a new name - Dzerzhinsk. On March 30, 1930, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, by its decree, awarded Dzerzhinsk the status of a city, this date is considered his birthday.

The first construction sites were forest clearings, clearings, clearings. The initial development of the city was of a radial-circular nature: a square and streets radiating from it. The central square, which became the basis of the architectural picture of Dzerzhinsk, was also named after Felix Dzerzhinsky. It was surrounded by the first built buildings - a hotel, a bank, a fire station, a department store, the House of Soviets. By 1937, part of Lenin Avenue, Klyukvin, Gagarin, Oktyabrskaya Streets, and part of Dzerzhinsky Avenue were built up.

In the very first years of its life, the city faced an acute transport problem. This was due to the great distance between the factory shops and the city center. The problem was solved in 1933, when the first tram was launched on November 7th. The end of the 1930s was marked by the commissioning of new large factories - Oka (now OAO Sintez), Zavod-Stroy (now OAO Caprolactam), Zarya, Roll (OAO Orgsteklo) . In 1939, the Igumnovskaya CHPP began its work. By 1941, the social city of Dzerzhinsk plays an important role as a major industrial center not only in the Nizhny Novgorod region, but throughout the country.

The Great Patriotic War became a stage in the development of the chemical industry in Dzerzhinsk. The main task of the city in the war years was to provide the Soviet Army with ammunition. There was a lack of raw materials, equipment, labor. However, the war made tough demands. The industry of the city increased its output by 3.5 times compared to peacetime. Dzerzhinsk sent explosives, a combustible mixture, shells for Katyushas, anti-tank mines to the front.

For selfless work, about 28 thousand Dzerzhinsk workers - home front workers were awarded orders and medals; enterprise "Korund" and the plant them. Ya.M. Sverdlov were awarded orders. The names of plant managers, engineers and scientists, who worked at the enterprises during the war years, are inscribed in the history of the city. This is A.M. Klimakhin, Yu.A. Kaganovich, B.L. Saas, A.S. Tsygankov, M.T. Kulikov, B.P. Zverev, L.N. Vorozhein, G.M. Strongin, M.V. Khrulev, Z.S. Smolyan and others.

Dzerzhinsk, located deep in the rear, became a center for the treatment and rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. The best buildings in the city were given to evacuation hospitals. Citizens not employed in production, mostly elderly women, children worked here as nannies and orderlies.

About 30,000 Dzerzhinsk residents left our city for the front and bravely fought. A third of them did not return after the war. 28 of our countrymen were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Their names now bear the streets of Dzerzhinsk - V. Sitnov, V. Galkin, M. Samokhvalov. At school number 10, where the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Molev studied, his museum was created. Five Dzerzhinsky residents became full cavaliers of the Order of Glory. This is A.N. Vanyukov, D.G. Pestov, G.T. Prokopiev, A.I. Vorobyov, N.A. Polkovnikov. In memory of the Dzerzhinsk people who fought for the Victory at the front and in the rear, the Eternal Flame burns on the Heroes' Square. In the post-war years, Dzerzhinsk was built and prettier. It acquires a unique architectural appearance, combining the radial-ring and rectangular block systems.

Back in 1940, construction in the city was headed by the first chief architect A.F. Kusakin (1908 - 1997). During the period of his work, Kusakin solved one of the main urban planning tasks - the formation of a single modern city from scattered factory settlements, concentrating construction in the central part of the city.

Many houses built at that time are now architectural monuments. For example, "House with a Spire", the Main Post Office and others. In 1960, Dzerzhinsk was supplied with gas, and two years later, the movement of electric trains began on the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod electrified railway. The enterprises of Dzerzhinsk continued to work in the post-war years. Now they supplied the national economy of the country with chemical products. In our city, for the first time in the country, 76 new chemical production facilities were launched and mastered: phenol-acetone (FAD), caprolactam, pasnatrium and hexachloran, synthetic precious corundum, etc.

New enterprises were also put into operation in Dzerzhinsk - a chemical engineering plant (later called Dzerzhinskkhimmash), the Dzerzhinsk Thermal Power Plant, and a plastics plant.

In the 70s and 80s of the last century, the chemical industry became the basis for the development and life of the city. 60% of the population was employed in the chemical industry. Dzerzhinsk has become one of the leading scientific centers. 9 largest enterprises of the Ministry of Chemical Industry operate here, 10 research and design institutes operate, incl. Research Institute of Polymers, Dzerzhinsky Experimental Design Bureau of Automation, LenNIIkhimmash, branch of the Institute "Hypropolymer", GIAP (Institute of Nitrogen Industry).

These years were the most fertile for urban planning. In one year, up to 200 thousand square meters are rented in Dzerzhinsk. meters of housing and administrative facilities. In 1973, a new master plan for the development of the city was approved, designed for 25-30 years. The implementation of this plan was the creation of new microdistricts in the south-western direction, the emergence of the microdistrict "Pribrezhny". During this period, the buildings of the House of Books, the bus station, the Yubileiny and Rossiya cinemas grew. In 1980, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, for the successes achieved in economic and cultural construction, for the great role in the development of the country's chemical industry and contribution to ensuring victory in the Great Patriotic War, the city of Dzerzhinsk was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1990, the city of Dzerzhinsk was included in the list of Russian cities of historical importance.
The years of perestroika and the post-perestroika period have become a test of strength for the entire country. Dzerzhinsk was no exception. The chemical industry found itself in a difficult position. After the adoption of the Declaration on the Sovereignty of the former Soviet republics, many years of production ties were broken. It was necessary to re-establish channels for the supply of raw materials, materials, and marketing of finished products. Therefore, the main task of the city at the turn of the century was to bring the chemical industry of Dzerzhinsk out of the crisis, to attract investment in the city's economy. This task continues to be relevant today.

Over the years of development, Dzerzhinsk has become a major industrial center of the country, has become the second largest city in terms of population and industrial importance in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The basis of the economy continues to be chemical enterprises. Their share is about 70% in the total industrial production of the city.

Some types of products manufactured in Dzerzhinsk are exclusively unique for Russia - ethanolamines, polycarbonates, carbonyl iron, boron hydrides, etc. However, Dzerzhinsk enterprises do not stop there. They are developing new products, expanding business ties. A positive symptom is the rapid development of small manufacturing enterprises in recent years.

A new acrylic complex began to operate. Active work is underway to place and implement investment projects in the city. Among them are the construction of the Dzerzhinsk Metallurgical Plant, the reconstruction of an ethylene oxide and glycol production unit at OAO Sibur-Neftekhim, and the armoring of vehicles of OAO Praktik. In the short term - the creation of 26 production facilities with an investment of 150 million dollars and the creation of 1,740 jobs.

Along with the chemical industry, the city's food industry is also increasing, and the business sector is developing.

According to the results of 2004, the output of goods and services by large and medium-sized enterprises of Dzerzhinsk increased by 24.9% compared to 2003 and reached 21.9 billion rubles.

The city of Dzerzhinsk is known not only in Russia, but also abroad. In 2006 Dzerzhinsk and its German partner city Bitterfeld will celebrate a decade of partnership. During this time, international cooperation was carried out in the public sector, education and culture. In collaboration with the German partner city in 2004 in Dzerzhinsk with the support of the International Fund. R. Bosch held the Festival of German Culture. In addition, intensive contacts between the cities are also carried out in the housing and communal services sector. International relations between the two cities have now gone beyond the official framework, they can be called rather friendly.

The social sphere of the city covers 81 kindergartens, 43 secondary schools. About 20 institutions of secondary and higher education operating in the city allow young Dzerzhinsk residents to get the professions of musicians, teachers, engineers, managers, and accountants. Vocational schools of the city produce qualified turners, locksmiths, gas welders, seamstresses, and cooks.

There are 30 medical institutions in Dzerzhinsk - hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, maternity hospitals. Not so long ago, the War Veterans Hospital, an oncological dispensary, was built in the city. In 2006 A new children's dental clinic was put into operation. By the 75th anniversary of the city, the construction of the Memorial of Memory, dedicated to the soldiers who died in peacetime in Afghanistan, Chechnya, during the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident, was completed; employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who gave their lives in the line of duty. The idea to create a memorial arose several years ago. But it was implemented only in 2005. This memorial will become a symbol of people's memory and a warning against new thoughtless bloodshed. Dzerzhinsk is one of the centers for the development of physical culture and sports in the Nizhny Novgorod region and the country. The city has a football club "Khimik", which is the successor of the oldest football team in the city. 5-7 thousand fans come to Khimik's home matches. In 2006 the football club will celebrate its 60th anniversary.
For those who want to go in for sports, the doors of 11 youth sports schools and about 200 sports facilities are also open. The best Dzerzhinsky athletes are members of the Russian national teams in various sports. Among our countrymen are outstanding athletes, honored masters of sports - Olympic champion Yevgeny Sharonov (water polo), multiple winners and prize-winners of the World, European and National Championships Zyaki Umyarov (sambo), Tatiana Kuvshinova (judo), Marina Stepanova-Makeeva (athletics) . Dzerzhinsk has a wide network of cultural institutions: a music school, several music and art schools, and a children's art school.

The city has a centralized library system that combines the work of 24 libraries with a book fund of more than 2 million items, the Museum of Local Lore, drama and puppet theaters, Sputnik and Rossiya cinemas, and the Slavyanka Culture and Leisure Center. The peers of the city are the newspaper "Dzerzhinets" and the city's wired radio. The last decade has given impetus to the development of urban media. Now 6 weeklies are published in Dzerzhinsk, every day the TV company "Dzerzhinsk" and radio "Felix" broadcast live. Dzerzhinsk celebrated its 75th anniversary, developing dynamically. New houses are being built, new shops and service industries are emerging. In the morning, the ringing of the bells of St. Tikhon's Church floats over the city.

Federal District: Volga
Region: Nizhny Novgorod Region
Administrative center: Nizhny Novgorod
Difference with Moscow: No

General information about the Nizhny Novgorod region

The Nizhny Novgorod region was formed in 1929, and from 1936 to 1991 it was called the Gorky region. The modern borders of the region have been established since 1994. The region is part of the Volga Federal District.

The Nizhny Novgorod region occupies about 0.45% of the territory of Russia, its area is 76.9 thousand square kilometers

The Nizhny Novgorod region includes 52 municipalities, including 9 urban districts and 43 districts. The total population of all regional cities, villages and villages is 3 million 291 thousand people.

The administrative center of the region - Nizhny Novgorod, whose population reaches 1 million 260 thousand people.

The predominant language is Russian, but in some areas (Krasnooktyabrsky, Sergachsky) Tatar and Mari languages are also widely used.

Legislative power is represented in the region by the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the executive branch is represented by the Government headed by the Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

Geography and climate

The Nizhny Novgorod region is located in the center of the European part of the country. Its borders from the northeast to the southwest along the Russian Plain stretch for 400 km.

The region is located on the banks of the largest river in Europe - the Volga. The land borders of the region are adjacent to such regions as Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kirov, Ryazan and Kostroma, as well as the republics of Mordovia, Chuvashia and Mari El.

Geographically, the region is located in several geographical zones at once - from meadow steppes to the southern taiga. Naturally, this is reflected in the flora, fauna of the region and the prevailing climate here.

The region has a temperate continental climate with pronounced seasons. The difference in temperatures in the north and south of the region averages 1-2 degrees. Traditionally, the Zavolzhskaya, wooded zone, and the Pravoberezhnaya zone are distinguished, where the plains prevail, and the climate here is warmer.

The best time to visit the Nizhny Novgorod region is from July to mid-August, when warm summer weather sets in the region, and from the second half of December to the end of January, moderately frosty, comfortable winter weather reigns in the region during this period.

The relief in the Nizhny Novgorod region is flat, but on the right bank of the Volga there are also elevations - the Peremilovsky, Dyatlov, Fadeev mountains. In general, one of the main wealth of the region is water resources. There are about 9 thousand rivers, streams and streams. The largest water artery is the Volga.

On the arrow of the Volga and its right tributary, the Oka, there is the "capital" of the Nizhny Novgorod province - the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Among the rivers and lakes of the region, many are natural monuments, for example, Lake Svetloyar or the Sundovik River.

The Gorky Reservoir, popularly proudly called the Gorky Sea, is a favorite vacation spot for residents of Nizhny Novgorod and neighboring regions. People come here with children or cheerful noisy companies to relax for the weekend or spend a whole vacation here. The mass of rest houses, sanatoriums, camps, campsites on the shores of the Gorky Sea makes rest in a picturesque place in the Nizhny Novgorod region as comfortable as possible.

The history of the appearance of the Gorky reservoir is as follows. Back in the 50s of the XX century, the Volga was blocked by the dam of the Gorky hydroelectric power station. Thus, a kind of "backwater" with an area of about 160 hectares appeared.

If the upper part of the Gorky Sea, located on the territory of the Ivanovo region, with its endless expanses of water and desert islands, is most suitable for sailing regattas and boat trips, then the lower part of the reservoir in the Nizhny Novgorod region is a paradise for anglers. Almost no one is left without a catch. The most common "sea" inhabitants are perch, pike perch, bream, path.

The main beaches and recreation centers are located on the left bank of the Gorky Sea, while the right bank is not very suitable for recreation, as it is very steep and steep. There are a lot of options for recreation - from elite "vip" boarding houses to democratic student camps and recreation centers. Some beaches fell in love with the regulars of the "grief-sea" as a place for wild recreation.

From traditional marine entertainment here you can find catamaran and boat rides along the coast. Immediately behind the sandy strip of beaches - dense forests with berries and mushrooms. So, coming to the Gorky Sea in July-August, you can stock up not only with positive emotions, but also with a portion of vitamins.

Sights of the Nizhny Novgorod region

In the Nizhny Novgorod region there are natural monuments, and architectural monuments, and famous estates, and the embodiment of the highest engineering thought - everything that can be in the world treasury.

Naturally, the leader in the number of cultural heritage sites and simply interesting cultural monuments of different times is Nizhny Novgorod. Its main attractions are Kremlin, Volga slope, the estate of the Rukavishnikovs and many others, however, the region does not lag behind its center.

Gorodetsky and Lyskovsky districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region are famous for their preserved original culture, wooden architecture and museums of the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region. The Bolsheboldinsky district is the patrimony of the Pushkin family, sung by the famous Russian writer Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin in his works.

There are natural monuments in almost all districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The most famous are the Kerzhensky Reserve, the Ichalkovsky Reserve, the Svetloyar and Vadskoye lakes, the Sundovik River and others. The virgin nature, the abundance of animals, birds and fish stagger the imagination.

A special pride of the Nizhny Novgorod region are monasteries, temples and holy places. There is no such person in the Orthodox world who has not heard about the village of Diveevo - the patrimony of St. Seraphim of Sarov - or Makarievsky, Blagoveshchensk or Caves monasteries. In terms of the number of pilgrims, these places are in no way inferior even to Israeli Christian shrines.

There are quite rare industrial and engineering structures in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which have become architectural monuments. So, in the Dzerzhinsk region there is a hyperboloid openwork tower - a steel work of art by engineer Shukhov. The structures built by him stand in Vyksa and also represent a certain architectural value for the world community. This is a workshop with sail-shaped steel ceilings and the world's first hyperbolic tower.

There are dozens of excursion routes in the Nizhny Novgorod region, and here are the most popular of them: