Comparison
Comparison
Stylistic device; likening one phenomenon to another, emphasizing their common feature. It can be simple, and then it is expressed in a phrase with words like, as if or as if: “Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, the oak trees stand under the clouds, and the dazzling blows of the sun’s rays light up whole picturesque masses of leaves, casting a shadow as dark as night over others... "(N.V. Gogol, "Sorochinskaya Fair"), - or indirectly, expressed by a noun in the form of the instrumental case without a preposition: "Onegin lived as an anchorite..." (A.S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin"). Often in artistic speech comparative turnover as a result of application ellipse turn into metaphors.
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
Comparison
COMPARISON(Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, denotes a comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison. Comparison is often considered as a special syntactic form of expression of metaphor, when the latter is connected with the object it expresses through the grammatical connectives “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, etc., and in Russian these conjunctions can be are omitted and the subject comparison is expressed instrumental case. “The streams of my poems run” (Blok) is a metaphor, but “my poems run like streams” or “my poems run like streams” would be comparisons. Such a purely grammatical definition does not exhaust the nature of comparison. First of all, not every comparison can be syntactically compressed into a metaphor. For example, “Nature amuses itself jokingly, like a carefree child” (Lermontov), or the antithetical comparison in “The Stone Guest”: “The Spanish grandee, like a thief, Waits for the night and is afraid of the moon.” In comparison, in addition, it is significant separateness comparable objects, which is externally expressed by the particle How and so on.; a distance is felt between the objects being compared, which is overcome in metaphor. The metaphor seems to demonstrate identity, comparison-separation. Therefore, the image used for comparison easily develops into a completely independent picture, often connected only in one attribute with the object that caused the comparison. These are the notorious Homeric comparisons. The poet deploys them, as if forgetting and not caring about the objects that they should depict. Tertium comparationis provides only a pretext, an impetus for distraction away from the main flow of the story. This is also Gogol’s favorite manner. For example, he depicts the barking of dogs in Korobochka’s yard, and one of the voices of this orchestra evokes a common comparison: “all this was finally completed by a bass, perhaps an old man, endowed with a hefty canine nature, because he wheezed, like a singing double bass wheezes, when the concert is in full swing, the tenors rise on tiptoe from strong desire bring out a high note, and everything that is there rushes to the top, throwing back its head, and he alone, having tucked his unshaven chin into his tie, crouched down and sank almost to the ground, lets out his note from there, from which the glass shakes and rattles.” The separateness of similar objects in comparison is especially clearly reflected in the special form characteristic of Russian and Serbian poetry negative comparison. For example: “Not two clouds converged in the sky, two daring knights converged.” Wed. from Pushkin: “Not a flock of ravens flocked to a pile of smoldering bones, - Beyond the Volga at night, a gang of daring people gathered near the fires.”
M. Petrovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925
Synonyms:
See what “comparison” is in other dictionaries:
Cognizant. an operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with the help of S. quantities are identified. and qualities. characteristics of objects, the content of being and knowledge is classified, ordered and evaluated. Compare… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
Comparison- COMPARISON (Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, means a comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison.… … Dictionary of literary terms
COMPARISON, comparisons, cf. 1. Action under Ch. compare compare1. Comparison of the copy with the original. It's beyond comparison. || The result of this action is named, indicated similarities. Bad comparison. A witty comparison. What is it... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Reconciliation, comparison, juxtaposition, identification, assimilation, parallel. Wed... Synonym dictionary
comparison- one of the logical operations of thinking. Tasks on the language of objects, images, and concepts are widely used in psychological research development of thinking and its disorders. The bases for S. that a person uses are analyzed, ease... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
1. COMPARISON see Compare. 2. COMPARISON; COMPARISON, i; Wed 1. to Compare. WITH. Slavic languages with German ones. You lose a lot by comparing with him. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another... encyclopedic Dictionary
Comparison- Comparison ♦ Comparaison Comparison language means two different objects, either for the purpose of emphasizing their similarity or difference, or, in poetry, for the purpose of evoking the image of one by naming the other. If the comparison is implicit, we are talking about a metaphor... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary
A relationship between two integers a and b, meaning that the difference a b of these numbers is divided by a given integer m, called the comparison modulus; written a? b (mod m). E.g. 2 ? 8(mod3), because 2 8 is divisible by 3... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
COMPARISON, I, cf. 1. see compare. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. Witty s. Compared to whom (what), sentence. with creativity comparatively, comparing, contrasting whom that n. with whom what... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
English comparison; German Vergleich. The cognitive operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects, with the help of which quantitative and quality characteristics objects, signs that determine their possible... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
comparison- COMPARISON is the operation of comparing several objects in order to determine the degree of their mutual similarity. It is applicable only to objects that have some common feature, considered as the basis of S. In the sphere scientific research WITH.… … Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
Books
- Comparison of the concepts of isomer and homolog. Functional groups of classes of organic substances,. Table 1 sheet (vinyl). Art. B5-8670-001 Table Comparison of the concepts of isomer and homolog. Functional Class Groups organic matter…
Comparison- a figure of speech in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement.
In comparison, the following are distinguished: the object being compared (object of comparison), the object with which the comparison takes place (means of comparison), and their common feature (base of comparison, comparative feature, Latin tertium comparationis). One of the distinctive features of comparison is the mention of both compared objects, while the common feature is not always mentioned.
A comparison must be distinguished from a metaphor.
Comparisons are characteristic of folklore.
Types of comparisons:
comparisons in the form of a comparative phrase formed with the help of conjunctions as if, as if “exactly”: “ The man is as stupid as a pig, but as cunning as the devil."
non-union comparisons - in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate: “My home is my fortress”
comparisons, formed with a noun in the instrumental case : “he walks like a gogol”
negative comparisons : “An attempt is not torture”
comparisons in question form
24. Theme, idea, problems of a literary work.
SUBJECT - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work.
The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist’s sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, the joys of life, money, relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. and so on. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.
The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is, to artistically reveal the topic. Naturally, this can only be done by posing a question (or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.
PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The ambiguity of possible solutions distinguishes a problem from a task. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.
IDEA(Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.
25. Evolution and interaction of genres.
Genre[French - genre, Latin - genus, German - Gattung] - one of the most important concepts in literary criticism, denoting a literary type. A type of poetic structure that expresses one or another side of social psychoideology at a certain stage of its historical development and embracing a more or less significant number of literary works. Therefore, three structural features are required for a life story: the organic nature of all the components of a story, forming a poetic unity, the existence of this unity in certain
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Facilities artistic expression
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| The text may contain words that already exist in the Russian language, reinterpreted by the author and used in an unusual combination for them, for example: spring language. | Such words can be considered individual author’s neologisms only if they acquire in this context some fundamentally new meaning, for example: vodyanoy - “plumber”, quartering - “to give grades for a quarter”. In the example given, the word spring means “clean, unclogged” and is an epithet. |
| Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between an epithet and a metaphor. The night bloomed with golden lights. | Metaphor is a figurative device based on the transfer of meaning by likeness, resemblance, analogy, for example: The sea laughed. This girl is a beautiful flower. Epithet is special case a metaphor expressed in an artistic definition, for example: lead clouds, wavy fog. The above example contains both a metaphor (the night was blooming with lights) and an epithet (golden). |
| Comparison as a figurative device can be difficult to distinguish from cases of using conjunctions (particles) as if, as if for other purposes. This is definitely our street. People saw him disappear into the alley. | To make sure there is a figurative device in the sentence comparison, you need to find what is being compared with what. If there are no two comparable objects in a sentence, then there is no comparison in it. This is definitely our street. - there is no comparison here, the affirmative particle is used exactly. People saw him disappear into the alley. - there is no comparison here, the conjunction is like adding an explanatory clause. The cloud was flying across the sky like a huge kite. The kettle whistled like a poorly tuned radio. - in these sentences comparison is used as a figurative device. The cloud is compared to a kite, the teapot to a radio. |
| Metaphor as a figurative device is sometimes difficult to distinguish from a linguistic metaphor, which is reflected in the figurative meaning of a word. In physical education class, children learned to jump over a horse. | A linguistic metaphor is usually enshrined in explanatory dictionary How figurative meaning words. In physical education class, children learned to jump over a horse. - In this sentence, the horse metaphor is not used as a figurative device, this is the usual figurative meaning of the word. The value of metaphor as a pictorial device lies in its novelty and the unexpectedness of the similarities discovered by the author. And autumn tears off the fiery wig with the paws of the rain. |
What is personification? Personification is the assignment of attributes of living beings to nonliving things. For example: tired nature; the sun is smiling; voice of the wind; singing trees; Bullets were singing, machine guns were beating, the wind was pressing our palms into our chests...; More and more bleakly, more and more clearly the wind is tearing the years by the shoulders.
Also included in the task:
Antithesis - opposition.
Gradation is a stylistic figure that consists of an arrangement of words in which each subsequent word contains an increasing or decreasing meaning.
An oxymoron is a combination of directly opposite words in order to show the inconsistency of a phenomenon.
Hyperbole is an artistic exaggeration.
Litotes is an artistic understatement.
Periphrasis - replacing the name of an object with a description of it essential features. For example: king of beasts (instead of lion).
Outdated words as a figurative device
Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary as a figurative device
Phraseologisms as a figurative device
Rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal
Lexical repetition
Syntactic parallelism
Incomplete sentences (ellipsis)
In life we constantly resort to comparisons. This is what we do in a store, comparing products before making a choice. We compare the actions of people, their qualities, films, music, etc. And this is correct, because everything is learned by comparison. But what is comparison?
Meanings of the term
The term comparison is used in most different areas. In everyday life, comparison is the identification of qualities based on the principle of similarity, finding out whether objects are equal to each other, which one is better. Often “comparison” is defined as a way of identifying the unity and diversity of things. In mathematics, this is a comparison of numbers for equality and inequality (more or less). Thus, the main meaning of the word “comparison” is the process of comparing the various properties of two objects, both qualitative and quantitative.
The term “comparison” is used in psychology, sociology, and philosophy. In psychology, there are special comparison tests to identify the degree of development of mental abilities. “Comparison” in philosophy is a cognitive operation with the help of which the characteristics of processes and phenomena are revealed.
Comparison in the literature
But we perceive literary comparisons most emotionally. What is comparison in literature? This artistic technique(or trope), based on a comparison of the qualities of phenomena, objects or people, as well as the likening of one object (phenomenon) to another. The purpose of literary comparison is to more fully reveal the image through common features. In a comparison, both objects being compared are always mentioned, although the common feature itself may be omitted.
Types of literary comparisons
- Simple comparisons are phrases expressed using conjunctions: as if, exactly, as if, as if, directly, etc. (“Fast as a deer”).
Like a tiger, life tears the body with its claws,
And the firmament took the mind and heart in chains...
(Baba Tahir).
- Non-union - through a compound nominal predicate.
My summer robe is so thin -
Cicada wings!
- Negative - one object is opposed to another. Often used in popular expressions (“It’s not the wind that bends the branch, It’s not the oak tree that makes noise”).
- “Creative” comparisons – using a noun in the instrumental case.
Joy crawls like a snail,
Grief has a mad run...
(V. Mayakovsky).
- Comparison using an adverb of manner of action (“He screamed like an animal”).
- Genitives - using a noun in genitive case(“Running like the wind,” as opposed to “Running like the wind”).
So, you have learned what a comparison is, examples of literary comparisons. But comparative phrases are widely used not only in literature, but also in scientific and colloquial speech. Without comparisons, our speech would be less figurative and vivid.
A comparison is a trope in which the text contains a basis for comparison and an image of comparison; sometimes a sign can be indicated. Thus, in the example “God’s name is like a big bird” (O.E. Mandelstam), God’s name (the basis of the comparison) is compared with a bird (the image of the comparison). The characteristic by which the comparison is made is wingedness.
Literary scholars distinguish several varieties.
Types of comparisons
1. Comparison expressed using comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, like and others.
For example B.L. Pasternak uses the following comparison: “The kiss was like summer.”
2. Comparison expressed using adjectives in comparative degree. You can add words to such phrases seems, seems, looks like and others.
For example: “Girls’ faces are brighter than roses” (A.S. Pushkin).
3. Comparison for which it is used. For example: “A wounded beast suffers from the frost” (N.N. Aseev).
4. Comparison expressed by the accusative without. For example: “The living room was decorated with expensive red gold wallpaper.”
5. Comparison expressed in a descriptive non-union phrase. For example: “The nightmares of the night are so far away that a dusty predator in the sun is a naughty man and nothing more” (I.F. Annensky).
6. There are also negative comparisons. For example: “The red sun does not shine in the sky, the blue clouds do not admire it: then the formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits at a meal in a golden crown” (M.Yu. Lermontov).
