in the medieval states of the Iberian Peninsula, estate-representative assemblies, the first in Western Europe. First mentioned in Castile in 1137. Played an important role in the XII-XIV centuries. With the establishment of absolutism, their importance fell. In modern Spain - the name of parliament.
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CORTES
las cort?s, from corte - queens. courtyard) - in Spain and Portugal on Wed. century class-represent. assemblies, and in modern times - parliaments (in Portugal until 1911, when parliaments were replaced by congress). Name "K." found for the first time in Castile in 1137. Queens developed from queens. curiae, which initially included only representatives of the privileged classes (nobility and clergy). Cities received the right of representation later (in Leon from 1188, Catalonia from 1218, Castile from 1250, Portugal from 1254, Aragon from 1274, Navarre from 1300). K. - the first in time to represent the class. institutions in the West Europe. They played a major role in the 13th and 14th centuries, contributing to the growth of the influence of cities and limiting the arbitrariness of feudal lords. With the establishment of absolutism their importance fell. In 1810-14, the Cadiz Cortes led the people. resistance to Napoleonic aggression. In Francoist Spain, C. have no real power. Source: Cortes de los antiguos reinos de Le?n y Castilla, v. 1-8, Madrid, 1861-1903; Actas de las Cortes de Castilla, v. 1-53, Madrid, 1861-1934; Cortes de los antiguos reinos de Arag?n y Valencia y principado de Catalufia, v. 1-26, Madrid, 1896-1922. Lit.: Altamira y Crevea R., History of Spain, pp. 1-2, M., 1951 (see the subject index in volume 2); Piskorsky V., Castilian Cortes in the transitional era from Wed. centuries to modern times (1188-1520), K., 1897.
1) Cortes- - in the medieval states of the Iberian Peninsula, class-representative assemblies, the first in Western Europe. First mentioned in Castile in 1137. Played an important role in the XII-XIV centuries. With the establishment of absolutism, their importance fell. In modern Spain - the name of parliament.
2) Cortes- the name of parliament in medieval Spain.
3) Cortes- - the name of the parliament in Spain. The Cortes were first convened in the city of Cadiz in 1809. The convening of the Cortes was preceded by numerous popular uprisings against the French invasion of Spain. The main result of the activities of the Cortes until 1813 was the liberal constitution they developed (March 18, 1812), drawn up under the direct influence of the legislative acts of the Great French Revolution. The Cortes proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, political freedoms, equality, immunity of deputies, subordination of the king to the Cortes, etc. In addition, the Cortes destroyed the Inquisition, banned corporal punishment for Redskins who refused to accept Christianity, etc. Since 1814, after the accession of King Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne, the struggle of reactionary elements with the Cortes begins. The constitution developed by the Cortes was abolished, the Inquisition was restored, freedom of the press was destroyed, etc. The dominance of reaction was established in the country, causing frequent outbreaks of popular uprisings. The general uprising of 1820 forced the king to convene the Cortes and recognize the constitution of 1812. On September 28, 1823, after the invasion of French troops into Spain, the Cortes returned the absolute power of the king. In 1833, the Cortes were convened again. According to the constitution of 1876, the Cortes consist of two chambers: the Senate and the Congress. The Senate consists partly of elected deputies elected by the church, universities, taxpayers of the highest ranks, and partly of deputies appointed by the king. The Congress consists of 417 deputies elected for 5 years. The right to vote in the Cortes is enjoyed by persons at least 25 years of age who have lived for 2 years within the electoral district. /T. 9/
Cortes
In the medieval states of the Iberian Peninsula there were estate-representative assemblies, the first in Western Europe. First mentioned in Castile in 1137. Played an important role in the XII-XIV centuries. With the establishment of absolutism, their importance fell. In modern Spain - the name of parliament.
the name of parliament in medieval Spain.
Name of the parliament in Spain. The Cortes were first convened in the city of Cadiz in 1809. The convening of the Cortes was preceded by numerous popular uprisings against the French invasion of Spain. The main result of the activities of the Cortes until 1813 was the liberal constitution they developed (March 18, 1812), drawn up under the direct influence of the legislative acts of the Great French Revolution. The Cortes proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, political freedoms, equality, immunity of deputies, subordination of the king to the Cortes, etc. In addition, the Cortes destroyed the Inquisition, banned corporal punishment for Redskins who refused to accept Christianity, etc. Since 1814, after the accession of King Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne, the struggle of reactionary elements with the Cortes begins. The constitution developed by the Cortes was abolished, the Inquisition was restored, freedom of the press was destroyed, etc. The dominance of reaction was established in the country, causing frequent outbreaks of popular uprisings. The general uprising of 1820 forced the king to convene the Cortes and recognize the constitution of 1812. On September 28, 1823, after the invasion of French troops into Spain, the Cortes returned the absolute power of the king. In 1833, the Cortes were convened again. According to the constitution of 1876, the Cortes consist of two chambers: the Senate and the Congress. The Senate consists partly of elected deputies elected by the church, universities, taxpayers of the highest ranks, and partly of deputies appointed by the king. The Congress consists of 417 deputies elected for 5 years. The right to vote in the Cortes is enjoyed by persons at least 25 years of age who have lived for 2 years within the electoral district. /T. 9/
You may be interested to know the lexical, literal or figurative meaning of these words:
Corrida is a bullfight, a mass spectacle. Origin is related...
Was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Europe. The enormous influence and aggressive policy of its rulers would have been impossible without a harmonious internal system of royal power, which in its decisions relied on the influence of two pillars - the power of the church and secular power. It was the second branch of power that the Cortes represented.
Authority - Cortes
It is impossible to say exactly where and when the Cortes appeared. It is known that by the middle of the 12th century this word was already used both in colloquial speech and in official documents. The origin of these organs is associated with the name of the early Spanish kings - Fernando II and Alfonso IX.
The Cortes were elected assemblies similar to the Parliament in England and France. True, in Spain this form of self-government arose a little earlier. In Castile, King Fernando II sought advice not only from the nobility and clergy, but also from wealthy townspeople - the caballeros. It was about the marriage between the Infanta Berenguella and the son of Frindich Barbarossa, Conrad. between the heirs of two influential kingdoms contained many points that required strict execution.
Etymology of the word
Unfortunately, there is no reliable data on what this word means. Knowing where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain does not clarify the actual origin of the term. Most likely, it was borrowed from the Castilian or Aragonese dialect of the Spanish language, and its original roots were lost through the centuries. In the early Middle Ages, the word was often associated with the Latin term "curia". Perhaps the answer to the question “what are the Cortes” lies precisely in Roman law. But where and when the Cortes arose in Spain, and how they transformed into a state institution, we can answer in more detail. After all, the Cortes are the prototypes of modern parliaments in all European countries.
Decrees of Alfonso IX
Scientists are still arguing about where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain. But until the end of the 12th century, all meetings of wealthy townspeople and merchants were unsystematic. In 1188, in Leon, King Alfonso convened wealthy citizens, representatives of the nobility and clergy - the best and most eminent people in Spain. For what purpose the Cortes were created can be learned from the brief chronicles of that time. These representatives of the three property classes swore allegiance to their master. And the king, in turn, took an oath that he undertakes to remain faithful to the people and respect the privileges and customs of the country.
What are the Cortes? Such contractual relations indicate, first of all, that royal power in Spain was not absolute - a simple royal decree to raise funds or mobilize subjects did not at all guarantee absolute implementation. And against the backdrop of constant clashes with Muslims, such a threat could cost the kings their freedom and independence. Therefore, some support from the citizens of Leon and Castile was necessary. It was there that the first organizational meetings appeared in Spain.
For what purpose were the Cortes created?
First of all, to achieve the support of citizens in military operations and government affairs. Secondly, to develop certain laws of interaction between citizens, the clergy and ordinary people. These rules concerned courts, private property laws, and taxes. The set of agreed rules and liberties was called "fueros".
The emergence of the Cortes
Medieval chronicles and chronicles can answer the question of where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain. History says that the first cities governed by the Cortes were Castile and Leon. The appearance of these meetings should be dated back to the 11th-12th century. The next step was to grant the most influential part of the townspeople legislative rights and their gradual transformation into a significant meeting of the Cortes in 1202, when eminent citizens bought from the royal government the right to mint gold coins. A huge sum was paid for the right to mint, which was almost six times the king’s entire income from taxes and fees.
Three Estates
The nobility, the clergy and the townspeople - caballeros - were the three classes that took part in the work of the Cortes. New legislative assemblies did not always include representatives of the three property classes. Estado militar - secular power - raised issues for consideration by society. The secular branch was created by representatives of the king - ricos amberos, and by the small nobility - hidalgos and infantons. The clergy was also present in two forms - the central archbishopric and the local clergy. The third force was represented by the estado llano - delegates from urban communities. The order of their participation was not standardized. First of all, representatives of cities belonging to the crown took part in the Cortes. Another condition was that the city had its own council - the consejo. There are cases when townspeople made decisions on their own.
Where and when did the Cortes, consisting of citizens, appear in Spain? Meetings in Valladolid in 1295 and four years later are known. Issues resolved at these meetings did not involve the presence of the nobility and clergy.
Now the Cortes are the highest legislative bodies of Spain. Decisions affecting the entire state are made here. And it’s hard to believe that this form of government began a thousand years ago in Castile and Leon.
Cortes
Catalan Cortes. Medieval miniature
Cortes(cortes - courtyards) - in medieval Spain, regional estate-representative assemblies, since the 19th century - parliament in Spain and Portugal. The first Cortes were created in 1137 in Leon. Initially, only nobles and clergy could participate in the Cortes. Only in 1188 did townspeople receive representation in the court.
They again received great importance during the movement of 1812; From 1814-1820 and from 1823 to 1834 they had to give way to absolutism; in 1836 they edited a new constitution, in 1845 redone in a conservative spirit, and in 1856 again subject to alteration by the extraordinary Cortes.
After the revolution of 1868, the constituent assembly of the Cortes formed a commission to prepare a constitution, issued on June 6, 1869. After the abdication of Amadeus, the Cortes proclaimed a republic, but did not have time to develop a project for its organization. The Cortes consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
In modern Spain
In Portugal
In Portugal, the Cortes have long been involved in legislation. After gaining independence from Spain (), the Cortes met less frequently. They currently consist of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies (see Portugal).
Literature
- Muro y Martinez, “Constituciones de España y de las demas naciones de Europa, con la historia general de España” (Mad., );
- R. Fraoso, “Las Constituciones de España” (“Revista de España”, 6 and 7);
- L. P. Coimbre, “Estudios sobre a Carta constitucional de e Acta addicional de, 1878-80”;
- Coelho da Rocha, “Ensaio sobre a historia do governo e la legislação de Portugal”;
- J. d'Almeida de Cunha, “Código do processo electoral” ().
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Synonyms:See what “Cortes” is in other dictionaries:
- (Spanish cortes, from corte courtyard, palace). Representative meetings of government officials in Spain and Portugal to discuss and vote on laws. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Spanish Cortes. cortes... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (Spanish cortes) the first class representative assemblies in Western Europe; first emerged in the kingdom of Leon in 1137. Since the Cortes arose from the royal curiae, initially only nobles and clergy, cities... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Cortes- (Spanish Las Cortes Generales, from corte royal court) in Spain (since 1137) and Portugal in the Middle Ages, class representative assemblies. In modern times, the traditional name of parliament (in Portugal until 1911; in Spain, the Cortes General).... ... Encyclopedia of Law
Legal dictionary
- (Spanish cortes), 1) in the medieval states of the Iberian Peninsula there were class representative assemblies (the first in Western Europe). First mentioned in Castile in 1137. 2) In Spain the name of the parliament is ... Modern encyclopedia
- [te], Cortes, unit. no (Spanish cortes, pl. from corte courtyard, retinue) (polit.). In Spain and Portugal there is a parliament. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 parliament (42) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
- (Cortes) the name of parliament in Spain and Portugal. Formed from assemblies of class representatives that existed in Castile, Valencia, Catalonia and Aragonia, Cortes, by the end of the 18th century, ceased to exist in Spain. Great importance… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Cortes- (Spanish cortes), 1) in the medieval states of the Iberian Peninsula there were class representative assemblies (the first in Western Europe). First mentioned in Castile in 1137. 2) In Spain, the name of parliament. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
CORTES- the first class representative meetings in Western Europe. First appeared in Castile in 1137... Legal encyclopedia
Cortes- the name of the parliament in Spain. The Cortes were first convened in the city of Cadiz in 1809. The convening of the Cortes was preceded by numerous popular uprisings against the French invasion of Spain. The main result of the activities of the Cortes until 1813... Historical reference book of Russian Marxist
Books
- Castilian Cortes in the transitional era from the Middle Ages to modern times. , Piskorsky V.K.. The book is a reprint of 1897. Despite the fact that serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may...
At one time, Spain was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Europe. The enormous influence and aggressive policy of its rulers would have been impossible without a harmonious internal system of royal power, which in its decisions relied on the influence of two pillars - the power of the church and secular power. It was the second branch of power that the Cortes represented.
Authority - Cortes
It is impossible to say exactly where and when the Cortes appeared. It is known that by the middle of the 12th century this word was already used both in colloquial speech and in official documents. The origin of these organs is associated with the name of the early Spanish kings - Fernando II and Alfonso IX.
The Cortes were elected assemblies similar to the Parliament in England and the Estates General in France. True, in Spain this form of self-government arose a little earlier. In Castile, King Fernando II sought advice not only from the nobility and clergy, but also from wealthy townspeople - the caballeros. It was about the marriage between the Infanta Berenguella and the son of Frindich Barbarossa, Conrad. The marriage contract between the heirs of two influential kingdoms contained many clauses that required strict execution.
Etymology of the word
Unfortunately, there is no reliable data on what this word means. Knowing where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain does not clarify the actual origin of the term. Most likely, it was borrowed from the Castilian or Aragonese dialect of the Spanish language, and its original roots were lost through the centuries. In the early Middle Ages, the word was often associated with the Latin term "curia". Perhaps the answer to the question “what are the Cortes” lies precisely in Roman law. But where and when the Cortes arose in Spain, and how they transformed into a state institution, we can answer in more detail. After all, the Cortes are the prototypes of modern parliaments in all European countries.
Decrees of Alfonso IX
Scientists are still arguing about where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain. But until the end of the 12th century, all meetings of wealthy townspeople and merchants were unsystematic. In 1188, in Leon, King Alfonso convened wealthy citizens, representatives of the nobility and clergy - the best and most eminent people in Spain. For what purpose the Cortes were created can be learned from the brief chronicles of that time. These representatives of the three property classes swore allegiance to their master. And the king, in turn, took an oath that he undertakes to remain faithful to the people and respect the privileges and customs of the country.
What are the Cortes? Such contractual relations indicate, first of all, that royal power in Spain was not absolute - a simple royal decree to raise funds or mobilize subjects did not at all guarantee absolute implementation. And against the backdrop of constant clashes with Muslims, such a threat could cost the kings their freedom and independence. Therefore, some support from the citizens of Leon and Castile was necessary. It was there that the first organizational meetings appeared in Spain.
For what purpose were the Cortes created?
First of all, to achieve the support of citizens in military operations and government affairs. Secondly, to develop certain laws of interaction between citizens, the clergy and ordinary people. These rules concerned courts, private property laws, and taxes. The set of agreed rules and liberties was called "fueros".
The emergence of the Cortes
Medieval chronicles and chronicles can answer the question of where and when the Cortes appeared in Spain. History says that the first cities governed by the Cortes were Castile and Leon. The appearance of these meetings should be dated back to the 11th-12th century. The next step was to provide the most influential part of the townspeople with legislative rights and their gradual transformation into representative bodies. Significant is the meeting of the Cortes in 1202, when eminent citizens bought the right to mint gold coins from the royal authorities. A huge sum was paid for the right to mint, which was almost six times the king’s entire income from taxes and fees.
Three Estates
The nobility, the clergy and the townspeople - caballeros - were the three classes that took part in the work of the Cortes. New legislative assemblies did not always include representatives of the three property classes. Estado militar - secular power - raised issues for consideration by society. The secular branch was created by representatives of the king - ricos amberos, and by the small nobility - hidalgos and infantons. The clergy was also present in two forms - the central archbishopric and the local clergy. The third force was represented by the estado llano - delegates from urban communities. The order of their participation was not standardized. First of all, representatives of cities belonging to the crown took part in the Cortes. Another condition was that the city had its own council - the consejo. There are cases when townspeople made decisions on their own.
Where and when did the Cortes, consisting of citizens, appear in Spain? Meetings in Valladolid in 1295 and four years later are known. Issues resolved at these meetings did not involve the presence of the nobility and clergy.
Now the Cortes are the highest legislative bodies of Spain. Decisions affecting the entire state are made here. And it’s hard to believe that this form of government began a thousand years ago in Castile and Leon.
