Speech development lesson

Subject: Text-reasoning. Work with the text of A. Granin "On Mercy".

The structure of the reasoning text.

Purpose: to continue to acquaint students with the types of texts, their features; give a concept of the structure of the text-reasoning; to teach to understand what is read, to comprehend the topic, to reveal the main idea of ​​the statement, to identify cause-and-effect relationships, to formulate one's thoughts in a certain type of speech - reasoning; observe the features of the purpose and structure of reasoning; develop oral and written speech students; to cultivate a sensitive attitude towards people in need of help; correct pronunciation.

Type of lesson: a lesson in the assimilation of new knowledge.

During the classes.

1 Speech charging.

Each of you has a friend. What traits of his character do you like?

Kindness, honesty, generosity, fun...

Which of these qualities do you have?

Choose a synonym for the word mercy.

Today we will talk about positive qualities character of a person. And we will work with the text of A. Granin "On Mercy". What do you think the text will be about?

2. Actualization of basic knowledge.

What is text?

What types of texts do you know?

What is description text?

What is a text-narrative?

What is a discourse text?

3. Learning new material.

Today we will figure out how the text - reasoning differs from other texts.

In the text-reasoning, an explanation is given to any phenomenon or fact.

The text answers the question "why?" and has a characteristic structure:

THESIS - EVIDENCE (explanation) - CONCLUSION.

What do we call a thesis? (a statement that requires proof).

How to prove the thesis? (give arguments and facts).

In the process of proofs, certain vocabulary is used. Sentences containing evidence begin with the phrases:

I think that…

I think that…

I suppose that…

I know for sure that...

I think that, firstly..., secondly..., thirdly... and finally, I'm sure...

In the course of the proof, you can use the words - "bridges": "because", "since", "therefore".

Text - reasoning ends with a conclusion (conclusion). The author sums up everything said in the main part. The conclusion may also contain some new idea about the subject of reasoning. However, the conclusion may include an assessment main idea with moral, ethical, public position writing.

- What did we learn today?

4. Stage of consolidation.

Now you will read the text and determine its type.

Students read the text "On Mercy".
Last year something bad happened to me: I fell, fell badly. I broke my nose, my hand jumped out of my shoulder and hung like a whip. It happened at about seven in the evening in the center of Moscow, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.
With great difficulty, I got up and made my way to the nearest entrance. I felt that I was holding on because I was in a state of shock, and something urgently needed to be done. I tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief; the pain was getting stronger. And I could not speak - my mouth was broken. "I decided to turn home. I walked, it seems to me, without staggering. I remember well this path of four hundred meters. There were a lot of people. Some couple passed me, a woman with a girl, young guys. If only someone would help me They all looked at me at first with interest, but then averted their eyes.I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with unaccountable attention, heightened expectation of help.
The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, people would simply step over me. I knew that I needed to get home. So no one helped me.
Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems not. But even if they accepted, they saw that I was covered in blood, that something happened to me - I fell, they hit me. Why didn't they ask if I needed help? So, to pass by, not to get involved, “this does not concern me” has become an ordinary feeling.
I remembered these people with bitterness, got angry at them, but then I remembered myself. I also had the desire to dodge, to leave. Having convicted myself of this, I realized how familiar this feeling has become in our lives.
I'm not going to make a moral complaint. But, however, the level of decline in our responsiveness got me thinking. No one is personally to blame. No apparent reason found.
Thinking, I remembered the hungry front time. Then no one would have walked past the wounded. From your unit, from another - everyone helped, dragged on themselves, bandaged. No one pretended not to notice. Of course, someone violated this unspoken law, but there were also deserters and crossbows. But it's not about individuals, but about the mores of that time.
I do not know what needs to be done for the necessary understanding, but I am sure that only from a general understanding of the problem can any concrete solutions emerge. One person can only ring the alarm bell and ask everyone to think about what to do so that mercy warms our lives.
What do you see as the reasons for the “decrease in our responsiveness”?
It seems to me that the reason for the "decline in our responsiveness" is that people think first of themselves, and only then of others. On the one hand, this is understandable. After all, life in our country has always been difficult, and in recent times for many, it has become just a real test, so people only think about how to benefit for themselves. But on the other hand, such a position, of course, is wrong, but it is impossible to quickly change what has become entrenched in the minds of people. Responsiveness must be taught from childhood, and then, if everyone treats a passerby kindly, everyone will help each other, and everyone will be happy.

What surprised him?

What did he remember about himself?

What is the reason for "decreasing our responsiveness"?

What do you think?

Why can we say that this text is reasoning?

We will continue to work on the text in the next lesson. And for homework you need to ask your family members if they have experienced similar situations. Write them down and we'll discuss them in the next lesson.

We often see on the news, and sometimes we become witnesses of a cold attitude towards loved ones, animals, nature around us. What drives such people? Indifference is their guideline. It causes indifference to public life, a passive attitude towards the outside world. Why don't we see apathy in everyone? Because in a person there is such a quality as “responsiveness”. All people have it, but it manifests itself in different ways. A person in whom responsiveness prevails, and not indifference, easily responds to other people's needs, is always ready to help. Everyone makes a choice to help their neighbor or to bypass him, not to get involved. So, since ancient times, the classics have set themselves the task of teaching the reader to sympathize with the "humiliated and offended"

Daniil Granin in his essay "On Mercy" analyzes the problem of a cold, insensitive attitude towards a person in need of help.

The author believes that today responsiveness is becoming less and less common, it has been replaced by cruelty and indifference. Granin is sure that people are capable of compassion, it is given to us at birth along with the soul. However, like all moral feelings, it weakens if it is not used. Therefore, we must “train” in ourselves a sense of mercy and responsiveness from childhood.

Granin gives an example of the manifestation of mercy around the globe during the tragedy at Chernobyl. The disaster rallied everyone, showed people all pure, good moral feelings. Everyone volunteered to help the victims in any way they could: money, food, things, medicines. But was it only financial assistance? Let us remember the heroes who, sacrificing themselves, went to save the whole world from global catastrophe. Thanks to them, humanity was able to stop the spread of radiation. What happened to children whose parents died or were in serious condition? People willingly dismantled children from orphanages, where each child was provided with the necessary psychological and moral support. This incident was a manifestation of national responsiveness. The feeling of mercy, the desire to help our neighbor, will always exist in our lives.

On the other hand, we often encounter the reverse process as well. Daniil Granin, recalling a situation from life, tells us about the manifestation of indifference. His friend's mother needed an operation, but the doctors didn't want to do anything about it. A bribe was required. But how would a poor average person of that time have enough money for this? The amount has been collected. Was it ashamed to take money to a doctor for something that should be done for free? No, opening an envelope with money, the man who took the Hippocratic oath calmly took out and counted the banknotes. I believe that this is one of the most vile manifestations of indifference. The doctor is obliged to help the sick and wounded, this is required not only by his profession, but also by the words that he solemnly uttered, finishing his studies. The desire to cash in on the problems of people in need has become the cause of betrayal not only of the oath, but of oneself, a person degrades not only professionally, but also morally.

How did the suppression of feelings of responsiveness begin? According to the author, the reason was the difficult years of mass repressions, when no one was allowed to help the families of the victims, it was impossible to shelter the children of those arrested and exiled. The desire to help someone was regarded as something suspicious, and even criminal.

Now there is no limiting framework for the development of mercy in people. The time has come when mankind itself can embark on the right path. I believe that if everyone tries with all his might to help his neighbor, to live according to his conscience, then our world will become completely different. We will forget about corruption, political and religious differences. Our generation and our children will never know the real meaning of the word "war".

Our conversations about morality are often too general. And morality consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.

One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term for the majority is old-fashioned, unpopular today and even seems to be rejected by our life. Something peculiar only to former times. "Sister of mercy", "brother of mercy" - even the dictionary gives them as "obsolete", that is, outdated concepts.

Words do not grow old by chance. Mercy. What is it - not fashionable? Not necessary?

To withdraw mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important manifestations of morality. This ancient necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community: mercy for the downtrodden and injured. How did it happen that this feeling in us subsided, died out, turned out to be neglected? They may object to me, citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. Examples, they are, and yet we feel, and have long been, the ebb of mercy from our lives. If it were possible to make a sociological dimension of this feeling...

... I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to someone else's pain. I think that this feeling is innate, given to us together with instincts, with the soul. But if this feeling is not used, it weakens and atrophies...

... During the 19th century, Russian writers urged to see in such a downtrodden, insignificant official of the fourteenth grade, as a stationmaster, a person with a noble soul, worthy of love and respect. Pushkin's testament of mercy to the fallen pervades the work of Gogol and Turgenev, Nekrasov and Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Korolenko, Chekhov and Leskov.

This is not only a direct appeal to mercy like "Mumu", but it is also an appeal by writers to heroes who are humiliated and insulted, orphans, wretched, endlessly lonely, unhappy, fallen ones, like Sonechka Marmeladova, like Katyusha Maslova. A living feeling of compassion, guilt, repentance in the work of great and small writers of Russia grew and expanded, thus winning popular recognition, authority.

Grace to call on the fallen - the upbringing of this feeling, the return to it, the call to it - the need is urgent, difficult to estimate. I am convinced that our literature, especially today, cannot abandon Pushkin's behest. (D. Granin)
“Is mercy abolished in our lives?” - the author asks us a question, from the very beginning stating a problem that is relevant to him and inviting the reader to think: is there really a constant compulsion for this feeling?

The position of Daniil Granin himself is clearly expressed in the last paragraph: the author is convinced that cultivating a sense of mercy in modern society- "the need is urgent, difficult to estimate", he refers to the traditions of Russian classical literature in order to trace the development of the theme of mercy and compassion from Pushkin to the present day.

The writer gives as an example a quote from a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Monument", in the last line of which D. Granin sees "a direct appeal to mercy." In the text of Daniil Granin, such a means of expression as rows is often found. homogeneous members. In the quotation above, the author uses this technique to show how widely the problem he considers is reflected in the works of the overwhelming majority of Russian writers of the 19th century. In the next paragraph, we see a number of homogeneous definitions: "... the writers' appeal to the heroes humiliated and insulted, orphans, wretched, endlessly lonely, unhappy, fallen ones ...". These epithets mutually reinforce each other, and the author manages to express the deepest degree of humiliation and loneliness of the "fallen heroes".

We can agree with the author that today's literature should realize the need to cultivate a sense of compassion, "return to it" in modern world that became more violent over time. Reading Russian classical literature is a great way of aesthetic and spiritual education, self-improvement of a person as a person and as a member of society. It is probably necessary to pay special attention to the study of Russian literature at school, since it is in childhood and adolescence that the foundations of morality and morality are laid, and it depends on what kind of person will be in the future, what kind of life path he will choose. However, it is difficult to fully accept Granin's reading of the image of Sonechka Marmeladova, the heroine of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Granin presents her as one of the many "orphans" and "wretched", includes a number of characters to whom compassion is shown in the works of Russian classics. But different authors have different views and different images of heroes, and this must be taken into account. If in the "downtrodden most insignificant official" - stationmaster- we undoubtedly see “a man with a noble soul, worthy of love and respect”, then in the image of Sonya Marmeladova the reader “discovers” first of all not an “insulted, sir, wretched, unhappy” girl, but a person of an amazing soul - generous, all-forgiving, capable of selfless Christian love, a man of unusually strong spiritually and boundlessly believing in goodness and justice. Sonya does not need mercy from those around her, for she herself is the embodiment of mercy and love for her neighbor.

So, our literature really does not have the right to "reject Pushkin's testament", especially now, when the "age" again promises to be "cruel".

I got in trouble last year. He was walking down the street, slipped and fell ... He fell unsuccessfully, worse and nowhere: he broke his nose, his hand jumped out in his shoulder, hung like a whip. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the center of the city, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live. With great difficulty, I got up, wandered into the nearest entrance, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak - my mouth is broken. I decided to turn back, home. I walked along the street, I think that I didn’t stagger. I remember this path about four hundred meters well. There were many people on the street. A woman and a girl, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys walked towards me, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with an unconscious misunderstanding, a heightened expectation of help ... The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home. So no one helped me. Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that he made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk - they saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - I fell, they hit me - why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, pass by, do not get involved, do not waste time, effort,. It doesn’t concern me” has become a familiar feeling? Remembering these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, then he began to remember himself. Something like that - the desire to move away, to evade, not to get involved - and her? was me. Incriminating myself, I realized how familiar this feeling has become in our life, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root. I'm not going to announce the next complaints about damage to morals. The level of decline in our responsiveness, however, made me think. There are no personal culprits. Who to blame? He looked around and did not find any visible reasons. Pondering, he recalled the time at the front, when in a hungry trench vakhna life it was impossible to pass him by at the sight of a wounded man. From your part, from the other - it was impossible for someone to turn away, pretend not to notice. They helped, dragged on themselves, bandaged, brought up ... Some people, perhaps, violated this law of front-line life, because there were deserters and crossbows. But we are not talking about them, we are now talking about the main life rules I do not know the recipes for the manifestation of mutual understanding that we all need, but I am sure that only from our general understanding of the problem can some concrete solutions emerge. One person - me, for example - can only ring this alarm bell and ask everyone to be imbued with it and think about what to do so that mercy

D. Granin "On Mercy". Help to find Essay by D. Granin "On Mercy"

1. D. A. Granin "On Mercy"

   I got in trouble last year. Walking down the street, slipped and fell... He fell unsuccessfully, worse and nowhere: he broke his nose, his hand jumped out in his shoulder, hung like a whip. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.

   With great difficulty he got up, wandered into the nearest entrance, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak, my mouth is broken.

   Decided to turn back home.

   I was walking down the street, I think not staggering. I remember this path about four hundred meters well. There were many people on the street. A woman and a girl, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys walked towards me, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remember the faces of many people, apparently, with unaccountable attention, a heightened expectation of help ...

   The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home. So no one helped me.

   Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk, they saw that I was covered in blood, something happened to fall, they hit me, why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, to pass by, not to get involved, not to waste time, effort, it does not concern me, has become a familiar feeling?

   Remembering these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, then he began to remember himself. Something similar to the desire to move away, to evade, not to get involved was with me. Incriminating himself, he understood how familiar this feeling had become in impudent life, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root.

   I'm not going to announce the next complaints of damage to morals. The level of decline in our responsiveness, however, made me think. There are no personal culprits. Who to blame? I looked around and couldn't find any obvious reason.

   Pondering, he recalled the time at the front, when in our hungry trench life it was impossible to walk past him at the sight of a wounded man. From your part, from the other, it was impossible for someone to turn away, pretend not to notice. They helped, dragged on themselves, bandaged, gave a lift ... Some, perhaps, violated this law of front-line life, because there were deserters and crossbows. But we are not talking about them, we are now talking about the main life rules of that time.

   I do not know the recipes for the manifestation of mutual understanding that we all need, but I am sure that only from our common understanding of the problem can some concrete solutions emerge. One person, I, for example, can only ring this alarm bell and ask everyone to feel it and think about what to do so that mercy warms our lives.
   ___

   The author reflects on the problem of the humane attitude of people towards each other, bitterly shows that people's indifference to their neighbor can lead to fatal consequences, and the final part of the text is a kind of author's appeal to protect everyone's ability to respond to someone else's pain.

   D. Granin notes the decline of mercy in our lives and bitterly sums up: If this feeling is not used, not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.

   I like English proverb"Mercy begins at home"... If for mercy one has to go far from home, it is no longer mercy... .

   To succeed in doing good to loved ones ....