Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme(Spanish) Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme ; August 20 ( 17780820 ) , Chillan - October 24, Lima, Peru) - revolutionary, national hero of the Republic of Chile, leader of the struggle for the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, Grand Marshal of Peru (). From November 29 to March 14, 1814 he was a member of the so-called. 5th Government Junta of Chile, acting until January 12, 1818, and from January 12, 1818 Supreme Ruler of Chile (until January 28, 1823).
Biography
Bernardo Riquelme O'Higgins was born August 20, 1778 and was illegitimate son Captain General of Chile and Viceroy of Peru A. O'Higgins. Educated in Peru, Spain and Great Britain. In London, he kept in touch with Francisco Miranda, who influenced the formation of his political views. In 1802 he returned to his homeland. In 1811 he became a member of the National Congress, at the same time he entered the revolutionary government junta of J. M. Carrera. Having created a peasant detachment, he opposed government troops. In -1814 - the commander of the troops of the patriots. After being defeated at the Battle of Rancagua in 1814, he retreated to Argentine territory. He soon joined the liberation army of José de San Martin, with whom he prepared the Army of the Andes, which defeated the Spaniards at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817.
Memory
Named after Bernardo O'Higgins are the Chilean part of Lake San Martin, the Chilean region of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, the village of Villa O'Higgins, an avenue in Santiago, the O'Higgins Football Club, several ships, and the Bernardo O Antarctic Station 'Higgins (O'Higgins was an active supporter of the development of the south by the Chileans).
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Excerpt characterizing O'Higgins, Bernardo
During this holiday, there were no prohibitions for anyone - young and old poured into the streets, tasting the upcoming fun, and tried to take the best places on the bridges in advance in order to get a closer look at the passing gondolas carrying the famous Venetian courtesans as beautiful as spring itself. These one-of-a-kind women, whose intelligence and beauty were admired by poets, and whom artists embodied forever in their magnificent canvases.I always believed that love can only be pure, and I never understood and did not agree with betrayal. But the courtesans of Venice were not just women from whom love was bought. Apart from the fact that they were always extraordinarily beautiful, they were all also superbly educated, incomparably better than any bride from a rich and noble Venetian family ... Unlike the very educated noble Florentines, the women of Venice in my time were not even allowed to enter to public libraries and to be “well-read”, since the wives of noble Venetians were considered just a beautiful thing, a loving husband closed at home “for the good” of his family ... And the higher the status of the lady, the less she was allowed to know. Courtesans, on the contrary, usually knew several languages, played musical instruments, read (and sometimes wrote!) poetry, knew philosophers very well, understood politics, sang and danced superbly ... In short, they knew everything that any noble woman (according to my concept) was obliged to know. And I always honestly believed that if the wives of the nobles knew at least the slightest bit of what the courtesans knew, loyalty and love would forever reign in our wonderful city ...
I did not approve of treason, but also, I could not respect women who did not know (and did not want to know!) Further than what was beyond the walls of their native Venice. Surely my Florentine blood spoke in me, but I absolutely could not stand ignorance! And people who had unlimited opportunities to KNOW, but did not want to, caused only hostility in me.
But back to my beloved Venice, which, as I knew, was to prepare for its usual annual celebration that evening...
Very easily, without any special effort, I appeared on the main square of the city.
Everything seemed to be as before, but this time, although decorated in the old way, Venice was almost empty. I walked along the lonely canals, unable to believe my eyes! It was not too late, and usually at such a time the city was still noisy, like an alarmed beehive, anticipating a favorite holiday. But that evening, the beautiful Venice was empty ... I could not understand where everyone had gone happy faces?.. What happened to my beautiful city in those short few years???
Walking slowly along the deserted embankment, I breathed in such a familiar, warm and soft, salty air, unable to hold back the tears flowing down my cheeks at the same time, happy and sad tears... It was my home!.. My truly native and beloved city. Venice has forever remained MY city! .. I loved her rich beauty, her high culture... Its bridges and gondolas ... And even just its unusualness, making it the only city of its kind ever built on Earth.
The evening was very pleasant and quiet. Gentle waves, softly whispering something, lazily splashed against the stone portals... And gently rocking the elegant gondolas, they ran back into the sea, taking with them the crumbling rose petals, which, floating further, became like scarlet drops of blood, somehow generously sprinkled on the mirror water.
Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, founded in 1969, is the largest national park in Chile. The park is named after the Chilean independence hero. The park is located between the Baker Channel and the northern fjords of the mountains. The east side of the park is in Argentina. This park cannot be reached by land, the only way to it lies through the fjords of Chilean Patagonia.
There are many glaciers in the park, the most famous of which is the Pio XI glacier, with an area of 1265 square kilometers. There are also many mountain peaks in the park. The most picturesque mountain is Mount Balmaceda. highest point in the park one can name Mount Lautaro, which is an ice-covered volcano with a height of about 3607 meters above sea level. Also in the park there is an opportunity to admire the magnificent waterfalls.
Magellanic subpolar forests grow on the territory of the park, here you can see such rare species of trees as birch notophagus, dwarf notophagus, canelo. South Andean deer live in this area, and species such as the Andean condor, cormorant and otter can also be found here.
Bernardo O'Higgins National Park
The Bernardo O'Higgins National Park stretches over 35,246.48 km2 and is the largest in Chile. It was founded in 1969 and got its name in honor of the first head of state, Bernardo O'Higgins. A long time ago, the Alakaluf Indian tribes lived on its lands.
Relaxing in the park is a pleasure. You can spend hours enjoying nature views, mountain peaks, fiords, small rivers, as well as glaciers.
Here you can find such rare plant species as Magellanic beech, Lenga summergreen beech, Antarctic beech and winter's dream or canelo. Only in the Bernardo O'Higgins National Park lives the tiny Huemul deer - the symbol of Chile. In addition to it, tourists can see a sea otter, cormorant or the flight of the Andean condor.
Lautaro Volcano is considered the highest peak in the park. Its height is more than 3.6 thousand meters.
And even though the park cannot boast of turbulent rivers, its narrow fiords leave no one indifferent. They crash into the land and bend in cold ribbons between mountain ranges, taking fragments of glaciers into the ocean.
It takes your breath away when, before your eyes, colossal blocks of ice fall into the water. You can witness such a spectacle by watching the Pio XI glacier, which is melting due to global warming. Glacier Pio XI - the largest glacier southern hemisphere outside Antarctica, it covers an area of 1,265 km2.
Other glaciers can be reached in the park: Chico, O'Higgins, Jorge Montt, Bernardo, Tempano, Vostochny, Greve, Penguin and Amalia.
The most popular attractions in O'Higgins with descriptions and photos for every taste. Choose the best places to visit the famous places of O'Higgins on our website.
Bernardo O'Higgins
O "Higgins (O" Higgins), Bernardo (VIII.20.1776 - X.24.1842) - one of the leaders of the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America in 1810-1826, statesman and military leader of Chile. The son of A. O "Higgins, Captain General of Chile (1788-1796) and Viceroy of Peru (1796-1801). O" Higgins was educated in Peru, Spain and England. While in London, he kept in touch with F. Miranda. Returning to Chile (1802), he joined the movement for the liberation of the country from the Spanish colonial yoke. He held the post of intendant of the city of Chilyan, was a member of the National Congress (1811), was a member of the government junta (1811-1814). In 1813-1814 - Commander-in-Chief of the Patriots. In October 1814, he joined the liberation army of San Martin and together with him defeated the Spaniards at Chakavuco (February 12, 1817). He headed the government of Chile as the supreme ruler in 1817-1823. Signed the Declaration of Independence of Chile (January 1, 1818), abolished colonial taxes, founded state primary schools and introduced other reforms. The opposition of the reactionary conservative circles from the landowning oligarchy and the top of the church forced O'Higgins to resign (1823) and emigrate to Peru, where he died in poverty.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 10. NAKHIMSON - PERGAM. 1967.
Sources:
Colección de historiadores i de documentos relativos a la independencia de Chile, v. 11-12, 14,
Santiago, 1904-05; Galdames L., Historia de Chile, Santiago, 1952, p. 306-28.
Literature:
Orrego Vecuña E., Hombres de America, Santiago, 1943;
Vicuña Mackenna B., Vida del capitan general de Chile don Bernardo O "Higgins, Santiago, 1882.
Bernardo O'Higgins (Bernardo O "Higgins)(Chillan, Chile 1778 - Lima, 1842) - Chilean military and politician, hero of the struggle for independence. He was the son of Ambrosio O'Higgins and a young Creole, Isabelle Riquelme y Mesa. For some reason, the baby was moved to Talca, where he grew up under the care of Juan Albano Pereira and his wife, Bartolina de la Cruz.
When he was 11 years old, Bernardo returned to hometown for college under the patronage of the Franciscan friars, but did not stay long in Chillan, since his father at that time became the governor of Chile and decided that Bernardo would complete his education in an elite educational center- San Carlos College in Lima, where he will stay until the age of 17.
Then the future liberator of chile again got ready for the road, obeying his father. This time he went to Cadiz (Spain) and from there to England, where he studied at the academy and where, in addition to ordinary subjects such as geography, botany or mathematics, he also studied French, music, painting and fencing. During his three-year stay in England, he experienced a passionate love affair, and at the same time his interest in politics grew. In this area, his communication with the hero liberation war in Venezuela - Francisco de Miranda - sent him on a revolutionary path.
As soon as his father, the Viceroy of Peru, found out about this, he stopped supporting Bernardo, although in his will he still wrote him most of his fortune. O'Higgins returned to his homeland in 1802 and until 1810 he was engaged in the household left to him by his father, which grew significantly during this time. He also held various public posts (Attorney for the Chillan City Council), but in his free time he supported and developed ideals of Independence.
On September 18, 1810, he actively helped Juan Martinez de Rozas in the creation of the militia institute and the convening of the National Congress, to which he was elected as a deputy from the Los Andes region. After he moved to Santiago and worked in the Supreme Court. Then followed a confused phase of life, in which the political struggle was mixed with the speeches of the military, which made the process of passing new laws more active and liberal. The military coup of José Miguel Carrera made him a member of the Fourth Governing Council, but intrigues and disagreements tired him - Bernardo left the government and returned to managing his household.
The landing of Pareja on March 26, 1813 in San Vicente again changed his plans, since he had to resist with weapons in his hands the attempts of the monarchists with reinforcements who had arrived to regain power over former colony. After the death of Parekha and the defeat of his troops, the monarchists retreated and concentrated in Chillan, where O`Higgins, but could not shake their positions and returned. A pro-Spanish (for Chile to belong to Spain) movement unfolded throughout the region. O'Higgins showed his worth both personally and strategically, having gone through many battles that brought him to the generals in 1814. He continued the war against the Spanish troops, but in the end he had to accept an agreement in Lircay (Lircay ), which implied a truce.
The arrival of reinforcements to the Spaniards hastened the improvement of relations between José Miguel Carrera and O'Higgins, who decided to join forces to defend the strategically important city of Rancagua. The fall of this city caused a deep political crisis and the flight of many supporters of independence to Argentina, including O'Higgins. The catastrophe of the defense of Rancagua ended the period of uncertainty known as the Old Homeland (Patria Vieja).
During his stay in Argentina, Bernardo befriended José San Martín and they organized the Army of the Andes, which crossed the mountain ranges in January 1817, posing as a liberation army, and won a decisive victory near Chacabuco, which opened the door to the capture of the capital. On February 16, enthusiastic citizens offered O'Higgins the post of supreme commander. However, he was still interested in the war, and not in politics, and he preferred to participate in the fighting in the south of the country, but the fate of the war had already been decided at that time, and soon the monarchists ceased to pose a serious threat to the independence of Chile, proclaimed on February 12, 1818.
According to his vision, ships were to play a decisive role in mastering Peru. So he formed a fleet, passing command ground forces first to Manuel Blanco Encalada and then to Thomas Cochrane. His fleet was able to achieve dominance throughout the Pacific coast over the fleet of the monarchists. With this help from the sea, San Martin was able to free Peru from Spanish domination.
Reconciliation of O'Higgins and San Martin in Maipu
After the Battle of Maipu O`Higgins was able to devote himself entirely to management tasks. He immediately agreed with all parties on a constitution that defined his rights and duties, and created a Senate with legislative and advisory functions. The nation he contributed to birth was free and united, thanks in large part to his efforts. People could fully taste freedom. Trade was free, goods filled the port of Valparaiso. Free were people who were now free to move around the country. The intelligentsia and the cultural sector were doing well, as schools were built in the villages, libraries were created, and the development of art was stimulated.
A successful military leader, an honest and adequate politician, he had to face serious trials, such as unleashed internal conflicts after the execution of the Carrera brothers in Mendoza and the uprising in Concepción. On January 28, a weary O'Higgins abdicated the supreme posts of the state and approved the new government. A little later, he left Chile, heading to El Callao (El Callao).
O'Higgins abdication.
He wanted to travel to England with his family. To do this, Bernardo had funds from farms in Peru, which San Martin gave him, but the monarchists still occupied some of the country's territory, and the situation as a whole was chaotic. With all honors, he had to "voluntarily" take control of the Peruvian military. After arriving in Peru Simona Bolivar O'Higgins came into contact with him and struck up a strong friendship, becoming an outstanding member of his Staff.
For military reasons, they ended up on the coast while General Sucre was defeating the monarchists in the decisive Battle of Ajacuccio. O`Higgins never went to England, but remained in Peru, trying to establish business on his possessions in Montalván and Quiba (Montalván and Cuiba), in the Cañete valley (Cañete). His opponents in Chile made sure that he stopped receiving a military pension from Chile. In 1826, his supporters wanted to restore him to power through the Chiloé Plot, which failed, and O'Higgins himself was finally expelled from the Chilean military hierarchy and became an exile.
When Chilean minister Diego Portales declared war on the Peruvian-Bolivian confederation, dictator Andrés Santa Cruz wanted to win him over. O'Higgins condemned the fratricidal war and refused to support Santa Cruz, even when he offered him power in Chile if he won. When this conflict ended with the victory of General Manuel Bulnes at Yungay against the troops of the confederation, a liberal page was opened in the history of Chile, and Bulnes himself led the process of national reconciliation in Chile. He ordered in 1841 that all military ranks and payments to O'Higgins be reinstated, but this decision was made when O'Higgins was already ill. He died in Lima in 1842.
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme(Spanish) Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme; August 20, 1778 (17780820), Chillan - October 24, 1842, Lima, Peru) - revolutionary, national hero of the Republic of Chile, leader of the struggle for the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, Grand Marshal Peru (1828). From November 29, 1813 to March 14, 1814 he was a member of the so-called. 5th Government Junta of Chile, acting until January 12, 1818, and from January 12, 1818 Supreme Ruler of Chile (until January 28, 1823).
Biography
Bernardo Riquelme O'Higgins was born on August 20, 1778 in the family of Captain General of Chile and Viceroy of Peru A. O'Higgins. Educated in Peru, Spain and Great Britain. In London, he kept in touch with F. Miranda, who influenced the formation of his political views. In 1802 he returned to his homeland. In 1811 he became a member of the National Congress, at the same time he entered the revolutionary government junta of J. M. Carrera. Having created a peasant detachment, he opposed government troops. In 1813-1814 he was the commander of the troops of the patriots. After the defeat at the Battle of Rancagua in 1814, he retreated to the territory of Argentina. Soon he joined the liberation army of José de San Martin, with whom he prepared the Army of the Andes, which defeated the Spaniards at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817.
Being from February 1817 to January 1823 the supreme ruler of Chile, he signed the Declaration of Independence of Chile on January 1, 1818. O'Higgins also carried out a number of progressive reforms, in particular, abolished colonial taxes, founded public elementary schools. By the end of his reign, he established a virtual dictatorship. Under pressure from the opposition in January 1823, he was forced to resign and emigrate. Died in Peru. In Chile, he is called the "father of independence".
Bibliography:
"Latin America" encyclopedic Dictionary, "SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA", volume 2, Moscow, 1982
Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/O'Higgins,_Bernardo
Abstract >> HistoryCarrera came the head of the army of patriots Bernardo O" Higgins. In response to this... the leadership of José Miguel Carrera and Bernard O' Higgins was defeated by the Spanish troops, and ... concentrated in the hands of the supreme ruler O' Higgins. Chile began to establish relations...
Battle of Chacabuco
Abstract >> HistoryReconquistodorov. leaders of the independence movement Bernardo O' Higgins and Jose Miguel Correra forced... Jose de San Martin and Bernardo The O'Higins are planning the next military... the part is predominantly Chilean. Battle Bernardo O'Higins led a separate division. ...
Politiology
Abstract >> Political scienceOf these, such as R. Higgins, calling "political inertia" and passivity ... broadcasting common values; B. Higgins argued that the main link ... of social and organizational processes in the works of Ch. Bernard, E. Steen and others, mostly American ...
