Southern Hemisphere … Russian spelling dictionary

Southern Hemisphere - … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

It represents the hemisphere of the Earth, with the center located at coordinates 47.216667, 1.533333 ... Wikipedia

It represents the hemisphere of the Earth, with the center located at coordinates 47.216667, 178.466667 ... Wikipedia

In stereometry, half a sphere. In geography, the following hemispheres of the Earth are distinguished: Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere Western hemisphere Eastern hemisphere Hemisphere of land Hemisphere of water In biology, the following hemispheres of the brain are distinguished: ... ... Wikipedia

southern ocean ring- The current in the World Ocean, encircling the Southern Hemisphere between Antarctica and the southern extremities of three other continents, where the resulting water transport is directed to the east. Syn.: the course of the westerly winds... Geography Dictionary

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HEMISPHERE, hemispheres, cf. (book). 1. Half of a geometric ball obtained by dividing it by a plane passing through the center (mat.). || An object that has this shape. Hemispheres of the brain (two parts of the large human brain and ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

HEMISPHERE, I, cf. 1. Half of the ball, as well as an object of this shape. Hemispheres of the brain. 2. One of the halves of the globe or celestial sphere. Northern settlement. Southern settlement. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

• Double surveys in the Southern Arctic Ocean and sailing around the world in 1819, 1820 and 1821, F. F. Bellingshausen. In the first quarter of the XIX century. a significant historical event took place: Russian (Russian) sailors during an expedition to the southern hemisphere of the Earth and around the world discovered a new, sixth continent - ...
• Magnetic puzzles Map of the constellations of the starry sky: Southern Hemisphere (1031) , . Every child sooner or later begins to ask questions about the stars in the sky. New magnetic puzzles of the astronomical series will help to satisfy his interest. This map of the southern hemisphere of the Earth ...

constellation map
southern hemisphere

Constellations are arbitrarily taken stellar groups, as they are seen from the earth and completely independent of the actual distances and possible interconnection of the stars. The division of stars into constellations dates back to the deepest antiquity. Most of the constellations transmitted to us by the Arabs from the Greeks undoubtedly originated in the primitive pre-Semitic cultures of Mesopotamia. The main place among them is occupied by the zodiac constellations. The themes for the zodiac constellations were the hoary legends of primitive mankind, ideas about its fate, less often the personification of astronomical and meteorological phenomena. The oldest names of the constellations were abbreviations for myths.

Astronomer Jan Hevelius

Ptolemy in his work "Almagest" canonized the following 48 ancient constellations, which are still called Ptolemaic. Zodiac constellations: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Northern constellations: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Dragon, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Perseus, Bootes, Northern Crown, Hercules, Lyra, Cygnus, Charioteer, Ophiuchus, Snake, Arrow, Eagle, Dolphin, Foal, Pegasus, Triangle. Southern constellations: Whale, Orion, River, Hare, Dog large, small, Ship, Hydra, Bowl, Raven, Centaurus, Wolf, Altar, Southern Crown, Southern Fish. Ptolemy did not consider Coma Veronica to be a separate constellation.

Arab stargazers, in addition to lunar houses, gave various names for individual bright stars. Having become acquainted with the astronomy of the Greeks and having translated Ptolemy's Almagest, they changed some names according to the position of the stars in the drawings of the Ptolemaic constellations. In the 12th century, a Latin translation of the Almagest from Arabic was made, and in the 16th century, directly from Greek, according to found manuscripts. The stars of the southern hemisphere, unknown to Greek astronomers, were broken down into constellations much later. Some of them were outlined by the Arabs.

There is no doubt that the navigators of the 15th and 16th centuries (Vespucci, Corsali, Pigafetta, Peter Medinsky, Gutman) gradually assembled new constellations during their travels to the southern seas. They were put in order by Peter Dirk Keizer. During his stay on the island of Java (1595), he identified the locations of 120 southern stars and placed constellation figures on them. The following 13 constellations were included in the Bayer (1603) and Bartsch (1624) atlases based on the Keyser inventory: Phoenix, Goldfish, Chameleon, Flying Fish, Southern Cross, Water Snake, Fly, Bird of Paradise, Southern Triangle, Peacock, Indian, Crane, Toucan. Of these, the Southern Cross was known to Ptolemy and was part of the Centaurus.

The current names of the constellations and stars represent an amalgam of these lists and translations. The ancient drawings of the constellations are completely lost. Only distorted figures on Arabic globes of the thirteenth century have come down to us; for example, on a globe in the Borghese Museum in Veletri (1225), in the Mathematical Society in Dresden (1279), in the London Astronomical Society, etc. At the beginning of the 16th century, the famous Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer painted the constellations according to their description by Ptolemy.

Unfortunately, not a single original copy of Dürer's drawings has survived. Dürer's drawings, modified by other artists, were reprinted in the star atlases of Bayer (1603), Flamsteed (1729). Then the figures of the constellations of the newest layout appeared. Currently, constellation drawings are no longer printed. The merit of expelling the "menagerie" from astronomical atlases belongs to Harding. He published in 1823 a celestial atlas, where only the boundaries of the constellations were plotted.

Our planet is conventionally divided into four hemispheres. How are the boundaries between them defined? What are the characteristics of the hemispheres of the Earth?

Equator and meridian

It has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened at the poles - a spheroid. In scientific circles, its shape is usually called the geoid, that is, "like the Earth." The surface of the geoid is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any point.

For convenience, the characteristics of the planet use conditional, or imaginary, lines. One of them is the axis. It runs through the center of the Earth, connecting the upper and lower parts, called the North and South Poles.

Between the poles, at an equal distance from them, is the next imaginary line, which is called the equator. It is horizontal and is a separator into the Southern (everything below the line) and Northern (everything above the line) hemispheres of the Earth. is a little over 40 thousand kilometers.

Another conditional line is Greenwich, or This is a vertical line passing through the observatory in Greenwich. The meridian divides the planet into the Western and Eastern hemispheres, and is also the starting point for measuring geographic longitude.

The difference between the southern and northern hemispheres

The equator line horizontally divides the planet in half, while crossing several continents. Africa, Eurasia and South America are partially located in two hemispheres at once. The rest of the continents are located within one. So, Australia and Antarctica are completely in the southern part, and North America is in the northern part.

The hemispheres of the Earth have other differences. Thanks to the Arctic Ocean at the pole, the climate of the Northern Hemisphere is generally milder than the Southern, where the land is located - Antarctica. The seasons in the hemispheres are opposite: winter in the northern part of the planet comes simultaneously with summer in the south.

The difference is observed in the movement of air and water. To the north of the equator, river flows and sea currents deviate to the right (river banks are usually steeper to the right), anticyclones rotate clockwise, and cyclones counterclockwise. To the south of the equator, everything happens exactly the opposite.

Even the starry sky above is different. The pattern in each hemisphere is different. The main landmark for the northern part of the Earth is the polar star, the Southern Cross serves as a landmark. Above the equator, land dominates, and therefore the main number of people live here. Below the equator, the total number of inhabitants is 10%, since the oceanic part predominates.

Western and Eastern Hemispheres

Earth is located to the east of the prime meridian. Within its limits is Australia, most of Africa, Eurasia, part of Antarctica. Approximately 82% of the world's population lives here. In a geopolitical and cultural sense, it is called the Old World, as opposed to the New World of the American continents. In the eastern part there is a deep trench and the highest mountain on our planet.

The Western Hemisphere of the Earth is located west of the Greenwich meridian. It covers North and South America, part of Africa and Eurasia. It includes the entire Atlantic Ocean and most of the Pacific. Here is the longest mountain range in the world, the largest volcano, the driest desert, the highest mountain lake and a full-flowing river. Only 18% of the inhabitants live in the western part of the world.

Dateline

As already mentioned, the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth are separated by the Greenwich meridian. Its continuation is the 180th meridian, which outlines the border on the other side. It is the date line, it is here that today turns into tomorrow.

Different calendar days are fixed on both sides of the meridian. This is due to the peculiarities of the rotation of the planet. The International Date Line mostly passes through the ocean, but also crosses some islands (Vanua Levu, Taviuni, etc.). In these places, for convenience, the line is shifted along the land border, otherwise the inhabitants of one island would exist on different dates.

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In geography, there is a conditional division of the Earth into hemispheres. In accordance with their location in relation to the equator (the dividing line), they are called North and South. Each hemisphere has its own characteristics.

Hemispheres on the map

The Equator encircles the Earth, crossing Eurasia, Africa, and also South America. Each of the remaining continents is located entirely in one of the hemispheres: North America - in the North, Australia and Antarctica - in the South.

Comparison

Let's look at the points, what is the difference between the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern.

1. temperature at the poles. Despite its name, the North Pole is less severe than the South Pole. What explains this? The fact that the zone of the North Pole is the ocean, and the zone of the South Pole is Antarctica. Water is lower in level and conducts heat, in contrast to the solid towering mainland.
2. The movement of air masses. In the Southern Hemisphere, the rotation of emerging cyclones occurs clockwise, and anticyclones - in the opposite direction. Air currents in the other hemisphere are spinning in reverse.
3. Seasons. While the warm summer season lasts in the Northern Hemisphere, people in the Southern Hemisphere have to endure the winter. And the winter months familiar to us are summer in the other half of the globe.
4. Fauna. Each hemisphere has its own unique animals. In Severny you can meet walrus, polar bear, polar fox. In the South - kangaroo, hummingbird.
5. Distribution of land and water. In the Northern Hemisphere, vast land masses are concentrated. This is most of the entire landmass of the planet. A significant proportion of the other hemisphere is water.
6. Population. What is the difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? The fact that there are immeasurably more inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere. Only 10% of the world's population lives in the South.
7. Starry sky. In the field of view of people staying in the Northern Hemisphere, there is a set of stars and constellations that is different from that which is visible to southerners. In particular, in the Northern Hemisphere there is an important landmark of the North Star, and in the opposite hemisphere the Southern Cross has the same meaning.