The genealogy of the Laptev family began with the famous Prince Rodega, who left the Kosu horde. The descendant of this prince, Gleb Romanovich Sorokoumov, had a son, Bartholomew, nicknamed Lapot, from whom the Laptevs descended.
The year 1700 - in the family of ... Laptev, the owner of the village of Pokarevo (it still lives and is almost healthy), a son was born - Khariton Laptev. A year later (in 1701), in the family of his brother Yakov Laptev, the owner of the village of Bolotovo (the village disappeared during the war years), a son, Dmitry Laptev, was also born. The boys were baptized in the parish church of Slough. Here it is worth paying special attention to one point: Khariton and Dmitry are considered cousins. But if you believe the genealogy of the Laptev family, compiled by the son of Khariton, Kapiton, (S. Petrov writes about it in his article on navigators), then it turns out that the fathers of the famous explorers were cousins, and Khariton and Dmitry themselves were second cousins.
The boys were born at a time when Tsar Peter was just putting the Russian fleet in order, and therefore the thought of the sea crept into the heads of young offspring living on the banks of the calm Lovat, fishing in the surrounding lakes. Yes, not just crept in, but carried away so much that their parents sent them to St. Petersburg. And there, their uncle Boris Ivanovich Laptev, who was in the service of the sovereign (as a ship master of galley shipyards), attached the boys to the newly created Naval Academy.
After graduating, the brothers went their separate ways: the youngest, D. Laptev, two years after graduating from the academy, became a midshipman, and soon a non-commissioned lieutenant and ship commander. Khariton to the rank of midshipman had to 
serve for six years as a sub-navigator. The brothers also participated in military battles, but glory brought them, as they would say now, research activities. Since 1736, Dmitry has been in charge of one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition, and his brother soon joined him.
The fate of the sailors was long. Khariton Laptev lived to the age of 63 and died on December 21, 1763 in St. Petersburg. According to one version, he was buried in his estate near Velikiye Luki, however, none of our contemporary saw his grave.
Dmitry Laptev retired in April 1762 and settled in his estate Bolotovo. Until recently, the date of death and the place of burial of D. Laptev were unknown. But around 2005, employees of our archive found the metric book of the Trinity Church of the churchyard of Slauy, Velikoluksky district for 1771, where in the third part of “On the Dying”, under No. 2, the priest wrote: “He died on January 20, 1771 in the village of Bolotov, nobleman Dmitry Yakovlev, son Laptev, 70 years".
What is left of the Laptevs in Velikoluksky land? Yes, practically nothing but the memory of world-famous fellow countrymen. Pokarevo is almost a holiday village. Small, but with a monument. There was absolutely nothing left of Bolotovo, except for beautiful hills and relief, suggesting that they once lived here. In 2001, a wooden memorial cross was erected on the site of the village.
The Pokarevo estate is the birthplace of Khariton Prokofievich Laptev.
Sources:
1. Pskov Encyclopedia // Chief Editor- A. I. Lobachev. Pskov: Pskov regional public institution - publishing house "Pskov Encyclopedia", 2007. - P. 435.
2. S. Petrov Velikolukskaya antiquity. Historical and local history mosaic / S. Petrov. - Velikiye Luki, 1999.
Renowned explorer of northern Asia; in 1718 he entered the service of the midshipmen of the fleet; in 1737 he was appointed to a large northern expedition, which described and photographed for the first time the shores of the Arctic Ocean from the White Sea to the river. Kolyma. On June 9, 1739, L. left Yakutsk, and on the 21st he was already in the ocean and, making an inventory of the coast, wintered in the Khatanga Bay. On July 12, 1740, on the same double-boat, he went further to the W; after a difficult voyage along the bay, he went to sea only a month later, but even more difficult obstacles were encountered here; finally, the ice finally crushed the ship and the team with the officers had to get to the shore on the ice; with difficulty they returned to their winter hut last year. In view of two unsuccessful attempts to go around the Taimyr Peninsula by sea, L. decided to describe its shores by land, moving on dogs. For this purpose, they were equipped with three separate expeditions, and L. himself described part of the coast from the mouth of the river. Taimyrs are somewhat to B and to 3. In 1742, he went again to the mouth of the Taimyr, thinking to take part in the inventory of the extreme sowing. parts of the peninsula, but, due to lack of provisions, returned to Turukhansk and from there left for St. Petersburg with reports. He died in 1763 with the rank of ober-shter-kriegs-commissar of the fleet.
(Brockhaus)
Laptev, Khariton Prokofievich
traveled the Arctic Ocean, lieutenant, † 1768.
(Vengerov)
Laptev, Khariton Prokofievich
lieutenant, traveled across the Arctic Ocean to the northeast of Siberia, 1739-40, † 1768 as Chief Commissar of the Baltic Fleet.
(Polovtsov)
Laptev, Khariton Prokofievich
(year of birth unknown - d. 1763) - Russian. explorer of the Arctic, began his service in the Navy in 1718 as a midshipman. In 1737 he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed head of the detachment of the Great North. expeditions to survey the sea coast to the west of the river. Lena. In 1739 he sailed on the dubel-boat "Yakutsk" from Lena to Cape Thaddeus, where he was stopped by ice. For the winter stood at the mouth of the river. Prodigal (right tributary of the Khatanga River). In 1740 at new attempt to go around the Taimyr Peninsula, the ship was crushed by ice near the coast at 75 ° 26 "N. In 1741-42, while working with sleigh parties, L. with his assistants S. Chelyuskin (see) and N. Chekin completed the route survey of Taimyr peninsula, to-paradise served as the only source for depicting it on maps until the end of the 19th century. Of great value was the description of the coast drawn up by L. from the Lena to the Yenisei. After the end of the expedition, L. continued to serve in the Baltic Fleet. In honor of L. named: seashore between the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers, two (e.-east capes of the island of pilot Makhotkin, a cape on the east coast of the Chelyuskin peninsula; in honor of X. P. Laptev and D. Ya. Laptev (see) the sea is named Laptev.
Cit.: The coast between the Lena and the Yenisei, Notes of the Hydrographic Department of the Naval Ministry, 1851, part 9.
Lit.: See lit. to the article Laptev Dmitry.
KHARITON PROKOFIEVICH LAPTEV
The name of Khariton Laptev became widely known in Russia only a century after the feat he had accomplished.
Laptev has the honor of discovering the vast Taimyr Peninsula, stretching northward between the Lena and the Yenisei. Before the appearance of Laptev on these shores, the existence of Taimyr was not known in Russia.
Only Laptev first established the size and extent of this peninsula, described its relief and natural conditions, made the first sailing of its shores and a unique geographical description the nature of the interior regions and the peoples who inhabited them.
The work done by Laptev in the most difficult conditions wildlife of the North, was so huge that some even doubted the reality of reaching his detachment northern point Asia.
Khariton Prokofievich Laptev came from an old, albeit impoverished family of Velikie Luki nobles.
He was born in 1700 in the small village of Pekarevo, Slautsky camp, Velikoluksky province. Here Khariton spent his childhood years, receiving primary education under the guidance of a local priest. In 1715, by decree of Peter I, among the noblemen of the undergrowth of the northern provinces, "as if living with water communications", a recruitment was carried out to the newly organized Naval Academy in the new Russian capital. Khariton Laptev went to it together with his younger brother Dmitry.
In 1718, the Laptev brothers, after passing the exams, were promoted to midshipmen and enrolled in the Baltic Fleet. Two years later, Khariton Laptev was promoted to non-commissioned officer rank of sub-navigator.
Five years later, he was sent to Italy as part of a special naval mission, and upon his return, Laptev was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman.
In 1774, Khariton Laptev took part in the War of the Polish Succession, but failure awaited him there.
The Mitau frigate, on which Laptev served, was sent to Danzig with the task of finding out which countries' ships supported the pretender to the Polish throne, Stanislav Leshchinsky. However, the commander of the Kronstadt squadron, Admiral Gordon, who sent Laptev to conduct reconnaissance, did not write in the “warrant” given to the frigate commander that the French ships should be considered enemy. All this led to the fact that the "Mitau" was surrounded by warships of the allies of Stanislav Leshchinsky, and the entire crew of the frigate was captured.
The fate of the Mitau crew was shared by Laptev. After the end of hostilities, an exchange of prisoners took place and the officers of the frigate were brought before a military court on charges of surrendering the frigate to the enemy without a fight. According to the Peter's naval charter, officers could lose their lives for such an offense. The verdict had already been passed, but there were witnesses who confirmed that in the "warrant" the French courts were not considered hostile. A new investigation was appointed, and only in February 1736, the Mitau officers were released.
At first, Laptev sailed on the frigate "Victoria" in the Baltic Sea. Then he was sent to build warships in case of war with Turkey. After completing this task, Laptev returned to St. Petersburg, where he was appointed to command the court yacht Dekrone.
However, having learned that officers were required for the Kamchatka expedition, Laptev in February 1737 filed a petition addressed to Empress Anna Ioannovna with a request to send him to Siberia. For several months he had been waiting for a response to his petition, and only in December he was approved as the commander of the dubel-boat "Yakutsk" of the Lena-Yenisei detachment with production to the next rank of lieutenant.
In the instruction given to Laptev at the Admiralty College, it was ordered to go by sea from the Lena to the Yenisei and describe the unknown shores. Laptev was given a four-year term to complete the task. The Admiralty Board gave Laptev broad enough powers to carry out the task, allowing him to resolve many issues at his own discretion.
In March 1738, Khariton and Dmitry Laptev left for Siberia.
On the way, they stopped at Kazan, where everything needed for the expedition was located.
The Laptev convoy went first along the Volga to the mouth of the Kama, then along the Kama and Chusovaya. Through the Urals, the cargo was transported by horse-drawn carts to the Tura River. In Verkhoturye, all the property was loaded onto small barges and boats, which moved along the Tura through Tyumen to the Tobol River.
From Tobolsk, barges with cargo went along the Irtysh to its confluence with the Ob, from where they went up the Ob to the Kebi River. From Kebi barges went to Makovsky prison, where all the property was loaded onto horses and transported to Yeniseisk.
By the new year of 1739, the Laptevs reached Ust-Kut on the Lena River by sledge, where planks and barges were already being built for rafting equipment down the river.
June 8, 1739 "Yakutsk" moved downstream the Lena. In tow, the dubel-boat led a large yalboat with firewood. A kayak with flour was being towed behind the plank.
For more than a month, the voyage along the Lena continued, and finally, on July 21, 1737, the Yakutsk went to sea heading west. Along the way, he often encountered ice floes, which Yakutsk successfully bypassed.
On July 27, high rocky promontories opened up, surrounding the entrance to an uncharted bay. It was Cape Pax. Laptev named this bay Nordvik (Northern Bay). Having completed the description of Nordvik, Laptev moved north. The further advancement of Yakutsk was hampered by ice, which was becoming more and more.
Laptev intended to unload part of the provisions from the overloaded ship in the winter hut of Konechny, located 12 km north of the Siberian Cape, in case the Yakutsk died in the ice, and the crew would have to travel on foot. However, an east wind blew from the sea and ice appeared again, and Laptev ordered to go south, to the Khatoichsky Bay, where there was another winter hut at the mouth of the Zhuravlev River. Here was another winter hut, into which the boat was moved. Here the expedition members left the yalbot, and then the Yakutsk rushed at full sail along the eastern coast. Along the way, he almost did not meet ice floes.
From the island of St. Paul (modern island of St. Andrew) "Yakutsk" walked along the coast to the west. However, he soon met with ice floes again, which forced Laptev to swim near the shore. On the night of August 20, the south wind drove away the ice floes, and, using the resulting break, the crew of the Yakutsk first went on oars, and then on sails. Soon they entered the Gulf of Thaddeus, which they mistakenly took for the mouth of the Taimyr River. It was not possible to find the mouth of the river, and Laptev designated the cape entering the sea as Cape Thaddeus.
It was impossible to go further north beyond the cape, and Laptev sent out small groups of people to find out if there was any passage in the ice floes. However, it soon became clear that the ice floes covered the entire visible space in the north, and then Laptev decided to convene all the non-commissioned officers of his team for a council to decide on further actions. The council unanimously spoke in favor of returning to the south, where it is necessary to camp for the winter.
August 22 "Yakutsk" headed southeast. By the morning of August 27, under a tailing stormy northwest wind, the dubel-boat entered the Khatanga Bay.
Here Laptev intended to pick up a large yalbot and provisions left from the winter hut. However, the ice surrounded the shore so tightly that it was impossible to approach it.
It was decided to look for a new winter shelter for the ship and people. Such a place was found on the Khatanga Bay at the mouth of the Popichai River.
On August 28, Yakutsk stopped at the winter hut, next to which, by mid-September, five residential buildings and barns were built, in which sails, guns and provisions were stored. In this village, the Laptev detachment was located.
Provisions from the Ust-Oleneksky winter quarters were also transported here. In addition, fresh fish and reindeer meat were brought from the neighboring winter quarters.
Already in the winter hut, Laptev was thinking about continuing the work. At this stage, he set the initial task of determining from the sea the mouths of the Taimyr and Pyasina rivers. Already in early April, Laptev sent several people, led by the surveyor N. Chekin, to inspect the banks of the mouth of the Taimyr and Pyasina rivers with a deck survey of the coast. However, the trip ended in failure, since Chekin had no experience in sledge trips.
On June 15, Khatanga opened up and soon freed itself from the ice. On July 8, products and barrels of fresh water, which could be needed for swimming in the sea.
On July 12, the Yakutsk left the coast and by the morning of the next day reached the last cape of the Khatanga River, called Korta. Here, as unnecessary, a large yalbot was left. However, it was still impossible to swim further - the bay was covered with unbroken ice. Only on July 30 did it free itself from the ice, and the Yakutsk set off, but two days later it stood at an impenetrable wall standing ice.
With great difficulty, Laptev and his comrades managed to find a channel and go to the mouth of the Zhuravlev River.
By the evening of August 12, the southeast wind dispersed the ice floes and the Yakutsk again began to break through to the north. However, the voyage did not last long, the next day the Yakutsk was covered with ice. The doubel-boat turned out to be badly dented by ice floes, a leak appeared in it, no measures, accepted by the crew"Yakutsk" could not save the ship. Not only "Yakutsk", but the entire crew was threatened with death. However, stagnant ice was discovered to the west of the crash site, which could save the crew of the ship. With great difficulty, the dubel-boat filled with water was dragged across the stagnant ice, onto which they began to unload the cargo on board the Yakutsk.
By August 16, the ship's crew went ashore, where they began to bring everything removed from the ship. Here, on a steep rocky coast, Laptev ordered to dig round pits, cover their bottom with a fin, make floors out of poles, covering them with brought sails taken from the Yakutsk. They had to spend in these "earth yurts" until the time when the ice became strong and it would be possible to go to the winter quarters.
On September 20, the ice became so strong that Laptev decided to send a group of nine soldiers, led by Chekin, to the southern shore of Maria Pronchishcheva Bay. They had to get to the nearest winter hut and ask for help there.
Laptev divided his entire detachment into three groups so that on the way they could stop in small fishing huts, changing each other. Laptev himself went with a second group of 15 people. He was to be followed by a group led by navigator S. Chelyuskin. Only sick soldiers and sailors were left in the yurt, there were only four of them.
In five days, Laptev's group traveled 120 kilometers and finally arrived at Kozhin's winter hut.
On November 25, Laptev sent a report to the Admiralty Board, in which he outlined all the circumstances of the death of the Yakutsk and the decision of the board to conduct land surveys of the coast in the spring by groups of several people on dog sleds. The groups had to move towards each other from the mouths of the Khatanga, Lower Taimyr and Pyasina rivers. Soldiers and sailors who were not supposed to be involved in the filming, it was decided to send to the Yenisei.
However, the first attempt to shoot the coast was unsuccessful for many of its participants, including Laptev himself, many fell ill with snow blindness - a light burn of the eyes. Barely recovering from his "full-time illness", Laptev drove west to meet Chelyuskin, who was moving from the east.
Along the way, Laptev discovered several small islands that were not marked on his map. On May 24, he crossed the strait, distinguishing an island visible in the north (now called Russian). At its southwestern tip, many hills were discovered, between which there was no land. Laptev did not suspect that the hills were small islands, also already mapped.
From Russky Island, Laptev took the direction to the western edge of the array of islands in the western part of the Nordenskiöld archipelago. Here he landed on a high island, later named after Makarov.
On May 28, Laptev and his companions marched south. However, a blizzard overtook them on the way, visibility was lost, and instead of standing ice, the travelers almost hit the target that separated the hummocks from standing ice.
On June 1, 1741, at Cape Leman, a meeting of the Laptev group with the Chelyuskin group took place. Both groups traveled many kilometers towards each other along the northern coast from the mouths of the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers. “The weather is pretty good,” Laptev wrote in his journal, describing this meeting. - Since noon, the navigator Chelyuskin came to meet us, whose dogs that came with him are very thin, and a small number of stern came with him. And, having fed the dogs, we went on our way, returning this navigator.
When the Pyasina River cleared of ice, Laptev swam up it, and then along its tributary, the Pure River, to the Yenisei. Laptev traveled further along the tundra on reindeer, and the very next day he switched to plank and went up the Yenisei, surveying the banks of the river along the way to Turukhansk itself.
On August 29, Laptev and most of his detachment gathered in Mangazitsk (Turukhansk). In the course of research in the spring of 1741, the Laptev expedition mapped a previously unknown sea coast between the mouth of the Lower Taimyr and Yenisei rivers. However, it was still necessary to explore one route through the interior of Taimyr.
On February 8, 1742, Laptev, together with four sailors, left Turukhansk, and on March 2 arrived in Dudinka. Then, on deer, Laptev rode east of the Yenisei.
On March 19, he reached the mouth of the Norilsk River and continued on his way to Lake Taimyr towards the Chelyuskin group. However, he soon realized that his further progress was difficult, because of the early spring the snow had become soft. Having prepared a storehouse with provisions for Chelyuskin's group, Laptev set off on the return journey.
In the parking lots, he gave orders to provide Chelyuskin's team with deer or boats. On June 27, he reached the mouth of the Dudina River in the Bobylevo winter hut and, as soon as the Yenisei was cleared of ice, on July 16 he arrived in Turukhansk on a yasash plank, where Chelyuskin arrived with his party four days later.
In the autumn of 1742, the entire Laptev detachment also gathered in Yeniseisk. Laptev sent his report on the completion of the campaign to the Admiralty Board, accompanied by Chelyuskin.
In the winter of 1743, the Laptev detachment was disbanded. He himself was engaged in compiling two reporting maps and describing the territory he surveyed.
After hearing the report, the Admiralty Board decided to assign Laptev to the naval command of the Baltic Fleet. He remained in his former rank of lieutenant, having received no awards for his five years of work. Only seven years later, Laptev was promoted to the rank of captain in connection with his appointment as assistant director of the newly opened Naval Cadet Corps.
During the Seven Years' War of 1757–1762, Laptev, with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, commanded a warship that blocked the Prussian coast. After the end of the war, he was appointed "ober-shter-kriegskommissar" (chief quartermaster) of the Baltic Fleet.
But due to his failing health, Laptev retired to his Velikoluksky village of Pekarevo, where he died on December 21, 1763.
The northwestern part of the coast of Taimyr is named after Khariton Laptev, where in 1741 Laptev met Chelyuskin (the coast of Khariton Laptev). In 1878 A.E. Nordenskiöld called Cape Laptev the southeastern tip of Taimyr Island. In the Laptev Sea, on the northeastern coast of Taimyr, there is Cape Khariton Laptev.
In August 1980, on the high bank of the Khatanga River, at the site of the winter stay of the Yakutsk dubel boat, where the houses in which the expedition members lived, were located, a monument to its members was unveiled. The 5-meter-high monument is a metal cone-shaped cable sea buoy. This monument helps sea vessels navigate the fairway of the Khatanga River, leaving here from the Laptev Sea, along the path that Khariton Laptev's detachment once laid here.
When passing by the monument, by order of the captain of the ship, a sound signal is given for a quarter of minutes, and in the ship's broadcast, the crew and all on board the ship are announced in honor of whom this salute is given.
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From the author's bookKhariton Prokofievich Laptev (d. 1763) Russian navigator. Place of birth and time of birth unknown. He began his service in the navy in 1718. In 1737 he received the rank of lieutenant, and two years later he was appointed commander of the detachment of the Great Northern Expedition. In 1739, the detachment
Education and early career
Little is known about the early years of Khariton Laptev's life. He was born in 1700 in Velikoluksky province in the family of a small estate nobleman. In 1715, he began studying at the Naval Academy, where he entered with his cousin. brother D.Ya. Laptev.
In 1718, the Laptevs were promoted to midshipmen. Since that time, their service to the Baltic began. fleet. In 1721, both brothers were promoted to midshipmen, after which they parted ways.
In 1734 H.P. Laptev made a trip to the Don in order to find a suitable place for the construction of shipyards. Since 1737 - the commander of the court yacht "Dekrone".
Expedition
The life of the Laptevs changed with his appointment to the Great Northern Expedition. The goal is to map the sowing. coasts of Russia, coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka. Its participants were about 600 people, divided into several separate detachments.
In March 1738, the Laptevs set off from St. Petersburg to Yakutsk. H.P. Laptev was appointed head of the Lena-Khatanga detachment of the expedition. He got this position after the death of V.V. Pronchishchev. The detachment was supposed to continue exploring the coast of the North. Arctic Ocean from the Lena to the Yenisei.
In May 1739, H.P. Laptev arrived in Yakutsk. Having prepared everything necessary for the expedition, the detachment went down the Lena River on the dubel-boat "Yakutsk" and proceeded to explore the coast to the west of the mouth. Having bypassed Begichev Island from the north, which was mistaken for a peninsula, Kh.P. Laptev ended up in the Khatanga Bay. Moving along the coast of Taimyr to the north, he thereby repeated the route of V.V. Pronchishchev.
Following through heavy ice to the north, Yakutsk reached Cape Thaddeus, but the further journey was impossible and Kh.P. Laptev decided to spend the winter in the Khatanga Bay. While the ship was wintering, the detachment explored the coast by land.
In the summer of 1740, Laptev made a second attempt to go around the Taimyr Peninsula by sea. However, on August 13, 1740, the ship was caught in ice. The Yakutsk team moved ashore. On August 31, "Yakutsk" with ice was swept out to sea, and the detachment returned to the place of last year's wintering.
After wintering Kh.P. Laptev decided to describe the Taimyr Peninsula by land. In the early spring of 1741, the detachment was divided into three parties. On March 28, 1741, a group of S.I. left the Khatanga winter hut. Chelyuskin, who went along the tundra to the mouth of the Pyasina River in order to describe the coast to the mouth of the Taimyr River, moving east. On May 3, 1741, a group of surveyor N. Chekin came out, before which the task was to study the east. and sowing shores of the Taimyr Peninsula. May 5, 1741 H.P. Laptev with the third group went through the tundra to the mouth of the Taimyr River. He managed to get from Khatanga to Taimyr Lake, then to the mouth of Taimyr, to survey the seashore to the west. The researcher correctly determined the coordinates of the mouth of the river and the Northwestern Cape.
At 7521 N X.P. Laptev connected with S.I. Chelyuskin, the united detachment went to Turukhansk, where they wintered. After wintering, the expedition continued at the beginning of 1742 - Chelyuskin reached the very north. points of the Asian continent. By the end of the summer of 1742, the detachment of Kh.P. Lapteva finished his work. Through Turukhansk and Yeniseisk, the Laptevs went to St. Petersburg.
Significance of the expedition
The expedition surveyed a hard-to-reach area of the North. Siberia, which had previously remained unexplored. Collected important data on general geography, on the meteorology of the region, tides, ice, magnetism, fauna and flora, and the composition of the population.
Further fate
Upon returning from the expedition, Kh.P. Laptev was one of the comp. General card Russian Empire(1746). He served as a commander on ships that plowed the Baltic, North, Barents and White Seas (1747 - 1755). Took part in Seven Years' War. From 1762 - captain of the 1st rank.
H.P. died. Laptev December 21, 1763 in St. Petersburg.
Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokopevich Laptev (XVIII century)
The Russian Navy gave our country not only remarkable naval commanders and scientists, but also a whole galaxy of brave travelers and explorers. The latter include cousins, lieutenants of the fleet - Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev, wonderful Russian polar explorers, members of the Great Northern Expedition.
Peter I laid the foundation for one of the grandest scientific expeditions of all times - the Great Northern Expedition. The first, so-called Kamchatka, expedition set itself the task of determining whether Asia and America are connected by an isthmus or separated by a strait. Commander was appointed head of the expedition Vitus Jonassen Bering, a Dane by origin, even in his youth adopted by Peter I to serve in the Russian fleet and served in it for 37 years.
This expedition, successfully carried out from 1725 to 1730, was a prologue to the second stage of work - the Great Northern Expedition, which worked from 1733 to 1743 and was led until 1741 by V. Bering.
The task of the expedition was to study and describe the Russian shores from Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka and map them. Up to 600 people, divided into several detachments, took part in it. 
Two of them, under the command of lieutenants Pronchishchev and Lasinius, had to leave Yakutsk along the Lena to the sea, explore and make an inventory of the coast - Pronchishchev from the Lena to the Yenisei and Lasinius - from the Lena to Kolyma and further to Kamchatka.
The detachments did not fulfill their task.
Peter Lacinius, Swede by nationality, was accepted into the Russian service in 1725. He swam a lot and was a knowledgeable navigator. Lasinius volunteered for the expedition. Bering appointed him head of the detachment, which was supposed to describe the coast from the mouth of the Lena to Kamchatka. The detachment had built in Yakutsk boat "Irkutsk"eighteen meters long, five and a half meters wide, with a draft of two meters.
Lasinius and his detachment left Yakutsk on June 29, 1735, at the same time as Pronchishchev's detachment. On August 2, both detachments arrived at Stolb Island, located at the beginning of the Lena delta.
On the second day, "Irkutsk", having passed the Bykovskaya channel, reached the seaside. Two days later, waiting for a fair wind, Lasinius took his ship out to sea.
Navigation was hampered by large accumulations of ice and unfavorable winds. Therefore, already on August 18, Lasinius introduced a boat at the mouth of the Kharaulakh River, deciding to spend the winter here.
From the fin lying on the shore, the team quickly built a house.
Counting on another two years of work, Lasinius decided to save food and halved the ration. Chronic malnutrition with ignorance of antiscorbutic drugs led to a massive illness with scurvy, which claimed the lives of thirty-eight people. One of the first to die was Lasinius himself.
Only 9 people survived this terrible winter. Commander Bering sent a special expedition to rescue 9 people under the command of navigator Shcherbinin, who delivered them to Yakutsk. Boat "Irkutsk" remained at the mouth of Kharaulakh. Bering appointed one of his closest assistants, Lieutenant Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev.
Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev was born in 1701 in the village of Bolotovo not far from Velikiye Luki. In 1715, together with cousin Khariton Laptev Dmitry entered the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg. After graduating from the Academy in 1718, he was promoted to midshipman and began serving in the Baltic Fleet on the ships of the Kronstadt squadron.
In 1721 Laptev received the rank of midshipman, in 1724 he was promoted to non-commissioned lieutenant for special services in marine sciences. Since 1725, the young officer served on the Favoritka ship, which sailed along the Gulf of Finland. From 1727, for two years, Dmitry Laptev served as commander of the frigate "Saint Jacob", and then commander of a packet boat that cruised between Kronstadt and Lubeck.
Laptev's first acquaintance with northern seas took place in the summer of 1730, when he sailed in the Barents Sea on the frigate "Russia" under the command of Captain Barsh. In 1731 Dmitry Laptev was promoted to lieutenant.
A highly educated and well-versed officer, Dmitry Laptev, was noticed by the Admiralty College and included in the list of participants in the Great Northern Expedition. In July 1735, D. Ya. Laptev arrived in Yakutsk. He was instructed to lead a caravan of small river boats with the property of the expedition along the Aldan, Maya and Yudoma as close as possible to Okhotsk, build warehouses, put cargo in them, and then bring the ships to Yakutsk. Laptev successfully completed this task, guiding the ships to the Yudoma Cross.
Initially, it was supposed to appoint Lieutenant Laptev to the Bering-Chirikov detachment or to the Shpanberg detachment. However, in 1736, when the tragic fate of the detachment of Lieutenant Lasinius became clear, a decision was made to appoint Dmitry Laptev as the new commander of the Lena-Yenisei detachment.
Having received an order to replace the deceased Lasinius, D. Ya. Laptev formed a detachment in Yakutsk and in the spring of 1736, having gone out to sea along the Lena, reached the mouth of the river in light boats. Kharaulakh, where the abandoned Irkutsk stood.
Having put the ship in order, D. Ya. Laptev returned on it to the delta of the river. Lena for loading food and equipment delivered there in advance by boat from Yakutsk. On August 22, 1736, D. Ya. Laptev finished loading and went to sea, heading east. Heavy ice blocked the way. Four days later, D. Ya. Laptev was forced to turn back. With difficulty he reached the Lena and, climbing up it, stood a little higher than Bulun for the winter.
The scurvy came again. But D. Ya. Laptev took into account the sad experience of his predecessor. He recommended more air to his team, more movement, adequate nutrition. As a result, the wintering went relatively well - everyone had scurvy, but only one person died.
In the summer of 1737, D. Ya. Laptev returned to Yakutsk to agree on a plan for further work with Bering. But Bering was no longer in Yakutsk. Here D. Ya. Laptev learned about the sad fate of Pronchishchev.
Biography
Born in 1702 in the estate of Bogimovo, Tarusa district, Kaluga province (12 kilometers from the city of Aleksin) in the noble family of the Pronchishchevs. He was the fifth child in the family. In April 1716, he entered the Navigation School in Moscow, located in the Sukharev Tower, as a student.
In 1718 he was transferred to St. Petersburg to the Naval Academy (he studied with Chelyuskin and Laptev) and became a midshipman. From 1718 to 1724 he was a navigator's student in the Baltic Fleet on the "Diana" and "Falk" shnyavis, the "Berngardus" brigantine, on the ships "Yagudiel", "Uriil", "Prince Evgeny", and the gukor "Kronshlot".
In 1722 he participated in the Persian campaign of Peter.
In 1727 he was promoted to navigator. He entered the commission for the certification of the ranks of the fleet. In 1730 he was presented to the rank of navigator of the 3rd rank. Vasily Pronchishchev served on the Postman packet boat, in 1731 on the Friedrichstadt ship, on the Esperanza frigate.
Lena-Yenisei detachment of the Great Northern Expedition
In 1733 Pronchishchev received the rank of lieutenant and took part in the Great Northern Expedition, leading the Lena-Yenisei detachment, which explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Yenisei.
June 30, 1735 Pronchishchev went from Yakutsk down the Lena to dubel-boat "Yakutsk".
The Yakutsk crew consisted of more than 40 people, including navigator Semyon Chelyuskin and surveyor Nikifor Chekin.
But the name of Vasily Pronchishchev stands out in this row, because he went on a voyage with his wife, who became the first woman in the world - a polar explorer. Most likely, they knew each other from childhood - their fathers once served in the same regiment, and family estates were located in the neighborhood. Vasily Pronchishchev was born in 1702 in the town of Mytny Stan, Tarussky district, Kaluga province, in the family of a small estate nobleman. Tatyana Fedorovna Kondyreva was born in 1710 not far from the town of Aleksin in the same, Kaluga, governorship and also in a family of poor nobles. ... Actually, the Admiralty Board allowed the officers to take their wives and children with them. And this step was fully justified in view of the obvious duration of the expedition. But the presence of women in the campaign was allowed only on the basis of long-term parking and inevitable wintering. In the same detachment, an extraordinary, incredible event took place: contrary to the well-known maritime tradition, Lieutenant Pronchishchev interferes with his young wife in the execution of a matter of state importance. A woman on a warship is an unprecedented case! Pronchishchev did it arbitrarily or with the unofficial consent of Bering, modern history does not know. But only for a long time in all subsequent historical and memoir references she was erroneously called Mary.
The voyage along the Lena went well and on August 2, 1735, the expedition reached the island of Stolb, from which the Lena delta begins. Initially, Pronchishchev planned to go through the Krestyatskaya channel, which led to the west, but the search for a fairway in it was unsuccessful due to the decline in water, so he decided to lead the dubel-boat by the Bykovskaya channel to the southeast. On August 7, the ship anchored at the mouth of this channel, waiting for a favorable wind.
On August 14, 1735, Pronchishchev led the ship around the Lena Delta. After a fairly long time, Yakutsk rounded the Lena Delta and headed west along the coast. Pronchishchev was the first to map the Lena Delta. The delay in the Lena delta did not allow Pronchishchev to advance far into the first navigation. The short northern summer was ending, a rather strong leak opened on the ship, and Pronchishchev decided to arrange wintering in places where the fin was still found and the ship could be repaired. On August 25, the detachment stopped for the winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River (river) near the settlement of fur traders, having built two huts from a fin. The winter passed safely, but scurvy began in the detachment.
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The spring of 1736 in Ust-Olenyok turned out to be late and the sea cleared of ice only by August. Despite the difficulties that arose, in the summer of 1736 Pronchishchev continued along the coast to the west. On August 5, 1736, the detachment reached the mouth of the Anabara River. Surveyor Baskakov, having risen upstream of the river, discovered ore outcrops.
On August 17, 1736, off the eastern coast of Taimyr, the expedition discovered the islands, which they named in honor of St. Peter. The island of Transfiguration was also discovered.
In the following days, moving further north along the edge of a continuous fast ice, holding off the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, the detachment passed several bays. Pronchishchev mistakenly mistook the northernmost of the bays for the mouth of the Taimyr River (in fact, it is Teresa Klavenes Bay). The coast was completely deserted, without the slightest sign of habitation. At the 77th latitude, the road to the wooden ship was finally blocked by heavy ice, and frost began to draw in free water. These days Chelyuskin wrote:
“At the beginning of this 9 o’clock, there was calm, the sky was cloudy and gloomy, there was a great frost and a sludge appeared on the sea, from which we are in great danger that if it stays so quiet for one day, we are afraid to freeze here. We entered the deaf ice, which on both sides, and in front of us, are great stagnant smooth ice. Went rowing oars. However, merciful God, God grant us a capable wind, then this sludge was blown away.
Soon the travelers lost sight of the shore. Pronchishchev ordered to determine the position of the vessel on navigational instruments. "Yakutsk" turned out to be at 77 ° 29 "N. This is the northernmost point reached by the ships of the Great Northern Expedition. Only after 143 years, Baron Adolf Eric Nordenskiöld on the ship "Vega" will advance in these places just a few minutes north. Then the path was closed In the north and west stretched solid ice with rare polynyas and on a double-boat, it was impossible to pass them. "Yakutsk" turned back with the intention of wintering at the mouth of the Khatanga. Subsequently, it was established that the expedition entered the Vilkitsky Strait, moved somewhat to the north and reached a latitude of 77 degrees 50 minutes. Only poor visibility prevented the expedition members from seeing the archipelago. Severnaya Zemlya and the extreme northern point of Taimyr and all of Eurasia - Cape Chelyuskin.
Pronchishchev refused to land in the Khatanga Bay, not finding settlements there, and the ship headed for the former Olenyoksky winter quarters.
On August 29, Pronchishchev went on reconnaissance on a boat and broke his leg. Returning to the ship, he lost consciousness and soon died. The true cause of death - fat embolism syndrome due to a fracture - became known quite recently, after the traveler's grave was opened in 1999. It was previously believed that Pronchishchev died of scurvy.
The further way "Yakutsk" did under the command of the navigator Chelyuskin. A few days later, he managed to reach the Ust-Olenyok winter hut, where Pronchishchev was interred, and soon Tatyana Pronchishcheva also died.
On October 2, "Yakutsk" stood up for the winter quarters, and Chelyuskin went with a report to Yakutsk by sledge. He was appointed the new commander of the dubel-boat and the head of the Lena-Yenisei detachment Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev.
Seeing the difficult situation of the expedition, Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev, as the closest assistant to the absent Bering, decided to go for instructions and help to St. Petersburg, to the Admiralty College.
D. Ya. Laptev overcame the long journey from Yakutsk to St. Petersburg on horseback. D. Ya. Laptev had enough time to think over the reasons for the failures of Lasinius, Pronchishchev and his own, and to outline a plan for future actions. D. Ya. Laptev arrived in St. Petersburg, firmly knowing what was needed for further work.
The Admiralty Board listened attentively to the reports of D. Ya. Laptev and, having discussed them, considered it necessary to continue the work. The Board released additional funds and equipment and, at the suggestion of D. Ya. Laptev, instead of the deceased Pronchishchev appointed commander of Yakutsk Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev.
Kh. P. Laptev, together with his brother, served on the ships of the Baltic, traveled to the Don, looking for places suitable for organizing a shipyard. Returning to the Baltic in 1737, Kh. P. Laptev was appointed captain of the yacht Dekron.
In March 1738, the Laptev brothers, having received the funds and equipment necessary to extend the work, left St. Petersburg for Yakutsk.
Upon arrival, they inspected and repaired their ships, equipped them, made careful plans for the expedition, designed to carry out the work both from the sea and from land.
On June 18, 1739, Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev left Yakutsk on the Irkutsk with a team of 35 people; On July 5, having passed the Lena Delta, he was already at sea, heading east.
According to the adopted plan, D. Ya. Laptev sent a detachment under the command of the senior sailor Loshkin, following to the mouth of the Yana River by land, and the second detachment - to the mouth of the Indigirka River under the command of the surveyor Kindyakov. It was also supposed to organize the execution of work further - between Indigirka and Kolyma. On July 8, "Irkutsk" reached the mouth of the Yana River and gradually moved further and further east, until the ice situation near the mouth of the Indigirka River forced it to winter.
The team left the ship and spent the winter on the shore. Everyone continued to work. The wintering went well, and during this time the team did a great job of exploring the territory. With the onset of spring, D. Ya. Laptev sent some of the people by land to Kolyma to make an inventory of the coast, and he himself returned to the ship with the rest of the team. The ship was stuck in the ice. It was separated from clear water by an ice field about a kilometer long. D. Ya. Laptev embarked on a difficult but sure path. A channel was cut through the ice for a kilometer, through which the ship entered the clear water.
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But the joy of the sailors was short-lived. A storm broke out, again surrounding the ship with ice and throwing it aground. To get the ship afloat, it was necessary to completely unload and disarm it, even the masts were removed. For two weeks the sailors fought for the life of the ship and their own. But, finally, "Irkutsk" was refloated and safely reached the mouth of the Kolyma; having completed the necessary work here, D. Ya. Laptev moved further east.
Impenetrable ice met at Cape Baranov. D. Ya. Laptev decided to return for the winter to Nizhnekolymsk on the Kolyma River. The winter has gone well again. People continued to work.
In the summer of 1741, D. Ya. Laptev made another attempt to pass by sea east of the Kolyma. Again, impenetrable ice met at Cape Baranov, forcing the expedition to return to Nizhnekolymsk.
Having carefully processed the compiled inventories of the coast from the Lena to the Kolyma, D. Ya. Laptev went to the Anadyr prison on dogs, made a detailed inventory of the river. Anadyr and in the fall of 1742 returned to St. Petersburg.
Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev left Yakutsk at the end of July 1738, somewhat later than his brother. The Yakutsk crew, sailing with Lieutenant Pronchishchev, was taken by him almost unchanged. Went on a new voyage and navigator Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin.
August 17 Kh. P. Laptev reached the bay, which he gave the name "Nordvik". Having explored the bay, Kh. P. Laptev moved further west, visited the Khatanga Bay and, leaving it, discovered the island of Transfiguration. Then he headed north, following along the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. At Cape Fadeya, ice blocked the way. Winter was coming. Kh. P. Laptev came back and camped for the winter at the mouth of the Bludnaya River, in the Khatanga Bay.
The team spent the winter safely in a house built from driftwood harvested from the shore. Despite the winter conditions, the work did not stop. At the same time, preparations were made for summer work from the sea and from the land.
Kh. P. Laptev left large stocks of food and equipment at the wintering site. With the onset of spring, overland inventory work began. The boatswain Medvedev was sent to the mouth of the Pyasina River, and the surveyor Chekin with detachments and food was sent to the mouth of the Taimyr River. These two detachments were unable to complete the work, but they clarified the situation and gave Kh. P. Laptev the information necessary for the successful completion of work in the future. Kh. P. Laptev himself in August 1740, immediately after the ice broke up, made another attempt to bypass the Taimyr Peninsula by sea from the north. The attempt failed. The ship was trapped in ice and sank. The crew and cargo were, by order of Kh. P. Laptev, transferred to the ice in advance.
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The beach was 15 miles from the crash site. The team on foot, dragging loads, moved to the shore. But the nearest dwelling was the base of the expedition at the mouth of the Prodigal River. Kh. P. Laptev sent his detachment there. Four people could not endure the difficulties of the journey and died along the way. The rest made it to the base. Again a successful wintering in the old place. The spring of 1741 came. Kh. P. Laptev, having lost his ship, decided to continue research by land. He singled out three groups from his detachment. He sent one group under the command of navigator Semyon Chelyuskin to the mouth of the Pyasina River with the task of exploring the coast from the mouth of the Pyasina towards the mouth of Taimyr.
The second group, under the command of the surveyor Chekin, was to explore the coast from the mouth of the Taimyr River. The third group Kh. P. Laptev headed himself. He had in mind to explore the inner regions of the eastern part of the Taimyr Peninsula and go to the mouth of the Taimyr, where he was supposed to meet with the first two groups.
To ensure the normal work of the groups, Kh. P. Laptev sent ahead of each of them spare food and equipment. Kh. P. Laptev sent all the people who were not included in the expedition groups, and the excess cargo, on reindeer to Turukhansk.
Chekin soon returned to the base, having failed to complete the task due to the difficulty of the journey and illness. Chelyuskin, on the other hand, reached his destination and began work.
Kh. P. Laptev himself went deep into the Taimyr Peninsula, went to Lake Taimyr, went down the Taimyr River to the sea and went towards Chelyuskin.
Having finished their work, the travelers spent the winter in the city of Turukhansk on the Yenisei. In the spring of 1742, Semyon Chelyuskin returned to Taimyr to explore the remaining undescribed part of the peninsula and reached the extreme northern point of Asia - a rocky cape, later named after him. Cape Chelyuskin is located at 77°43" north latitude and 104°17" east longitude.
Having finished work, Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev returned from Turukhansk to St. Petersburg, where he continued to serve in the Navy, holding command positions. He died on January 1, 1764.
More than two centuries separate us from the time when, overcoming constant difficulties and hardships, exposing themselves to all sorts of dangers, the Laptev brothers studied the distant and harsh sea and its coast.
On weak wooden ships, with primitive devices and tools, they did their work. They delivered a variety of information about the nature of the region, its geography, coastline, depths of the sea, tides, population, magnetic declination, about the animal world, vegetation, etc. The thoroughness, accuracy and conscientiousness with which they did their work are amazing, how amazing is their willpower and love for their homeland, which allowed them to do such a difficult task.
The sea whose shores they studied is named the Laptev Sea.
