1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):
Example: Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.(Soloukhin).
Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.
For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - definitely personal in structure one-part sentence; In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - in structure, a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.
Digits of introductory words by value
| Meaning | Introductory Components | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, credibility | Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev). |
| 1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption | Probably, it seems, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc. | She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Gift bread, apparently, to your taste(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by another way, of knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear(Twardowski). My head hurt a bit. Must be bad weather(Chekhov). |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to the indescribable admiration of Petya, on the old kitchen table, a whole locksmith's workshop is arranged(Kataev). |
| 2.2. regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc. | Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died(Turgenev). |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table(Sholokhov). |
| 2.4. Fear | Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc. | Just look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy). |
| 2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell honestly, between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc. | Followed him, however, some weakness(Turgenev). I confess, I do not like this tree - aspen too much ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me so much, I dare say, offends me so much, as ingratitude.(Turgenev). |
| 3. Message source | According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc. | Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, has made a fortune with his garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linen Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky). |
| 4. The order of thoughts and their connection | firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc. | On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure.(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the doors and listened to how my fate was decided.(Dostoevsky). |
| 5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts | In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc. | In a word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well, or rather, to the fountain.(Garshin). |
| 6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts | at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc. | Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, almost the entire width of the opening stood Nikolai Ivanovich ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov). |
| 7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining | Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc. | You were scared, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young ones are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was it, please?(Pavlenko). |
2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts speech and various grammatical forms:
- impersonal offers;
She thought we all remember well.
- indefinitely personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;
No doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree;
Right, to blame, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
Besides, besides, meanwhile.
adverbs in positive or comparative degree;
Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, rather.
verbs in various forms of indicative or imperative mood;
I think, do you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.
infinitive or combination with infinitive;
See, know, admit, it's funny to say.
combinations with adverbs;
To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.;
For as long as I can remember, I often think.
That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Note!
Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, you should remember that:
a) a question can be put to a member of the proposal;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
in) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.
Compare the following sentences in pairs:
This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).
During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You might think that I'm asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).
Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we, right, will get along, if we sit next to each other(Krylov).
In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the possibility of adding a word saying.
By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("shortly speaking"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").
When determining the syntactic function and punctuation, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.
1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently":
The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).
The word probably is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly":
If I know(how?) maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).
2) The word is finally introductory:
if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration:
Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).
Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:
Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).
Note!
The word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.
Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).
In this meaning, finally, the particle -to can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).
Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -then impossible).
3) The distinction between the combination in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - the circumstance is similar in terms to the word at last.
Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - Finally agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").
4) A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:
Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).
At the beginning of a sentence (parts complex sentence) or as a means of communication homogeneous members the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the union but), so the comma is placed only before this word:
However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).
Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).
5) The word of course is usually set off with commas as a lead:
Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about "folk heroes"(Furmanov).
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:
Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of "yes, that's right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).
As an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate):
I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).
7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking":
In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:
- in the sense of "in general", "as a whole":
Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. generally (Goncharov);
- in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
He kindle fires generally forbade it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
- in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
He generally looked weird(Turgenev).
This provision also applies to the form in general.
Wed: Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but all in all very much praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value:
Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:
You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's(Dostoevsky).
9) The combination, in turn, is not highlighted as busy if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning of “in response”, “on its part”:
He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.
AT figurative meaning the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out:
Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.
11) In particular, indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, it is separated from both sides by commas:
He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.
But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), then it is distinguished by being occupied together with this structure:
Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.
If, in particular, it is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:
Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.
For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it.(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important"). The combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it, for example: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance(Pavlenko).
The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most of all":
He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.
13) The word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important":
You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be put after the union a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).
14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became:
People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
in the position between the subject and the predicate, it serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:
To fight is to win;
in other cases, it means that it is not separated or distinguished by any signs:
if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:
If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself.
15) The word vice versa means “as opposed to what is said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas:
Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head.(Kataev).
If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed before the union and:
In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);
when, on the contrary, it joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:
The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);
when, on the contrary, it joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union is not put:
This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (they form, as it were, homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-recurring union and: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed:
One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).
If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:
Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).
The combination is at least not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least":
From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).
17) A turnover, including a combination from the point of view, is separated by commas if it has the meaning "according to":
Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.
If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas:
I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of "for example" and is not introductory in the sense of "approximately".
Wed: I try about her, about("for example"), not to think is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).
19) The word for example is associated with the following punctuation:
- separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.(Turgenev);
- stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is:
requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:
Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Note!
Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:
as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.
3. General rules for punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.
1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:
I confess that he did not make a good impression on me.(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her that evening(Turgenev).
2) If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:
Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on his desk in complete disarray.
If the sentence is complex, then a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:
The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).
3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:
What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); So, according to you, physical labor should be done by everyone without exception?(Chekhov).
Amplifying particles with introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:
This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.
4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (isolation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:
The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).
Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or at the very end of the sentence:
Apparently afraid of snowdrifts, the leader of the group canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments unconvincing and far-fetched of course.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
The child, apparently afraid of the horse, ran up to his mother.
Note!
It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.
Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical manual.(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small and technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).
In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be doubt to which of the homogeneous terms, preceding or following, the introductory word between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.
This information is taken from the new seems special for thiscase drawn up, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in it, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(specifying definition with a demonstrative pronoun this).
If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:
Both posts (apparently recent) have received widespread attention.
5) If there is a coordinating union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinative union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with unions and, but). If the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then a comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a).
Wed: The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale one of these days. (The entire edition has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This question has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This question has already been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Here, not coal, but rather liquid fuel can be used. (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily, and therefore inaccurately.(impossible: Calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, and maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).
Note!
Homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the introductory words and therefore, therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.
For example: As a result, strength electromagnetic field incoming signals, which means that the reception strength increases many times over; This scheme, and therefore the whole project as a whole, needs to be verified.
6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:
And imagine, he nevertheless staged this performance; And I can assure you, the performance was wonderful; And what do you think he got his way; But anyway, the decision was made.
Less often (when intonation highlights introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by means of a subordinating union), after the connecting union, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:
But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).
7) The introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:
All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The son thought for a moment, probably to collect his thoughts.(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).
8) A dash can be used instead of a comma for introductory words, phrases and sentences.
The dash is used in the following cases:
if introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (some word recovered from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one comma:
Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself(Gogol) (a comma before a subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);
a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and can be referred to either the preceding or the subsequent part:
The dog disappeared - probably someone drove it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).
Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes causal or conjunctive relationships between parts of a sentence:
It was difficult to check his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.
Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word, which is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and a comma after it, to avoid possible ambiguity:
Since there is still time, we will call someone else for the exam, for example, those who are retaken (allowable in the meaning of "suppose", "say");
a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:
Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who was the governor in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person.(Gogol);
using a dash, introductory sentences can be distinguished if they are quite common (have secondary members):
To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy get away, or - as it is said in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).
1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With the help of them, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the expression (confidence or uncertainty, sensual reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.
The same function can be performed introductory sentences:
Me, dare I say, fell in love in the house- by structure, a definite-personal one-part sentence;
In life, do you know there is always room for exploits- by structure, a two-part sentence;
We, if you want to know, seek came- according to the structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences are usually separated by commas.
2. Ranks of introductory words by value
Values
Introductory constructions
1. Evaluation of what is reported based on beliefs of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, credibility
naturally, obviously, certainly, of course, without a doubt, certainly, in fact, in truth, of course, of course, of course, truly and etc.
Of course, someone is sucking the life out of this unusual girl who cries when others in her place laugh.
The heroine of this novel of course was Masha.
1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption
For sure, it seems, as it seems, perhaps, in all probability, right, tea, clearly, maybe, perhaps, apparently, apparently, apparently, rightly, perhaps, must be, I think, I think, I suppose, I must consider, I have no doubt, in some way, in some sense, suppose, imagine, suppose, in that case you wish, one way or another and etc.
She is, for sure, as before, drinks coffee with cookies in the afternoon.
Life, seems hasn't started yet.
free bread, it is seen, to taste .
My head hurt a bit. bound to be, to bad weather.
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Satisfaction, approval
Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for satisfaction, for the enjoyment of someone, what is great, what is even better and etc.
Luckily, Alekhine left the monastery an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer.
2.2. regret, disapproval
Unfortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to failure, as if to failure, as if on purpose, a vicious deed, which is even worse, which is sad, no matter how annoying it may sound and etc.
I, unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died.
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment
Surprisingly, amazingly, unusually, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely and etc.
Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in a second brushed a leather jacket off his shoulders, sat down at the table .
2.4. Fear
Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc.
That and look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea .
2.5. General expressive nature of expression
In conscience, in justice, in fact, in essence, in liking, in truth, in truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, in that case it is necessary to tell the truth, it’s funny to tell, to tell in honor, speaking between us, there’s nothing to say in vain, I confess, not counting the jokes, in fact and etc.
followed him, truth, some helplessness.
I, I confess, I don’t really like this tree - aspen.
3. Message source
According to someone's message, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, based on someone's beliefs, I remember, it is heard, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how they think, how they think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, how it is clear, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc.
At Pesotsky, they say, apples with a head, and Pesotsky, they say, a garden for himself amassed a fortune.
Calculation, to my mind, was mathematically accurate.
20 years ago
4. The order of thoughts and their connection
in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, in the end, so, as it should, means, therefore, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, namely, apart from that, to that on the other hand, on top of everything, on top of that, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, in general, among other things, in general, in addition, therefore, most importantly, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.
The forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our actual strength, and, eventually, it turns the mechanical, and at the same time difficult process of breathing into a pleasure.
5. Evaluation of the style of expression, manner of speech, thought design methods
In a word, in a word, in other words, in another way, directly speaking, roughly speaking, actually speaking, in fact, in short, in short, more precisely, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, like to say, in that case there is the ability to express it in such a way that is called and etc.
Word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought about getting married.
Shortly speaking, this is not an owner in science, but an employee.
6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts
very little, at least, to some extent, to a significant extent, as usual, according to custom, happens, happens, usually, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens from time to time and etc.
Spoke to me at least as commander of an army.
Behind the counter usually, almost the entire width of the hole was Nikolai Ivanovich.
7. Recruiting the attention of the interlocutor to the message, emphasizing, underlining
You see (whether), you know (whether), you remember (whether), you understand (whether), you believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine for yourself, you can imagine for yourself, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe , you won’t believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, in that case you want to know, I recall, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is significant, what is even more significant and etc.
You were afraid confess when my fellows threw a rope around your neck for you?
Imagine, our young ones are already bored.
We, if you want to know, seek came.
Where is it let me, It was?
3. According to their own grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can ascend to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:
nouns in different cases with prepositions and without prepositions:
without a doubt, to satisfaction, fortunately and etc.;
adjectives in short form, in different cases, to a tremendous extent:
right, blame, most importantly, in general, the most important, the least;
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:
besides, besides, meanwhile;
adverbs in positive or comparative degree:
certainly, naturally, perhaps, in short, more precisely;
verbs in different forms indicative or imperative:
think, do you believe, seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;
infinitive or combination with infinitive:
see, know, admit, funny to say;
combinations with adverbs:
to tell the truth, to put it bluntly, to put it bluntly;
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.:
as far as I can remember, I often think;
she thought we all remember well;
so they thought about him, as they usually spoke about him.
4. HIt is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (as it should be, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. For example:
it truth . — Truth, from time to time it's not very funny to wander along country roads.
In the direction of summer maybe become attached to this weak, wordy creature, get carried away, fall in love. — You, maybe, thought that I was asking you for funds!
Listen, we right went? —We, right, we'll get along, if we sit next to each other.
In order not to make a mistake, you should keep in mind, what:
a) there is an opportunity to put a question to the member of the proposal;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the above meanings;
c) the introductory words usually (but not always) can be removed from the sentence;
d) in a number of possible cases, the aspect of distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding a word speaking.
By the way, he never came.("By the way"); For you, in fact, it would be possible not to come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is necessary("shortly speaking"); Turning back to what was said, in truth, is not willing("in truth").
Words are never introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, hardly, barely, as if, practically, even, specifically, because, only, necessarily, here, just, after all, certainly, all of a sudden.
5. Definition of syntactic function and arrangement of punctuation symbols for certain words.
1) Word for sure is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently": The sisters are probably already dozing.
Word for sure is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly": In that case I will know(how?) I am sure that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!
2) Word eventually is introductory:
in that case, it gives an assessment of the fact based on the convictions of the person speaking, or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something: Leave, finally!
Word eventually is not introductory and makes the incident function in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “at the end of everything”: Gave three balls once a year and squandered in the end. In this sense, the word eventually usually a particle can be added -then(with an introductory word, such an addition is unrealistic): Finally got to the station(Finally got to the station). — It is possible, after all, to seek advice from the pope(adding a particle -then unreal).
3) Combination delimitation eventually as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - incidents are similar in terms to the word eventually: Because, after all, we haven't decided anything yet! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasonings). — Finally an agreement was reached(meaning "in the end").
4) Word but is introductory, in that case it stands in the middle or at the end of a regular sentence: Heat and lethargy took, but well, their;How I deftly do it, but.
First, sentences (parts of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members of the word but has the value of an opposing union (it is possible to change it with a union but), so the comma is placed only before this word: But it's better to know— By what sorcery did the man acquire such power over the whole region?
In the rarest cases, the word but is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): But what a wind!
5) Word naturally usually separated by commas as an introductory: Fedor was still working in the rear, he heard, of course, and read repeatedly about "folk heroes".
However, from time to time the word naturally, pronounced in a tone of conviction, conviction, acquires the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not distinguished by punctuation: Naturally true!; Of course it is.
6) Word really is introductory in the sense of "yes, so, right, exactly" (usually it takes the position at the beginning of the sentence): Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops was revealed..
Like an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate): I really am what you say.
7) Word in general is introductory, in that case it is used in the sense of "generally speaking": In general, it would be possible to agree with this statement, but some data must be checked; In general, I would like to find out what happened in fact.
In other cases, the word in general used as an adverb with various meanings:
This provision also applies to the all in all : Nothing to be sad about(introductory word, it is possible to change - generally speaking). — These are the terms in a generally easy process(meaning "in the end"); He made a few remarks about various trifles, but in general he praised(meaning "as a result").
8) Combination anyway is introductory, in that case it has a restrictive-evaluative value: In any case, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason; This information, at least in the short term, will be difficult to verify (the entire turnover is allocated).
In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory: In any case, you will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that in any case I would meet him now at my mother's..
9) Combination in its turn is not separated by commas, in which case it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning "in response", "on its own side": He in turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their own bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.
In a figurative sense, the combination in its turn acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out: Among the newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical, and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
10) Combination to tell the truth in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. However, in that case, this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory: You really don't belong here.("really"). — That he, in truth, is pretending to be a literate man!
11) Namely , indicating cases between parts of the expression, is separated from 2 sides by commas: He is interested, namely, in the origin of individual words.
However, in that case namely enters the composition of the connecting construction (at first or at the end), then it is separated by commas together with this construction: Many will willingly undertake this work, and namely I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I namely.
In that case namely enters the structure in general and specifically, then such a construction is not separated by commas: Over tea, the conversation turned to the economy in general and, in particular, to gardening..
12) Combination mainly is introductory, in that case it serves to highlight some fact, to express its assessment: There was a wide alley, and along it, mainly, the public walked(it is unrealistic to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with the latest material. (mainly meaning "most important").
Combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at first or at the end), is separated by commas together with it: About fifty people, mostly officers, crowded in the distance.
Combination mainly is not introductory in the sense of "first of all", "most of all": He achieved success mainly due to his own diligence; What I like about him is his sincerity.
13) Word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important": You can take any topic for the story, however, the main thing is to be curious; Details can be omitted, and most importantly— to be fun(comma after union a cannot be put, and to strengthen punctuation, a dash is put after the introductory combination).
14) Word means is introductory, in which case it is possible to change it to introductory words as it should be:People are born, get married, die; means so necessary, means excellent; So, does that mean you can't come now?
In that case, the word means close in meaning to "means", then punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
In that case, he so stubbornly defends his views, which means that he feels that he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then complain about yourself;
15) Word against in the meaning of “as opposed to spoken or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas: Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twirled his whip over his head..
In that case against(after union and) is used as a word that replaces a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
16) Combination at least is introductory, in that case it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, in other words it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought: Someone, driven by sympathy, ventured, at the very least, to help Akaky Akakievich good advice ; Vera Efimovna recommended taking care of her transfer to political or, at least, to a nurse in a polyclinic.
In that case, the introductory combination at least stands first as a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas together with it: Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least at 5 o'clock!
Combination at least is not separated by commas, in which case it has the value "not less than", "at least": From his tanned face it was possible to conclude that he knew what smoke was, in that case not gunpowder, then at least tobacco; At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army.
17) Turnover including combination based on conviction , is separated by commas, in which case it has the meaning "according to": The choice of a place for building a cottage, from my point of view, is successful.
In that case, such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not distinguished by commas: I know that a sin is committed, in that case you look at things from the convictions of general morality; Based on the beliefs of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) Word approximately is introductory in the meaning of "for example" and is not introductory in the meaning of "approximately": I try about her, approximately("for example"), not to think— not at all unrealistic. — We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked.
19) Word for example associated with subsequent punctuation (always introductory):
Exercise to the topic "Distinguishing introductory words and homonymous forms and structures"
Exercise: look at pairs of sentences; prove that in some cases the highlighted words and constructions are introductory, and in others they are not; fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Realizing the enormity of his own talent, Mayakovsky but sought to always be in the “bucha of life”. - Some of the poet's predictions seem gullible at the moment, but they do not lose their own attractiveness.
2. Tsvetaeva never tried to hide from life; on the contrary, she wanted to live with people. - The gymnasium where I studied was located opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
3. By the way, he is easy to remember. - He did not know how to bow by the way, to pat just right.
4. In the narrow twilight of a summer night, her face seemed paler and younger. - Small pink clouds seemed not to float past, but went into the very depths of the sky.
5. Here they say they provide balls. — At the adjoining table they are talking about gold.
6. And if this is not there, then it means there is nothing. Remembering what that meant, Kashtanka jumped up on a chair.
7. He now has no one to exchange a word with. - Uncle changed my father, brought me up at his own expense and in a word did for me what my own father would not always do.
8. No, friends, it can be 100 times worse, I know for sure. - Potugin definitely adored and knew how to speak.
9. It happens like this, but it happens the other way around. - Instead of slowing down, he instead stood on the goats and desperately twirled the whip.
10. The time will come when everything will change your way, they will live your way, and later you will become obsolete, people will be born who will be better than you. - In your opinion, do not even dream of happiness! However, in that case, I'm happy!
11. From the very first glance at his face it was clear that he had no permanent occupation. - The path we were following was rocky, wet and clearly represented the bed of a dried-up river.
12. Balyasnikov delivered a daring speech, in which, by the way, he said that I was conceited. - Moral women, strict judges, and among other things, Nil Andreevich aloud condemned her ..
13. It is also true that until now he has never had to go on business. “It’s really disgusting on your part,” said Valya, proudly raising upper lip- when he returned, but did not go in.
14. Apparently, they didn’t expect such a passage from me and they didn’t give any order on my account. — It was evident that Paul's words produced their deepest recollection.
15. Their lace edges, shaggy and light, like cotton paper, slowly, but apparently changed. “Looks like you’ll have to start by examining those documents.
16. My wound healed slowly; however, in fact, I had no bad feeling against my father. - This is actually the story, and its plot is not wise.
17. In a real moment, honest and gifted popularizers are at least as needed as unique thinkers and independent researchers. - I feel that all the workers, at least the majority, will stand up under arms, in which case it will come in handy.
18. On the one hand, silent distant mountains, on the other hand, the near sea rustled. - And on the other hand, Kirsanov withstood his role with the same impeccable artistry.
19. Energy comes from somewhere, and most importantly, you don’t feel lethargic. - She was not able to remember her own nightly thoughts, but the main thing remained from them and filled her being with that “something”, which was supposed to be happiness.
20. In the end, the path was found, and we funny went on. Sitting somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above the river, or in the end on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustle of leaves and the whisper of grass or the vague sighs of the wind.
21. In general, the spring turned out to be unique, protracted and bad. - He made a few remarks about various trifles, but in general he praised him very much.
22. Perhaps from his own point of view, he is not stupid. - I know that a sin has been committed, in that case you look at things based on the convictions of general morality.
Material source Website
When is the word "opposite" introductory?
1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence. With the help of them, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the expression (confidence or uncertainty, sensual reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors. Introductory sentences can also perform the same function: I dare to say that they loved me in the house - in terms of structure, a definitely personal one-part sentence; AT...
http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/punctum/punctum_attach3Punctuation in constructions with compound subordinating conjunctions
The subordinate part in the complex P a sentence can be attached to the main one using compound subordinating conjunctions, for example:because, instead of, in case, in spite of the fact that, before, because, before and etc.
The punctuation difficulty lies in the fact that such unions can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (in this case, the parts of the union are not separated by a comma) or divided (in this case, the comma is placed before the second part of the union, and the first is included in the main part of the complex sentence as a correlative word).Compound subordinating union is dismembered and a comma is placed between parts of the union if at least one of the following conditions is met:
A) before the compound union there is a negation of "not" :
She loved Richardson
Not because to read
Not because Grandison
She preferred Lovlace ...
A. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin.I want to call you my wife
Not in order to tell everyone about it
Not because you've been with me for a long time
According to all idle gossip and signs.
K. Simonov,b) before the compound union there are amplifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs:
The sketch seemed insignificant to her, and she wrote it just to have an extra excuse to go to the artist.
A. Chekhov, Jumper.
And the heart is beating just to hair became longer and more beautiful.Y. Koval, Nedopesok.In that village there was a Cossack, nicknamed Korzha, a worker, whom people called Peter Bezrodny; maybe because no one remembered his father or mother. N. Gogol, Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala.
That is, to tell the truth, I myself do not know why I returned; probably because remembered you...I. Turgenev, Rudin.Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, maybe in order to to justify this timidity of his, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened...
A. Chekhov, Man in a case."It, must be because I have lived too long in the world,” thought Mostovskoy. V. Grossman, Life and Fate.
in)the first part of the compound union is included in a number of homogeneous members of the sentence or parallel constructions:
Romashov, on the other hand, blushed to real tears from his impotence and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, and because of he could not get a single word through the deafening sounds of the quadrille. A. Kuprin, Duel.d) the author wants to emphasize that the first part of the compound union falls logical stress:
Men are quiet, timid and polite because of each for weight in tows on a stone ... M. Prishvin, World Cup.I asked my father what "special evening" meant. Father explained to me that this evening is called so because he is not like everyone else. K. Paustovsky, Storyteller.
In that case, if compound union entirely included in the appendage , punctuation marks are placed as follows:
A) If the clause of the sentence follows the main -a comma is placed only before the union .
[Kalugin] trotted to the bastion, so as to on the order of the general to transfer some orders there.
L. Tolstoy, Sevastopol in May.We began to run along the very edge of the shore, and everything turned out fine, although here and there the ice broke and water came out. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad comrade.
B) If the subordinate part is inside the main - commas are placed before the union and after the whole subordinate clause .
He, although was in an intoxicating fumes of beer and wine, felt that it was somewhat indecent in such a state and with such an action to be in the presence of an outside witness. N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.All wagons because large bales of wool lay on them, they seemed very tall and plump . A. Chekhov, Steppe.
Painter, because of drank two glasses of porter, somehow suddenly got drunk and unnaturally perked up. A. Chekhov, Seizure.
C) If the subordinate part precedes the main -a comma is placed only after the entire subordinate clause .
Since eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of the prophet,
I read in the eyes of people
Pages of malice and vice. M. Lermontov, Prophet.Instead of become a crowd against a crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one.
L. Tolstoy, War and Peace.
If The Contractor has not fulfilled its obligations within the time limits specified in this Agreement, the Customer has the right to terminate the Agreement.
Analysis of examples from fiction allows you to separate components subordinating conjunctions into four groups (depending on the features of punctuation) and identify the following patterns:
Some patterns
1. Compound subordinating conjunctionsdue to the fact that; instead of; in case/when; while; to; before; not only that; in case; although; because of; before as; similar to; as; after; because; before; despite the fact that; so as to; since may be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but may also be divided – subject to the above conditions.
It should be noted, however, that unionsbecause, before, just in case more often dismembered, unionbefore more often it is not dismembered, but before the unionalthough the comma is also preserved in the event of its dismemberment (this is due to the fact that the union is formed with the participation of a verbal preposition).2. Compound subordinating conjunctionsthanks to; in the name of; as to what; up to the point that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; compared to what; until; due to the fact that; then to / so; for what; because of; on the basis of the fact that; about the fact that; on the basis that; no matter what; under the guise of what; under the pretext that; under the pretext that; about what; because of; for the reason that; with all that; provided that / if; in order to; earlier than; with a view to are dismembered (i.e. a comma is placed between parts of the union).
Moreover, if the subordinate part is joined by unions up to the point that; due to the fact that; on the basis that; on the basis that; no matter what , it is possible to set a comma not only between parts of the union, but also before
3. Compound subordinating conjunctionson the basis that; despite the fact what;depending on what; judging by the fact that (formed with the participation of verbal prepositions), as well as conjunctionscontrary to what; except that; besides that; Besides that are dismembered , while the comma is placed not only between parts of the union, but also before union (if it is not located at the beginning of the sentence).
4. Compound subordinating conjunctionsas if; between / meanwhile; because; as if like; so (in the meaning of the consequence);especially since; whereas not dismembered (i.e., a comma is not put between parts of the union).
http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/punctum/punctum_attach3
Thanks for the hard work!
Introductory words are words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and express the attitude to the reported or its characteristics. From a grammatical point of view, introductory words are represented by various verb forms (personal forms, infinitives, adverbs), nouns and pronouns (with and without prepositions), adverbs, nominal and verbal phraseological units.
Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas . However, it is necessary to draw the reader's attention to two difficulties associated with punctuation in introductory words.
The first difficulty lies in the fact that among the introductory words and combinations there are very few that are used only as introductory and, therefore, are always isolated (for example,firstly, I think, if I may say so ).In most cases, the same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence (as a rule, predicates or circumstances) or auxiliary words (unions, particles). The differences between them show up in context. Examples of punctuation for words and combinations that can be used or are always used in the function of introductory words are given in the corresponding articles of the reference book.
The second difficulty is that the punctuation of words that are introductory also depends on their environment. The main rules and patterns not commented on in the dictionary entries are given below.
1. Meeting of two introductory words
When two introductory words (introductory combinations, sentences) meet, a comma is placed between them.
He, unfortunately, how you see, not bad-looking, that is, ruddy, smooth, tall ... I. Goncharov, Ordinary history.As a matter of fact, honestly speaking , I want love, or what, or - what is it called there? V. Veresaev, Sisters.
And here, like a sin, as if on purpose, Uncle Misha arrives. A. Rybakov, Heavy sand.
Actually , strictly speaking, in this situation, you should simply wake up . A. and B. Strugatsky,A billion years before the end of the world.
This visit took the whole evening and completely destroyed the feeling of loneliness so beloved by him. Finally, maybe, and it's good that it destroyed ... V. Bykov, Poor people.
2. Introductory word and isolated turnover
The introductory word or combination can be at the beginning or at the end separate member sentences, as well as being inside it. Punctuation marks in these cases are put as follows:A) If the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, commas are placed before the introductory word and after the entire isolated turnover. No comma after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).
Little by little, everyone joins their company who have completed rather important homework, such as: talking with their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that jumped up on their nose, learning about the health of horses and their children, howevershowing great gifts... N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.
Vera Nikolaevna experienced before her master - in general, not at all like Ivan the Terrible - a thrill in love, maybe even the worship of a loyal. V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.
I, too, used to write down my thoughts on anything, especially on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.
... Concerning the gold that Cagliostro mined without any labor from all other metals, e.g. copper, turning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion. Y. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.B) If the introductory word is inside a separate turnover, it separated by commas on both sides , while the signs at the beginning and at the end of a separate turnover are preserved.
Overwhelmed by these bitter thoughts, not quite, however, fair and inspired by Anikanov’s letter that excited him Travkin stepped out of the barn into the cold dawn. E. Kazakevich, Star.
This is my essay - or rather a lecture- has neither a definite form nor a chronological structure, which I do not recognize ... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.
C) If the introductory word is at the end of a separate turnover, commas are placed before separate turnover and after him. No comma is placed before the introductory word .
And instead of a speck ahead, another road appeared, that is, not exactly a road, an earth scratch, groove rather. V. Astafiev, So I want to live.For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kyiv for example.
Note 1.
If the turnover is enclosed in brackets, then the introductory word at its beginning or end is separated by a comma according to the general rule:
He was a Kazakh with an almost Russian surname and a Russian (seems to be initial) education . Y. Dombrovsky, Keeper of Antiquities.
Two are alive (as long as their bill is renewed)
third (extra, probably) buried in paradise...B. Okudzhava, The black raven will look through the white cloud ...At one time I even had a weakness (or courage maybe) to think in my mind how I would take it on, if yes, if only ... V. Nabokov, Dar.
Note 2.
Introductory words in front of turnovers that begin with the unions “how” and “to” are distinguished by commas according to the general rule:
The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in essence, as and all life.He thought for a moment probably to pick the right words.
Note 3.
Some sources indicate that introductory words rather, more exactly giving the statement a clarifying character, are separated by commas, while the members of the sentence following them are not separated. Such punctuation is indeed possible:
But you boy rather I owe something to your name . L. Kassil, Get ready, Your Highness!
And in front of Tanya's door, rather, the floor below crowded the line of congratulators. S. Soloveichik, Team "Seven Winds".I roll from side to side rather, from the stomach to the back and think ... About what? Yes, all about the same... V. Nekrasov, Look and Something.
Outside the window, Leonid knew, there is a withered branch of an old poplar, and attached to it, more precisely, a “glass” of radio wiring is screwed into it . V. Astafiev, Sad Detective.
However, in examples from fiction, a different arrangement of punctuation marks is often found:
clarifying members of a sentence introduced by words rather, more exactly are isolated, and these words themselves, standing at the beginning of a separate turnover, in accordance with general rule are not separated from it by a comma (but can sometimes be separated by a dash):
Unfortunately, doctors still have little ability to recognize hysterical, rather mental, the nature of a number of diseases .
I. Efremov, Razor's Edge.A whole series of characters rather opinion carriers, seems to me possible to be embodied in the characters of the modern Soviet-human comedy . Y. Olesha, The Book of Farewell.
partisan leader, more precisely, the commander of the Kezhemsky association of partisans of the Trans-Urals, sat in front of the speaker's nose in a defiantly casual pose ... B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago.
... The she-wolf suddenly clearly heard in herself, more specifically inside the womb, live jolts. Ch. Aitmatov, Scaffold.Analyze the past rather – bad things in the past, makes sense only if, on the basis of this analysis, it is possible to correct the present or prepare the future . V. Nekrasov, In the trenches of Stalingrad.
I want to write easy, not difficult. The difficult thing is when you write thinking that someone will read it. syntax branch, rather – rod of syntax, threatens you all the time. Yu.Olesha, Book of farewell.
3. Introductory word and union
Introductory words and combinations may or may not be separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating conjunction, depending on the context.
Comma after union put, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure.
I only learned that he had once been a coachman for an old childless lady, ran away with a trio of horses entrusted to him, disappeared for a whole year and, should be, being convinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned himself, but already lame ... I.Turgenev, Singers.However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, a, vice versa said something encouraging. Y. Vizbor, Alternative to the summit Klyuch .
Before leaving, I took out a list from under the glass and, with extreme pressure, blacked out the word "Volobuy" with my rainbow pen. I decided on this because it was shaggy with paper villi and, means, it was already scratched before me with a claw ...
K. Vorobyov, Here comes the giant.She suffered for a very long time after separation, but, as is known time heals all wounds.
If the withdrawal of the introductory word is impossible (i.e., the union is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then the comma after the union not put(usually this happens with the union a).
“You don’t interfere with me at all,” he objected, “if you please, shoot, but by the way, as you please; your shot is yours; I am always at your service." A. Pushkin, Shot.You, it seems, then loved the Portuguese,
Maybe, with the Malay you are gone. A. Vertinsky, Where are you now ...The grass in our clearing, yellowed and smoky, nevertheless remained alive and soft, free from the game were busy on it, it's better to say, lost guys. V. Rasputin, French Lessons.
Whether gas appears randomly or not, whether it is associated with cyclones, which means whether it is possible to predict on this basis - the question needs to be clarified. A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.
The introductory word is usually not separated by a punctuation mark from the joining union at the beginning of the sentence.
And in fact , for these four years, while serving in the gymnasium, I feel how strength and youth come out of me every day, drop by drop. A. Chekhov, Three sisters.
“No, life is still wise, and one must obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. - And besides, life is Beautiful".
A. Kuprin, Lenochka.And generally speaking , now, when he was a little distracted from the thought of the loss of the violin and began to consider what exactly was stolen from him from personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him ...
A. and G. Weiner, Visit to the Minotaur.On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a plate of thick glass: "Director". V. Dudintsev, Not by Bread Alone.
In 1925, he seemed to still have some time left. Yes, besides, he has already done something worthwhile.
D. Granin, Bison.Note.
When the intonation highlights the introductory word, it can be separated by a comma from the union:But , to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good.
A. Pushkin, Captain's daughter.4. Introductory word on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence
Introductory words and combinations standing on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence and related to the word or sentence following them are not separated from it by a comma:
There was a sharp knock the shutter must have broken . A. Chekhov, The Bride.
(Compare: There was a sharp knock. Must be, the shutter broke.)
To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase by the director, changes have been made to the document. -
To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase, the director made changes to the document.
turnover does not separate if it is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning. (As a rule, in such cases, the turnover cannot be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning of the phrase.) For example:
...
Kazbich imagined that Azamat with father's consent stole his horse...M. Lermontov, Hero of our time.(meaning from Lermontov: Kazbich imagined that Azamat's father agreed to the theft.)
Wed change in meaning when separating turnover:
...
Kazbich imagined that Azamat, with the consent of his father, had stolen his horse...
(=Kazbich imagined that Azamat had stolen the horse.)
Wed also: The sons of the wind divided the people against their will . I. Efremov, On the Edge of the Ecumene.
With her head held high she walks through life equal to a man because freedom is impossible without full responsibility for one's own destiny. I. Efremov, Razor's Edge.
Evening came in Kolya's room according to the laws of nature because the light hasn't been on for a long time.
L. Petrushevskaya, Kozel Vanya.
In other cases, one can speak of facultative segregation of turnover(depending on the degree of its prevalence, proximity to the main part of the sentence, word order in the sentence, the author's intention and other factors). At the same time, there are a number of factors that affect the punctuation marks.
Turnovers are usually separated, which:
A) located between the subject and the predicate:
It is enough to press a finger on the eyeball, and all real items – unlike hallucinations.- bifurcate.
Left wall, against the right, reflected the concept of early death. I. Efremov, The hour of the bull.
And mother, against all misfortunes, gathered me, although before that no one from our village in the district had studied. V. Rasputin, French lessons.
Our fires burned all night, and ship, in case of alarm was ready to sail. V. Jan, Phoenician ship.
Dining table, depending on circumstances, turned into a written, then into a bed, when one of the friends who came from the front stayed to spend the night. V. Kaverin, Open book.
b) are not at the beginning and not at the end of the sentence:
Exactly at three o'clock in accordance with labor law, doctor of sciences Amvrosy Ambruazovich Vybegallo brought the keys. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday.
...I re-examined the situation in Prague, which should become - on a par with Vienna and the Alpine redoubt- the center of a decisive battle against Bolshevism. Y. Semenov, Seventeen Moments of Spring.
At first, what only along with praise for my art I didn't hear enough!
V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.
...children due to infancy, did not determine any positions, which, however, did not in the least prevent them from becoming completely lazy ... I. Turgenev, Raspberry water.
By the way, Bim had no idea at all due to lack of experience that no one ever counts the time on such dead half-roosters.G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear.
However, other variants of punctuation are also possible, due to the author's intention.
For example R:
And yet, choosing the right moment, Khizhnyak in violation of all the rules went to overtake on the right side and caught up with the "jeep" ...(V. Bogomolov, Moment of Truth)- non-selection of a turnover located between the subject and the predicate;
The next morning thanks to the many aliens in a quarter of an hour the skeleton of the new dugout was completed (V. Obruchev, Sannikov Land)- non-selection of a turnover that is not at the beginning and not at the end of the sentence.
In disputable cases, the final decision on punctuation marks is made by the author of the text.
Some patterns
Turnovers with the following prepositions may or may not be separated, depending on the above conditions: thanks to, in view of, depending on, in violation of, in order to avoid, in execution, in contrast to, up to, in contrast to, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, in accordance with, minus, for insufficiency, in the absence of, in the absence of, in spite of, on the basis of, contrary to, on an equal footing with, along with, on the occasion, under the guise of, like, under the pretext, after the expiration, as far as, according to the standards, by right, due to under the conditions, subject to, subject to, against (in the meaning " contrary") , in excess of(in the meaning "except for") according to, accordingly .
Usually isolated (with the exception of those cases when the turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning) turns with verbal prepositions including, excluding, proceeding from, starting with, regardless of, in spite of, depending on, judging by, as soon as you are proficient enough to read in Russian. It is like learning spelling: obviously, only native speakers need these crutches, as foreigners are typically already learning language in WRITTEN form.
It could be mildly useful if someone happened to translate them into English . still, for advanced level only.
No, language learners do not know Russian punctuation and make a lot of mistakes because of this.
Against
adverb, preposition, introductory word and particle
1. Adverb. The same as "on the opposite side", "otherwise, vice versa." Does not require punctuation marks.
Against there was a rocky ridge, covered with a sparse forest, along the shore. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Near Nodia. The girl got settled against in your favorite position, legs tucked under you. I. Efremov, The Shadow of the Past.
2. Pretext. Turnovers with the preposition "on the contrary" are not isolated.
He only now noticed that the wall against where he sat was very low, no more than one and a half arshins. A. Kuprin, White poodle. Against Sohacha sat his dog Chuika and carefully followed every movement of the owner. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Raspberry Mountains.
3. Introductory word. The same as "in contrast to what was said, expected." It is separated by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()
She was somewhat dreamy, but did not try to show it., against, ashamed of it as a weakness. M. Lermontov, Princess Ligovskaya. “In that case, I won’t give you a certificate,” said the doctor, touching his kuafure. - Whoever does not want to get married is not crazy, but, against, smartest person... A. Chekhov, Groom and Daddy. My dear, my priceless angel, my treasure, I do not reproach you, against, you are even sweeter for me, more priceless with such feelings! .. E. Radzinsky, Old actress for the role of Dostoevsky's wife.
4. Particle (in response). Same as "not at all". Separated or issued as a separate offer.
"Don't you like opera?" - " On the contrary, I love it!”
Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
See what "opposite" is in other dictionaries:
against- against … Spelling Dictionary
AGAINST- ON THE OPPOSE, adv. 1. Right in front of someone on the opposite side of something. He lives opposite. || The same in meaning. preposition with genus. Sit opposite someone. Their door is opposite ours. 2. to whom or without additional. Otherwise, contradicting, out of spite ... Dictionary Ushakov
AGAINST- and on the contrary, on the contrary, on the contrary, preposition. from the genus against, against, opposite, directly in front of what or whom, opposite. Give the casket that is opposite the clock. Behind my house there are vegetable gardens, neighbors on the sides, a booth obliquely, and opposite the storehouse. | union, instead of a, same: I ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
against- Against, opposite; in spite of, contrary to, contrary to, contrary to, in spite of, against, in spite of, in spite of, in spite of. Everything is contrary, everything is inverted, everything is a contradiction. Reason contrary, contrary to the elements. Mushroom. He always does the opposite, in defiance of ... Synonym dictionary
against- OPPOSITE, against, bookish. vis-a-vis, outdated. opposite... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
AGAINST- 1. adv. Directly in front of someone than n., on the opposite side. He lives n. House n. 2. adv. Otherwise, contrary. Whatever you ask, he does everything. 3. introductory and particle. The same as vice versa (in 3 and 4 values). Not rude, n., polite. Is he rude? N. 4.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
against- (Source: “Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Word forms
against- adv., use. often 1. If someone or something is in front of you, then it is, it is happening in front of you, on the opposite side. A boy was sitting at the table opposite, eating ice cream. | There was a small restaurant in the house opposite… Dictionary of Dmitriev
against- on the contrary, adv., preposition s. genus, introductory sl. and particle Adverb: A young man was sitting opposite. Preposition: Opposite the palace is the town hall with a turret. Introductory word: The disease does not go away, but, on the contrary, it gets worse. particle... merged. Separately. Through a hyphen.
against- Opposite I live opposite ... Spelling difficult adverbs
PUNCTUATION IN TERMS WITH NON-PRIMARY1 PREPOSITIONS
General rules
Circumstances can be introduced into a sentence with the help of non-primitive (derivative) prepositions - simple ( thanks to, in spite of, because of, in spite of, in spite of etc.) and composite ( depending on, in order to avoid, in connection with, in the absence of and etc.). Such constructions can be isolated, but the punctuation difficulty lies in the fact that their isolation is not always appropriate, and sometimes even erroneous.
turnover separates, if you want to mark its boundaries (so that the sentence does not look ambiguous):
To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase by the director, changes have been made to the document. - To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase, the director made changes to the document.
turnover does not separate if it is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning. (As a rule, in such cases, the turnover cannot be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning of the phrase.) For example:
... Kazbich imagined that Azamat with father's consent stole his horse... M. Lermontov, Hero of our time. (meaning from Lermontov: Kazbich imagined that Azamat's father agreed to the theft.) Cf. change in meaning when separating turnover: ... Kazbich imagined that Azamat, with the consent of his father, had stolen his horse...(=Kazbich imagined that Azamat had stolen the horse.)
Wed also: The sons of the wind divided the people against their will . I. Efremov, On the Edge of the Ecumene. With her head held high she walks through life equal to a man because freedom is impossible without full responsibility for one's own destiny. I. Efremov, Razor's Edge. Evening came in Kolya's room according to the laws of nature because the light hasn't been on for a long time. L. Petrushevskaya, Kozel Vanya.
In other cases, one can speak of facultative segregation of turnover(depending on the degree of its prevalence, proximity to the main part of the sentence, word order in the sentence, the author's intention and other factors). At the same time, there are a number of factors that affect the punctuation marks.
Turnovers are usually separated, which:
located between the subject and the predicate: It is enough to press a finger on the eyeball, and all real items – unlike hallucinations.- bifurcate. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday. Left wall, against the right, reflected the concept of early death. I. Efremov, The hour of the bull. And mother, against all misfortunes, gathered me, although before that no one from our village in the district had studied. V. Rasputin, French Lessons. Our fires burned all night, and ship, in case of alarm was ready to sail. V. Jan, Phoenician ship. Dining table, depending on circumstances, turned now into a written, then into a bed, when one of the friends who came from the front stayed to spend the night. V. Kaverin, Open book.
are neither at the beginning nor at the end of the sentence: Exactly at three o'clock in accordance with labor law, doctor of sciences Amvrosy Ambruazovich Vybegallo brought the keys. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday. ...I re-examined the situation in Prague, which should become - on a par with Vienna and the Alpine redoubt- the center of a decisive battle against Bolshevism. Y. Semenov, Seventeen Moments of Spring. At first, what only along with praise for my art I didn't hear enough! V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.
contain an explanation of what the sentence is about, and stand out intonationally: ... children due to infancy, did not determine any positions, which, however, did not in the least prevent them from becoming completely lazy ... I. Turgenev, Raspberry water. By the way, Bim had no idea at all due to lack of experience that no one ever counts the time on such dead half-roosters. G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear.
However, other variants of punctuation are also possible, due to the author's intention. For example: And yet, choosing the right moment, Khizhnyak in violation of all the rules went to overtake on the right side and caught up with the "jeep" ...(V. Bogomolov, Moment of Truth) - non-selection of the turnover between the subject and the predicate; The next morning thanks to the many aliens in a quarter of an hour the skeleton of the new dugout was completed(V. Obruchev, Sannikov Land) - non-selection of a turnover that is not at the beginning and not at the end of the sentence.
In disputable cases, the final decision on punctuation marks is made by the author of the text.
Some patterns
Turnovers with the following prepositions may or may not be separate depending on the above conditions: thanks to, in view of, depending on, in violation of, in order to avoid, in execution, in contrast to, up to, in contrast to, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, in accordance with, minus, for insufficiency, in the absence of, in the absence of, in spite of, on the basis of, contrary to, on an equal footing with, along with, on the occasion, under the guise of, like, under the pretext, after the expiration, as far as, according to the standards, by right, due to under the conditions, subject to, subject to, against(meaning "contrary") , in excess of(in the meaning "except, besides") according to, accordingly.
Usually isolated(with the exception of those cases when the turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning) turnovers with verbal prepositions including, excluding, proceeding from, starting with, in spite of, in spite of, depending on, judging by, as well as restrictive phrases with prepositions in spite of, for exception, Besides, regardless of, besides.
Usually not segregated sentences with prepositions instead of, in response to, as a result, like, at the expense of, like, on the contrary, not reaching, about, for the sake of, after.
1 All prepositions are divided into primitive and non-primitive (derivatives). Primitive prepositions- this is a small closed group of words that are not connected by living word-formation relations with any significant words. These include suggestions such as in, for, to, from, under and etc.
Non-primitive prepositions- prepositions that have live word-formation relations and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (germs). Non-primitive prepositions are much more numerous than primitive prepositions. All of them are divided into three groups: denominative prepositions ( due to, as a result of, except for, like, about, under the guise of etc.), adverbial ( on the contrary, like, according to etc.) and verbal ( including, excluding, not counting, after and etc.).
Some compound denominative prepositions that have retained a lively and close connection with the corresponding noun (for example: as opposed to, on the basis of, on the pretext etc.), are called prepositional combinations.
